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Kim J, Roh J, Park M, Lee C. Recent Advances and Challenges of Colloidal Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes for Display Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2212220. [PMID: 36853911 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) exhibit tremendous potential in display technologies owing to their unique optical properties, such as size-tunable emission wavelength, narrow spectral linewidth, and near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield. Significant efforts in academia and industry have achieved dramatic improvements in the performance of quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) over the past decade, primarily owing to the development of high-quality QDs and optimized device architectures. Moreover, sophisticated patterning processes have also been developed for QDs, which is an essential technique for their commercialization. As a result of these achievements, some QD-based display technologies, such as QD enhancement films and QD-organic light-emitting diodes, have been successfully commercialized, confirming the superiority of QDs in display technologies. However, despite these developments, the commercialization of QLEDs is yet to reach a threshold, requiring a leap forward in addressing challenges and related problems. Thus, representative research trends, progress, and challenges of QLEDs in the categories of material synthesis, device engineering, and fabrication method to specify the current status and development direction are reviewed. Furthermore, brief insights into the factors to be considered when conducting research on single-device QLEDs are provided to realize active matrix displays. This review guides the way toward the commercialization of QLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkyun Roh
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungjin Park
- Display Research Center, Samsung Display Co., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17113, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhee Lee
- Display Research Center, Samsung Display Co., Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17113, Republic of Korea
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Yu P, Cao S, Wang Y, Zhao J. Repercussions of the Inner Shell Layer on the Performance of Cd-Free Quantum Dots and Their Light-Emitting Diodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:201-211. [PMID: 38157217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Indium phosphide (InP) and zinc selenium tellurium (ZnSeTe) quantum dots (QDs) as less toxic alternatives have received substantial attention. The structure of QDs generally consists of a QD core, inner shell layer, and outer shell layer. We reckon that the inner shell layer, especially its components and thickness, have a significant influence on the optical and electronic performances of QDs. In this Perspective, we compare optical properties of these QDs with different inner shells and summarize how typical inner shell components and thickness influence their optical properties. The impact of the inner shell on the performance of QD light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) has also been discussed. The appropriate components and thickness of the inner shell both contribute to alleviate valence or lattice mismatch, thereby enhancing the performance of QDs. We expect that this Perspective could heighten awareness of the significance and impact of the inner shell layer in QDs and facilitate further development of QDs and QLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Sheng Cao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yunjun Wang
- Suzhou Xingshuo Nanotech Co., Ltd. (Mesolight), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jialong Zhao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-Cycle Safety for Composite Structures, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Sen R, Gordon TM, Millheim SL, Smith JH, Gan XY, Millstone JE. Multimetallic post-synthetic modifications of copper selenide nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6655-6663. [PMID: 36892483 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00441d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we investigate the addition of two metal cations, simultaneously and sequentially to Cu2-xSe nanoparticles. The metal combinations (Ag-Au, Ag-Pt, Hg-Au and Hg-Pt) are chosen such that one metal adds to the structure via cation exchange and the other adds to the structure via metal deposition when added individually to Cu2-xSe nanoparticles. Surprisingly, we find that for each metal combination, across all three synthesis routes, cation exchange and metal deposition products are obtained without deviation from the outcomes seen in the binary metal systems. However, within those outcomes the data show several types of heterogeneities in the morphologies formed including extent and composition of cation exchange products as well as the extent and composition of the metal deposited products. Taken together, these results suggest a hierarchical control for nanoheterostructure morphologies where the pathways of cation exchange or metal deposition in post-synthetic modification of Cu2-xSe exhibit relatively general outcomes as a function of metal, regardless of synthetic approach or metal combination. However, the detailed composition and interface populations of the resulting materials are more sensitive to both metal identities and synthetic procedure (e.g. order of reagent addition), suggesting that certain principles of metal chalcogenide post-synthetic modification are excitingly robust, while also revealing new avenues for both mechanistic discovery and structural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| | - Tyler Masato Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| | - Shelby Liz Millheim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| | - Jacob Harrison Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| | - Xing Yee Gan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Jill Erin Millstone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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Yoo D, Bak E, Ju HM, Shin YM, Choi MJ. Zinc Carboxylate Surface Passivation for Enhanced Optical Properties of In(Zn)P Colloidal Quantum Dots. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13101775. [PMID: 36296128 PMCID: PMC9610929 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Indium phosphide (InP) colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have generated great interest as next-generation light-emitting materials owing to their narrow emission spectra and environment-friendly components. The minimized surface defects is essential to achieve narrow full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). However, InP CQDs are readily oxidized in ambient condition, which results in formation of oxidation defect states on the surface of InP CQDs. Herein, we introduce a strategy to successfully passivate the surface defects of InP core by zinc complexes. The zinc carboxylates passivation reduces FWHM of InP CQDs from 130 nm to 70 nm and increases PLQY from 1% to 14% without shelling. Furthermore, the photoluminescence (PL) peak has shifted from 670 nm to 510 nm with an increase of zinc carboxylates passivation, which suggests that excessive zinc carboxylates functions as a size-regulating reagent in the synthesis.
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Cui Z, Mei S, Wen Z, Yang D, Qin S, Xiong Z, Yang B, He H, Bao R, Qiu Y, Chen Y, Zhang W, Xie F, Xing G, Guo R. Synergistic Effect of Halogen Ions and Shelling Temperature on Anion Exchange Induced Interfacial Restructuring for Highly Efficient Blue Emissive InP/ZnS Quantum Dots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2108120. [PMID: 35253372 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
InP quantum dots (QDs) have attracted much attention owing to their nontoxic properties and shown great potential in optoelectronic applications. Due to the surface defects and lattice mismatch, the interfacial structure of InP/ZnS QDs plays a significant role in their performance. Herein, the formation of In-S and Sx -In-P1-x interlayers through anion exchange at the shell-growth stage is revealed. More importantly, it is proposed that the composition of interface is dependent on the synergistic effect of halogen ions and shelling temperature. High shelling temperature contributes to the optical performance improvement resulting from the formation of interlayers, besides the thicker ZnS shell. Moreover, the effect relates to the halogen ions where I- presents more obvious enhancement than Br- and Cl- , owing to their different ability to coordinate with In dangling bonds, which are inclined to form In-S and Sx -In-P1-x bonds. Further, the anion exchange under I- -rich environment causes a blue-shift of emission wavelength with shelling temperature increasing, unobserved in a Cl- - or Br- -rich environment. It contributes to the preparation of highly efficient blue emissive InP/ZnS QDs with emission wavelength of 473 nm, photoluminescence quantum yield of ≈50% and full width at half maximum of 47 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Cui
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shiliang Mei
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhuoqi Wen
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shuaitao Qin
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiong
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bobo Yang
- School of Science, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Haiyang He
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yi Qiu
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wanlu Zhang
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fengxian Xie
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Zhongshan-Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, 528437, China
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, 999078, China
| | - Ruiqian Guo
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Zhongshan-Fudan Joint Innovation Center, Zhongshan, 528437, China
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, China
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Prusty D, Mansingh S, Acharya L, Paramanik L, Parida KM. Robust direct Z-scheme exciton transfer dynamics by architecting 3D BiOI MF-supported non-stoichiometric Cu 0.75In 0.25S NC nanocomposite for co-catalyst-free photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1265-1277. [PMID: 35425155 PMCID: PMC8978917 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing promising photocatalytic systems with wide photon absorption and better exciton separation ability is a cutting-edge technology for enhanced solar-light-driven hydrogen production. In this context, non-stoichiometric Cu0.75In0.25S nanocrystals (CIS NCs) coupled with three-dimensional (3D) BiOI micro-flowers (BOI MFs) were synthesized through an ultra-sonication strategy forming a CIS-BOI heterojunction, which was well supported by XRD, photocurrent, XPS and Mott-Schottky analyses. Further, the co-catalyst-free CIS-BOI binary hybrid shows improved hydrogen evolution, i.e., 588.72 μmol h-1, which is 3.2 times greater than the pristine CIS NC (183.97 μmol h-1). Additionally, the binary composite confers an apparent conversion efficiency (ACE) of 9.44% (8.90 × 1016 number of H2 molecule per sec), which is extensively attributed to the robust charge carrier separation and transfer efficiency via the direct Z-scheme mechanism (proved through superoxide and H2 evolution activity). Moreover, the broad photon absorption range and productive exciton separation over the CIS-BOI composite are substantially justified by UV-Vis DRS, PL, EIS and photocurrent measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptimayee Prusty
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, SOA (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar-751030 Odisha India +91-6 74-2581637 +91-674-2379425 +91-9776645909
| | - Sriram Mansingh
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, SOA (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar-751030 Odisha India +91-6 74-2581637 +91-674-2379425 +91-9776645909
| | - Lopamudra Acharya
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, SOA (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar-751030 Odisha India +91-6 74-2581637 +91-674-2379425 +91-9776645909
| | - Lekha Paramanik
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, SOA (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar-751030 Odisha India +91-6 74-2581637 +91-674-2379425 +91-9776645909
| | - K M Parida
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, SOA (Deemed to be University) Bhubaneswar-751030 Odisha India +91-6 74-2581637 +91-674-2379425 +91-9776645909
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Park N, Eagle FW, DeLarme AJ, Monahan M, LoCurto T, Beck R, Li X, Cossairt BM. Tuning the interfacial stoichiometry of InP core and InP/ZnSe core/shell quantum dots. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:084701. [PMID: 34470352 DOI: 10.1063/5.0060462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate fine-tuning of the atomic composition of InP/ZnSe quantum dots (QDs) at the core/shell interface. Specifically, we control the stoichiometry of both anions (P, As, S, and Se) and cations (In and Zn) at the InP/ZnSe core/shell interface and correlate these changes with the resultant steady-state and time-resolved optical properties of the nanocrystals. The use of reactive trimethylsilyl reagents results in surface-limited reactions that shift the nanocrystal stoichiometry to anion-rich and improve epitaxial growth of the shell layer. In general, anion deposition on the InP QD surface results in a redshift in the absorption, quenching of the excitonic photoluminescence, and a relative increase in the intensity of broad trap-based photoluminescence, consistent with delocalization of the exciton wavefunction and relaxation of exciton confinement. Time-resolved photoluminescence data for the resulting InP/ZnSe QDs show an overall small change in the decay dynamics on the ns timescale, suggesting that the relatively low photoluminescence quantum yields may be attributed to the creation of new thermally activated charge trap states and likely a dark population that is inseparable from the emissive QDs. Cluster-model density functional theory calculations show that the presence of core/shell interface anions gives rise to electronic defects contributing to the redshift in the absorption. These results highlight a general strategy to atomistically tune the interfacial stoichiometry of InP QDs using surface-limited reaction chemistry allowing for precise correlations with the electronic structure and photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayon Park
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Forrest W Eagle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Asher J DeLarme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Madison Monahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Talia LoCurto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Ryan Beck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, USA
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1700, USA
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Toufanian R, Chern M, Kong VH, Dennis AM. Engineering Brightness Matched Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:1964-1975. [PMID: 34219920 PMCID: PMC8243842 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The size-dependent optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanocrystals quantum dots (QDs) are hugely beneficial for color tunability but induce an inherent relative PL brightness mismatch in QDs emitting different colors, as larger emitters absorb more incident photons than smaller particles. Here, we examine the effect of core composition, shell composition, and shell thickness on optical properties including high energy absorption, quantum yield (QY), and the relative brightness of InP/ZnS and InP/ZnSe core/shell and InP/ZnSe/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs at different excitation wavelengths. Our analysis reveals that the presence of an intermediate ZnSe shell changes the wavelength of enhanced absorption onset and leads to highly excitation wavelength dependent QYs. Switching from commercial CdSe/ZnS to InP/ZnS reduces the brightness-mismatch between green and red emitters from 33- to 5-fold. Incorporating a 4-monolayer thick optically absorbing ZnSe shell into the QD heterostructure and heating the QDs in a solution of zinc oleate and trioctylphosphine produces InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs that are ~10-fold brighter than their InP/ZnS counterparts. In contrast to CdSe/CdS/ZnS core/shell/shell QDs, which only photoluminesce at red wavelengths with thicker CdS shells due to their Quasi-Type II bandstructure, Type I InP/ZnSe/ZnS QDs are uniquely suited to creating a rainbow of visible-emitting, brightness matched emitters. By tailoring the thickness of the intermediate ZnSe shell, heavy metal-free, brightness-matched green and red emitters are produced. This study highlights the ability to overcome the inherent brightness mismatch seen in QDs through concerted materials design of heterostructured core/shell InP-based QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Toufanian
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Margaret Chern
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Victoria H Kong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Allison M Dennis
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Li C, Tardajos AP, Wang D, Choukroun D, Van Daele K, Breugelmans T, Bals S. A simple method to clean ligand contamination on TEM grids. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 221:113195. [PMID: 33348183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) including nanowires and nanosheets made by chemical methods involve many organic ligands. When the structure of NPs is investigated via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the organic ligands act as a source for e-beam induced deposition and this causes substantial build-up of carbon layers in the investigated areas, which is typically referred to as "contamination" in the field of electron microscopy. This contamination is often more severe for scanning TEM, a technique that is based on a focused electron beam and hence higher electron dose rate. In this paper, we report a simple and effective method to clean drop-cast TEM grids that contain NPs with ligands. Using a combination of activated carbon and ethanol, this method effectively reduces the amount of ligands on TEM grids, and therefore greatly improves the quality of electron microscopy images and subsequent analytical measurements. This efficient and facile method can be helpful during electron microscopy investigation of different kinds of nanomaterials that suffer from ligand-induced contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Electron microscopy for Materials research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Adrian Pedrazo Tardajos
- Electron microscopy for Materials research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Da Wang
- Electron microscopy for Materials research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Daniel Choukroun
- Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kevin Van Daele
- Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Tom Breugelmans
- Applied Electrochemistry & Catalysis (ELCAT), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron microscopy for Materials research (EMAT), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Lai R, Sang Y, Zhao Y, Wu K. Triplet Sensitization and Photon Upconversion Using InP-Based Quantum Dots. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19825-19829. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runchen Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Youbao Sang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Lasers, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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