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Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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Park SJ, Lee S, Lee D, Lee NE, Park JS, Hong JH, Jang JW, Kim H, Roh S, Lee G, Lee D, Cho SY, Park C, Lee DG, Lee R, Nho D, Yoon DS, Yoo YK, Lee JH. PCR-like performance of rapid test with permselective tunable nanotrap. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1520. [PMID: 36934093 PMCID: PMC10024276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly sensitive rapid testing for COVID-19 is essential for minimizing virus transmission, especially before the onset of symptoms and in asymptomatic cases. Here, we report bioengineered enrichment tools for lateral flow assays (LFAs) with enhanced sensitivity and specificity (BEETLES2), achieving enrichment of SARS-CoV-2 viruses, nucleocapsid (N) proteins and immunoglobulin G (IgG) with 3-minute operation. The limit of detection is improved up to 20-fold. We apply this method to clinical samples, including 83% with either intermediate (35%) or low viral loads (48%), collected from 62 individuals (n = 42 for positive and n = 20 for healthy controls). We observe diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 88.1%, 100%, and 91.9%, respectively, compared with commercial LFAs alone achieving 14.29%, 100%, and 41.94%, respectively. BEETLES2, with permselectivity and tunability, can enrich the SARS-CoV-2 virus, N proteins, and IgG in the nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab, saliva, and blood serum, enabling reliable and sensitive point-of-care testing, facilitating fast early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jun Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongtak Lee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Eun Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Soo Park
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Hong
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Jang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokbeom Roh
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Korea
| | - Gyudo Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program for Artificial Intelligence Smart Convergence Technology, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- CALTH Inc., Changeop-ro 54, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13449, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Cho
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chulmin Park
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Gun Lee
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Raeseok Lee
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dukhee Nho
- Vaccine Bio Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Astrion Inc, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579 beon-gil, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong Hoon Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-ro, Nowon, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Alvarez-Fernandez A, Fornerod MJ, Reid B, Guldin S. Solvent Vapor Annealing for Controlled Pore Expansion of Block Copolymer-Assembled Inorganic Mesoporous Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3297-3304. [PMID: 35235337 PMCID: PMC9097528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous inorganic thin films are promising materials architectures for a variety of high-value applications, ranging from optical coatings and purification membranes to sensing and energy storage devices. Having precise control over the structural parameters of the porous network is crucial for broadening their applicability. To this end, the use of block copolymers (BCP) as sacrificial structure-directing agents via micelle coassembly is a particularly attractive route, since the resultant pore size is directly related to scaling laws for the radius of gyration of the pore-forming macromolecule. However, tailoring the molecular weight of the BCP via bespoke synthesis is an elaborate process that requires precise control over highly sensitive reactions conditions. Alternative methods have emerged, based on supramolecular assembly or the addition of different swelling agents. Nevertheleses, to date, these present a negative impact on the structural order and pore size dispersity of the final inorganic mesoporous films. In this work, we propose a novel and effective method for control over pore size, porosity, and structural order, which relies on a synergistic combination of BCP selective swelling via solvent vapor annealing (SVA) and locking of the structure by condensation of the inorganic sol-gel precursors. The results obtained in this work for TiO2 establish SVA as a new, straightforward, simple, and powerful route for the fabrication of mesoporous thin-film materials with controllable structural characteristics.
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Deng Y, Lu T, Cui J, Keshari Samal S, Xiong R, Huang C. Bio-based electrospun nanofiber as building blocks for a novel eco-friendly air filtration membrane: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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De Keer L, Kilic KI, Van Steenberge PHM, Daelemans L, Kodura D, Frisch H, De Clerck K, Reyniers MF, Barner-Kowollik C, Dauskardt RH, D'hooge DR. Computational prediction of the molecular configuration of three-dimensional network polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1422-1430. [PMID: 34183809 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional arrangement of natural and synthetic network materials determines their application range. Control over the real-time incorporation of each building block and functional group is desired to regulate the macroscopic properties of the material from the molecular level onwards. Here we report an approach combining kinetic Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations that chemically and physically predicts the interactions between building blocks in time and in space for the entire formation process of three-dimensional networks. This framework takes into account variations in inter- and intramolecular chemical reactivity, diffusivity, segmental compositions, branch/network point locations and defects. From the kinetic and three-dimensional structural information gathered, we construct structure-property relationships based on molecular descriptors such as pore size or dangling chain distribution and differentiate ideal from non-ideal structural elements. We validate such relationships by synthesizing organosilica, epoxy-amine and Diels-Alder networks with tailored properties and functions, further demonstrating the broad applicability of the platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lies De Keer
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karsu I Kilic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Lode Daelemans
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel Kodura
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hendrik Frisch
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen De Clerck
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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SBA-15 with Crystalline Walls Produced via Thermal Treatment with the Alkali and Alkali Earth Metal Ions. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185270. [PMID: 34576497 PMCID: PMC8466871 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline walled SBA-15 with large pore size were prepared using alkali and alkali earth metal ions (Na+, Li+, K+ and Ca2+). For this work, the ratios of alkali metal ions (Si/metal ion) ranged from 2.1 to 80, while the temperatures tested ranged from 500 to 700 °C. The SBA-15 prepared with Si/Na+ ratios ranging from 2.1 to 40 at 700 °C exhibited both cristobalite and quartz SiO2 structures in pore walls. When the Na+ amount increased (i.e., Si/Na increased from 80 to 40), the pore size was increased remarkably but the surface area and pore volume of the metal ion-based SBA-15 were decreased. When the SBA-15 prepared with Li+, K+ and Ca2+ ions (Si/metal ion = 40) was thermally treated at 700 °C, the crystalline SiO2 of quartz structure with large pore diameter (i.e., 802.5 Å) was observed for Ca+2 ion-based SBA-15, while no crystalline SiO2 structures were observed in pore walls for both the K+ and Li+ ions treated SBA-15. The crystalline SiO2 structures may be formed by the rearrangement of silica matrix when alkali or alkali earth metal ions are inserted into silica matrix at elevated temperature.
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Yu LP, Xing CY, Fan ST, Liu F, Li BJ, Zhang S. β-Cyclodextrin-Modified Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibrous Scaffolds with Breathability, Moisture-Wicking, and Antistatic Performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng-Yuan Xing
- Department of Urology, Kidney and Urology Center, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shu-Ting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Bang-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
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Realizing ultrathin silica membranes with straight-through channels for high-performance organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN). J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Li Z, He Y, Klausen LH, Yan N, Liu J, Chen F, Song W, Dong M, Zhang Y. Growing vertical aligned mesoporous silica thin film on nanoporous substrate for enhanced degradation, drug delivery and bioactivity. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1452-1463. [PMID: 33251381 PMCID: PMC7670213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoporous silica thin film has been widely used in various fields, particularly the medical implant coating for drug delivery. However, some drawbacks remain with the films produced by traditional method (evaporation-induced self-assembly, EISA), such as the poor permeability caused by their horizontal aligned mesochannels. In this study, the vertical aligned mesoporous silica thin film (VMSTF) is uniformly grown alongside the walls of titania nanotubes array via a biphase stratification growth method, resulting in a hierarchical two-layered nanotubular structure. Due to the exposure of opened mesopores, VMSTF exhibits more appealing performances, including rapid degradation, efficient small-molecular drug (dexamethasone) loading and release, enhanced early adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. This is the first time successfully depositing VMSTF on nanoporous substrate and our findings suggest that the VMSTF may be a promising candidate for bone implant surface coating to obtain bioactive performances.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- DEX, dexamethasone
- Drug delivery
- HAP, hydroxylapatite nanoparticles
- HMSTF, hybrid organic-inorganic MSTF
- MSTF, mesoporous silica thin film
- Mesoporous silica film
- OCN, osteocalcin
- OPN, osteopontin
- Osteoblasts
- PMSTF, parallel aligned MSTF
- PT, polished titanium
- RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2
- TNN, titania nanonet
- TNT, titania nanotube
- Titania nanotubes array
- Ti–OH, hydroxylated titanium
- VMSTF, vertical aligned MSTF
- Vertical aligned mesochannels
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yide He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | | | - Ning Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Fanghao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wen Song
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
| | - Yumei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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Senanayake HS, Greathouse JA, Ilgen AG, Thompson WH. Simulations of the IR and Raman spectra of water confined in amorphous silica slit pores. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104503. [PMID: 33722003 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Water in nano-scale confining environments is a key element in many biological, material, and geological systems. The structure and dynamics of the liquid can be dramatically modified under these conditions. Probing these changes can be challenging, but vibrational spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating their behavior. A critical, evolving component of this approach is a detailed understanding of the connection between spectroscopic features and molecular-level details. In this paper, this issue is addressed by using molecular dynamics simulations to simulate the linear infrared (IR) and Raman spectra for isotopically dilute HOD in D2O confined in hydroxylated amorphous silica slit pores. The effect of slit-pore width and hydroxyl density on the silica surface on the vibrational spectra is also investigated. The primary effect of confinement is a blueshift in the frequency of OH groups donating a hydrogen bond to the silica surface. This appears as a slight shift in the total (measurable) spectra but is clearly seen in the distance-based IR and Raman spectra. Analysis indicates that these changes upon confinement are associated with the weaker hydrogen-bond accepting properties of silica oxygens compared to water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery A Greathouse
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Anastasia G Ilgen
- Geochemistry Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Ward H Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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Lai Y, Yang J, Mou C. Mesoporous silica thin films incorporated chitosan mixed matrix nanofiltration membranes for textile wastewater treatment. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yung‐Sheng Lai
- School of Environment Jinan University Guangzhou China
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jingling Yang
- School of Environment Jinan University Guangzhou China
| | - Chung‐Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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