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Shang L, Wang S, Mao Y. Recent advances in plant-derived polysaccharide scaffolds in tissue engineering: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:133830. [PMID: 39002914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
As a natural three-dimensional biopolymer, decellularized plant-derived scaffolds usually comprise various polysaccharides, mostly cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose. They are characterized by natural biocompatibility and porous structures. The emergence of decellularized purified polysaccharide scaffolds provides an attractive method to overcome the challenges associated with nutrient delivery and biocompatibility, as they serve as optimal non-immune environments for stem cell adhesion and proliferation. To date, limited corresponding literature is available to systemically summarize the development and potential of these scaffolds in tissue engineering. Therefore, the current review summarized the biomimetic properties of plant-derived polysaccharide scaffolds and the latest progress in tissue engineering applications. This review first discusses the advantages of decellularized plant-derived polysaccharide scaffolds by briefly introducing their features and current limitations in clinical applications. Subsequently, the latest progress in emerging applications of regenerative biomaterials is reviewed, followed by a discussion of the studies on the interactions of biomaterials with cells and tissues. Finally, challenges in obtaining reliable scaffolds and possible future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Shan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Yingji Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China.
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2
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Tang Y, Shi C, Zhu Y, Yang M, Sheng K, Zhang X. Cellulose as a sustainable scaffold material in cultivated meat production. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 9:100846. [PMID: 39328389 PMCID: PMC11426059 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid progress in cultivated meat research has engendered considerable attention towards the edible scaffolding biomaterials employed in the production. Cellulose has the advantages in availability, edibility, animal-free origin, etc., which show its potential in wide fields. This review begins by presenting the fundamental physical and chemical properties of cellulose from different sources, including plant and bacterial cellulose. Subsequently, we summarize the application of cellulose especially in cultivated meat and tissue engineering. Furthermore, we explore various methods for preparing cellulose-based scaffolds for cultivated meat, encompassing five specific structural variations. In the end, associated with utilizing cellulose in cultivated meat production, we address several primary challenges surrounding to cell adhesion, scaling up, processibility and mechanical properties, and provide potential innovations. This review underscores the potential of cellulose as a versatile biomaterial in the cultivated meat industry and provides insight into addressing critical challenges for its integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Tang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Shi
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Future Food, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kuichuan Sheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, China
| | - Ximing Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Zhejiang University-Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Equipment and Robotics for Agriculture of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- National Key Laboratory of Biobased Transportation Fuel Technology, your department, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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3
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Mastrodimos M, Jain S, Badv M, Shen J, Montazerian H, Meyer CE, Annabi N, Weiss PS. Human Skeletal Muscle Myoblast Culture in Aligned Bacterial Nanocellulose and Commercial Matrices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:47150-47162. [PMID: 39206938 PMCID: PMC11403597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a durable, flexible, and dynamic biomaterial capable of serving a wide variety of fields, sectors, and applications within biotechnology, healthcare, electronics, agriculture, fashion, and others. BNC is produced spontaneously in carbohydrate-rich bacterial culture media, forming a cellulosic pellicle via a nanonetwork of fibrils extruded from certain genera. Herein, we demonstrate engineering BNC-based scaffolds with tunable physical and mechanical properties through postprocessing. Human skeletal muscle myoblasts (HSMMs) were cultured on these scaffolds, and in vitro electrical stimulation was applied to promote cellular function for tissue engineering applications. We compared physiologic maturation markers of human skeletal muscle myoblast development using a 2.5-dimensional culture paradigm in fabricated BNC scaffolds, compared to two-dimensional (2D) controls. We demonstrate that the culture of human skeletal muscle myoblasts on BNC scaffolds developed under electrical stimulation produced highly aligned, physiologic morphology of human skeletal muscle myofibers compared to unstimulated BNC and standard 2D culture. Furthermore, we compared an array of metrics to assess the BNC scaffold in a rigorous head-to-head study with commercially available, clinically approved matrices, Kerecis Omega3 Wound Matrix (Marigen) and Phoenix as well as a gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel. The BNC scaffold outcompeted industry standard matrices as well as a 20% GelMA hydrogel in durability and sustained the support of human skeletal muscle myoblasts in vitro. This work offers a robust demonstration of BNC scaffold cytocompatibility with human skeletal muscle cells and sets the basis for future work in healthcare, bioengineering, and medical implant technological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Mastrodimos
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Saumya Jain
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Maryam Badv
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jun Shen
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hossein Montazerian
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Claire E Meyer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Gahlawat S, Oruc D, Paul N, Ragheb M, Patel S, Fasasi O, Sharma P, Shreiber DI, Freeman JW. Tissue Engineered 3D Constructs for Volumetric Muscle Loss. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:2325-2347. [PMID: 39085677 PMCID: PMC11329418 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-024-03541-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Severe injuries to skeletal muscles, including cases of volumetric muscle loss (VML), are linked to substantial tissue damage, resulting in functional impairment and lasting disability. While skeletal muscle can regenerate following minor damage, extensive tissue loss in VML disrupts the natural regenerative capacity of the affected muscle tissue. Existing clinical approaches for VML, such as soft-tissue reconstruction and advanced bracing methods, need to be revised to restore tissue function and are associated with limitations in tissue availability and donor-site complications. Advancements in tissue engineering (TE), particularly in scaffold design and the delivery of cells and growth factors, show promising potential for regenerating damaged skeletal muscle tissue and restoring function. This article provides a brief overview of the pathophysiology of VML and critiques the shortcomings of current treatments. The subsequent section focuses on the criteria for designing TE scaffolds, offering insights into various natural and synthetic biomaterials and cell types for effectively regenerating skeletal muscle. We also review multiple TE strategies involving both acellular and cellular scaffolds to encourage the development and maturation of muscle tissue and facilitate integration, vascularization, and innervation. Finally, the article explores technical challenges hindering successful translation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Gahlawat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Doga Oruc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nikhil Paul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark Ragheb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Swati Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Oyinkansola Fasasi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Peeyush Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - David I Shreiber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph W Freeman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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5
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Yun J, Cho M, Culver M, Pearce DP, Kim C, Witzenburg CM, Murphy WL, Gopalan P. Characterization of Decellularized Plant Leaf as an Emerging Biomaterial Platform. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024. [PMID: 39214606 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Decellularized plants have emerged as promising biomaterials for cell culture and tissue engineering applications due to their distinct material characteristics. This study explores the biochemical, mechanical, and structural properties of decellularized leaves that make them useful as biomaterials for cell culture. Five monocot leaf species were decellularized via alkali treatment, resulting in the effective removal of DNA and proteins. The Van Soest method was used to quantitatively evaluate the changes in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content during decellularization. Tensile tests revealed considerable variations in mechanical strength depending on the plant species, the decellularization state, and the direction of applied mechanical force. Decellularized monocot leaves exhibited a notable reduction in mechanical strength and anisotropic properties depending on the leaf orientation. Imaging revealed inherent microgrooves on the epidermis of the monocot leaves. Permeability studies, including water uptake and biomolecule transport through decellularized leaves, confirmed excellent water uptake capability but limited biomolecule transport. Lastly, the plants were enzymatically degradable using typical plant enzymes, which were minimally cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Taken together, the features of decellularized plant leaves characterized in this study suggest ways in which they can be useful in cell culture and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Mina Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Matthew Culver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
| | - Daniel P Pearce
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
| | - Chanul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
| | - Colleen M Witzenburg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53075, United States
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6
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Jain S, Sharma JG. Unconventional strategies for liver tissue engineering: plant, paper, silk and nanomaterial-based scaffolds. Regen Med 2024; 19:421-437. [PMID: 39101556 PMCID: PMC11370909 DOI: 10.1080/17460751.2024.2378615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The paper highlights how significant characteristics of liver can be modeled in tissue-engineered constructs using unconventional scaffolds. Hepatic lobular organization and metabolic zonation can be mimicked with decellularized plant structures with vasculature resembling a native-hepatic lobule vascular arrangement or silk blend scaffolds meticulously designed for guided cellular arrangement as hepatic patches or metabolic activities. The functionality of hepatocytes can be enhanced and maintained for long periods in naturally fibrous structures paving way for bioartificial liver development. The phase I enzymatic activity in hepatic models can be raised exploiting the microfibrillar structure of paper to allow cellular stacking creating hypoxic conditions to induce in vivo-like xenobiotic metabolism. Lastly, the paper introduces amalgamation of carbon-based nanomaterials into existing scaffolds in liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyam Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Jai Gopal Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, 110042, India
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7
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Nurul Alam AMM, Kim CJ, Kim SH, Kumari S, Lee EY, Hwang YH, Joo ST. Scaffolding fundamentals and recent advances in sustainable scaffolding techniques for cultured meat development. Food Res Int 2024; 189:114549. [PMID: 38876607 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In cultured meat (CM) production, Scaffolding plays an important role by aiding cell adhesion, growth, differentiation, and alignment. The existence of fibrous microstructure in connective and muscle tissues has attracted considerable interest in the realm of tissue engineering and triggered the interest of researchers to implement scaffolding techniques. A wide array of research efforts is ongoing in scaffolding technologies for achieving the real meat structure on the principality of biomedical research and to replace serum free CM production. Scaffolds made of animal-derived biomaterials are found efficient in replicating the extracellular matrix (ECM), thus focus should be paid to utilize animal byproducts for this purpose. Proper identification and utilization of plant-derived scaffolding biomaterial could be helpful to add diversified options in addition to animal derived sources and reduce in cost of CM production through scaffolds. Furthermore, techniques like electrospinning, modified electrospinning and 3D bioprinting should be focused on to create 3D porous scaffolds to mimic the ECM of the muscle tissue and form real meat-like structures. This review discusses recent advances in cutting edge scaffolding techniques and edible biomaterials related to structured CM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M M Nurul Alam
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan-Jin Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea.
| | - So-Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea
| | - Swati Kumari
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seon-Tea Joo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea; Institute of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52852, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Chen Z, Xiong W, Guo Y, Jin X, Wang L, Ge C, Tan W, Zhou Y. Three-dimensional pore structure of the decellularized parsley scaffold regulates myogenic differentiation for cell cultured meat. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 39042463 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Decellularized plant scaffolds have been used to develop edible scaffolds for cell cultured meat because of their natural structures similar to that of mammalian tissues. However, their diverse three-dimensional (3D) porous structures may lead to differences in myogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle cells. In this study, parsley plant tissues were decellularized and modified by type A gelatin and transglutaminase while retaining, respectively, longitudinal fibrous and transverse honeycomb pore structures. The effects of the structure of the decellularized parsley scaffold on the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells were investigated and the quality of cell cultured meat was evaluated. The results showed that fibrous pore structure guided cells to be arranged in parallel, whereas honeycomb pore structure connected cells in a circular pattern. After induced differentiation, the fibrous scaffolds were more inclined to form multinucleated myotubes with higher expression of myogenic genes and proteins, and the final cell-based meat contained higher total protein content. Decellularized plant scaffolds with fibrous pore structure were more suitable for myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells, providing support to the development of edible scaffolds for cultured meat. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study investigated the different three-dimensional (3D) pore structure of parsley parenchyma to gain insight into how the 3D pore structure of decellularized plant scaffolds regulates myogenic differentiation, which is expected to address the unstable myogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle cells on decellularized plant scaffolds in cell culture meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wanli Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chengxin Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Wensong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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9
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Barbinta-Patrascu ME, Bita B, Negut I. From Nature to Technology: Exploring the Potential of Plant-Based Materials and Modified Plants in Biomimetics, Bionics, and Green Innovations. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:390. [PMID: 39056831 PMCID: PMC11274542 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9070390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the extensive applications of plants in areas of biomimetics and bioinspiration, highlighting their role in developing sustainable solutions across various fields such as medicine, materials science, and environmental technology. Plants not only serve essential ecological functions but also provide a rich source of inspiration for innovations in green nanotechnology, biomedicine, and architecture. In the past decade, the focus has shifted towards utilizing plant-based and vegetal waste materials in creating eco-friendly and cost-effective materials with remarkable properties. These materials are employed in making advancements in drug delivery, environmental remediation, and the production of renewable energy. Specifically, the review discusses the use of (nano)bionic plants capable of detecting explosives and environmental contaminants, underscoring their potential in improving quality of life and even in lifesaving applications. The work also refers to the architectural inspirations drawn from the plant world to develop novel design concepts that are both functional and aesthetic. It elaborates on how engineered plants and vegetal waste have been transformed into value-added materials through innovative applications, especially highlighting their roles in wastewater treatment and as electronic components. Moreover, the integration of plants in the synthesis of biocompatible materials for medical applications such as tissue engineering scaffolds and artificial muscles demonstrates their versatility and capacity to replace more traditional synthetic materials, aligning with global sustainability goals. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current and potential uses of living plants in technological advancements, advocating for a deeper exploration of vegetal materials to address pressing environmental and technological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bogdan Bita
- Department of Electricity, Solid-State Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Irina Negut
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania
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Hong TK, Do JT. Generation of Chicken Contractile Skeletal Muscle Structure Using Decellularized Plant Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3500-3512. [PMID: 38563398 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cultured meat is a meat analogue produced by in vitro cell culture, which can replace the conventional animal production system. Tissue engineering using myogenic cells and biomaterials is a core technology for cultured meat production. In this study, we provide an efficient and economical method to produce skeletal muscle tissue-like structures by culturing chicken myoblasts in a fetal bovine serum (FBS)-free medium and plant-derived scaffolds. An FBS-free medium supplemented with 10% horse serum (HS) and 5% chick embryo extract (CEE) was suitable for the proliferation and differentiation of chicken myoblasts. Decellularized celery scaffolds (Decelery), manufactured using 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), were nontoxic to cells and supported myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Decelery could support the 3D culture of chicken myoblasts, which could adhere and coagulate to the surface of the Decelery and form MYH1E+ and F-actin+ myotubes. After 2 weeks of culture on Decelery, fully grown myoblasts completely covered the surface of the scaffolds and formed fiber-like myotube structures. They further differentiated to form spontaneously contracting myofiber-like myotubes on the scaffold surface, indicating that the Decelery scaffold system could support the formation of a functional mature myofiber structure. In addition, as the spontaneously contracting myofibers did not detach from the surface of the Decelery, the Decelery system is a suitable biomaterial for the long-term culture and maintenance of the myofiber structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk Institute of Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- 3D Tissue Culture Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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11
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Murugan P, Yap WS, Ezhilarasu H, Suntornnond R, Le QB, Singh S, Seah JSH, Tan PL, Zhou W, Tan LP, Choudhury D. Decellularised plant scaffolds facilitate porcine skeletal muscle tissue engineering for cultivated meat biomanufacturing. NPJ Sci Food 2024; 8:25. [PMID: 38702314 PMCID: PMC11068908 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-024-00262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Cultivated meat (CM) offers a sustainable and ethical alternative to conventional animal agriculture, involving cell maturation in a controlled environment. To emulate the structural complexity of traditional meat, the development of animal-free and edible scaffolds is crucial, providing vital physical and biological support during tissue development. The aligned vascular bundles of the decellularised asparagus scaffold were selected to facilitate the attachment and alignment of murine myoblasts (C2C12) and porcine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (pADMSCs). Muscle differentiation was assessed through immunofluorescence staining with muscle markers, including Myosin heavy chain (MHC), Myogenin (MYOG), and Desmin. The metabolic activity of Creatine Kinase in C2C12 differentiated cells significantly increased compared to proliferated cells. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed a significant increase in Myosin Heavy Polypeptide 1 (MYH1) and MYOG expression compared to Day 0. These results highlight the application of decellularised plant scaffold (DPS) as a promising, edible material conducive to cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation into muscle tissue. To create a CM prototype with biological mimicry, pADMSC-derived muscle and fat cells were also co-cultured on the same scaffold. The co-culture was confirmed through immunofluorescence staining of muscle markers and LipidTOX staining, revealing distinct muscle fibres and adipocytes containing lipid droplets respectively. Texture profile analysis conducted on uncooked CM prototypes and pork loin showed no significant differences in textural values. However, the pan-fried CM prototype differed significantly in hardness and chewiness compared to pork loin. Understanding the scaffolds' textural profile enhances our insight into the potential sensory attributes of CM products. DPS shows potential for advancing CM biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatharshini Murugan
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Swan Yap
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hariharan Ezhilarasu
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ratima Suntornnond
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quang Bach Le
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Satnam Singh
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Si Han Seah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Leng Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weibiao Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lay Poh Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deepak Choudhury
- Biomanufacturing Technology, Bioprocessing Technology Institute (BTI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 20 Biopolis Way, 138668, Singapore, Singapore.
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12
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Ahmad SS, Ahmad K, Lim JH, Shaikh S, Lee EJ, Choi I. Therapeutic applications of biological macromolecules and scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131411. [PMID: 38588841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) mass and strength maintenance are important requirements for human well-being. SM regeneration to repair minor injuries depends upon the myogenic activities of muscle satellite (stem) cells. However, losses of regenerative properties following volumetric muscle loss or severe trauma or due to congenital muscular abnormalities are not self-restorable, and thus, these conditions have major healthcare implications and pose clinical challenges. In this context, tissue engineering based on different types of biomaterials and scaffolds provides an encouraging means of structural and functional SM reconstruction. In particular, biomimetic (able to transmit biological signals) and several porous scaffolds are rapidly evolving. Several biological macromolecules/biomaterials (collagen, gelatin, alginate, chitosan, and fibrin etc.) are being widely used for SM regeneration. However, available alternatives for SM regeneration must be redesigned to make them more user-friendly and economically feasible with longer shelf lives. This review aimed to explore the biological aspects of SM regeneration and the roles played by several biological macromolecules and scaffolds in SM regeneration in cases of volumetric muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
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13
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Rabbani M, Salehani AA, Farnaghi M, Moshtaghi M. Plant Decellularization by Chemical and Physical Methods for Regenerative Medicine: A Review Article. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2024; 14:10. [PMID: 38993202 PMCID: PMC11111131 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_20_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Fabricating three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds is attractive due to various advantages for tissue engineering, such as cell migration, proliferation, and adhesion. Since cell growth depends on transmitting nutrients and cell residues, naturally vascularized scaffolds are superior for tissue engineering. Vascular passages help the inflow and outflow of liquids, nutrients, and waste disposal from the scaffold and cell growth. Porous scaffolds can be prepared by plant tissue decellularization which allows for the cultivation of various cell lines depending on the intended application. To this end, researchers decellularize plant tissues by specific chemical and physical methods. Researchers use plant parts depending on their needs, for example, decellularizing the leaves, stems, and fruits. Plant tissue scaffolds are advantageous for regenerative medicine, wound healing, and bioprinting. Studies have examined various plants such as vegetables and fruits such as orchid, parsley, spinach, celery, carrot, and apple using various materials and techniques such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-100, peracetic acid, deoxyribonuclease, and ribonuclease with varying percentages, as well as mechanical and physical techniques like freeze-thaw cycles. The process of data selection, retrieval, and extraction in this review relied on scholarly journal publications and other relevant papers related to the subject of decellularization, with a specific emphasis on plant-based research. The obtained results indicate that, owing to the cellulosic structure and vascular nature of the decellularized plants and their favorable hydrophilic and biological properties, they have the potential to serve as biological materials and natural scaffolds for the development of 3D-printing inks and scaffolds for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rabbani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza A. Salehani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammadhasan Farnaghi
- Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Moshtaghi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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14
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Cevik M, Dikici S. Development of tissue-engineered vascular grafts from decellularized parsley stems. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:338-350. [PMID: 38088147 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01236k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are mostly associated with narrowing or blockage of blood vessels, and it is the most common cause of death worldwide. The use of vascular grafts is a promising approach to bypass or replace the blocked vessels for long-term treatment. Although autologous arteries or veins are the most preferred tissue sources for vascular bypass, the limited presence and poor quality of autologous vessels necessitate seeking alternative biomaterials. Recently, synthetic grafts have gained attention as an alternative to autologous grafts. However, the high failure rate of synthetic grafts has been reported primarily due to thrombosis, atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia, or infection. Thrombosis, the main reason for failure upon implantation, is associated with damage or absence of endothelial cell lining in the vascular graft's luminal surface. To overcome this, tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) have come into prominence. Alongside the well-established scaffold manufacturing techniques, decellularized plant-based constructs have recently gained significant importance and are an emerging field in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Accordingly, in this study, we demonstrated the fabrication of tubular scaffolds from decellularized parsley stems and recellularized them with human endothelial cells to be used as a potential TEVG. Our results suggested that the native plant DNA was successfully removed, and soft tubular biomaterials were successfully manufactured via the chemical decellularization of the parsley stems. The decellularized parsley stems showed suitable mechanical and biological properties to be used as a TEVG material, and they provided a suitable environment for the culture of human endothelial cells to attach and create a pseudo endothelium prior to implantation. This study is the first one to demonstrate the potential of the parsley stems to be used as a potential TEVG biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Cevik
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Education, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Dikici
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Izmir, Turkey.
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15
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Singh A, Singh SK, Kumar V, Gupta J, Kumar M, Sarma DK, Singh S, Kumawat M, Verma V. Derivation and Characterization of Novel Cytocompatible Decellularized Tissue Scaffold for Myoblast Growth and Differentiation. Cells 2023; 13:41. [PMID: 38201245 PMCID: PMC10778107 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The selection of an appropriate scaffold is imperative for the successful development of alternative animal protein in the form of cultured meat or lab-grown meat. Decellularized tissues have been suggested as a potential scaffold for cultured meat production owing to their capacity to support an optimal environment and niche conducive to cell proliferation and growth. This approach facilitates the systematic development of 3D tissues in the laboratory. Decellularized scaffold biomaterials have characteristics of high biocompatibility, biodegradation, and various bioactivities, which could potentially address the limitations associated with synthetic bio-scaffold materials. The present study involved the derivation and characterization of a decellularized scaffold from mushroom tissue following subsequent assessment of the scaffold's capacity to support myogenic differentiation. Mushroom sections were soaked in nuclease and detergent solution for 4 days. Furthermore, decellularization was confirmed by histology and DAPI staining, which showed the removal of cellular components and nuclei. Myoblast cells were seeded onto decellularized tissue, which exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and promoted myogenic growth and differentiation. The study's findings can serve as a foreground for the generation of an edible and natural scaffold for producing a safe and disease-free source of alternative animal protein, potentially reducing the burden on the health sector caused by conventional animal protein production and consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Singh
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Suraj Kumar Singh
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad 500032, India
| | - Jalaj Gupta
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India (D.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Devojit Kumar Sarma
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India (D.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Samradhi Singh
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India (D.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- ICMR—National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal 462030, India (D.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Vinod Verma
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
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16
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Couvrette LJ, Walker KLA, Bui TV, Pelling AE. Plant Cellulose as a Substrate for 3D Neural Stem Cell Culture. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1309. [PMID: 38002433 PMCID: PMC10669287 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC)-based therapies are at the forefront of regenerative medicine strategies for various neural defects and injuries such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. For several clinical applications, NSC therapies require biocompatible scaffolds to support cell survival and to direct differentiation. Here, we investigate decellularized plant tissue as a novel scaffold for three-dimensional (3D), in vitro culture of NSCs. Plant cellulose scaffolds were shown to support the attachment and proliferation of adult rat hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs). Further, NSCs differentiated on the cellulose scaffold had significant increases in their expression of neuron-specific beta-III tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein compared to 2D culture on a polystyrene plate, indicating that the scaffold may enhance the differentiation of NSCs towards astrocytic and neuronal lineages. Our findings suggest that plant-derived cellulose scaffolds have the potential to be used in neural tissue engineering and can be harnessed to direct the differentiation of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren J. Couvrette
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 5N5, Canada
| | - Krystal L. A. Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, STEM Complex, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N 5N5, Canada
| | - Tuan V. Bui
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 5N5, Canada
| | - Andrew E. Pelling
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON K1N 5N5, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, STEM Complex, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N 5N5, Canada
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17
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Yun J, Robertson S, Kim C, Suzuki M, Murphy WL, Gopalan P. Aligned skeletal muscle assembly on a biofunctionalized plant leaf scaffold. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:327-335. [PMID: 37730079 PMCID: PMC10913149 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Decellularized plant scaffolds have drawn attention as alternative tissue culture platforms due to their wide accessibility, biocompatibility, and diversity of innate microstructures. Particularly, in this work, monocot leaves with innate uniaxial micropatterned topography were utilized to promote cell alignment and elongation. The leaf scaffold was biofunctionalized with poly(PEGMEMA-r-VDM-r-GMA) copolymer that prevented non-specific protein adsorption and was modified with cell adhesive RGD peptide to enable cell adhesion and growth in serum-free media. The biofunctionalized leaf supported the adhesion, growth, and alignment of various human cells including embryonic stem cells (hESC) derived muscle cells. The hESC-derived myogenic progenitor cells cultured on the biofunctionalized leaf scaffold adopted a parallel orientation and were elongated along the leaf topography. These cells showed significant early myogenic differentiation and muscle-like bundled myotube formation. The aligned cells formed compact myotube assemblies and showed uniaxial muscle contraction under chemical stimulation, a critical requirement for developing functional skeletal muscle tissue. Polymer-functionalized plant leaf scaffolds offer a novel human cell culture platform and have potential in human tissue engineering applications that require parallel alignment of cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Plant scaffolds are plentiful sources in nature and present a prefabricated construct to present topographical cues to cells. Their feature width is ideal for human cell alignment and elongation, especially for muscle cells. However, plant scaffolds lack proteins that support mammalian cell culture. We have developed a polymer coated leaf scaffold that enables cell adhesion and growth in serum-free media. Human muscle cells cultured on the biofunctionalized leaf, aligned along the natural parallel micro-patterned leaf topography, and formed muscle-like bundled myotube assemblies. These assemblies showed uniaxial muscular contraction, a critical requirement for developing functional skeletal muscle tissue. The biodiversity of the plant materials offers a novel human cell culture platform with potential in human tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsu Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Samantha Robertson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Chanul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53075, United States
| | - Masatoshi Suzuki
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53075, United States; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53075, United States.
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18
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Kozan NG, Caswell S, Patel M, Grasman JM. Aligned Collagen Sponges with Tunable Pore Size for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Regeneration. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:533. [PMID: 37998102 PMCID: PMC10672557 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14110533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is a traumatic injury where at least 20% of the mass of a skeletal muscle has been destroyed and functionality is lost. The standard treatment for VML, autologous tissue transfer, is limited as approximately 1 in 10 grafts fail because of necrosis or infection. Tissue engineering strategies seek to develop scaffolds that can regenerate injured muscles and restore functionality. Many of these scaffolds, however, are limited in their ability to restore muscle functionality because of an inability to promote the alignment of regenerating myofibers. For aligned myofibers to form on a scaffold, myoblasts infiltrate the scaffold and receive topographical cues to direct targeted myofiber growth. We seek to determine the optimal pore size for myoblast infiltration and differentiation. We developed a method of tuning the pore size within collagen scaffolds while inducing longitudinal alignment of these pores. Significantly different pore sizes were generated by adjusting the freezing rate of the scaffolds. Scaffolds frozen at -20 °C contained the largest pores. These scaffolds promoted the greatest level of cell infiltration and orientation in the direction of pore alignment. Further research will be conducted to induce higher levels of myofiber formation, to ultimately create an off-the-shelf treatment for VML injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan M. Grasman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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19
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Kozan NG, Joshi M, Sicherer ST, Grasman JM. Porous biomaterial scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1245897. [PMID: 37854885 PMCID: PMC10579822 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1245897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss is a traumatic injury which overwhelms the innate repair mechanisms of skeletal muscle and results in significant loss of muscle functionality. Tissue engineering seeks to regenerate these injuries through implantation of biomaterial scaffolds to encourage endogenous tissue formation and to restore mechanical function. Many types of scaffolds are currently being researched for this purpose. Scaffolds are typically made from either natural, synthetic, or conductive polymers, or any combination therein. A major criterion for the use of scaffolds for skeletal muscle is their porosity, which is essential for myoblast infiltration and myofiber ingrowth. In this review, we summarize the various methods of fabricating porous biomaterial scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration, as well as the various types of materials used to make these scaffolds. We provide guidelines for the fabrication of scaffolds based on functional requirements of skeletal muscle tissue, and discuss the general state of the field for skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan M. Grasman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
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20
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Samandari M, Saeedinejad F, Quint J, Chuah SXY, Farzad R, Tamayol A. Repurposing biomedical muscle tissue engineering for cellular agriculture: challenges and opportunities. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:887-906. [PMID: 36914431 PMCID: PMC11412388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellular agriculture is an emerging field rooted in engineering meat-mimicking cell-laden structures using tissue engineering practices that have been developed for biomedical applications, including regenerative medicine. Research and industrial efforts are focused on reducing the cost and improving the throughput of cultivated meat (CM) production using these conventional practices. Due to key differences in the goals of muscle tissue engineering for biomedical versus food applications, conventional strategies may not be economically and technologically viable or socially acceptable. In this review, these two fields are critically compared, and the limitations of biomedical tissue engineering practices in achieving the important requirements of food production are discussed. Additionally, the possible solutions and the most promising biomanufacturing strategies for cellular agriculture are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farnoosh Saeedinejad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jacob Quint
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Sharon Xin Ying Chuah
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Florida Sea Grant and Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Razieh Farzad
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Florida Sea Grant and Global Food Systems Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA.
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21
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Pang KT, Loo LSW, Chia S, Ong FYT, Yu H, Walsh I. Insight into muscle stem cell regeneration and mechanobiology. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:129. [PMID: 37173707 PMCID: PMC10176686 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells possess the unique ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. These specialized cell types can be used for regenerative medicine purposes such as cell therapy. Myosatellite cells, also known as skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs), play important roles in the growth, repair, and regeneration of skeletal muscle tissues. However, despite its therapeutic potential, the successful differentiation, proliferation, and expansion processes of MuSCs remain a significant challenge due to a variety of factors. For example, the growth and differentiation of MuSCs can be greatly influenced by actively replicating the MuSCs microenvironment (known as the niche) using mechanical forces. However, the molecular role of mechanobiology in MuSC growth, proliferation, and differentiation for regenerative medicine is still poorly understood. In this present review, we comprehensively summarize, compare, and critically analyze how different mechanical cues shape stem cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and their potential role in disease development (Fig. 1). The insights developed from the mechanobiology of stem cells will also contribute to how these applications can be used for regenerative purposes using MuSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuin Tian Pang
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technology University, 62 Nanyang Drive, N1.2-B3, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
| | - Larry Sai Weng Loo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sean Chia
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesca Yi Teng Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- CAMP, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisplinary Science and Engineering Program, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ian Walsh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
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22
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Huang X, Zeng J, Wang Y. Comparison of the enhanced attachment and proliferation of the human mesenchymal stem cells on the biomimetic nanopatterned surfaces of zein, silk fibroin, and gelatin. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:161-172. [PMID: 35906959 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Natural proteins have been reported to positively affect the attachment and proliferation of cells. For the first time, zein, a plant protein, was utilized to make patterned surface mimicking the extracellular matrix to assist the attachment and proliferation of stem cells. Zein would promote the attachment and proliferation of the stem cells more than 10 times of that of gelatin and silk fibroin, respectively, which are popular protein selections for the formation of the biomaterial scaffolds. The more the surface was covered by zein, the more the stem cell grown. It was revealed that the stem cells would grow and stretch in the direction of the patterns, and the stem cells preferred to grow in the grooves in the size of 8 μm, that was similar to the size of the stem cells, rather than the size larger or smaller than that of the cells, such as 50 and 2 μm. It was concluded that zein is a better choice than silk fibroin and gelatin with highly potential for the formation of patterned surface and structure as the biomaterial scaffolds for stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jie Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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23
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Harris AF, Lacombe J, Sanchez-Ballester NM, Victor S, Curran KAJ, Nordquist AR, Thomas B, Gu J, Veuthey JL, Soulairol I, Zenhausern F. Decellularized Spinach Biomaterials Support Physiologically Relevant Mechanical Cyclic Strain and Prompt a Stretch-Induced Cellular Response. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5682-5692. [PMID: 36368008 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, decellularized plant biomaterials have been explored for their use as tissue engineered substitutes. Herein, we expanded upon the investigation of the mechanical properties of these materials to explore their elasticity as many anatomical areas of the body require biomechanical dynamism. We first constructed a device to secure the scaffold and induce a strain within the physiological range of the normal human adult lung during breathing (12-20 movements/min; 10-20% elongation). Results showed that decellularized spinach leaves can support cyclic strain for 24 h and displayed heterogeneous local strain values (7.76-15.88%) as well as a Poisson's ratio (0.12) similar to that of mammalian lungs (10.67-19.67%; 0.01), as opposed to an incompressible homogeneous standard polymer (such as PDMS (10.85-12.71%; 0.4)). Imaging and mechanical testing showed that the vegetal scaffold exhibited strain hardening but maintained its structural architecture and water retention capacity, suggesting an unaltered porosity. Interestingly, we also showed that cells seeded on the scaffold can also sense the mechanical strain as demonstrated by a nuclear reorientation perpendicular to strain direction (63.3° compared to 41.2° for nonstretched cells), a nuclear location of YAP and increased expression of YAP target genes, a high cytoplasmic calcium level, and an elevated expression level of collagen genes (COL1A1, COL3A1, COL4A1, and COL6A) with an increased collagen secretion at the protein level. Taken together, these data demonstrated that decellularized plant leaf tissues have an inherent elastic property similar to that found in the mammalian system to which cells can sense and respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee F Harris
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States
| | - Jerome Lacombe
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 425 N 5th St., Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States
| | - Noelia M Sanchez-Ballester
- ICGM, CNRS, ENSCM, University Montpellier, 34000Montpellier, France.,Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900Nîmes, France
| | - Shaun Victor
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States
| | - Killian A J Curran
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alan R Nordquist
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States
| | - Baiju Thomas
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States
| | - Jian Gu
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 425 N 5th St., Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ian Soulairol
- ICGM, CNRS, ENSCM, University Montpellier, 34000Montpellier, France.,Department of Pharmacy, Nîmes University Hospital, 30900Nîmes, France
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 425 N 5th St., Phoenix, Arizona85004, United States.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona85721, United States
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Lu H, Ying K, Shi Y, Liu D, Chen Q. Bioprocessing by Decellularized Scaffold Biomaterials in Cultured Meat: A Review. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120787. [PMID: 36550993 PMCID: PMC9774511 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As novel carrier biomaterials, decellularized scaffolds have promising potential in the development of cellular agriculture and edible cell-cultured meat applications. Decellularized scaffold biomaterials have characteristics of high biocompatibility, bio-degradation, biological safety and various bioactivities, which could potentially compensate for the shortcomings of synthetic bio-scaffold materials. They can provide suitable microstructure and mechanical support for cell adhesion, differentiation and proliferation. To our best knowledge, the preparation and application of plant and animal decellularized scaffolds have not been summarized. Herein, a comprehensive presentation of the principles, preparation methods and application progress of animal-derived and plant-derived decellularized scaffolds has been reported in detail. Additionally, their application in the culture of skeletal muscle, fat and connective tissue, which constitute the main components of edible cultured meat, have also been generally discussed. We also illustrate the potential applications and prospects of decellularized scaffold materials in future foods. This review of cultured meat and decellularized scaffold biomaterials provides new insight and great potential research prospects in food application and cellular agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Keqin Ying
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (D.L.); (Q.C.)
| | - Donghong Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 310000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (D.L.); (Q.C.)
| | - Qihe Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiashan 310000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (D.L.); (Q.C.)
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25
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Kiratitanaporn W, Berry DB, Mudla A, Fried T, Lao A, Yu C, Hao N, Ward SR, Chen S. 3D printing a biocompatible elastomer for modeling muscle regeneration after volumetric muscle loss. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 142:213171. [PMID: 36341746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries due to trauma, tumor ablation, or other degenerative muscle diseases are debilitating and currently have limited options for self-repair. Advancements in 3D printing allow for the rapid fabrication of biocompatible scaffolds with designer patterns. However, the materials chosen are often stiff or brittle, which is not optimal for muscle tissue engineering. This study utilized a photopolymerizable biocompatible elastomer - poly (glycerol sebacate) acrylate (PGSA) - to develop an in vitro model of muscle regeneration and proliferation into an acellular scaffold after VML injury. Mechanical properties of the scaffold were tuned by controlling light intensity during the 3D printing process to match the specific tension of skeletal muscle. The effect of both geometric (channel sizes between 300 and 600 μm) and biologic (decellularized muscle extracellular matrix (dECM)) cues on muscle progenitor cell infiltration, proliferation, organization, and maturation was evaluated in vitro using a near-infrared fluorescent protein (iRFP) transfected cell line to assess cells in the 3D scaffold. Larger channel sizes and dECM coating were found to enhance cell proliferation and maturation, while no discernable effect on cell alignment was observed. In addition, a pilot experiment was carried out to evaluate the regenerative capacity of this scaffold in vivo after a VML injury. Overall, this platform demonstrates a simple model to study muscle progenitor recruitment and differentiation into acellular scaffolds after VML repair.
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26
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Driscoll K, Butani MS, Gultian KA, McSweeny A, Patel JM, Vega SL. Plant Tissue Parenchyma and Vascular Bundles Selectively Regulate Stem Cell Mechanosensing and Differentiation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2022; 15:439-450. [PMID: 36444354 PMCID: PMC9700532 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-022-00737-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Plant tissues are plentiful, diverse, and due to convergent evolution are structurally similar to many animal tissues. Decellularized plant tissues feature microtopographies that resemble cancellous bone (porous parenchyma) and skeletal muscle (fibrous vascular bundles). However, the use of plant tissues as an inexpensive and abundant biomaterial for controlling stem cell behavior has not been widely explored. Methods Celery plant tissues were cut cross-sectionally (porous parenchyma) or longitudinally (fibrous vascular bundles) and decellularized. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were then cultured atop plant tissues and confocal imaging of single cells was used to evaluate the early effects of microtopography on MSC adhesion, morphology, cytoskeletal alignment, Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling, and downstream lineage commitment to osteogenic or myogenic phenotypes. Results Microtopography was conserved post plant tissue decellularization and MSCs attached and proliferated on plant tissues. MSCs cultured on porous parenchyma spread isotropically along the periphery of plant tissue pores. In contrast, MSCs cultured on vascular bundles spread anisotropically and aligned in the direction of fibrous vascular bundles. Differences in microtopography also influenced MSC nuclear YAP localization and actin anisotropy, with higher values observed on fibrous tissues. When exposed to osteogenic or myogenic culture medium, MSCs on porous parenchyma had a higher percentage of cells stain positive for bone biomarker alkaline phosphatase, whereas myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD) was significantly upregulated for MSCs on fibrous vascular bundles. Conclusions Together, these results show that plant tissues are an abundant biomaterial with defined microarchitecture that can reproducibly regulate MSC morphology, mechanosensing, and differentiation. Supplementary Information The online version of this article contains supplementary material available 10.1007/s12195-022-00737-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Driscoll
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA
| | - Maya S. Butani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA
| | - Kirstene A. Gultian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA
| | - Abigail McSweeny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA
| | - Jay M. Patel
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA 30033 USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Sebastián L. Vega
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 USA
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27
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Liu Y, Wang R, Ding S, Deng L, Zhang Y, Li J, Shi Z, Wu Z, Liang K, Yan X, Liu W, Du Y. Engineered meatballs via scalable skeletal muscle cell expansion and modular micro-tissue assembly using porous gelatin micro-carriers. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121615. [PMID: 35679644 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of cultured meat faces several technical hurdles, including the scale-up production of quality muscle and adipose progenitor cells, and the differentiation and bioengineering of these cellular materials into large, meat-like tissue. Here, we present edible, 3D porous gelatin micro-carriers (PoGelat-MCs), as efficient cell expansion scaffolds, as well as modular tissue-engineering building blocks for lab-grown meat. PoGelat-MC culture in spinner flasks, not only facilitated the scalable expansion of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells and murine myoblasts, but also triggered their spontaneous myogenesis, in the absence of myogenic reagents. Using 3D-printed mold and transglutaminase, we bio-assembled pork muscle micro-tissues into centimeter-scale meatballs, which exhibited similar mechanical property and higher protein content compared to conventional ground pork meatballs. PoGelat-MCs also supported the expansion and differentiation of 3T3L1 murine pre-adipocytes into mature adipose micro-tissues, which could be used as modular assembly unit for engineered fat-containing meat products. Together, our results highlight PoGelat-MCs, in combination with dynamic bioreactors, as a scalable culture system to produce large quantity of highly-viable muscle and fat micro-tissues, which could be further bio-assembled into ground meat analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Shijie Ding
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liping Deng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Beijing CytoNiche Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Junyang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Ziao Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Zhongyuan Wu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaini Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Beijing CytoNiche Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing CytoNiche Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100195, China
| | - Yanan Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China.
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28
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Levi S, Yen FC, Baruch L, Machluf M. Scaffolding technologies for the engineering of cultured meat: Towards a safe, sustainable, and scalable production. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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29
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Mechanosensitive Osteogenesis on Native Cellulose Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. J Biomech 2022; 135:111030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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30
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Tan YH, Helms HR, Nakayama KH. Decellularization Strategies for Regenerating Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Tissues. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:831300. [PMID: 35295645 PMCID: PMC8918733 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.831300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is associated with approximately 17.9 million deaths each year. Musculoskeletal conditions affect more than 1.71 billion people globally and are the leading cause of disability. These two areas represent a massive global health burden that is perpetuated by a lack of functionally restorative treatment options. The fields of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer great promise for the development of therapies to repair damaged or diseased tissues. Decellularized tissues and extracellular matrices are cornerstones of regenerative biomaterials and have been used clinically for decades and many have received FDA approval. In this review, we first discuss and compare methods used to produce decellularized tissues and ECMs from cardiac and skeletal muscle. We take a focused look at how different biophysical properties such as spatial topography, extracellular matrix composition, and mechanical characteristics influence cell behavior and function in the context of regenerative medicine. Lastly, we describe emerging research and forecast the future high impact applications of decellularized cardiac and skeletal muscle that will drive novel and effective regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina H. Nakayama
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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31
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Decellularized Alstroemeria flower stem modified with chitosan for tissue engineering purposes: A cellulose/chitosan scaffold. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:321-332. [PMID: 35149092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing plant-based scaffolds has pulled in the consideration of tissue engineers. Plant tissues own different structures with particular porosity and structure. In this study, the stem of the Alstroemeria flower was designated for decellularization to fabricate a new scaffold. The stems were decellularized and called AFSP and then modified by chitosan and named AFSPC. Osteoblast precursor cell line was employed to assess the biological potential of the final scaffolds. The results uncovered that AFSP owns linear microchannels with a smooth surface. AFSPC delineated uniform chitosan coating on the walls with appropriate roughness. AFSPC showed higher potential in swelling, degradation, diffusion, and having a porous structure than AFSP. Modification with chitosan improved mechanical behavior. Biological assays depicted no cytotoxicity for AFSP and AFSPC. AFSPC showed good cell attachment, proliferation, and migration. In conclusion, modified tissue plants can be a good candidate for tissue engineering of both soft and hard tissues.
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32
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Kong Y, Wang D, Wei Q, Yang Y. Nerve Decellularized Matrix Composite Scaffold With High Antibacterial Activity for Nerve Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:840421. [PMID: 35155420 PMCID: PMC8831845 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.840421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve decellularized matrix (NDM) has received much attention due to its natural composition and structural advantages that had proven to be an excellent candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration. However, NDM with simultaneous biocompatibility, promoting nerve regeneration, as well as resistant to infection was rarely reporter. In this study, a porous NDM-CS scaffold with high antimicrobial activity and high biocompatibility was prepared by combining the advantages of both NDM and chitosan (CS) in a one-step method. The NDM-CS scaffold possessed high porosity and hydrophilicity, exhibited excellent biocompatibility which was suitable for cell growth and nutrient exchange. Meanwhile, NDM-CS scaffold had a significant antibacterial effect on both Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), which could avoid wound infection during the repair process. In addition, the NDM-CS scaffold could support the growth and viability of Schwann cells effectively. Among them, the E2C1 group had the strongest ability to enhance proliferation, polarization and migration of Schwann cells among the three groups. The positive effect on Schwann cells indicated their ability in the process of nerve injury repair. Therefore, this NDM-CS scaffold may have potential prospects for application in neural tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qufu Wei
- *Correspondence: Qufu Wei, ; Yumin Yang,
| | - Yumin Yang
- *Correspondence: Qufu Wei, ; Yumin Yang,
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33
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Bomkamp C, Skaalure SC, Fernando GF, Ben‐Arye T, Swartz EW, Specht EA. Scaffolding Biomaterials for 3D Cultivated Meat: Prospects and Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102908. [PMID: 34786874 PMCID: PMC8787436 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultivating meat from stem cells rather than by raising animals is a promising solution to concerns about the negative externalities of meat production. For cultivated meat to fully mimic conventional meat's organoleptic and nutritional properties, innovations in scaffolding technology are required. Many scaffolding technologies are already developed for use in biomedical tissue engineering. However, cultivated meat production comes with a unique set of constraints related to the scale and cost of production as well as the necessary attributes of the final product, such as texture and food safety. This review discusses the properties of vertebrate skeletal muscle that will need to be replicated in a successful product and the current state of scaffolding innovation within the cultivated meat industry, highlighting promising scaffold materials and techniques that can be applied to cultivated meat development. Recommendations are provided for future research into scaffolds capable of supporting the growth of high-quality meat while minimizing production costs. Although the development of appropriate scaffolds for cultivated meat is challenging, it is also tractable and provides novel opportunities to customize meat properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bomkamp
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
| | | | | | - Tom Ben‐Arye
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
| | - Elliot W. Swartz
- The Good Food Institute1380 Monroe St. NW #229WashingtonDC20010USA
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34
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Multiscale-Engineered Muscle Constructs: PEG Hydrogel Micro-Patterning on an Electrospun PCL Mat Functionalized with Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010260. [PMID: 35008686 PMCID: PMC8745500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new, viable, and functional engineered tissue is a complex and challenging task. Skeletal muscle constructs have specific requirements as cells are sensitive to the stiffness, geometry of the materials, and biological micro-environment. The aim of this study was thus to design and characterize a multi-scale scaffold and to evaluate it regarding the differentiation process of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. The significance of the work lies in the microfabrication of lines of polyethylene glycol, on poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofiber sheets obtained using the electrospinning process, coated or not with gold nanoparticles to act as a potential substrate for electrical stimulation. The differentiation of C2C12 cells was studied over a period of seven days and quantified through both expression of specific genes, and analysis of the myotubes’ alignment and length using confocal microscopy. We demonstrated that our multiscale bio-construct presented tunable mechanical properties and supported the different stages skeletal muscle, as well as improving the parallel orientation of the myotubes with a variation of less than 15°. These scaffolds showed the ability of sustained myogenic differentiation by enhancing the organization of reconstructed skeletal muscle. Moreover, they may be suitable for applications in mechanical and electrical stimulation to mimic the muscle’s physiological functions.
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35
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Predeina AL, Prilepskii AY, de Zea Bermudez V, Vinogradov VV. Bioinspired In Vitro Brain Vasculature Model for Nanomedicine Testing Based on Decellularized Spinach Leaves. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9853-9861. [PMID: 34807626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Animal testing is often criticized due to ethical issues and complicated translation of the results obtained to the clinical stage of drug development. Existing alternative models for nanopharmaceutical testing still have many limitations and do not significantly decrease the number of animals used. We propose a simple, bioinspired in vitro model for nanopharmaceutical drug testing based on the decellularized spinach leaf's vasculature. This system is similar to human arterioles and capillaries in terms of diameter (300-10 μm) and branching. The model has proven its suitability to access the maneuverability of magnetic nanoparticles, particularly those composed of Fe3O4. Moreover, the thrombosis has been recreated in the model's vasculature. We have tested and compared the effects of both a single-chain urokinase plasminogen activator (scuPA) and a magnetically controlled nanocomposite prepared by heparin-mediated cross-linking of scuPA with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Compositions were tested both in static and flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Y Prilepskii
- SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation
| | - Verónica de Zea Bermudez
- Chemistry Department and CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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36
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Holmes JT, Jaberansari Z, Collins W, Latour ML, Modulevsky DJ, Pelling AE. Homemade bread: Repurposing an ancient technology for in vitro tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121267. [PMID: 34823886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biomaterial scaffolds have been developed which provide architectures to support the proliferation of mammalian cells. Scaffolds derived from plant components have been utilized in several tissue engineering applications, including the production of cultured meats. Bread crumb is a common ingredient employed as a texturizer and filler in existing manufacturing processes for the production of animal meat products. Though an unconventional choice as a scaffolding material, we developed a yeast-free "soda bread" with controllable porosity and mechanical properties which is stable over several weeks in culture with fibroblasts, myoblasts and pre-osteoblasts. All cells were able to proliferate throughout the three-dimensional scaffolds, depositing extra-cellular matrix while exhibiting low stress and high viability. Importantly, myoblasts were also able to differentiate into myotubes, a key step required for the culture of skeletal muscle tissue. The results suggest opportunities for the dual-use possibility of utilizing existing texturizer and filler components in future lab grown meat products, however this will of course require further validation. Regardless, the bread-derived scaffolds presented here are simply produced, inherently edible and support muscle tissue engineering, qualities which highlight their utility in the production of future meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica T Holmes
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, STEM Complex, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5, Canada
| | - Ziba Jaberansari
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, STEM Complex, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5, Canada
| | - William Collins
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, STEM Complex, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5, Canada
| | - Maxime Leblanc Latour
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, STEM Complex, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5, Canada
| | - Daniel J Modulevsky
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5, Canada
| | - Andrew E Pelling
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, STEM Complex, 150 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Gendron Hall, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5, Canada; Institute for Science Society and Policy, University of Ottaw, Simard Hall, 60 Universitya, Ottawa, ON, K1N5N5, Canada; SymbioticA, School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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37
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Harris AF, Lacombe J, Zenhausern F. The Emerging Role of Decellularized Plant-Based Scaffolds as a New Biomaterial. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12347. [PMID: 34830229 PMCID: PMC8625747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The decellularization of plant-based biomaterials to generate tissue-engineered substitutes or in vitro cellular models has significantly increased in recent years. These vegetal tissues can be sourced from plant leaves and stems or fruits and vegetables, making them a low-cost, accessible, and sustainable resource from which to generate three-dimensional scaffolds. Each construct is distinct, representing a wide range of architectural and mechanical properties as well as innate vasculature networks. Based on the rapid rise in interest, this review aims to detail the current state of the art and presents the future challenges and perspectives of these unique biomaterials. First, we consider the different existing decellularization techniques, including chemical, detergent-free, enzymatic, and supercritical fluid approaches that are used to generate such scaffolds and examine how these protocols can be selected based on plant cellularity. We next examine strategies for cell seeding onto the plant-derived constructs and the importance of the different functionalization methods used to assist in cell adhesion and promote cell viability. Finally, we discuss how their structural features, such as inherent vasculature, porosity, morphology, and mechanical properties (i.e., stiffness, elasticity, etc.) position plant-based scaffolds as a unique biomaterial and drive their use for specific downstream applications. The main challenges in the field are presented throughout the discussion, and future directions are proposed to help improve the development and use of vegetal constructs in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee F. Harris
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
| | - Jerome Lacombe
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Kumar P, Sharma N, Sharma S, Mehta N, Verma AK, Chemmalar S, Sazili AQ. In-vitro meat: a promising solution for sustainability of meat sector. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:693-724. [PMID: 34447949 PMCID: PMC8367411 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The in-vitro meat is a novel concept in food biotechnology
comprising field of tissue engineering and cellular agriculture. It involves
production of edible biomass by in-vitro culture of stem cells
harvested from the muscle of live animals by self-organizing or scaffolding
methodology. It is considered as efficient, environmental friendly, better
ensuring public safety and nutritional security, as well as ethical way of
producing meat. Source of stem cells, media ingredients, supply of large size
bioreactors, skilled manpower, sanitary requirements, production of products
with similar sensory and textural attributes as of conventional meat, consumer
acceptance, and proper set up of regulatory framework are challenges faced in
commercialization and consumer acceptance of in-vitro meat. To
realize any perceivable change in various socio-economic and environmental
spheres, the technology should be commercialized and should be cost-effective as
conventional meat and widely accepted among consumers. The new challenges of
increasing demand of meat with the increasing population could be fulfill by the
establishment of in-vitro meat production at large scale and
its popularization. The adoption of in-vitro meat production at an industrial
scale will lead to self-sufficiency in the developed world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana Punjab 141004, India.,Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Neelesh Sharma
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R.S. Pura, UT of Jammu and Kashmir 181102, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Mhow, Madhya Pradesh 453446, India
| | - Nitin Mehta
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana Punjab 141004, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh 250110, India
| | - S Chemmalar
- Natural Medicines and Product Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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39
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Rahimnejad M, Nasrollahi Boroujeni N, Jahangiri S, Rabiee N, Rabiee M, Makvandi P, Akhavan O, Varma RS. Prevascularized Micro-/Nano-Sized Spheroid/Bead Aggregates for Vascular Tissue Engineering. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 13:182. [PMID: 34409511 PMCID: PMC8374027 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Efficient strategies to promote microvascularization in vascular tissue engineering, a central priority in regenerative medicine, are still scarce; nano- and micro-sized aggregates and spheres or beads harboring primitive microvascular beds are promising methods in vascular tissue engineering. Capillaries are the smallest type and in numerous blood vessels, which are distributed densely in cardiovascular system. To mimic this microvascular network, specific cell components and proangiogenic factors are required. Herein, advanced biofabrication methods in microvascular engineering, including extrusion-based and droplet-based bioprinting, Kenzan, and biogripper approaches, are deliberated with emphasis on the newest works in prevascular nano- and micro-sized aggregates and microspheres/microbeads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Rahimnejad
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Sepideh Jahangiri
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier de L'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Rabiee
- Biomaterial Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Centre for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano Di Tecnologia, viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56 025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
| | - Omid Akhavan
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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40
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Gao H, Xiao J, Wei Y, Wang H, Wan H, Liu S. Regulation of Myogenic Differentiation by Topologically Microgrooved Surfaces for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:20931-20940. [PMID: 34423201 PMCID: PMC8374903 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the natural topological structure of skeletal muscle tissue, the topological surface construction of bionic scaffolds for skeletal muscle repair has attracted great interest. Many previous studies have focused on the effects of the topological structure on myoblasts. However, these studies used only specific repeating sizes and shapes to achieve the myoblast alignment and myotube formation; moreover, the regulatory effects of the size of a topological structure on myogenic differentiation are often neglected, leading to a lack of guidance for the design of scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. In this study, we fabricated a series of microgroove topographies with various widths and depths via a combination of soft lithography and melt-casting and studied their effects on the behaviors of skeletal muscle cells, especially myogenic differentiation, in detail. Microgrooved poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) substrates were found to effectively regulate the proliferation, myogenic differentiation, and myotube formation of C2C12 cells, and the degree of myogenic differentiation was significantly dependent on signals in response to the size of the microgroove structure. Compared with their depth, the width of the microgroove structures can more strongly affect the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells, and the degree of myoblast differentiation was enhanced with increasing groove width. Microgroove structures with relatively large groove widths and small groove depths promoted the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells. In addition, the integrin-mediated focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway were activated in cells in response to the external topological structure, and the size of the topological structure of the material surface effectively regulated the degree of the cellular response to the external topological structure. These results can guide the design of scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering and the construction of effective bionic scaffold surfaces for skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichang Gao
- School
of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- A
National Engineering Research Centre for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- Department
of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yingqi Wei
- The
Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School
of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongxia Wan
- School
of Food Science and Health Preserving, Guangzhou
City Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510230, China
| | - Shan Liu
- School
of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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41
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Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Wang S, Zhang J, Fan S, Lin X. Current Advances in the Development of Decellularized Plant Extracellular Matrix. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:712262. [PMID: 34368105 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.712262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance exists between the supply of organs for transplantation and the number of patients in the donor transplant waiting lists. Current use of autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts for tissue replacement is limited by the low availability, poor biocompatibility, and high cost. Decellularized plant scaffolds with remarkable physical similarities to human organs have recently emerged and have been found to present favorable characteristics that make them suitable as an alternative biomaterial, such as a superficial surface area, excellent water transport and retention, pre-existing vascular networks, interconnected porosity, and a wide range of mechanical properties. In addition to their unique and superior biocompatibility, plant-derived scaffolds present the advantages of low production cost, no ethical or supply constraints, simple operation and suitability for large-scale production and research. However, there are still some problems and deficiencies in this field, such as immature decellularization standards and methods, insufficient research on the biocompatibility of plant extracellular matrix. At present, research on decellularized plant extracellular matrix is still in its infancy, and its applicability to tissue engineering needs to be further improved. In this review, the current research progress on decellularized plant scaffolds is reviewed, the problems to be solved and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shengyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shunwu Fan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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42
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Allan SJ, Ellis MJ, De Bank PA. Decellularized grass as a sustainable scaffold for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2471-2482. [PMID: 34057281 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold materials suitable for the scale-up and subsequent commercialization of tissue engineered products should ideally be cost effective and accessible. For the in vitro culture of certain adherent cells, synthetic fabrication techniques are often employed to produce micro- or nano-patterned substrates to influence cell attachment, morphology, and alignment via the mechanism of contact guidance. Here we present a natural scaffold, in the form of decellularized amenity grass, which retains its natural striated topography and supports the attachment, proliferation, alignment and differentiation of murine C2C12 myoblasts, without the need for additional functionalization. This presents an inexpensive, sustainable scaffold material and structure for tissue engineering applications capable of influencing cell alignment, a desired property for the culture of skeletal muscle and other anisotropic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Allan
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Marianne J Ellis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Paul A De Bank
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology and Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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43
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Muzzio N, Moya S, Romero G. Multifunctional Scaffolds and Synergistic Strategies in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:792. [PMID: 34073311 PMCID: PMC8230126 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for organ replacements in a growing world with an aging population as well as the loss of tissues and organs due to congenital defects, trauma and diseases has resulted in rapidly evolving new approaches for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a crucial component in tissues and organs that surrounds and acts as a physical environment for cells. Thus, ECM has become a model guide for the design and fabrication of scaffolds and biomaterials in TERM. However, the fabrication of a tissue/organ replacement or its regeneration is a very complex process and often requires the combination of several strategies such as the development of scaffolds with multiple functionalities and the simultaneous delivery of growth factors, biochemical signals, cells, genes, immunomodulatory agents, and external stimuli. Although the development of multifunctional scaffolds and biomaterials is one of the most studied approaches for TERM, all these strategies can be combined among them to develop novel synergistic approaches for tissue regeneration. In this review we discuss recent advances in which multifunctional scaffolds alone or combined with other strategies have been employed for TERM purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Muzzio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
| | - Sergio Moya
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramon 182 C, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
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44
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Hong TK, Shin DM, Choi J, Do JT, Han SG. Current Issues and Technical Advances in Cultured Meat Production: A Review. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:355-372. [PMID: 34017947 PMCID: PMC8112310 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global population grows, we need a stable protein supply to meet the demands. Although plant-derived protein sources are widely available, animal meat maintains its popularity as a high-quality and savory protein source. Recently, cultured meat, also known as in vitro meat, has been suggested as a meat analog produced through in vitro cell culture technology. Cultured meat has several advantages over conventional meat, such as environmental protection, disease prevention, and animal welfare. However, cultured meat manufacturing is an emerging technology; thus, its further and dynamic development would be pivotal. Commercialization of cultured meat to the public will take a long time but cultured meat undoubtedly will come to our table someday. Here, we discuss the social and economic aspects of cultured meat production as well as the recent technical advances in cultured meat technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Kyung Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Dong-Min Shin
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University,
Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Joonhyuk Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jeong Tae Do
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative
Biotechnology, KU Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk
University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sung Gu Han
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University,
Seoul 05029, Korea
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45
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Ng S, Kurisawa M. Integrating biomaterials and food biopolymers for cultured meat production. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:108-129. [PMID: 33472103 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cultured meat has recently achieved mainstream prominence due to the emergence of societal and industrial interest. In contrast to animal-based production of traditional meat, the cultured meat approach entails laboratory cultivation of engineered muscle tissue. However, bioengineers have hitherto engineered tissues to fulfil biomedical endpoints, and have had limited experience in engineering muscle tissue for its post-mortem traits, which broadly govern consumer definitions of meat quality. Furthermore, existing tissue engineering approaches face fundamental challenges in technical feasibility and industrial scalability for cultured meat production. This review discusses how animal-based meat production variables influence meat properties at both the molecular and functional level, and whether current cultured meat approaches recapitulate these properties. In addition, this review considers how conventional meat producers employ exogenous biopolymer-based meat ingredients and processing techniques to mimic desirable meat properties in meat products. Finally, current biomaterial strategies for engineering muscle and adipose tissue are surveyed in the context of emerging constraints that pertain to cultured meat production, such as edibility, sustainability and scalability, and potential areas for integrating biomaterials and food biopolymer approaches to address these constraints are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Laboratory-grown or cultured meat has gained increasing interest from industry and the public, but currently faces significant impediment to market feasibility. This is due to fundamental knowledge gaps in producing realistic meat tissues via conventional tissue engineering approaches, as well as translational challenges in scaling up these approaches in an efficient, sustainable and high-volume manner. By defining the molecular basis for desirable meat quality attributes, such as taste and texture, and introducing the fundamental roles of food biopolymers in mimicking these properties in conventional meat products, this review aims to bridge the historically disparate fields of meat science and biomaterials engineering in order to inspire potentially synergistic strategies that address some of these challenges.
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46
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Bilirgen AC, Toker M, Odabas S, Yetisen AK, Garipcan B, Tasoglu S. Plant-Based Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:926-938. [PMID: 33591719 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of platforms has been developed for 3D culture of cells in vitro to aggregate and align cells to resemble in vivo conditions in order to enhance communication between cells and promote differentiation. The cellulose skeleton of plant tissue can serve as an attainable scaffold for mammalian cells after decellularization, which is advantageous when compared to synthetic polymers or animal-derived scaffolds. Adjustable variables to modify the physical and biochemical properties of the resulting scaffolds include the protocol for the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-based decellularization procedure, surface coatings for cell attachment, plant type for decellularization, differentiation media, and integrity and shape of the substrate. These tunable cellulose platforms can host a wide range of mammalian cell types from muscle to bone cells, as well as malignancies. Here, fundamentals and applications of decellularized plant-based scaffolds are discussed. These biocompatible, naturally perfused, tunable, and easily prepared decellularized scaffolds may allow eco-friendly manufacturing frameworks for application in tissue engineering and organs-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melis Toker
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey 34684
| | - Sedat Odabas
- Interdisiplinary Research Unit for Advanced Materials (INTRAM), Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 06560.,Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey 06560
| | - Ali Kemal Yetisen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bora Garipcan
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey 34684
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Boğaziçi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Çengelköy, Istanbul, Turkey 34684.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey 34450.,Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey 34450.,Koç University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries (KUAR), Koç University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey 34450.,Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey 34470
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47
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Harris AF, Lacombe J, Liyanage S, Han MY, Wallace E, Karsunky S, Abidi N, Zenhausern F. Supercritical carbon dioxide decellularization of plant material to generate 3D biocompatible scaffolds. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3643. [PMID: 33574461 PMCID: PMC7878742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of plant-based biomaterials for tissue engineering has recently generated interest as plant decellularization produces biocompatible scaffolds which can be repopulated with human cells. The predominant approach for vegetal decellularization remains serial chemical processing. However, this technique is time-consuming and requires harsh compounds which damage the resulting scaffolds. The current study presents an alternative solution using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Protocols testing various solvents were assessed and results found that scCO2 in combination with 2% peracetic acid decellularized plant material in less than 4 h, while preserving plant microarchitecture and branching vascular network. The biophysical and biochemical cues of the scCO2 decellularized spinach leaf scaffolds were then compared to chemically generated scaffolds. Data showed that the scaffolds had a similar Young's modulus, suggesting identical stiffness, and revealed that they contained the same elements, yet displayed disparate biochemical signatures as assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, human fibroblast cells seeded on the spinach leaf surface were attached and alive after 14 days, demonstrating the biocompatibility of the scCO2 decellularized scaffolds. Thus, scCO2 was found to be an efficient method for plant material decellularization, scaffold structure preservation and recellularization with human cells, while performed in less time (36 h) than the standard chemical approach (170 h).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee F Harris
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- University of Arizona COM - Phoenix, Biomedical Sciences Partnership Building, 6th Floor, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85258, USA.
| | - Jerome Lacombe
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- University of Arizona COM - Phoenix, Biomedical Sciences Partnership Building, 6th Floor, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85258, USA.
| | - Sumedha Liyanage
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Margaret Y Han
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Emily Wallace
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Sophia Karsunky
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Noureddine Abidi
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, 475 N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- University of Arizona COM - Phoenix, Biomedical Sciences Partnership Building, 6th Floor, 475 North 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85258, USA.
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48
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Contessi Negrini N, Toffoletto N, Farè S, Altomare L. Plant Tissues as 3D Natural Scaffolds for Adipose, Bone and Tendon Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:723. [PMID: 32714912 PMCID: PMC7344190 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decellularized tissues are a valid alternative as tissue engineering scaffolds, thanks to the three-dimensional structure that mimics native tissues to be regenerated and the biomimetic microenvironment for cells and tissues growth. Despite decellularized animal tissues have long been used, plant tissue decellularized scaffolds might overcome availability issues, high costs and ethical concerns related to the use of animal sources. The wide range of features covered by different plants offers a unique opportunity for the development of tissue-specific scaffolds, depending on the morphological, physical and mechanical peculiarities of each plant. Herein, three different plant tissues (i.e., apple, carrot, and celery) were decellularized and, according to their peculiar properties (i.e., porosity, mechanical properties), addressed to regeneration of adipose tissue, bone tissue and tendons, respectively. Decellularized apple, carrot and celery maintained their porous structure, with pores ranging from 70 to 420 μm, depending on the plant source, and were stable in PBS at 37°C up to 7 weeks. Different mechanical properties (i.e., Eapple = 4 kPa, Ecarrot = 43 kPa, Ecelery = 590 kPa) were measured and no indirect cytotoxic effects were demonstrated in vitro after plants decellularization. After coating with poly-L-lysine, apples supported 3T3-L1 preadipocytes adhesion, proliferation and adipogenic differentiation; carrots supported MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation; celery supported L929 cells adhesion, proliferation and guided anisotropic cells orientation. The versatile features of decellularized plant tissues and their potential for the regeneration of different tissues are proved in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Contessi Negrini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Toffoletto
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Farè
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Lina Altomare
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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