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Iancu AC, Nicolaev A, Apostol NG, Abramiuc LE, Teodorescu CM. Reversible oxidation of ethylene on ferroelectric BaTiO 3(001): An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35072. [PMID: 39157359 PMCID: PMC11328086 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Adsorption and desorption of ethylene on BaO-terminated (001) barium titanate are investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Carbon is found in an oxidized state, at a binding energy similar to that resulting from CO adsorption on BaTiO3(001). The amount of carbon adsorbed on the surface is also similar to the case of CO/BaTiO3(001). Upon heating the substrate up to the loss of its ferroelectric polarization, the C 1s signal from the oxidized spectral region vanishes. At the same time, there was no noticeable oxygen depletion of the surface after repeated C2H4 adsorption and desorption. The substrate remains stable after repeated oxidative adsorption and desorption of ethylene. Desorption occurs at different temperatures, depending on the adsorption temperature, which suggests different adsorption geometries: non-dissociated adsorption at high temperature with ethylene bond on two surface oxygen atoms, and locally dissociated adsorption at lower temperatures, in "formaldehyde-like" local configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Cristi Iancu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiștilor 405A, 077125, Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania
- University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Atomiștilor 405, 077125, Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Adela Nicolaev
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiștilor 405A, 077125, Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Nicoleta G. Apostol
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiștilor 405A, 077125, Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Laura E. Abramiuc
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiștilor 405A, 077125, Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Cristian M. Teodorescu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiștilor 405A, 077125, Măgurele, Ilfov, Romania
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2
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Qi JC, Peng H, Xu ZK, Wang ZX, Tang YY, Liao WQ, Zou G, You YM, Xiong RG. Discovery of molecular ferroelectric catalytic annulation for quinolines. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6738. [PMID: 39112514 PMCID: PMC11306768 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroelectrics as emerging and attractive catalysts have shown tremendous potential for applications including wastewater treatment, hydrogen production, nitrogen fixation, and organic synthesis, etc. In this study, we demonstrate that molecular ferroelectric crystal TMCM-CdCl3 (TMCM = trimethylchloromethylammonium) with multiaxial ferroelectricity and superior piezoelectricity has an effective catalytic activity on the direct construction of the pharmacologically important substituted quinoline derivatives via one-pot [3 + 2 + 1] annulation of anilines and terminal alkynes by using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the carbon source. The recrystallized TMCM-CdCl3 crystals from DMF remain well ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Upon ultrasonic condition, periodic changes in polarization contribute to the release of free charges from the surface of the ferroelectric domains in nano size, which then quickly interacts with the substrates in the solution to trigger the pivotal redox process. Our work advances the molecular ferroelectric crystal as a catalytic route to organic synthesis, not only providing valuable direction for molecular ferroelectrics but also further enriching the executable range of ferroelectric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Chao Qi
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Peng
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Kun Xu
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Xia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Tang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Liao
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guifu Zou
- College of Energy, Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Meng You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ren-Gen Xiong
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Pan Q, Gu ZX, Zhou RJ, Feng ZJ, Xiong YA, Sha TT, You YM, Xiong RG. The past 10 years of molecular ferroelectrics: structures, design, and properties. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5781-5861. [PMID: 38690681 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00262d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Ferroelectricity, which has diverse important applications such as memory elements, capacitors, and sensors, was first discovered in a molecular compound, Rochelle salt, in 1920 by Valasek. Owing to their superiorities of lightweight, biocompatibility, structural tunability, mechanical flexibility, etc., the past decade has witnessed the renaissance of molecular ferroelectrics as promising complementary materials to commercial inorganic ferroelectrics. Thus, on the 100th anniversary of ferroelectricity, it is an opportune time to look into the future, specifically into how to push the boundaries of material design in molecular ferroelectric systems and finally overcome the hurdles to their commercialization. Herein, we present a comprehensive and accessible review of the appealing development of molecular ferroelectrics over the past 10 years, with an emphasis on their structural diversity, chemical design, exceptional properties, and potential applications. We believe that it will inspire intense, combined research efforts to enrich the family of high-performance molecular ferroelectrics and attract widespread interest from physicists and chemists to better understand the structure-function relationships governing improved applied functional device engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Zhu-Xiao Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, P. R. China.
| | - Ru-Jie Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Zi-Jie Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-An Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Tai-Ting Sha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Yu-Meng You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Ren-Gen Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
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4
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Xu Q, Berardan D, Brisset F, Colbeau-Justin C, Ghazzal MN. Engineering Directional Charge Carrier Transport Using Ferroelectric Polarization for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308750. [PMID: 38200680 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Introducing ferroelectric polarization has shown great potential to facilitate interfacial charge separation in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, unambiguous evidence of the actual influence of spontaneous ferroelectric polarization, as compared to heterojunction formation, on electron extraction and PEC water splitting is still lacking to date. Herein, core-shell BaTiO3/TiO2 nanostructures are designed as photoanodes based on paraelectric cubic and ferroelectric tetragonal phases BaTiO3 (BTO) perovskite. The cubic and tetragonal crystalline phases are stabilized using selected elaboration methods. Compared to the paraelectric cubic (c-BTO), the ferroelectric tetragonal (t-BTO) leads to a favorable ferroelectric polarization, enhancing directional charge separation and as a consequence to increased photocurrent up to a factor of 1.95. More interestingly, the charge separation efficiency can be tuned by applying positive or negative polarization, with the highest charge separation obtained for the positive one. When loading Ni(OH)2 as a cocatalyst on the t-BTO@TiO2 photoanode, the Ni(OH)2/TiO2/t-BTO exhibits a high performance and superior stability toward PEC water oxidation with a photocurrent almost 6.7 times that of the reference SiO2@TiO2. The proposed facilitation may open an avenue to engineer charge separation and transport for high-performance PEC water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 8000 CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - David Berardan
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay(ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | - François Brisset
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay(ICMMO), Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 8182 CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
| | | | - Mohamed Nawfal Ghazzal
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 8000 CNRS, Orsay, 91405, France
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5
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Wang F, Ju L, Wu B, Li S, Peng J, Chen Y, Getaye Sendeku M, Wang K, Cai Y, Yi J, Yang Y, Wang Z, Sun X. Effect of Intrinsic Ferroelectric Phase Transition on Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402033. [PMID: 38407516 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneous electrocatalysis closely relies on the electronic structure of the catalytic materials. The ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition of the materials also involves a change in the state of electrons that could impact the electrocatalytic activity, but such correlation remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity could be regulated as exampled by hydrogen evolution reaction catalysis over two-dimensional ferroelectric CuInP2S6. The obvious discontinuity in the overpotential and apparent activation energy values for CuInP2S6 electrode are illustrated during the ferroelectric-to-paraelectric phase transition caused by copper displacement around Tc point (318 K), revealing the ferroelectro-catalytic effect on thermodynamics and kinetics of electrocatalysis. When loading Pt single atom on the CuInP2S6, the paraelectric phase one showed an improved hydrogen evolution activity with smaller apparent activation energy over the ferroelectric phase counterpart. This is attributed to the copper hopping between two sulfur planes, which alternate between strong and weak H adsorption at the Pt sites to simultaneously promote H+ reactant adsorption and H2 product desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lin Ju
- School of Physics and Electric Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, 455000, P. R. China
| | - Binglan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuhui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jian Peng
- Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Innovation Campus, Squires Way, North Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yetao Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Technology and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Marshet Getaye Sendeku
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Kairui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yi
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Fujian Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Laser Technology and Applications, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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6
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Sen A, Narsaria AK, Manae MA, Shetty S, Waghmare UV. Electrostatically tunable interaction of CO 2 with MgO surfaces and chemical switching: first-principles theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5333-5343. [PMID: 38268468 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04588a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Electric field-assisted CO2 capture using solid adsorbents based on basic oxides can immensely reduce the required energy consumption compared to the conventional processes of temperature or pressure swing adsorption. In this work, we present first-principles density functional theoretical calculations to investigate the effects of an applied external electric field (AEEF) within the range from -1 to 1 V Å-1 on the CO2 adsorption behavior on various high and low-index facets of MgO. When CO2 is strongly adsorbed on MgO surfaces to form carbonate species, the coupling of electric fields with the resulting intrinsic dipole moment induces a 'switch' from a strongly chemisorbed state to a weakly chemisorbed or physisorbed state at a critical value of AEEF. We demonstrate that such 'switching' enables access to different metastable states with variations in the AEEF. On polar MgO(111) surfaces, we find a distinct feature of the adsorptive dissociation of CO2 towards the formation of CO in contrast to that on the non-polar MgO(100) and MgO(110) surfaces. In some cases, we observe broken inversion symmetry because of the AEEF that results in induced polarity at the interaction site of CO2 on MgO surfaces. Our results provide fundamental insights into the possibility of using AEEFs in novel solid adsorbent systems for CO2 capture and reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Sen
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Ayush K Narsaria
- Shell India Markets Pvt. Ltd, Mahadeva Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562149, India.
| | - Meghna A Manae
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
| | - Sharan Shetty
- Shell India Markets Pvt. Ltd, Mahadeva Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 562149, India.
| | - Umesh V Waghmare
- Theoretical Sciences Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore 560064, India.
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7
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Yu LQ, Guo RT, Guo SH, Yan JS, Liu H, Pan WG. Research progress on photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 based on ferroelectric materials. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1058-1079. [PMID: 38126461 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Transforming CO2 into renewable fuels or valuable carbon compounds could be a practical means to tackle the issues of global warming and energy crisis. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction is more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly, and offers a broader range of potential applications than other CO2 conversion techniques. Ferroelectric materials, which belong to a class of materials with switchable polarization, are attractive candidates as catalysts due to their distinctive and substantial impact on surface physical and chemical characteristics. This review provides a concise overview of the fundamental principles underlying photocatalysis and the mechanism involved in CO2 reduction. Additionally, the composition and properties of ferroelectric materials are introduced. This review expands on the research progress in using ferroelectric materials for photocatalytic reduction of CO2 from three perspectives: directly as a catalyst, by modification, and construction of heterojunctions. Finally, the future potential of ferroelectric materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction is presented. This review may be a valuable guide for creating reasonable and more effective photocatalysts based on ferroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Qi Yu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rui-Tang Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Hui Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji-Song Yan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Guo Pan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China.
- Shanghai Non-Carbon Energy Conversion and Utilization Institute, Shanghai 200090, People's Republic of China
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8
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Jung S, Pizzolitto C, Biasi P, Dauenhauer PJ, Birol T. Programmable catalysis by support polarization: elucidating and breaking scaling relations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7795. [PMID: 38016999 PMCID: PMC10684597 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Sabatier principle and the scaling relations have been widely used to search for and screen new catalysts in the field of catalysis. However, these powerful tools can also serve as limitations of catalyst control and breakthrough. To overcome this challenge, this work proposes an efficient method of studying catalyst control by support polarization from first-principles. The results demonstrate that the properties of catalysts are determined by support polarization, irrespective of the magnitude of spontaneous polarization of support. The approach enables elucidating the scaling relations between binding energies at various polarization values of support. Moreover, we observe the breakdown of scaling relations for the surface controlled by support polarization. By studying the surface electronic structure and decomposing the induced charge into contributions from different atoms and orbitals, we identify the inherent structural property of the interface that leads to the breaking of the scaling relations. Specifically, the displacements of the underlying oxide support impose its symmetry on the catalyst, causing the scaling relations between different adsorption sites to break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjoo Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Paul J Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Center for Programmable Energy Catalysis (CPEC), University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Turan Birol
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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9
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O'Reilly T, Holsgrove KM, Zhang X, Scott JJR, Gaponenko I, Kumar P, Agar J, Paruch P, Arredondo M. The Effect of Chemical Environment and Temperature on the Domain Structure of Free-Standing BaTiO 3 via In Situ STEM. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303028. [PMID: 37607120 PMCID: PMC10582436 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectrics, due to their polar nature and reversible switching, can be used to dynamically control surface chemistry for catalysis, chemical switching, and other applications such as water splitting. However, this is a complex phenomenon where ferroelectric domain orientation and switching are intimately linked to surface charges. In this work, the temperature-induced domain behavior of ferroelectric-ferroelastic domains in free-standing BaTiO3 films under different gas environments, including vacuum and oxygen-rich, is studied by in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). An automated pathway to statistically disentangle and detect domain structure transformations using deep autoencoders, providing a pathway towards real-time analysis is also established. These results show a clear difference in the temperature at which phase transition occurs and the domain behavior between various environments, with a peculiar domain reconfiguration at low temperatures, from a-c to a-a at ≈60 °C. The vacuum environment exhibits a rich domain structure, while under the oxidizing environment, the domain structure is largely suppressed. The direct visualization provided by in situ gas and heating STEM allows to investigate the influence of external variables such as gas, pressure, and temperature, on oxide surfaces in a dynamic manner, providing invaluable insights into the intricate surface-screening mechanisms in ferroelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin O'Reilly
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT7 1NNUK
- University of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
| | | | - Xinqiao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and MechanicsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - John J. R. Scott
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT7 1NNUK
| | | | - Praveen Kumar
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT7 1NNUK
- Shared Instrumentation FacilityColorado School of MinesGoldenCO80401USA
| | - Joshua Agar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and MechanicsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | | | - Miryam Arredondo
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsQueen's University BelfastBelfastBT7 1NNUK
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10
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Su R, Zhang J, Wong V, Zhang D, Yang Y, Luo ZD, Wang X, Wen H, Liu Y, Seidel J, Yang X, Pan Y, Li FT. Engineering Sub-Nanometer Hafnia-Based Ferroelectrics to Break the Scaling Relation for High-Efficiency Piezocatalytic Water Splitting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303018. [PMID: 37408522 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Reversible control of ferroelectric polarization is essential to overcome the heterocatalytic kinetic limitation. This can be achieved by creating a surface with switchable electron density; however, owing to the rigidity of traditional ferroelectric oxides, achieving polarization reversal in piezocatalytic processes remains challenging. Herein, sub-nanometer-sized Hf0.5 Zr0.5 O2 (HZO) nanowires with a polymer-like flexibility are synthesized. Oxygen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy and negative spherical aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy reveal an orthorhombic (Pca21 ) ferroelectric phase of the HZO sub-nanometer wires (SNWs). The ferroelectric polarization of the flexible HZO SNWs can be easily switched by slight external vibration, resulting in dynamic modulation of the binding energy of adsorbates and thus breaking the "scaling relationship" during piezocatalysis. Consequently, the as-synthesized ultrathin HZO nanowires display superb water-splitting activity, with H2 production rate of 25687 µmol g-1 h-1 under 40 kHz ultrasonic vibration, which is 235 and 41 times higher than those of non-ferroelectric hafnium oxides and rigid BaTiO3 nanoparticles, respectively. More strikingly, the hydrogen production rates can reach 5.2 µmol g-1 h-1 by addition of stirring exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Su
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P. R. China
| | - Vienna Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Dong Luo
- State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wen
- College of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jan Seidel
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- College of Physics & Chongqing Key Laboratory for Strongly Coupled Physics, Center of Quantum Materials and Devices, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, P. R. China
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Paderborn, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Fa-Tang Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, College of Science, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P. R. China
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11
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Singh D, Joshi B, Poddar P. Ferroelectric Polarization and Iron Substitution Synergistically Boost Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Bismuth Oxychloride Nanosheets. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11414-11425. [PMID: 37527487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric materials have gained significant interest in various kinds of water splitting, but the study of ferroelectric materials for electrocatalytic water splitting is in its infancy. Ferroelectric materials have spontaneous polarization below their Curie temperature due to dipolar alignment, which results in surface charges. In 2D ferroelectric materials, spontaneous polarization depends on thickness. Herein, we report that thickness-dependent ferroelectric polarization in 2D nanosheets can also accelerate the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) along with the tailored active surface area of exposed crystalline facets, which improves the electrocatalytic activity relatively. Iron-substituted BiOCl nanosheets of varying thickness are fabricated by varying the pH using a facile coprecipitation method. The substituted iron enhances polarization and electrochemical active sites on the surface. The findings in this study show that the exposed (001) facet and higher thickness of the nanosheets have high ferroelectric polarization and, in turn, superior electrocatalytic activity and remarkable stability, requiring low overpotentials (348 mV and 270 mV at 100 mA/cm2 and 10 mA/cm2) in alkaline (1.0 M KOH) electrolyte. As the thickness of the nanosheets is decreased from 140 to 34 nm, the electrocatalytic performance of iron-substituted BiOCl nanosheets starts to reduce due to the lower Coulomb-Coulomb interaction and the increasing depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhavana Joshi
- Physical & Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Pankaj Poddar
- Physical & Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
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12
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Abramiuc LE, Tănase LC, Prieto MJ, de Souza Caldas L, Tiwari A, Apostol NG, Huşanu MA, Chirilă CF, Trupină L, Schmidt T, Pintilie L, Teodorescu CM. Surface charge dynamics on air-exposed ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3(001) thin films. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:13062-13075. [PMID: 37498343 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02690f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Probing of the free surface ferroelectric properties of thin polar films can be achieved either by estimating the band bending variance under the top-most layer or by studying the extent of the extrinsic charge accumulated outside the surface. Photoemitted or incoming low-energy electrons can be used to characterize locally both properties in a spectromicroscopic approach. Thin ferroelectric lead zirco-titanate (PZT) is investigated by combining low energy/mirror electron microscopy (LEEM/MEM) with photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) and high-resolution photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Significant extrinsic negative compensation charge is proven to accumulate on the surface of the outward polarized thin film, indicated by high MEM-LEEM transition values, up to 15.3 eV, and is correlated with the surface electrostatic potential, which can be partially screened either by electrons interacting with the sample or by soft X-rays through the ejection of secondary electrons and generation of positive charge under the surface. A radiation-induced surface charge compensation effect is observed. The study indicates that air-exposed high quality ferroelectric thin films show large negative surface potentials, determined locally on the surface, which are nevertheless sensitive to beam damage and molecular desorption. These values represent a confirmation of previously estimated surface potential energy values determined from the LEED data on clean surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Abramiuc
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Liviu C Tănase
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Mauricio J Prieto
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucas de Souza Caldas
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aarti Tiwari
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicoleta G Apostol
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Marius A Huşanu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Cristina F Chirilă
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Lucian Trupină
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucian Pintilie
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Cristian M Teodorescu
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania.
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13
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Ding W, Lu J, Tang X, Kou L, Liu L. Ferroelectric Materials and Their Applications in Activation of Small Molecules. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:6164-6174. [PMID: 36844570 PMCID: PMC9947956 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The demand for renewable and environmentally friendly energy sources has attracted extensive research on high-performance catalysts. Ferroelectrics, a class of materials with switchable polarization, are unique and promising catalyst candidates due to the significant effects of polarization on surface chemistry and physics. The band bending at the ferroelectric/semiconductor interface induced by the polarization flip promotes charge separation and transfer, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic performance. More importantly, the reactants can be selectively adsorbed on the surface of ferroelectric materials depending on the polarization direction, which can effectively lift the basic limitations as imposed by Sabatier's principle on catalytic activity. This Review summarizes the latest developments of ferroelectric materials and introduces ferroelectric-related catalytic applications. The possible research directions of 2D ferroelectric materials in chemical catalysis are discussed at the end. The Review is expected to inspire extensive research interests from physical, chemical, and materials science communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitong Ding
- Institute
of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Center
for Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Xiao Tang
- College
of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liangzhi Kou
- School
of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus, QLD, 4001 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- Institute
of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center
for Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
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14
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Popescu DG, Husanu MA, Constantinou PC, Filip LD, Trupina L, Bucur CI, Pasuk I, Chirila C, Hrib LM, Stancu V, Pintilie L, Schmitt T, Teodorescu CM, Strocov VN. Experimental Band Structure of Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 : Mechanism of Ferroelectric Stabilization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205476. [PMID: 36592417 PMCID: PMC9951575 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) is the most common ferroelectric (FE) material widely used in solid-state technology. Despite intense studies of PZT over decades, its intrinsic band structure, electron energy depending on 3D momentum k, is still unknown. Here, Pb(Zr0.2 Ti0.8 )O3 using soft-X-ray angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES) is explored. The enhanced photoelectron escape depth in this photon energy range allows sharp intrinsic definition of the out-of-plane momentum k and thereby of the full 3D band structure. Furthermore, the problem of sample charging due to the inherently insulating nature of PZT is solved by using thin-film PZT samples, where a thickness-induced self-doping results in their heavy doping. For the first time, the soft-X-ray ARPES experiments deliver the intrinsic 3D band structure of PZT as well as the FE-polarization dependent electrostatic potential profile across the PZT film deposited on SrTiO3 and Lax SrMn1- x O3 substrates. The negative charges near the surface, required to stabilize the FE state pointing away from the sample (P+), are identified as oxygen vacancies creating localized in-gap states below the Fermi energy. For the opposite polarization state (P-), the positive charges near the surface are identified as cation vacancies resulting from non-ideal stoichiometry of the PZT film as deduced from quantitative XPS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lucian Dragos Filip
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | - Lucian Trupina
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | | | - Iuliana Pasuk
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | - Cristina Chirila
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | | | - Viorica Stancu
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | - Lucian Pintilie
- National Institute of Materials PhysicsAtomistilor 405AMagurele077125Romania
| | - Thorsten Schmitt
- Swiss Light SourcePaul Scherrer InstituteVilligen‐PSI5232Switzerland
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15
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Wu T, Liu K, Liu S, Feng X, Wang X, Wang L, Qin Y, Wang ZL. Highly Efficient Flexocatalysis of Two-Dimensional Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208121. [PMID: 36333880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Catalysis is vitally important for chemical engineering, energy, and environment. It is critical to discover new mechanisms for efficient catalysis. For piezoelectric/pyroelectric/ferroelectric materials that have a non-centrosymmetric structure, interfacial polarization-induced redox reactions at surfaces leads to advanced mechanocatalysis. Here, the first flexocatalysis for 2D centrosymmetric semiconductors, such as MnO2 nanosheets, is demonstrated largely expanding the polarization-based-mechanocatalysis to 2D centrosymmetric materials. Under ultrasonic excitation, the reactive species are created due to the strain-gradient-induced flexoelectric polarization in MnO2 nanosheets composed nanoflowers. The organic pollutants (Methylene Blue et al.) can be effectively degraded within 5 min; the performance of the flexocatalysis is comparable to that of state-of-the-art piezocatalysis, with excellent stability and reproducibility. Moreover, the factors related to flexocatalysis such as material morphology, adsorption, mechanical vibration intensity, and temperature are explored, which give deep insights into the mechanocatalysis. This study opens the field of flexoelectric effect-based mechanochemistry in 2D centrosymmetric semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
| | - Shuhai Liu
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiaolong Feng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Nöthnitzer Strasse 40, D-01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of School of Materials and Energy, Lanzhou University, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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16
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Qi J, Zhang Y, Liu H, Xu H, Wang C, Hu L, Feng M, Lü W. Strain Modified Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance in Epitaxial, Freestanding, and Van Der Waals Manganite Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7066-7072. [PMID: 35976127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In perovskite complex oxides, the strain has been established as a promising approach for tuning the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance by the manipulated electronic structure and interaction/coupling. In this study, we have employed rigid epitaxial, flexible freestanding, and van der Waals La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (LSMO) to investigate the strain effects on OER, which are different in stress strength and range via lattice mismatch and curvature change. It was found that the OER performances as a function of strain exhibited volcano and monotonous trends in rigid and flexible LSMO, respectively. The findings suggest that distinguished oxygen activation energy in varied lattice fields also plays a crucial role in the epitaxial LSMO in contrast to the pure strain effect in the flexible LSMO. Our results not only fundamentally clarify the effort of strain but also technologically provide an effective route to engineer the electronic structure for modified OER performance by perovskite complex oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qi
- Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Institute, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Institute, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Institute, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Linglong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Ming Feng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Weiming Lü
- Functional Materials and Acousto-Optic Instruments Institute, School of Instrumentation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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17
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Wang Z, Reticcioli M, Jakub Z, Sokolović I, Meier M, Boatner LA, Schmid M, Parkinson GS, Diebold U, Franchini C, Setvin M. Surface chemistry on a polarizable surface: Coupling of CO with KTaO 3(001). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq1433. [PMID: 35984882 PMCID: PMC9390988 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq1433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polarizable materials attract attention in catalysis because they have a free parameter for tuning chemical reactivity. Their surfaces entangle the dielectric polarization with surface polarity, excess charge, and orbital hybridization. How this affects individual adsorbed molecules is shown for the incipient ferroelectric perovskite KTaO3. This intrinsically polar material cleaves along (001) into KO- and TaO2-terminated surface domains. At TaO2 terraces, the polarity-compensating excess electrons form a two-dimensional electron gas and can also localize by coupling to ferroelectric distortions. TaO2 terraces host two distinct types of CO molecules, adsorbed at equivalent lattice sites but charged differently as seen in atomic force microscopy/scanning tunneling microscopy. Temperature-programmed desorption shows substantially stronger binding of the charged CO; in density functional theory calculations, the excess charge favors a bipolaronic configuration coupled to the CO. These results pinpoint how adsorption states couple to ferroelectric polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Michele Reticcioli
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Zdenek Jakub
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Lynn A. Boatner
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cesare Franchini
- Faculty of Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Setvin
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 180 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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18
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Ren Z, Ruan L, Yin L, Akkiraju K, Giordano L, Liu Z, Li S, Ye Z, Li S, Yang H, Wang Y, Tian H, Liu G, Shao-Horn Y, Han G. Surface Oxygen Vacancies Confined by Ferroelectric Polarization for Tunable CO Oxidation Kinetics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202072. [PMID: 35580350 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface oxygen vacancies have been widely discussed to be crucial for tailoring the activity of various chemical reactions from CO, NO, to water oxidation by using oxide-supported catalysts. However, the real role and potential function of surface oxygen vacancies in the reaction remains unclear because of their very short lifetime. Here, it is reported that surface oxygen vacancies can be well confined electrostatically for a polarization screening near the perimeter interface between Pt {111} nanocrystals and the negative polar surface (001) of ferroelectric PbTiO3. Strikingly, such a catalyst demonstrates a tunable catalytic CO oxidation kinetics from 200 °C to near room temperature by increasing the O2 gas pressure, accompanied by the conversion curve from a hysteresis-free loop to one with hysteresis. The combination of reaction kinetics, electronic energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, indicates that the oxygen vacancies stabilized by the negative polar surface are the active sites for O2 adsorption as a rate-determining step, and then dissociated O moves to the surface of the Pt nanocrystals for oxidizing adsorbed CO. The results open a new pathway for tunable catalytic activity of CO oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China
| | - Luoyuan Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Research Center for Sensing Materials and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Lichang Yin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Karthik Akkiraju
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Livia Giordano
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Zhongran Liu
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zixing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Songda Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hangsheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - He Tian
- Center of Electron Microscopy, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gaorong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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19
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Multilevel polarization switching in ferroelectric thin films. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3159. [PMID: 35672404 PMCID: PMC9174202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroic order is characterized by hystereses with two remanent states and therefore inherently binary. The increasing interest in materials showing non-discrete responses, however, calls for a paradigm shift towards continuously tunable remanent ferroic states. Device integration for oxide nanoelectronics furthermore requires this tunability at the nanoscale. Here we demonstrate that we can arbitrarily set the remanent ferroelectric polarization at nanometric dimensions. We accomplish this in ultrathin epitaxial PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 films featuring a dense pattern of decoupled nanometric 180° domains with a broad coercive-field distribution. This multilevel switching is achieved by driving the system towards the instability at the morphotropic phase boundary. The phase competition near this boundary in combination with epitaxial strain increases the responsiveness to external stimuli and unlocks new degrees of freedom to nano-control the polarization. We highlight the technological benefits of non-binary switching by demonstrating a quasi-continuous tunability of the non-linear optical response and of tunnel electroresistance. Setting any polarization value in ferroelectric thin films is a key step for their implementation in neuromorphic devices. Here, the authors demonstrate continuous modulation of the remanent polarization at the nanoscale in PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 films.
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20
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Abbasi P, Barone MR, de la Paz Cruz-Jáuregui M, Valdespino-Padilla D, Paik H, Kim T, Kornblum L, Schlom DG, Pascal TA, Fenning DP. Ferroelectric Modulation of Surface Electronic States in BaTiO 3 for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Activity. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4276-4284. [PMID: 35500055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric nanomaterials offer the promise of switchable electronic properties at the surface, with implications for photo- and electrocatalysis. Studies to date on the effect of ferroelectric surfaces in electrocatalysis have been primarily limited to nanoparticle systems where complex interfaces arise. Here, we use MBE-grown epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films with atomically sharp interfaces as model surfaces to demonstrate the effect of ferroelectric polarization on the electronic structure, intermediate binding energy, and electrochemical activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Surface spectroscopy and ab initio DFT+U calculations of the well-defined (001) surfaces indicate that an upward polarized surface reduces the work function relative to downward polarization and leads to a smaller HER barrier, in agreement with the higher activity observed experimentally. Employing ferroelectric polarization to create multiple adsorbate interactions over a single electrocatalytic surface, as demonstrated in this work, may offer new opportunities for nanoscale catalysis design beyond traditional descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedram Abbasi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Matthew R Barone
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ma de la Paz Cruz-Jáuregui
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología (CNyN)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Km 107, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada B.C., C.P 22800, Mexico
| | - Duilio Valdespino-Padilla
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología (CNyN)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) Km 107, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada B.C., C.P 22800, Mexico
- Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Km 107, Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada Ensenada B.C., C.P 22800, Mexico
| | - Hanjong Paik
- Platform for the Accelerated Realization, Analysis & Discovery of Interface Materials (PARADIM), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Taewoo Kim
- Chemical Engineering Program, Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lior Kornblum
- Andrew & Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000-03, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion─Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000-03, Israel
| | - Darrell G Schlom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Leibniz-Institut für Kristallzüchtung, Max-Born-Straße 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tod A Pascal
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - David P Fenning
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Chemical Engineering Program, Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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21
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Dong W, Xiao H, Jia Y, Chen L, Geng H, Bakhtiar SUH, Fu Q, Guo Y. Engineering the Defects and Microstructures in Ferroelectrics for Enhanced/Novel Properties: An Emerging Way to Cope with Energy Crisis and Environmental Pollution. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105368. [PMID: 35240724 PMCID: PMC9069204 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the past century, ferroelectrics are well known in electroceramics and microelectronics for their unique ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and photovoltaic effects. Nowadays, the advances in understanding and tuning of these properties have greatly promoted a broader application potential especially in energy and environmental fields, by harvesting solar, mechanical, and heat energies. For example, high piezoelectricity and high pyroelectricity can be designed by defect or microstructure engineering for piezo- and pyro-catalyst, respectively. Moreover, highly piezoelectric and broadband (UV-Vis-NIR) light-responsive ferroelectrics can be designed via defect engineering, giving rise to a new concept of photoferroelectrics for efficient photocatalysis, piezocatalysis, pyrocatalysis, and related cocatalysis. This article first summarizes the recent developments in ferroelectrics in terms of piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and photovoltaic effects based on defect and microstructure engineering. Then, the potential applications in energy generation (i.e., photovoltaic effect, H2 generation, and self-powered multisource energy harvesting and signal sensing) and environmental protection (i.e., photo-piezo-pyro- cocatalytic dye degradation and CO2 reduction) are reviewed. Finally, the outlook and challenges are discussed. This article not only covers an overview of the state-of-art advances of ferroelectrics, but also prospects their applications in coping with energy crisis and environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
- Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Optical and Electronic Information and Engineering Research Centre & Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics & Optical Valley LaboratoryHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Hongyuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Yanmin Jia
- School of ScienceXi'an University of Posts & TelecommunicationsXi'an710121China
| | - Long Chen
- Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Optical and Electronic Information and Engineering Research Centre & Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics & Optical Valley LaboratoryHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Huangfu Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
| | - Syed Ul Hasnain Bakhtiar
- Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Optical and Electronic Information and Engineering Research Centre & Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics & Optical Valley LaboratoryHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Qiuyun Fu
- Functional Ceramics of the Ministry of EducationSchool of Optical and Electronic Information and Engineering Research Centre & Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronics & Optical Valley LaboratoryHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430074China
| | - Yiping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix CompositesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China
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22
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Djellabi R, Ordonez MF, Conte F, Falletta E, Bianchi CL, Rossetti I. A review of advances in multifunctional XTiO 3 perovskite-type oxides as piezo-photocatalysts for environmental remediation and energy production. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126792. [PMID: 34396965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over more than three decades, the field of engineering of photocatalytic materials with unique properties and enhanced performance has received a huge attention. In this regard, different classes of materials were fabricated and used for different photocatalytic applications. Among these materials, recently multifunctional XTiO3 perovskites have drawn outstanding interest towards environmental remediation and energy conversion thanks to their unique structural, optical, physiochemical, electrical and thermal characteristics. XTiO3 perovskites are able to initiate different surface catalytic reactions. Under ultrasonic vibration or heating, XTiO3 perovskites can induce piezo-catalytic reactions due to the titling of their conduction and valence bands, resulting in the formation of separated charge carriers in the medium. In addition, under light irradiation, XTiO3 perovskites are considered as a new class of photocatalysts for environmental and energy related applications. Herein, we addressed the recent advances on variously synthesized, doped and formulated XTiO3 perovskite-type oxides showing piezo- and/or photocatalytic exploitation in environmental remediation and energy conversion. The control of structural crystallite size and phase, conductivity, morphology, oxygen vacancy control, doping agents and ratio has a significant role on the photocatalytic and piezocatalytic activities. The different piezo or/and photocatalytic processes mechanistic pathways towards varying applications were discussed. The current challenges facing these materials and future trends were addressed at the end of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridha Djellabi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INSTM Unit Milano-Università, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marcela Frias Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INSTM Unit Milano-Università, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Conte
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, INSTM Unit Milano-Università, and CNR-SCITEC, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ermelinda Falletta
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INSTM Unit Milano-Università, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia L Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, and INSTM Unit Milano-Università, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Ilenia Rossetti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, INSTM Unit Milano-Università, and CNR-SCITEC, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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23
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Ke C, Huang J, Liu S. Two-dimensional ferroelectric metal for electrocatalysis. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3387-3393. [PMID: 34672306 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01556g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The coexistence of metallicity and ferroelectricity has been an intriguing and controversial phenomenon as these two material properties are considered incompatible in bulk. We clarify the concept of the ferroelectric metal by revisiting the original definitions for ferroelectric and metal. Two-dimensional (2D) ferroelectrics with out-of-plane polarization can be engineered via layer stacking to a genuine ferroelectric metal characterized by switchable polarization and non-zero density of states at the Fermi level. We demonstrate that 2D ferroelectric metals can serve as electrically-tunable, high-quality electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changming Ke
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Shi Liu
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
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24
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Lan Z, Småbråten DR, Xiao C, Vegge T, Aschauer U, Castelli IE. Enhancing Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity by Using Switchable Polarization in Ferroelectric InSnO 2N. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyun Lan
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Didrik René Småbråten
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Chengcheng Xiao
- Departments of Materials and Physics, and the Thomas Young Centre for Theory and Simulation of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Tejs Vegge
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Ivano E. Castelli
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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25
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Ju L, Tan X, Mao X, Gu Y, Smith S, Du A, Chen Z, Chen C, Kou L. Controllable CO 2 electrocatalytic reduction via ferroelectric switching on single atom anchored In 2Se 3 monolayer. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5128. [PMID: 34446718 PMCID: PMC8390745 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and selective CO2 electroreduction into chemical fuels promises to alleviate environmental pollution and energy crisis, but it relies on catalysts with controllable product selectivity and reaction path. Here, by means of first-principles calculations, we identify six ferroelectric catalysts comprising transition-metal atoms anchored on In2Se3 monolayer, whose catalytic performance can be controlled by ferroelectric switching based on adjusted d-band center and occupation of supported metal atoms. The polarization dependent activation allows effective control of the limiting potential of CO2 reduction on TM@In2Se3 (TM = Ni, Pd, Rh, Nb, and Re) as well as the reaction paths and final products on Nb@In2Se3 and Re@In2Se3. Interestingly, the ferroelectric switching can even reactivate the stuck catalytic CO2 reduction on Zr@In2Se3. The fairly low limiting potential and the unique ferroelectric controllable CO2 catalytic performance on atomically dispersed transition-metals on In2Se3 clearly distinguish them from traditional single atom catalysts, and open an avenue toward improving catalytic activity and selectivity for efficient and controllable electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ju
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Physics and Electric Engineering, Anyang Normal University, Anyang, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Integrated Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Captial Territory, Australia
| | - Xin Mao
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sean Smith
- Integrated Materials Design Laboratory, Department of Applied Mathematics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Captial Territory, Australia
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Changfeng Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Liangzhi Kou
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Center for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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26
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Lim CW, Hülsey MJ, Yan N. Non-Faradaic Promotion of Ethylene Hydrogenation under Oscillating Potentials. JACS AU 2021; 1:536-542. [PMID: 34467316 PMCID: PMC8395646 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The acceleration of Faradaic reactions by oscillating electric potentials has emerged as a viable tool to enhance electrocatalysis, but the non-Faradaic dynamic promotion of thermal catalytic processes remains to be proven. Here, we present experimental evidence showing that oscillating potentials are capable of enhancing the rate of ethylene hydrogenation despite no promotion effect being observed under static potentials. The non-Faradaic dynamic enhancement reaches up to 553% on a Pd/C electrode when cycling between -0.25 and 0.55 VNHE under optimized conditions with a frequency of around 0.1 Hz and a duty cycle of 99%. Under those conditions, the catalytic reaction rates were promoted beyond the rate of charge transfer to the electrode surface, confirming the non-Faradaic nature of the process. Experiments in different electrolytes reveal a good correlation between the catalytic enhancement and the double-layer capacitance, a measure for the interfacial electric field strength. Preliminary kinetic data is consistent with cyclic removal of adsorbates from the surface at negative potential and the subsequent adsorption of H2 and C2H4 and hydrogenation reaction at the positively polarized surface.
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27
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Wan TL, Ge L, Pan Y, Yuan Q, Liu L, Sarina S, Kou L. Catalysis based on ferroelectrics: controllable chemical reaction with boosted efficiency. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7096-7107. [PMID: 33889916 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00847a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts, which can accelerate chemical reactions, show promising potential to alleviate environmental pollution and the energy crisis. However, their wide application is severely limited by their low efficiency and poor selectivity due to the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, the back-reaction of interactants. Accordingly, ferroelectrics have emerged as promising catalysts to address these issues with the advantages of promoted light adsorption, boosted catalytic efficiency as a result of their intrinsic polarization, suppressed electron-hole pair recombination, and superior selectivity via the ferroelectric switch. This review summarizes the recent research progress of catalytic studies based on ferroelectric materials and highlights the controllability of catalytic activity by the ferroelectric switch. More importantly, we also comprehensively highlight the underlying working mechanism of ferroelectric-controlled catalysis to facilitate a deep understanding of this novel chemical reaction and guide future experiments. Finally, the perspectives of catalysis based on ferroelectrics and possible research opportunities are discussed. This review is expected to inspire wide research interests and push ferroelectric catalysis to practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Lok Wan
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4000, Australia.
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28
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Portugal GR, Barbosa GG, Arantes JT. NaNbO 3/NaTaO 3 Superlattices: Cation-Ordering Improved Band-Edge Alignment for Water Splitting and CO 2 Photocatalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:4493-4503. [PMID: 33826351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite oxide heterostructures have been extensively investigated for their excellent photocatalytic properties. Here, through hybrid density functional theory calculations, we systematically investigate the formation of NaNbO3-NaTaO3 (NBO-NTO) heterostructures. The sequential cations replacement in the superlattices reveals the Nb-Ta ratio range that allows the effective formation of heterostructures, which occurs through a spontaneous polarization mechanism induced by the electrostatic potential discontinuity in the interface. The resulting cation ordering is responsible for the sawtooth-like potential distribution that spatially separates valence and conduction charges and reduces the heterostructure bandgap. The symmetric NBO5/NTO5 junction has the smallest bandgap (2.50 eV) whose transitions are associated with Nb 5dxy orbitals on the interfacial plane. Such a relaxation mechanism provides the heterostructure with anisotropic optical properties and interface absorption peaks closer to the visible light spectrum. The phenomena strongly suggest the use of these heterostructures in photocatalytic reactions, supported by their coherent band-edge alignment with both water splitting and CO2 reforming potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Portugal
- Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
- Avenida dos Estados, 5001 - Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Gouveia Barbosa
- Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
- Avenida dos Estados, 5001 - Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Jeverson Teodoro Arantes
- Federal University of ABC - UFABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
- Center for Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Science - CECS, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
- Avenida dos Estados, 5001 - Bairro Santa Terezinha, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil
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29
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Apostol NG, Husanu MA, Lizzit D, Hristea IA, Chirilă CF, Trupină L, Teodorescu CM. CO adsorption, reduction and oxidation on Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(001) surfaces associated with negatively charged gold nanoparticles. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Zhang Y, Thuy Phuong PT, Hoang Duy NP, Roake E, Khanbareh H, Hopkins M, Zhou X, Zhang D, Zhou K, Bowen C. Polarisation tuneable piezo-catalytic activity of Nb-doped PZT with low Curie temperature for efficient CO 2 reduction and H 2 generation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1362-1374. [PMID: 36132863 PMCID: PMC9418403 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00013f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of CO2 into useful hydrocarbon chemicals has attracted significant attention in light of the depletion in fossil resources and the global demand for sustainable sources of energy. In this paper, we demonstrate piezo-catalytic electrochemical reduction of CO2 by exploiting low Curie temperature, T c ∼ 38 °C, Nb-doped lead zirconate titanate (PZTN) piezoelectric particulates. The large change in spontaneous polarisation of PZTN due to the acoustic pressures from to the application of ultrasound in the vicinity of the T c creates free charges for CO2 reduction. The effect of applied acoustic power, particulate agglomeration and the impact of T c on piezo-catalytic performance are explored. By optimization of the piezo-catalytic effect a promising piezo-catalytic CO2 reduction rate of 789 μmol g-1 h-1 is achieved, which is much larger than the those obtained from pyro-catalytic effects. This efficient and polarisation tunable piezo-catalytic route has potential to promote the development of CO2 reduction via the utilization of vibrational energy for environmental improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University Hunan 410083 China
| | - Pham Thi Thuy Phuong
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology TL29 Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12 HCM City Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuc Hoang Duy
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology TL29 Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12 HCM City Vietnam
| | - Eleanor Roake
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Hamideh Khanbareh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Margaret Hopkins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Xuefan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University Hunan 410083 China
| | - Dou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University Hunan 410083 China
| | - Kechao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University Hunan 410083 China
| | - Chris Bowen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
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31
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Chi Q, Zhu G, Jia D, Ye W, Wang Y, Wang J, Tao T, Xu F, Jia G, Li W, Gao P. Built-in electric field for photocatalytic overall water splitting through a TiO 2/BiOBr P-N heterojunction. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:4496-4504. [PMID: 33599650 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08928a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic overall water splitting to simultaneously obtain abundant hydrogen and oxygen is still the mountain that stands in the way for the practical applications of hydrogen energy, in which composite semiconductor photocatalysts are critical for providing both electrons and holes to promote the following redox reaction. However, the interface between different components forms a deplete layer to hinder the charge transfer to a large extent. In order to enhance the charger transfer from an interface to the surface and promote the spatial separation of electron-hole pairs, a built-in electric field induced by a p-n heterojunction emerges as the best choice. As a touchstone, a p-n heterojunction of TiO2/BiOBr with a strong built-in electric field has been constructed, which presents a wide spectrum response owing to its interleaved band gaps after composition. The built-in electric field greatly enhances the separation and transportation of photogenerated carriers, resulting in fluorescence quenching due to the carrier recombination. The sample also displayed exceptional photoelectron responses: its photocurrent density (43.3 μA cm-2) was over 10 times that of TiO2 (3.5 μA cm-2) or BiOBr (4.2 μA cm-2). In addition, the sample with a molar ratio of 3 : 1 between TiO2 and BiOBr showed the best photocatalytic overall water splitting performance under visible light (λ > 420 nm): the hydrogen and oxygen production rate were 472.7 μmol gcat.-1 h-1 and 95.7 μmol gcat.-1 h-1, respectively, which are the highest values under visible light without other cocatalysts to have been reported in literature for the photocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Chi
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Genping Zhu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Dongmei Jia
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Ye
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Yikang Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Tao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Fuchun Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Gan Jia
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Wenhao Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Gao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, P. R. China.
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32
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Coverage-dependent formic acid oxidation reaction kinetics determined by oscillating potentials. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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33
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Gagné OC. On the crystal chemistry of inorganic nitrides: crystal-chemical parameters, bonding behavior, and opportunities in the exploration of their compositional space. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4599-4622. [PMID: 34163725 PMCID: PMC8179496 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The scarcity of nitrogen in Earth's crust, combined with challenging synthesis, have made inorganic nitrides a relatively unexplored class of compounds compared to their naturally abundant oxide counterparts. To facilitate exploration of their compositional space via a priori modeling, and to help a posteriori structure verification not limited to inferring the oxidation state of redox-active cations, we derive a suite of bond-valence parameters and Lewis acid strength values for 76 cations observed bonding to N3-, and further outline a baseline statistical knowledge of bond lengths for these compounds. Examination of structural and electronic effects responsible for the functional properties and anomalous bonding behavior of inorganic nitrides shows that many mechanisms of bond-length variation ubiquitous to oxide and oxysalt compounds (e.g., lone-pair stereoactivity, the Jahn-Teller and pseudo Jahn-Teller effects) are similarly pervasive in inorganic nitrides, and are occasionally observed to result in greater distortion magnitude than their oxide counterparts. We identify promising functional units for exploring uncharted chemical spaces of inorganic nitrides, e.g. multiple-bond metal centers with promise regarding the development of a post-Haber-Bosch process proceeding at milder reaction conditions, and promote an atomistic understanding of chemical bonding in nitrides relevant to such pursuits as the development of a model of ion substitution in solids, a problem of great relevance to semiconductor doping whose solution would fast-track the development of compound solar cells, battery materials, electronics, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier C Gagné
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science Washington D.C. 20015 USA
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34
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Emerging Energy Harvesting Technology for Electro/Photo-Catalytic Water Splitting Application. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, we have experienced extreme climate changes due to the global warming, continuously impacting and changing our daily lives. To build a sustainable environment and society, various energy technologies have been developed and introduced. Among them, energy harvesting, converting ambient environmental energy into electrical energy, has emerged as one of the promising technologies for a variety of energy applications. In particular, a photo (electro) catalytic water splitting system, coupled with emerging energy harvesting technology, has demonstrated high device performance, demonstrating its great social impact for the development of the new water splitting system. In this review article, we introduce and discuss in detail the emerging energy-harvesting technology for photo (electro) catalytic water splitting applications. The article includes fundamentals of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic water splitting and water splitting applications coupled with the emerging energy-harvesting technologies using piezoelectric, piezo-phototronic, pyroelectric, triboelectric, and photovoltaic effects. We comprehensively deal with different mechanisms in water splitting processes with respect to the energy harvesting processes and their effect on the water splitting systems. Lastly, new opportunities in energy harvesting-assisted water splitting are introduced together with future research directions that need to be investigated for further development of new types of water splitting systems.
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35
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Shetty M, Walton A, Gathmann SR, Ardagh MA, Gopeesingh J, Resasco J, Birol T, Zhang Q, Tsapatsis M, Vlachos DG, Christopher P, Frisbie CD, Abdelrahman OA, Dauenhauer PJ. The Catalytic Mechanics of Dynamic Surfaces: Stimulating Methods for Promoting Catalytic Resonance. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Shetty
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Amber Walton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sallye R. Gathmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - M. Alexander Ardagh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Joshua Gopeesingh
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Joaquin Resasco
- University of California Santa Barbara, Engineering II Building, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Turan Birol
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland 20723, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Phillip Christopher
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- University of California Santa Barbara, Engineering II Building, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - C. Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Omar A. Abdelrahman
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Gagné OC, Hawthorne FC. Bond-length distributions for ions bonded to oxygen: results for the transition metals and quantification of the factors underlying bond-length variation in inorganic solids. IUCRJ 2020; 7:581-629. [PMID: 32695408 PMCID: PMC7340253 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252520005928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bond-length distributions are examined for 63 transition metal ions bonded to O2- in 147 configurations, for 7522 coordination polyhedra and 41 488 bond distances, providing baseline statistical knowledge of bond lengths for transition metals bonded to O2-. A priori bond valences are calculated for 140 crystal structures containing 266 coordination polyhedra for 85 transition metal ion configurations with anomalous bond-length distributions. Two new indices, Δtopol and Δcryst, are proposed to quantify bond-length variation arising from bond-topological and crystallographic effects in extended solids. Bond-topological mechanisms of bond-length variation are (1) non-local bond-topological asymmetry and (2) multiple-bond formation; crystallographic mechanisms are (3) electronic effects (with an inherent focus on coupled electronic vibrational degeneracy in this work) and (4) crystal-structure effects. The indices Δtopol and Δcryst allow one to determine the primary cause(s) of bond-length variation for individual coordination polyhedra and ion configurations, quantify the distorting power of cations via electronic effects (by subtracting the bond-topological contribution to bond-length variation), set expectation limits regarding the extent to which functional properties linked to bond-length variation may be optimized in a given crystal structure (and inform how optimization may be achieved) and more. These indices further provide an equal footing for comparing bond-length variation and the distorting power of ions across ligand types, including resolution for heteroligand polyhedra. The observation of multiple bonds is found to be primarily driven by the bond-topological requirements of crystal structures in solids. However, sometimes multiple bonds are observed to form as a result of electronic effects (e.g. the pseudo Jahn-Teller effect, PJTE); resolution of the origins of multiple-bond formation follows calculation of the Δtopol and Δcryst indices on a structure-by-structure basis. Non-local bond-topological asymmetry is the most common cause of bond-length variation in transition metal oxides and oxysalts, followed closely by the PJTE. Non-local bond-topological asymmetry is further suggested to be the most widespread cause of bond-length variation in the solid state, with no a priori limitations with regard to ion identity. Overall, bond-length variations resulting from the PJTE are slightly larger than those resulting from non-local bond-topological asymmetry, comparable with those resulting from the strong JTE, and less than those induced by π-bond formation. From a comparison of a priori and observed bond valences for ∼150 coordination polyhedra in which the strong JTE or the PJTE is the main reason underlying bond-length variation, the JTE is found not to have a cooperative relation with the bond-topological requirements of crystal structures. The magnitude of bond-length variation caused by the PJTE decreases in the following order for octahedrally coordinated d 0 transition metal oxyanions: Os8+ > Mo6+ > W6+ >> V5+ > Nb5+ > Ti4+ > Ta5+ > Hf4+ > Zr4+ > Re7+ >> Y3+ > Sc3+. Such ranking varies by coordination number; for [4] it is Re7+ > Ti4+ > V5+ > W6+ > Mo6+ > Cr6+ > Os8+ >> Mn7+; for [5] it is Os8+ > Re7+ > Mo6+ > Ti4+ > W6+ > V5+ > Nb5+. It is concluded that non-octahedral coordinations of d 0 ion configurations are likely to occur with bond-length variations that are similar in magnitude to their octahedral counterparts. However, smaller bond-length variations are expected from the PJTE for non-d 0 transition metal oxyanions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Charles Gagné
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, D.C. 20015, USA
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37
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Sun Y, Zeng K. Characterization of Catalysts by Advanced Scanning Probe Microscopy and Spectroscopy. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Sun
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 117576 Singapore Singapore
| | - Kaiyang Zeng
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringNational University of Singapore 9 Engineering Drive 1 117576 Singapore Singapore
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38
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Demonstration of Enhanced Piezo-Catalysis for Hydrogen Generation and Water Treatment at the Ferroelectric Curie Temperature. iScience 2020; 23:101095. [PMID: 32387960 PMCID: PMC7215196 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen can contribute significantly to the energy mix of the near future, as it is an attractive replacement for fossil fuels due to its high energy density and low greenhouse gas emission. A fascinating approach is to use the polarization change of a ferroelectric due to an applied stress or temperature change to achieve piezo- or pyro-catalysis for both H2 generation and wastewater treatment. We exploit low Curie temperature (Tc) ferroelectrics for polarization-driven electrochemical reactions, where the large changes in polarization and high activity of a ferroelectric near its Tc provides a novel avenue for such materials. We present experimental evidence for enhanced water splitting and rhodamine B degradation via piezo-catalysis by ultrasonic excitation at its Tc. Such work provides an effective strategy for water splitting/treatment systems that employ low Tc ferroelectrics under the action of mechanical stress or/and thermal fluctuations. First demonstration of the positive impact of operating near Tc for piezo-catalysis Ultrasound applied to achieve piezo-catalysis near Tc High hydrogen production rate and degradation rate were achieved at the Tc Piezo-catalysis is a new avenue for low Tc and lead-free ferroelectrics
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39
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Vonrüti N, Aschauer U. Catalysis on oxidized ferroelectric surfaces—Epitaxially strained LaTiO2N and BaTiO3 for photocatalytic water splitting. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:024701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5135751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vonrüti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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40
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Schlechtweg J, Raufeisen S, Stelter M, Braeutigam P. A novel model for pyro-electro-catalytic hydrogen production in pure water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23009-23016. [PMID: 31599889 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02510c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The pyro-electro-catalytic induced generation of hydrogen gas is an environmentally friendly and sustainable way to convert excess thermal energy into a storable form. The main idea is to make use of spontaneous polarization of pyroelectric materials that can be altered by temperature changes. Thus, surface potential changes and subsequent electron exchange with surrounding molecules can be induced. In this work, a fundamental model to describe the behavior of a thermally excited pyroelectric material in pure water is developed. The model combines the fields of pyroelectricity, electrochemistry, diffusion and semiconductor theory. After derivation, it was used to explore some basic questions on pyro-electro-catalytic hydrogen production and the accuracy was tested with experimental data. The results show that p/εr has to be balanced depending on the temperature gradient to maximize the hydrogen production. The validation of the experimental data revealed good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Schlechtweg
- Center for Energy and Environmental Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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41
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Su R, Hsain HA, Wu M, Zhang D, Hu X, Wang Z, Wang X, Li F, Chen X, Zhu L, Yang Y, Yang Y, Lou X, Pennycook SJ. Nano‐Ferroelectric for High Efficiency Overall Water Splitting under Ultrasonic Vibration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:15076-15081. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201907695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Su
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - H. Alex Hsain
- Materials Science and Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Ming Wu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Mechanical behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Xinghao Hu
- Micro/Nano Science and Technology Center Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Energy Science Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - Fa‐tang Li
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - Lina Zhu
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Yaodong Yang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Mechanical behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Xiaojie Lou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Mechanical behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Stephen J. Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore
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42
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Su R, Hsain HA, Wu M, Zhang D, Hu X, Wang Z, Wang X, Li F, Chen X, Zhu L, Yang Y, Yang Y, Lou X, Pennycook SJ. Nano‐Ferroelectric for High Efficiency Overall Water Splitting under Ultrasonic Vibration. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201907695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Su
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - H. Alex Hsain
- Materials Science and Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Ming Wu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Mechanical behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales 2052 Australia
| | - Xinghao Hu
- Micro/Nano Science and Technology Center Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- Department of Energy Science Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - Fa‐tang Li
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - Xuemin Chen
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - Lina Zhu
- College of Science Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing Center of Advanced Lubrication and Seal Materials Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710072 China
| | - Yaodong Yang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Mechanical behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Xiaojie Lou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory for Mechanical behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 China
| | - Stephen J. Pennycook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore
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43
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Wang ZW, Shu DJ. Intrinsic interaction between in-plane ferroelectric polarization and surface adsorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18680-18685. [PMID: 31418001 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03286j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemical properties of a ferroelectric surface are polarization dependent, the underlying nature of which is, however, far from being completely understood. One of the reasons is that when the polarization direction is perpendicular to the surface, the depolarization field may induce electronic or atomic reconstruction and thus change the chemistry of the ferroelectric surface in complicated ways. Instead, the in-plane polarization results in no depolarization field. Therefore, the chemical properties of a ferroelectric surface can be more intrinsically reflected by the interplay between the in-plane polarization and the surface adsorption. By using first-principles calculations, we study the effect of the strain-induced in-plane polarization on the adsorption of a series of molecules on the reduced rutile TiO2(110) surface. We reveal that it is the surface doping caused by the charge transfer between the adsorbates and the TiO2(110) surface that dominates the polarization-induced change of the adsorption energy, as a result of screening long-range Coulomb interactions. The electrostatic interaction between the polarization of the substrate and the polar molecule is of relatively less importance. We propose that charge transfer effects generally occur for ferroelectric surfaces with no localized surface states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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44
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Lian C, Ali ZA, Kwon H, Wong BM. Indirect but Efficient: Laser-Excited Electrons Can Drive Ultrafast Polarization Switching in Ferroelectric Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3402-3407. [PMID: 31181930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To enhance the efficiency of next-generation ferroelectric (FE) electronic devices, new techniques for controlling ferroelectric polarization switching are required. While most prior studies have attempted to induce polarization switching via the excitation of phonons, these experimental techniques required intricate and expensive terahertz sources and have not been completely successful. Here, we propose a new mechanism for rapidly and efficiently switching the FE polarization via laser-tuning of the underlying dynamical potential energy surface. Using time-dependent density functional calculations, we observe an ultrafast switching of the FE polarization in BaTiO3 within 200 fs. A laser pulse can induce a charge density redistribution that reduces the original FE charge order. This excitation results in both desirable and highly directional ionic forces that are always opposite to the original FE displacements. Our new mechanism enables the reversible switching of the FE polarization with optical pulses that can be produced from existing 800 nm experimental laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lian
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and Department of Physics & Astronomy , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Zulfikhar A Ali
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and Department of Physics & Astronomy , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Hyuna Kwon
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and Department of Physics & Astronomy , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Bryan M Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program, and Department of Physics & Astronomy , University of California-Riverside , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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45
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Ullah R, Ke X, Malik IA, Gu Z, Wang C, Ahmad M, Yang Y, Zhang W, An X, Wang X, Zhang J. Controllable Ferroelastic Switching in Epitaxial Self-Assembled Aurivillius Nanobricks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7296-7302. [PMID: 30675776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b22080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Layered perovskites with Aurivillius phase have drawn tremendous attention recently, owing to their high ferroelectric Curie temperatures, large spontaneous polarization, and fatigue-free and environment-friendly characteristics. Bi2WO6 is one of the simplest members in the Aurivillius family with superior ferroelastic and photo-electrochemical behaviors. The self-assembly fabrication of its nanoarchitectures and strategic modulation of their ferroelastic switching are crucial toward highly efficient nanoscale applications. In this work, Bi2WO6 nanobrick arrays were epitaxially grown along the orthorhombic direction in a self-assembled way. Such a nanoscale topology supports out-of-plane and in-plane vectors of ferroelectric polarizations, enabling a perpendicular voltage manipulation of these emerging ferroelectric/elastic domains. Combining the scanning probe technique and transmission electron microscopy, we confirmed the in-plane polarization vectors of 78.6 and 101.4° within the crystallographic axes of the nanobricks with respect to the (110) plane of the substrate. Thus, this work provides new opportunities for ferroelectric/elastic engineering in Bi2WO6 nanostructures for a wide range of applications, such as sensing, actuating, and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Ullah
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoxing Ke
- Institute of Microstructures and Properties of Advanced Materials , Beijing University of Technology , 100124 Beijing , China
| | | | - Zhenao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100085 Beijing , China
| | - Chuanshou Wang
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Yuben Yang
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoqiang An
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 100085 Beijing , China
| | - Xueyun Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 100081 Beijing , China
| | - Jinxing Zhang
- Department of Physics , Beijing Normal University , 100875 Beijing , China
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46
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You H, Jia Y, Wu Z, Wang F, Huang H, Wang Y. Room-temperature pyro-catalytic hydrogen generation of 2D few-layer black phosphorene under cold-hot alternation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2889. [PMID: 30038299 PMCID: PMC6056473 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05343-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many 2D few-layer materials show piezoelectric or pyroelectric effects due to the loss-of-inversion symmetry induced by broken structure, although they are not piezoelectric or pyroelectric in the bulk. In this work, we find that the puckered graphene-like 2D few-layer black phosphorene is pyroelectric and shows a pyro-catalytic effect, where the pyroelectric charges generated under ambient cold-hot alternation are utilized for hydrogen evolution and dye molecule decomposition. Under thermal cycling between 15 °C and 65 °C, the 2D few-layer black phosphorene shows a direct hydrogen generation of about 540 μmol per gram of catalyst after 24 thermal cycles and about 99% decomposition of Rhodamine B dye after 5 thermal cycles. This work opens a door for the pyro-catalytic energy harvesting from the cold-hot alternations by a class of 2D few-layer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin You
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China
| | - Yanmin Jia
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Zheng Wu
- College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, China.
| | - Feifei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Material and Device, Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200235, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
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47
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Kakekhani A, Roling LT, Kulkarni A, Latimer AA, Abroshan H, Schumann J, AlJama H, Siahrostami S, Ismail-Beigi S, Abild-Pedersen F, Nørskov JK. Nature of Lone-Pair–Surface Bonds and Their Scaling Relations. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:7222-7238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Kakekhani
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Luke T. Roling
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ambarish Kulkarni
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Allegra A. Latimer
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hadi Abroshan
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julia Schumann
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hassan AlJama
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Samira Siahrostami
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sohrab Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jens K. Nørskov
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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48
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Zhang Y, Xie M, Adamaki V, Khanbareh H, Bowen CR. Control of electro-chemical processes using energy harvesting materials and devices. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7757-7786. [PMID: 29125613 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00387k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Energy harvesting is a topic of intense interest that aims to convert ambient forms of energy such as mechanical motion, light and heat, which are otherwise wasted, into useful energy. In many cases the energy harvester or nanogenerator converts motion, heat or light into electrical energy, which is subsequently rectified and stored within capacitors for applications such as wireless and self-powered sensors or low-power electronics. This review covers the new and emerging area that aims to directly couple energy harvesting materials and devices with electro-chemical systems. The harvesting approaches to be covered include pyroelectric, piezoelectric, triboelectric, flexoelectric, thermoelectric and photovoltaic effects. These are used to influence a variety of electro-chemical systems such as applications related to water splitting, catalysis, corrosion protection, degradation of pollutants, disinfection of bacteria and material synthesis. Comparisons are made between the range harvesting approaches and the modes of operation are described. Future directions for the development of electro-chemical harvesting systems are highlighted and the potential for new applications and hybrid approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Materials and Structures Centre, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bath, BA1 7AY, UK.
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49
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Kalinin SV, Kim Y, Fong DD, Morozovska AN. Surface-screening mechanisms in ferroelectric thin films and their effect on polarization dynamics and domain structures. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:036502. [PMID: 29368693 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
For over 70 years, ferroelectric materials have been one of the central research topics for condensed matter physics and material science, an interest driven both by fundamental science and applications. However, ferroelectric surfaces, the key component of ferroelectric films and nanostructures, still present a significant theoretical and even conceptual challenge. Indeed, stability of ferroelectric phase per se necessitates screening of polarization charge. At surfaces, this can lead to coupling between ferroelectric and semiconducting properties of material, or with surface (electro) chemistry, going well beyond classical models applicable for ferroelectric interfaces. In this review, we summarize recent studies of surface-screening phenomena in ferroelectrics. We provide a brief overview of the historical understanding of the physics of ferroelectric surfaces, and existing theoretical models that both introduce screening mechanisms and explore the relationship between screening and relevant aspects of ferroelectric functionalities starting from phase stability itself. Given that the majority of ferroelectrics exist in multiple-domain states, we focus on local studies of screening phenomena using scanning probe microscopy techniques. We discuss recent studies of static and dynamic phenomena on ferroelectric surfaces, as well as phenomena observed under lateral transport, light, chemical, and pressure stimuli. We also note that the need for ionic screening renders polarization switching a coupled physical-electrochemical process and discuss the non-trivial phenomena such as chaotic behavior during domain switching that stem from this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Kalinin
- The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
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Vonrüti N, Aschauer U. Anion Order and Spontaneous Polarization in LaTiO_{2}N Oxynitride Thin Films. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:046001. [PMID: 29437439 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.046001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The perovskite oxynitride LaTiO_{2}N is a promising material for photocatalytic water splitting under visible light. One of the obstacles towards higher efficiencies of this and similar materials stems from charge-carrier recombination, which could be suppressed by the surface charges resulting from the dipolar field in polar materials. In this study, we investigate the spontaneous polarization in epitaxially strained LaTiO_{2}N thin films via density functional theory calculations. The effect of epitaxial strain on the anion order, resulting out-of-plane polarization, energy barriers for polarization reversal, and corresponding coercive fields are studied. We find that for compressive strains larger than 4% the thermodynamically stable anion order is polar along the out-of-plane direction and has a coercive field comparable to other switchable ferroelectrics. Our results show that strained LaTiO_{2}N could indeed suppress carrier recombination and lead to enhanced photocatalytic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Vonrüti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Aschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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