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Dong MP, Dharmaraj N, Kaminagakura E, Xue J, Leach DG, Hartgerink JD, Zhang M, Hanks HJ, Ye Y, Aouizerat BE, Vining K, Thomas CM, Dovat S, Young S, Viet CT. Stimulator of Interferon Genes Pathway Activation through the Controlled Release of STINGel Mediates Analgesia and Anti-Cancer Effects in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2024; 12:920. [PMID: 38672274 PMCID: PMC11047833 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) presents significant treatment challenges due to its poor survival and intense pain at the primary cancer site. Cancer pain is debilitating, contributes to diminished quality of life, and causes opioid tolerance. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonism has been investigated as an anti-cancer strategy. We have developed STINGel, an extended-release formulation that prolongs the availability of STING agonists, which has demonstrated an enhanced anti-tumor effect in OSCC compared to STING agonist injection. This study investigates the impact of intra-tumoral STINGel on OSCC-induced pain using two separate OSCC models and nociceptive behavioral assays. Intra-tumoral STINGel significantly reduced mechanical allodynia in the orofacial cancer model and alleviated thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in the hind paw model. To determine the cellular signaling cascade contributing to the antinociceptive effect, we performed an in-depth analysis of immune cell populations via single-cell RNA-seq. We demonstrated an increase in M1-like macrophages and N1-like neutrophils after STINGel treatment. The identified regulatory pathways controlled immune response activation, myeloid cell differentiation, and cytoplasmic translation. Functional pathway analysis demonstrated the suppression of translation at neuron synapses and the negative regulation of neuron projection development in M2-like macrophages after STINGel treatment. Importantly, STINGel treatment upregulated TGF-β pathway signaling between various cell populations and peripheral nervous system (PNS) macrophages and enhanced TGF-β signaling within the PNS itself. Overall, this study sheds light on the mechanisms underlying STINGel-mediated antinociception and anti-tumorigenic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Phuong Dong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (M.P.D.); (M.Z.); (H.-J.H.)
| | - Neeraja Dharmaraj
- Katz Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (N.D.); (J.X.); (S.Y.)
| | - Estela Kaminagakura
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São Paulo 12245-00, Brazil;
| | - Jianfei Xue
- Katz Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (N.D.); (J.X.); (S.Y.)
| | - David G. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; (D.G.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA; (D.G.L.); (J.D.H.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (M.P.D.); (M.Z.); (H.-J.H.)
| | - Hana-Joy Hanks
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (M.P.D.); (M.Z.); (H.-J.H.)
| | - Yi Ye
- Translational Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
- NYU Pain Research Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Bradley E. Aouizerat
- NYU Pain Research Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Kyle Vining
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Carissa M. Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Simon Young
- Katz Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (N.D.); (J.X.); (S.Y.)
| | - Chi T. Viet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (M.P.D.); (M.Z.); (H.-J.H.)
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Wong SA, Manon VA, Young S, Viet CT. Innovations in Molecular Biomarkers and Biomaterial-Based Immunotherapies for Head & Neck Cancer. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2024; 12:45-51. [PMID: 38523630 PMCID: PMC10954983 DOI: 10.1007/s40137-024-00386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) survival rates have remained stagnant due to a lack of targeted therapies and diagnostic tools. Patient risk is currently determined solely through clinicopathologic features, primarily tumor staging, which lacks the necessary precision to stratify patients by risk and accurately dictate adjuvant treatment. Similarly, conventional OSCC therapies have well-established toxicities and limited efficacy. Recent Findings Recent studies show that patient risk can now be assessed using non-invasive techniques, at earlier time points, and with greater accuracy using molecular biomarker panels. Additionally, novel immunotherapies not only utilize the host's immune response to combat disease but also have the potential to form immunological memory to prevent future recurrence. Localized controlled-release formulas have further served to reduce toxicity and allow the de-escalation of other treatment modalities. Summary We review the latest advances in head and neck cancer diagnosis and treatment, including novel molecular biomarkers and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Anne Wong
- School of Medicine, Orthopaedic Trauma Institute, University of California San Francisco, 2550 23rd St., Bldg. 9, 3rd Floor, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Victoria A. Manon
- Bernard and Gloria Pepper Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Suite 6510, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Simon Young
- Bernard and Gloria Pepper Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, 7500 Cambridge Street, Suite 6510, Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Chi T. Viet
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, 11092 Anderson St., Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA
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Sunga GM, Hartgerink J, Sikora AG, Young S. Enhancement of Immunotherapies in Head and Neck Cancers Using Biomaterial-Based Treatment Strategies. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2023; 29:257-275. [PMID: 37183412 PMCID: PMC10282827 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a challenging disease to treat because of typically late-stage diagnoses and tumor formation in difficult-to-treat areas, sensitive to aggressive or invasive treatments. To date, HNSCC treatments have been limited to surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, which may have significant morbidity and often lead to long-lasting side effects. The development of immunotherapies has revolutionized cancer treatment by providing a promising alternative to standard-of-care therapies. However, single-agent immunotherapy has been only modestly effective in the treatment of various cancers, including HNSCC, with most patients receiving no overall benefit or increased survival. In addition, single-agent immunotherapy's limitations, namely immune-related side effects and the necessity of multidose treatments, must be addressed to further improve treatment efficacy. Biocompatible biomaterials, in combination with cancer immunotherapies, offer numerous advantages in the concentration, localization, and controlled release of drugs, cancer antigens, and immune cells. Biomaterial structures are diverse, and their design can generally be customized to enhance immunotherapy response. In preclinical settings, the use of biomaterials has shown great promise in improving the efficacy of single-agent immunotherapy. Herein, we provide an overview of current immunotherapy treatments for HNSCC and their limitations, as well as the potential applications of biomaterials in enhancing cancer immunotherapies. Impact Statement Advances in anticancer immunotherapies for the past 30 years have yielded exciting clinical results and provided alternatives to long-standing standard-of-care treatments, which are associated with significant toxicities and long-term morbidity. However, patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have not benefited from immunotherapies as much as patients with other cancers. Immunotherapy limitations include systemic side effects, therapeutic resistance, poor delivery kinetics, and limited patient responses. Biomaterial-enhanced immunotherapies, as explored in this review, are a potentially powerful means of achieving localized drug delivery, sustained and controlled drug release, and immunomodulation. They may overcome current treatment limitations and improve patient outcomes and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemalene M. Sunga
- Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Simon Young
- Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, Texas, USA
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Farsheed AC, Thomas AJ, Pogostin BH, Hartgerink JD. 3D Printing of Self-Assembling Nanofibrous Multidomain Peptide Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210378. [PMID: 36604310 PMCID: PMC10023392 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has become one of the primary fabrication strategies used in biomedical research. Recent efforts have focused on the 3D printing of hydrogels to create structures that better replicate the mechanical properties of biological tissues. These pose a unique challenge, as soft materials are difficult to pattern in three dimensions with high fidelity. Currently, a small number of biologically derived polymers that form hydrogels are frequently reused for 3D printing applications. Thus, there exists a need for novel hydrogels with desirable biological properties that can be used as 3D printable inks. In this work, the printability of multidomain peptides (MDPs), a class of self-assembling peptides that form a nanofibrous hydrogel at low concentrations, is established. MDPs with different charge functionalities are optimized as distinct inks and are used to create complex 3D structures, including multi-MDP prints. Additionally, printed MDP constructs are used to demonstrate charge-dependent differences in cellular behavior in vitro. This work presents the first time that self-assembling peptides have been used to print layered structures with overhangs and internal porosity. Overall, MDPs are a promising new class of 3D printable inks that are uniquely peptide-based and rely solely on supramolecular mechanisms for assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Farsheed
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Adam J Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Brett H Pogostin
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Hartgerink
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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5
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Hernandez A, Hartgerink JD, Young S. Self-assembling peptides as immunomodulatory biomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1139782. [PMID: 36937769 PMCID: PMC10014862 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1139782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling peptides are a type of biomaterial rapidly emerging in the fields of biomedicine and material sciences due to their promise in biocompatibility and effectiveness at controlled release. These self-assembling peptides can form diverse nanostructures in response to molecular interactions, making them versatile materials. Once assembled, the peptides can mimic biological functions and provide a combinatorial delivery of therapeutics such as cytokines and drugs. These self-assembling peptides are showing success in biomedical settings yet face unique challenges that must be addressed to be widely applied in the clinic. Herein, we describe self-assembling peptides' characteristics and current applications in immunomodulatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hernandez
- Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Simon Young
- Katz Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Simon Young,
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6
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Lai CSE, Leyva-Aranda V, Kong VH, Lopez-Silva TL, Farsheed AC, Cristobal CD, Swain JWR, Lee HK, Hartgerink JD. A Combined Conduit-Bioactive Hydrogel Approach for Regeneration of Transected Sciatic Nerves. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:10.1021/acsabm.2c00132. [PMID: 35446025 PMCID: PMC11097895 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transected peripheral nerve injury (PNI) affects the quality of life of patients, which leads to socioeconomic burden. Despite the existence of autografts and commercially available nerve guidance conduits (NGCs), the complexity of peripheral nerve regeneration requires further research in bioengineered NGCs to improve surgical outcomes. In this work, we introduce multidomain peptide (MDP) hydrogels, as intraluminal fillers, into electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) conduits to bridge 10 mm rat sciatic nerve defects. The efficacy of treatment groups was evaluated by electromyography and gait analysis to determine their electrical and motor recovery. We then studied the samples' histomorphometry with immunofluorescence staining and automatic axon counting/measurement software. Comparison with negative control group shows that PCL conduits filled with an anionic MDP may improve functional recovery 16 weeks postoperation, displaying higher amplitude of compound muscle action potential, greater gastrocnemius muscle weight retention, and earlier occurrence of flexion contracture. In contrast, PCL conduits filled with a cationic MDP showed the least degree of myelination and poor functional recovery. This phenomenon may be attributed to MDPs' difference in degradation time. Electrospun PCL conduits filled with an anionic MDP may become an attractive tissue engineering strategy for treating transected PNI when supplemented with other bioactive modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Sun Edwin Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | | | - Victoria H Kong
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Tania L Lopez-Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Adam C Farsheed
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Carlo D Cristobal
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Joseph W R Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hyun Kyoung Lee
- Integrative Program in Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Hartgerink
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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7
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Rangel R, Pickering CR, Sikora AG, Spiotto MT. Genetic Changes Driving Immunosuppressive Microenvironments in Oral Premalignancy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840923. [PMID: 35154165 PMCID: PMC8829003 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) are the precursors to oral cavity cancers, and have variable rates of progression to invasive disease. As an intermediate state, OPLs have acquired a subset of the genomic alterations while arising in an oral inflammatory environment. These specific genomic changes may facilitate the transition to an immune microenvironment that permits malignant transformation. Here, we will discuss mechanisms by which OPLs develop an immunosuppressive microenvironment that facilitates progression to invasive cancer. We will describe how genomic alterations and immune microenvironmental changes co-evolve and cooperate to promote OSCC progression. Finally, we will describe how these immune microenvironmental changes provide specific and unique evolutionary vulnerabilities for targeted therapies. Therefore, understanding the genomic changes that drive immunosuppressive microenvironments may eventually translate into novel biomarker and/or therapeutic approaches to limit the progression of OPLs to potential lethal oral cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rangel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Curtis R. Pickering
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael T. Spiotto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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8
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Acevedo-Jake A, Shi S, Siddiqui Z, Sanyal S, Schur R, Kaja S, Yuan A, Kumar VA. Preclinical Efficacy of Pro- and Anti-Angiogenic Peptide Hydrogels to Treat Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:190. [PMID: 34940343 PMCID: PMC8698576 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8120190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic peptide hydrogels were evaluated against the standard of care wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) therapy, Aflibercept (Eylea®). AMD was modeled in rats (laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model), where the contralateral eye served as the control. After administration of therapeutics, vasculature was monitored for 14 days to evaluate leakiness. Rats were treated with either a low or high concentration of anti-angiogenic peptide hydrogel (0.02 wt% 8 rats, 0.2 wt% 6 rats), or a pro-angiogenic peptide hydrogel (1.0 wt% 7 rats). As controls, six rats were treated with commercially available Aflibercept and six with sucrose solution (vehicle control). Post lasering, efficacy was determined over 14 days via fluorescein angiography (FA) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Before and after treatment, the average areas of vascular leak per lesion were evaluated as well as the overall vessel leakiness. Unexpectedly, treatment with pro-angiogenic peptide hydrogel showed significant, immediate improvement in reducing vascular leak; in the short term, the pro-angiogenic peptide performed better than anti-angiogenic peptide hydrogel and was comparable to Aflibercept. After 14 days, both the pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic peptide hydrogels show a trend of improvement, comparable to Aflibercept. Based on our results, both anti-angiogenic and pro-angiogenic peptide hydrogels may prove good therapeutics in the future to treat wet AMD over a longer-term treatment period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Acevedo-Jake
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (A.A.-J.); (Z.S.)
| | - Siyu Shi
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Zain Siddiqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (A.A.-J.); (Z.S.)
| | - Sreya Sanyal
- Department of Biology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Rebecca Schur
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (R.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Simon Kaja
- Research & Development Division, Experimentica Ltd., 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Alex Yuan
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; (R.S.); (A.Y.)
| | - Vivek A. Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (A.A.-J.); (Z.S.)
- Department of Biology, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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9
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Lopez-Silva TL, Schneider JP. From structure to application: Progress and opportunities in peptide materials development. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 64:131-144. [PMID: 34329941 PMCID: PMC8585687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
For over 20 years, peptide materials in their hydrogel or soluble fibril form have been used for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, cell culture, vaccines, and tissue regeneration. To facilitate the translation of these materials, key areas of research still need to be addressed. Their structural characterization lags compared to amyloid proteins. Many of the structural features designed to guide materials formation are primarily being characterized by their observation in atomic resolution structures of amyloid assemblies. Herein, these motifs are examined in relation to peptide designs identifying common interactions that drive assembly and provide structural specificity. Current efforts to design complex structures, as reviewed here, highlight the need to extend the structural revolution of amyloid proteins to peptide assemblies to validate design principles. With respect to clinical applications, the fundamental interactions and responses of proteins, cells, and the immune system to peptide materials are still not well understood. Only a few trends are just now emerging for peptide materials interactions with biological systems. Understanding how peptide material properties influence these interactions will enable the translation of materials towards current and emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Lopez-Silva
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Joel P Schneider
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, United States.
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10
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Vikulina AS, Campbell J. Biopolymer-Based Multilayer Capsules and Beads Made via Templating: Advantages, Hurdles and Perspectives. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2502. [PMID: 34684943 PMCID: PMC8537085 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the undeniable trends in modern bioengineering and nanotechnology is the use of various biomolecules, primarily of a polymeric nature, for the design and formulation of novel functional materials for controlled and targeted drug delivery, bioimaging and theranostics, tissue engineering, and other bioapplications. Biocompatibility, biodegradability, the possibility of replicating natural cellular microenvironments, and the minimal toxicity typical of biogenic polymers are features that have secured a growing interest in them as the building blocks for biomaterials of the fourth generation. Many recent studies showed the promise of the hard-templating approach for the fabrication of nano- and microparticles utilizing biopolymers. This review covers these studies, bringing together up-to-date knowledge on biopolymer-based multilayer capsules and beads, critically assessing the progress made in this field of research, and outlining the current challenges and perspectives of these architectures. According to the classification of the templates, the review sequentially considers biopolymer structures templated on non-porous particles, porous particles, and crystal drugs. Opportunities for the functionalization of biopolymer-based capsules to tailor them toward specific bioapplications is highlighted in a separate section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Vikulina
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg, 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Dr.-Mack-Straße, 77, 90762 Fürth, Germany
| | - Jack Campbell
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
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11
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Shi Y, Xie TX, Leach DG, Wang B, Young S, Osman AA, Sikora AG, Ren X, Hartgerink JD, Myers JN, Rangel R. Local Anti-PD-1 Delivery Prevents Progression of Premalignant Lesions in a 4NQO-Oral Carcinogenesis Mouse Model. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 14:767-778. [PMID: 34021022 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-20-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the principle of systemic treatment to prevent the progression of oral premalignant lesions (OPL) has been demonstrated, there remains a lack of consensus about an optimal approach that balances clinical efficacy with toxicity concerns. Recent advances in cancer therapy using approaches targeting the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) including immune-checkpoint inhibitors indicate that these agents have significant clinically activity against different types of cancers, including oral cancer, and therefore they may provide an effective oral cancer prevention strategy for patients with OPLs. Our past work showed that systemic delivery of a monoclonal antibody to the programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint can inhibit the progression of OPLs to oral cancer in a syngeneic murine oral carcinogenesis model. Here we report a novel approach of local delivery of a PD-1 immune-checkpoint inhibitor loaded using a hydrogel, which significantly reduces the progression of OPLs to carcinomas. In addition, we detected a significant infiltration of regulatory T cells associated with oral lesions with p53 mutation, and a severe loss of expression of STING, which correlated with a decreased infiltration of dendritic cells in the oral lesions. However, a single local dose of PD-1 inhibitor was found to restore stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1 (STING) and CD11c expression and increase the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into the TIME irrespective of the p53 mutational status. Overall, we provide evidence for the potential clinical value of local delivery of biomaterials loaded with anti-PD-1 antibodies to prevent malignant progression of OPLs. PREVENTION RELEVANCE: Oral cancer is an aggressive disease, with an overall survival rate of 50%. Preinvasive histologic abnormalities such as tongue dysplasia represent an early stage of oral cancer; however, there are no treatments to prevent oral carcinoma progression. Here, we combined biomaterials loaded with an immunotherapeutic agent preventing oral cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Shi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tong-Xin Xie
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David G Leach
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Bingbing Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Abdullah A Osman
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Andrew G Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaoyong Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jeffrey D Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey N Myers
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Roberto Rangel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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12
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Leach DG, Dharmaraj N, Lopez-Silva TL, Venzor JR, Pogostin BH, Sikora AG, Hartgerink JD, Young S. Biomaterial-Facilitated Immunotherapy for Established Oral Cancers. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:415-421. [PMID: 33470801 PMCID: PMC8325389 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated a peptide-based immunotherapy termed SynerGel: an injectable, biomaterial-based platform for intratumoral drug delivery. A drug-mimicking peptide hydrogel named L-NIL-MDP was loaded with an antitumor cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) immunotherapy agonist. The biomaterial combines inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition with controlled delivery of CDNs, demonstrating between 4- and 20-fold slower drug release than commercially available hydrogels. SynerGel allowed for immune-mediated elimination of established treatment-resistant oral tumors in a murine model, with a median survival of 67.5 days compared with 44 days in no-treatment control. This report details findings for a promising therapy showing improved efficacy over previous hydrogel systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Leach
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Neeraja Dharmaraj
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, TX 77054, USA
| | - Tania L. Lopez-Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Jose Rodriguez Venzor
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, TX 77054, USA
| | - Brett H. Pogostin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Andrew G. Sikora
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, TX 77054, USA
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13
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Muñoz NM, Williams M, Dixon K, Dupuis C, McWatters A, Avritscher R, Manrique SZ, McHugh K, Murthy R, Tam A, Naing A, Patel SP, Leach D, Hartgerink JD, Young S, Prakash P, Hwu P, Sheth RA. Influence of injection technique, drug formulation and tumor microenvironment on intratumoral immunotherapy delivery and efficacy. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e001800. [PMID: 33589526 PMCID: PMC7887346 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intratumoral delivery of immunotherapeutics represents a compelling solution to directly address local barriers to tumor immunity. However, we have previously shown that off-target delivery is a substantial problem during intratumoral injections; this can lead to diminished drug efficacy and systemic toxicities. We have identified three variables that influence intratumoral drug delivery: injection technique, drug formulation and tumor microenvironment. The purpose of this study was to characterize the impact of modifications in each variable on intratumoral drug delivery and immunotherapy efficacy. METHODS Intratumoral injections were performed in a hybrid image-guided intervention suite with ultrasound, fluoroscopy and CT scanning capabilities in both rat and mouse syngeneic tumor models. Intratumoral drug distribution was quantified by CT volumetric imaging. The influence of varying needle design and hydrogel-based drug delivery on the immune response to a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist was evaluated using flow cytometry and single cell RNA sequencing. We also evaluated the influence of tumor stiffness on drug injection distribution. RESULTS Variations in needle design, specifically with the use of a multiside hole needle, led to approximately threefold improvements in intratumoral drug deposition relative to conventional end-hole needles. Likewise, delivery of a STING agonist through a multiside hole needle led to significantly increased expression of type I interferon-associated genes and 'inflammatory' dendritic cell gene signatures relative to end-hole STING agonist delivery. A multidomain peptide-based hydrogel embedded with a STING agonist led to substantial improvements in intratumoral deposition; however, the hydrogel was noted to generate a strong immune response against itself within the target tumor. Evaluation of tumor stroma on intratumoral drug delivery revealed that there was a greater than twofold improvement in intratumoral distribution in soft tumors (B16 melanoma) compared with firm tumors (MC38 colorectal). CONCLUSIONS Injection technique, drug formulation and tumor stiffness play key roles in the accurate delivery of intratumoral immunotherapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/agonists
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/immunology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Compounding
- Female
- Hydrogels
- Immunotherapy
- Injections, Intralesional
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/agonists
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/chemistry
- Rats, Inbred BUF
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment
- Mice
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Muñoz
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Malea Williams
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Katherine Dixon
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Crystal Dupuis
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amanda McWatters
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rony Avritscher
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Soraya Zorro Manrique
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin McHugh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ravi Murthy
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alda Tam
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sapna P Patel
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Leach
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Punit Prakash
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rahul A Sheth
- Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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14
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Lau CYJ, Mastrobattista E. Programming supramolecular peptide materials by modulating the intermediate steps in the complex assembly pathway: Implications for biomedical applications. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.101396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Cai Y, Zheng C, Xiong F, Ran W, Zhai Y, Zhu HH, Wang H, Li Y, Zhang P. Recent Progress in the Design and Application of Supramolecular Peptide Hydrogels in Cancer Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001239. [PMID: 32935937 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular peptide hydrogel (SPH) is a class of biomaterials self-assembled from peptide-based gelators through non-covalent interactions. Among many of its biomedical applications, the potential of SPH in cancer therapy has been vastly explored in the past decade, taking advantage of its good biocompatibility, multifunctionality, and injectability. SPHs can exert localized cancer therapy and induce systemic anticancer immunity to prevent tumor recurrence, depending on the design of SPH. This review first gives a brief introduction to SPH and then outlines the major types of peptide-based gelators that have been developed so far. The methodologies to tune the physicochemical properties and biological activities are summarized. The recent advances of SPH in cancer therapy as carriers, prodrugs, or drugs are highlighted. Finally, the clinical translation potential and main challenges in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Chao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Fengqin Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Wei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Helen H. Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes Renji‐Med‐X Stem Cell Research Center Department of Urology Ren Ji Hospital School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200127 China
| | - Hao Wang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Center of Pharmaceutics Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 201203 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Advanced Preparations Yantai Institute of Materia Medica Shandong 264000 China
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16
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Uchida N, Muraoka T. Current Progress in Cross-Linked Peptide Self-Assemblies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7577. [PMID: 33066439 PMCID: PMC7589166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based fibrous supramolecular assemblies represent an emerging class of biomaterials that can realize various bioactivities and structures. Recently, a variety of peptide fibers with attractive functions have been designed together with the discovery of many peptide-based self-assembly units. Cross-linking of the peptide fibers is a key strategy to improve the functions of these materials. The cross-linking of peptide fibers forming three-dimensional networks in a dispersion can lead to changes in physical and chemical properties. Hydrogelation is a typical change caused by cross-linking, which makes it applicable to biomaterials such as cell scaffold materials. Cross-linking methods, which have been conventionally developed using water-soluble covalent polymers, are also useful in supramolecular peptide fibers. In the case of peptide fibers, unique cross-linking strategies can be designed by taking advantage of the functions of amino acids. This review focuses on the current progress in the design of cross-linked peptide fibers and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takahiro Muraoka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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17
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Lopez-Silva TL, Leach DG, Azares A, Li IC, Woodside DG, Hartgerink JD. Chemical functionality of multidomain peptide hydrogels governs early host immune response. Biomaterials 2020; 231:119667. [PMID: 31855625 PMCID: PMC7049098 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multidomain Peptide (MDP) hydrogels are nanofibrous materials with many potential biomedical applications. The peptide sequence design of these materials offers high versatility and allows for the incorporation of various chemical functionalities into the nanofibrous scaffold. It is known that host response to biomaterials is strongly affected by factors such as size, shape, stiffness, and chemistry. However, there is a lack of fundamental understanding of the host response to different MDP hydrogels. In particular, it is unknown what effect the chemical functionality displayed on the nanofiber has on biological activity. Here we evaluated the early inflammatory host response to four MDP hydrogels displaying amines, guanidinium ions, and carboxylates in a subcutaneous injection model. While all the studied peptide materials possess similar nanostructure and physical properties, they trigger markedly different inflammatory responses. These were characterized by immunophenotyping of the cellular infiltrate using multi-color flow cytometry. The negatively-charged peptides elicit minimal inflammation characterized by tissue-resident macrophage infiltration, fast remodeling, and no collagen deposition or blood vessel formation within the implants. In contrast, the positively-charged peptides are highly infiltrated by immune cells, are remodeled at a slower rate, promote angiogenesis, and result in a high degree of collagen deposition. The presence of dynamic cell phenotypes characterizes the inflammation caused by the lysine-based peptide, including inflammatory monocytes, macrophages, and lymphoid cells, which is seen to be resolving over time. The arginine-based hydrogel shows higher inflammatory response with a persistent and significant infiltration of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived cells, even ten days after implantation. This understanding of the immune response to peptide biomaterials improves our ability to design effective materials and to tailor their use for specific biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David G Leach
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Alon Azares
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - I-Che Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Darren G Woodside
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Hartgerink
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA.
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