1
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Jansen-van Vuuren RD, Liu S, Miah MAJ, Cerkovnik J, Košmrlj J, Snieckus V. The Versatile and Strategic O-Carbamate Directed Metalation Group in the Synthesis of Aromatic Molecules: An Update. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7731-7828. [PMID: 38864673 PMCID: PMC11212060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The aryl O-carbamate (ArOAm) group is among the strongest of the directed metalation groups (DMGs) in directed ortho metalation (DoM) chemistry, especially in the form Ar-OCONEt2. Since the last comprehensive review of metalation chemistry involving ArOAms (published more than 30 years ago), the field has expanded significantly. For example, it now encompasses new substrates, solvent systems, and metalating agents, while conditions have been developed enabling metalation of ArOAm to be conducted in a green and sustainable manner. The ArOAm group has also proven to be effective in the anionic ortho-Fries (AoF) rearrangement, Directed remote metalation (DreM), iterative DoM sequences, and DoM-halogen dance (HalD) synthetic strategies and has been transformed into a diverse range of functionalities and coupled with various groups through a range of cross-coupling (CC) strategies. Of ultimate value, the ArOAm group has demonstrated utility in the synthesis of a diverse range of bioactive and polycyclic aromatic compounds for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Jansen-van Vuuren
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, 9 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7K 2N1, Canada
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Susana Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, 9 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7K 2N1, Canada
| | - M. A. Jalil Miah
- Department
of Chemistry, Rajshahi University, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Janez Cerkovnik
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Košmrlj
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Victor Snieckus
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, 9 Bader Lane, Kingston, Ontario K7K 2N1, Canada
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2
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Cai X, Ding D, Zhao S, Wen S, Zhang G, Bai P, Zhang W, Song H, Xu C. Zwitterionic Aqua Palladacycles with Noncovalent Interactions for meta-Selective Suzuki Coupling of 3,4-Dichlorophenol and 3,4-Dichlorobenzyl Alcohol in Water. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2313-2321. [PMID: 38112695 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The site-selective reaction of substrates with multiple reactive sites has been a focus of the current synthetic chemistry. The use of attractive noncovalent interactions between the catalyst and substrate is emerging as a versatile approach to address site-selectivity challenges. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of palladacycles, to control meta-selective Suzuki coupling of 3,4-dichlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol. Noncovalent interactions directed zwitterionic aqua palladacycles catalyzed meta-selective Suzuki couplings of 3,4-dichloroarenes bearing hydroxyl in water have been developed. Experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the electrostatic interactions play a critical role in meta-selective coupling of 3,4-dichlorophenol, while meta-selective coupling of 3,4-dichlorobenzyl alcohol arises due to the hydrogen-bonding interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Cai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Danli Ding
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Shangxun Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Wen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Pengtao Bai
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001 Henan, China
| | - Heng Song
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology. Zhenjiang 212003 Jiangsu, China
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3
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Huang G, Fang Y, Wright JS, Ni SF, Li MD, Dang L. The Essence in Selectivity of Copper-Mediated Intermolecular Nucleophilic Substitution of a meta C-H Bond in 2-Methyl- N-methoxyaniline: A Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9473-9482. [PMID: 37824456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c05223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The detailed mechanism for NHC-Cu(I)-catalyzed intermolecular nucleophilic substitution of the C-H bonds at aniline (2-methyl-N-methoxyaniline) was studied via DFT methods to reveal the essence of the selectivity. Calculations revealed that the meta C-H functionalization proceeds via two nucleophilic attacks on the aromatic ring rather than a one-step meta C-H substitution to give the experimentally observed major product. The reaction is initiated by activation of the substrate via oxidative addition with an NHC-Cu(I) catalyst, through which an umpolung occurs at the ring. From the activated intermediate, methoxyl group transfer to benzyl forms a resting state, while a nucleophile can attack the ortho position of benzyl to form a more stable intermediate. The nucleophile group can then transfer to the meta position by a 1,2-Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement to form the final product through a proton shuttle. In contrast, other transfer processes affording ortho- or para-substituted products encounter higher activation barriers. This work investigates the relationship of product selectivity with the umpolung of the aromatic ring, as well as the priority of a nucleophilic attack at the ortho position of the aromatic, 1,2-Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement from the ortho-substituted intermediate, and proton shuttle from the meta-substituted intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglong Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou , Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou , Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - James S Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou , Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Ming-De Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou , Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Li Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou , Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
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4
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Xie H, Zhang M, Fang X, Yan Z, Yao H. Synthesis of meta-arylphenol derivatives via acid-promoted rearrangement of cyclohexadienones. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8573-8578. [PMID: 37853805 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01363d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
A highly effective strategy for the synthesis of meta-arylphenol derivatives through the selective rearrangement of 4-alkyl-4-aryl-2,5-cyclohexadienones under metal-free conditions was developed, in which acid-promoted [1,2]-migration of the aryl group at C-4 occurred exclusively when the alkyl group at C-4 was a methyl group. Treatment of 4-methyl-4-aryl-2,5-cyclohexadienones with 37% HCl in Ac2O at room temperature provided polysubstituted meta-arylphenyl acetates in 75-94% yields. The application of this protocol in the synthesis of polycyclic aromatic compounds was also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Minxiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Xueyu Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Zhaohua Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
| | - Hua Yao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China.
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5
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Guria S, Hassan MMM, Ma J, Dey S, Liang Y, Chattopadhyay B. A tautomerized ligand enabled meta selective C-H borylation of phenol. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6906. [PMID: 37903772 PMCID: PMC10616221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42310-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Remote meta selective C-H functionalization of aromatic compounds remains a challenging problem in chemical synthesis. Here, we report an iridium catalyst bearing a bidentate pyridine-pyridone (PY-PYRI) ligand framework that efficiently catalyzes this meta selective borylation reaction. We demonstrate that the developed concept can be employed to introduce a boron functionality at the remote meta position of phenols, phenol containing bioactive and drug molecules, which was an extraordinary challenge. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the method can also be applied for the remote C6 borylation of indole derivatives including tryptophan that was the key synthetic precursor for the total synthesis of Verruculogen and Fumitremorgin A alkaloids. The inspiration of this catalytic concept was started from the O-Si secondary interaction, which by means of several more detailed control experiments and detailed computational investigations revealed that an unprecedented Bpin shift occurs during the transformation of iridium bis(boryl) complex to iridium tris(boryl) complex, which eventually control the remote meta selectivity by means of the dispersion between the designed ligand and steering silane group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Guria
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mirja Md Mahamudul Hassan
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jiawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Sayan Dey
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
| | - Buddhadeb Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological & Synthetic Chemistry, Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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6
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Paul B, Das S, Chatterjee I. Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective Remote C-H Bond Chalcogenation of Aromatic Amine Derivatives without Using Any Large Template. Org Lett 2023; 25:653-658. [PMID: 36695652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A mild and convenient strategy has been developed for the para-selective chalcogenation of anilide scaffolds via C-H bond functionalization. This methodology employs one of the most earth-abundant and inexpensive Cu(II) catalysts and a commercially available simple aryl chalcogen source without any complex directing template, exogenous ligand, acid/base, oxidant, or other additives. The key feature of this methodology is an impressive regioselectivity along with a wide range of functional group tolerance with good to excellent yields under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biprajit Paul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Indranil Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Nangal Road, Rupnagar, Punjab 140001, India
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7
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Zhou ZH, Wang B, Ding Y, Loh TP, Tian JS. Aqueous C-H aminomethylation of phenols by iodine catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 59:223-226. [PMID: 36484257 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05746h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
A transition-metal-free strategy regarding an iodine-sodium percarbonate catalysis to achieve the ortho-aminomethylation of phenols in aqueous media has been developed. This method can effectively broaden a wide range of phenols, tolerate sensitive functional groups, and achieve the late-stage functionalization of ten functional molecules that contain phenolic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Ben Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yao Ding
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.,College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhenzhou, 450001, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (CCEB), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Jie-Sheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.
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8
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Sukowski V, van Borselen M, Mathew S, Fernández‐Ibáñez MÁ. S,O-Ligand Promoted meta-C-H Arylation of Anisole Derivatives via Palladium/Norbornene Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201750. [PMID: 35639463 PMCID: PMC9401001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reversing the conventional site-selectivity of C-H activation processes provides new retrosynthetic disconnections to otherwise unreactive bonds. Here, we report a new catalytic system based on palladium/norbornene and an S,O-ligand for the meta-C-H arylation of aryl ethers that significantly outperforms previously reported systems. We demonstrate the unique ability of this system to employ alkoxyarene substrates bearing electron donating and withdrawing substituents. Additionally, ortho-substituted aryl ethers are well tolerated, overcoming the "ortho constraint", which is the necessity to have a meta-substituent on the alkoxyarene to achieve high reaction efficiency, by enlisting novel norbornene mediators. Remarkably, for the first time the monoarylation of alkoxyarenes is achieved efficiently enabling the subsequent introduction of a second, different aryl coupling partner to rapidly furnish unsymmetrical terphenyls. Further insight into the reaction mechanism was achieved by isolation and characterization of some Pd-complexes-before and after meta C-H activation-prior to evaluation of their respective catalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sukowski
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Manuela van Borselen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - M. Ángeles Fernández‐Ibáñez
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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9
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Sukowski V, van Borselen M, Mathew S, Fernández‐Ibáñez MÁ. S,O‐Ligand Promoted
meta
‐C−H Arylation of Anisole Derivatives via Palladium/Norbornene Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Sukowski
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Manuela van Borselen
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - M. Ángeles Fernández‐Ibáñez
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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10
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Saikia RA, Hazarika N, Biswakarma N, Chandra Deka R, Thakur AJ. Metal-free S-arylation of 5-mercaptotetrazoles and 2-mercaptopyridine with unsymmetrical diaryliodonium salts. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:3890-3896. [PMID: 35481589 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00406b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the application of unsymmetrical iodonium salts towards S-arylation of heterocyclic thiols (especially tetrazole-5-thiols and pyridine-2-thiol) under metal-free conditions, affording a diverse range of di(hetero)aryl thioethers in moderate to good yields. A detailed study on the effects of counter-anions and the auxiliary of iodonium salts was conducted. Suitable auxiliary selection of the unsymmetrical iodonium salt offers flexibility for a wide range of aryl moieties and its incorporation into S-arylation. The DFT study supports the experimental observations of chemoselective arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Abha Saikia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam-784028, Assam, India.
| | - Nitumoni Hazarika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, North Guwahati-781039, India
| | - Nishant Biswakarma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam-784028, Assam, India.
| | - Ramesh Chandra Deka
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam-784028, Assam, India.
| | - Ashim Jyoti Thakur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam-784028, Assam, India.
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11
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Tian JS, He Y, Gao ZY, Liu X, Dong SF, Wu P, Loh TP. Water-Tolerant ortho-Acylation of Phenols. Org Lett 2021; 23:6594-6598. [PMID: 34378942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free, water-tolerant, and one-pot process for ortho-acylation of phenols promoted by the iodine source/hydrogen peroxide system has been developed. This transformation undergoes ether formation, iodocyclization, C-C bond cleavage, and oxidative hydrolysis in a one-step manner, which is supported by control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Sheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yu He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Feng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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12
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Scott KA, Groch JR, Chogii I, Delost MD, Das P, Njardarson JT. Dienolate Annulation Approach for Assembly of Densely Substituted Aromatic Architectures. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10555-10567. [PMID: 34283591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficient assembly of complex aromatic structures from simple acyclic building blocks is reported. An anion-cascade union of an enoate and a conjugated imine affords cyclohexenone products, which are readily aromatized to phenols. By engaging the intermediate cyclohexenones with Grignard reagents, a facile addition/elimination proceeds yielding chiral cyclohexadienes, which are then aromatized. In a complementary approach, the cyclohexenone products are converted into enol triflates, which provides a gateway to diverse aromatic architectures following cross-couplings and aromatization steps.
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