1
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Schultes FPJ, Welter L, Hufnagel D, Heghmanns M, Kasanmascheff M, Mügge C. An Active and Versatile Electron Transport System for Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases from the Alkane Degrading Organism Acinetobacter sp. OC4. Chembiochem 2024:e202400098. [PMID: 38787654 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are valuable biocatalysts for the oxyfunctionalization of non-activated carbon-hydrogen bonds. Most CYPs rely on electron transport proteins as redox partners. In this study, the ferredoxin reductase (FdR) and ferredoxin (FD) for a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Acinetobacter sp. OC4 are investigated. Upon heterologous production of both proteins independently in Escherichia coli, spectral analysis showed their reduction capability towards reporter electron acceptors, e. g., cytochrome c. The individual proteins' specific activity towards cytochrome c reduction was 25 U mg-1. Furthermore, the possibility to enhance electron transfer by artificial fusion of the units was elucidated. FdR and FD were linked by helical linkers [EAAAK]n, flexible glycine linkers [GGGGS]n or rigid proline linkers [EPPPP]n of n=1-4 sequence repetitions. The system with a glycine linker (n=4) reached an appreciable specific activity of 19 U mg-1 towards cytochrome c. Moreover, their ability to drive different members of the CYP153A subfamily is demonstrated. By creating artificial self-sufficient P450s with FdR, FD, and a panel of four CYP153A representatives, effective hydroxylation of n-hexane in a whole-cell system was achieved. The results indicate this protein combination to constitute a functional and versatile surrogate electron transport system for this subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Peter Josef Schultes
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Leon Welter
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Doreen Hufnagel
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie Heghmanns
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Müge Kasanmascheff
- Technical University Dortmund, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carolin Mügge
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Microbial Biotechnology, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Yadav S, Shaik S, Dubey KD. On the engineering of reductase-based-monooxygenase activity in CYP450 peroxygenases. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5174-5186. [PMID: 38577361 PMCID: PMC10988616 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06538c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent bioengineering of CYP450OleT shows that peroxide-based CYP450OleT can be converted to a reductase-based self-sufficient enzyme, which is capable of showing efficient hydroxylation and decarboxylation activity for a wide range of substrates. The so-generated enzyme creates several mechanistic puzzles: (A) as CYP450 peroxygenases lack the conventional acid-alcohol pair, what is the source of two protons that are required to create the ultimate oxidant Cpd I? (B) Why is it only CYP450OleT that shows the reductase-based activity but no other CYP members? The present study provides a mechanistic solution to these puzzles using comprehensive MD simulations and hybrid QM/MM calculations. We show that the fusion of the reductase domain to the heme-binding domain triggers significant conformational rearrangement, which is gated by the propionate side chain, which constitutes a new water aqueduct via the carboxylate end of the substrate that ultimately participates in Cpd I formation. Importantly, such well-synchronized choreographies are controlled by remotely located Tyr359, which senses the fusion of reductase and communicates to the heme domain via non-covalent interactions. These findings provide crucial insights and a broader perspective which enables us to make a verifiable prediction: thus, the catalytic activity is not only limited to the first or second catalytic shell of an enzyme. Furthermore, it is predicted that reinstatement of tyrosine at a similar position in other members of CYP450 peroxygenases can convert these enzymes to reductase-based monooxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence NH91 Tehsil Dadri Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University Edmond J. Safra Campus at Givat Ram Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Kshatresh Dutta Dubey
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence NH91 Tehsil Dadri Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
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3
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Stout CN, Renata H. Self-sufficient P450-reductase chimeras for biocatalysis. Methods Enzymol 2023; 693:51-71. [PMID: 37977738 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cytochromes P450 have emerged as powerful, versatile biocatalysts for the site-selective functionalization of small molecules. Catalyzing an impressive range of chemical transformations, these enzymes have been widely used to effect C-H oxidation, biaryl coupling, and carbon-heteroatom bond formation, among many other reactions. However, the majority of P450s are multi-protein systems that employ secondary redox partners in key steps of the catalytic cycle, which limits their broader applicability. In response, the discovery of self-sufficient P450s, such as P450BM3 and P450RhF, has provided a template for the construction of artificial, self-sufficient P450-reductase fusions. In this chapter, we describe a procedure for the design, assembly, and application of two engineered, self-sufficient P450s of Streptomyces origin via fusion with an exogenous reductase domain. In particular, we generated artificial chimeras of P450s PtmO5 and TleB by linking them covalently with the reductase domain of P450RhF. Upon verification of their activities, both enzymes were employed in preparative-scale biocatalytic reactions. This approach can feasibly be applied to any P450 of interest, thereby laying the groundwork for the production of self-sufficient P450s for diverse chemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter N Stout
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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4
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Jiang Y, Li S. P450 fatty acid decarboxylase. Methods Enzymol 2023; 693:339-374. [PMID: 37977736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
P450 fatty acid decarboxylases are able to utilize hydrogen peroxide as the sole cofactor to decarboxylate free fatty acids to produce α-olefins with abundant applications as drop-in biofuels and important chemical precursors. In this chapter, we review diverse approaches for discovery, characterization, engineering, and applications of P450 fatty acid decarboxylases. Information gained from structural data has been advancing our understandings of the unique mechanisms underlying alkene production, and providing important insights for exploring new activities. To build an efficient olefin-producing system, various engineering strategies have been proposed and applied to this unusual P450 catalytic system. Furthermore, we highlight a select number of applied examples of P450 fatty acid decarboxylases in enzyme cascades and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China.
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5
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Stout CN, Wasfy NM, Chen F, Renata H. Charting the Evolution of Chemoenzymatic Strategies in the Syntheses of Complex Natural Products. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18161-18181. [PMID: 37553092 PMCID: PMC11107883 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bolstered by recent advances in bioinformatics, genetics, and enzyme engineering, the field of chemoenzymatic synthesis has enjoyed a rapid increase in popularity and utility. This Perspective explores the integration of enzymes into multistep chemical syntheses, highlighting the unique potential of biocatalytic transformations to streamline the synthesis of complex natural products. In particular, we identify four primary conceptual approaches to chemoenzymatic synthesis and illustrate each with a number of landmark case studies. Future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carter N. Stout
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nour M. Wasfy
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, United States
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6
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Abstract
The P450 superfamily comprises some of the most powerful and versatile enzymes for the site-selective oxidation of small molecules. One of the main drawbacks for the applications of the P450s in biotechnology is that the majority of these enzymes is multicomponent in nature and requires the presence of suitable redox partners to support their functions. Nevertheless, the discovery of several self-sufficient P450s, namely those from Classes VII and VIII, has served as an inspiration for fusion approaches to generate chimeric P450 systems that are self-sufficient. In this Perspective, we highlight the domain organizations of the Class VII and Class VIII P450 systems, summarize recent case studies in the engineering of catalytically self-sufficient P450s based on these systems, and outline outstanding challenges in the field, along with several emerging technologies as potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005
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7
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Biosynthesis of alkanes/alkenes from fatty acids or derivatives (triacylglycerols or fatty aldehydes). Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Monterrey DT, Ayuso-Fernández I, Oroz-Guinea I, García-Junceda E. Design and biocatalytic applications of genetically fused multifunctional enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 60:108016. [PMID: 35781046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusion proteins, understood as those created by joining two or more genes that originally encoded independent proteins, have numerous applications in biotechnology, from analytical methods to metabolic engineering. The use of fusion enzymes in biocatalysis may be even more interesting due to the physical connection of enzymes catalyzing successive reactions into covalently linked complexes. The proximity of the active sites of two enzymes in multi-enzyme complexes can make a significant contribution to the catalytic efficiency of the reaction. However, the physical proximity of the active sites does not guarantee this result. Other aspects, such as the nature and length of the linker used for the fusion or the order in which the enzymes are fused, must be considered and optimized to achieve the expected increase in catalytic efficiency. In this review, we will relate the new advances in the design, creation, and use of fused enzymes with those achieved in biocatalysis over the past 20 years. Thus, we will discuss some examples of genetically fused enzymes and their application in carbon‑carbon bond formation and oxidative reactions, generation of chiral amines, synthesis of carbohydrates, biodegradation of plant biomass and plastics, and in the preparation of other high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianelis T Monterrey
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Oroz-Guinea
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eduardo García-Junceda
- Departamento de Química Bioorgánica, Instituto de Química Orgánica General (IQOG), CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Iqbal T, Chakraborty S, Murugan S, Das D. Metalloenzymes for Fatty Acid-Derived Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis: Nature's Cryptic Catalysts. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200105. [PMID: 35319822 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Waning resources, massive energy consumption, everdeepening global warming crisis, and climate change have raised grave concerns regarding continued dependence on fossil fuels as the predominant source of energy and generated tremendous interest for developing biofuels, which are renewable. Hydrocarbon-based 'drop-in' biofuels can be a proper substitute for fossil fuels such as gasoline or jet fuel. In Nature, hydrocarbons are produced by diverse organisms such as insects, plants, bacteria, and cyanobacteria. Metalloenzymes play a crucial role in hydrocarbons biosynthesis, and the past decade has witnessed discoveries of a number of metalloenzymes catalyzing hydrocarbon biosynthesis from fatty acids and their derivatives employing unprecedented mechanisms. These discoveries elucidated the enigma related to the divergent chemistries involved in the catalytic mechanisms of these metalloenzymes. There is substantial diversity in the structure, mode of action, cofactor requirement, and substrate scope among these metalloenzymes. Detailed structural analysis along with mutational studies of some of these enzymes have contributed significantly to identifying the key amino acid residues that dictate substrate specificity and catalytic intricacy. In this Review, we discuss the metalloenzymes that catalyze fatty acid-derived hydrocarbon biosynthesis in various organisms, emphasizing the active site architecture, catalytic mechanism, cofactor requirements, and substrate specificity of these enzymes. Understanding such details is essential for successfully implementing these enzymes in emergent biofuel research through protein engineering and synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabish Iqbal
- Indian Institute of Science, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, INDIA
| | | | - Subhashini Murugan
- Indian Institute of Science, Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Debasis Das
- Indian Institute of Science, Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, CV Raman Rd, 560012, Bangalore, INDIA
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10
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Ma D, Zhang L, Yin Y, Gao Y, Wang Q. Spectroscopic studies of the interaction between phosphorus heterocycles and cytochrome P450. J Pharm Anal 2022; 11:757-763. [PMID: 35028181 PMCID: PMC8740452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
P450 fatty acid decarboxylase OleT from Staphylococcus aureus (OleTSA) is a novel cytochrome P450 enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of fatty acids to yield primarily terminal alkenes and CO2 or minor α- and β-hydroxylated fatty acids as side-products. In this work, the interactions between a series of cycloalkyl phosphorus heterocycles (CPHs) and OleTSA were investigated in detail by fluorescence titration experiment, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and 31P NMR spectroscopies. Fluorescence titration experiment results clearly showed that a dynamic quenching occurred when CPH-6, a representative CPHs, interacted with OleTSA with a binding constant value of 15.2 × 104 M-1 at 293 K. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) showed that the hydrogen bond and van der Waals force played major roles in the interaction between OleTSA and CPHs. The UV-vis and 31P NMR studies indicated the penetration of CPH-6 into the interior environment of OleTSA, which greatly affects the enzymatic activity of OleTSA. Therefore, our study revealed an effective way to use phosphorus heterocyclic compounds to modulate the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumei Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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11
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Bulos JA, Guo R, Wang Z, DeLessio MA, Saven JG, Dmochowski IJ. Design of a Superpositively Charged Enzyme: Human Carbonic Anhydrase II Variant with Ferritin Encapsulation and Immobilization. Biochemistry 2021; 60:3596-3609. [PMID: 34757723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Supercharged proteins exhibit high solubility and other desirable properties, but no engineered superpositively charged enzymes have previously been made. Superpositively charged variants of proteins such as green fluorescent protein have been efficiently encapsulated within Archaeoglobus fulgidus thermophilic ferritin (AfFtn). Encapsulation by supramolecular ferritin can yield systems with a variety of sequestered cargo. To advance applications in enzymology and green chemistry, we sought a general method for supercharging an enzyme that retains activity and is compatible with AfFtn encapsulation. The zinc metalloenzyme human carbonic anhydrase II (hCAII) is an attractive encapsulation target based on its hydrolytic activity and physiologic conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. A computationally designed variant of hCAII contains positively charged residues substituted at 19 sites on the protein's surface, resulting in a shift of the putative net charge from -1 to +21. This designed hCAII(+21) exhibits encapsulation within AfFtn without the need for fusion partners or additional reagents. The hCAII(+21) variant retains esterase activity comparable to the wild type and spontaneously templates the assembly of AfFtn 24mers around itself. The AfFtn-hCAII(+21) host-guest complex exhibits both greater activity and thermal stability when compared to hCAII(+21). Upon immobilization on a solid support, AfFtn-hCAII(+21) retains enzymatic activity and exhibits an enhancement of activity at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Bulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zhiheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Maegan A DeLessio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jeffery G Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ivan J Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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12
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Zhang L, Wang Q. Harnessing P450 Enzyme for Biotechnology and Synthetic Biology. Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100439. [PMID: 34542923 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s, CYPs) catalyze the oxidative transformation of a wide range of organic substrates. Their functions are crucial to xenobiotic metabolism and steroid transformation in humans and other organisms. The enzymes are promising for synthetic biology applications but limited by several drawbacks including low turnover rates, poor stability, the dependance of expensive cofactors and redox partners, and the narrow substrate scope. To conquer these obstacles, emerging strategies including substrate engineering, usage of decoy and decoy-based small molecules auxiliaries, designing of artificial enzyme cascades and the incorporation of materials have been explored based on the unique properties of P450s. These strategies can be applied to a wide range of P450s and can be combined with protein engineering to improve the enzymatic activities. This minireview will focus on some recent developments of these strategies which have been used to leverage P450 catalysis. Remaining challenges and future opportunities will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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13
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Zhang L, Ma D, Yin Y, Wang Q. Using Small Molecules to Enhance P450 OleT Enzyme Activity in Situ. Chemistry 2021; 27:8940-8945. [PMID: 33860584 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 OleT is a fatty acid decarboxylase that catalyzes the production of olefins with biofuel and synthetic applications. However, the relatively sluggish catalytic efficiency of the enzyme limits its applications. Here, we report the application of a novel class of benzene containing small molecules to improve the OleT activity. The UV-Vis spectroscopy study and molecular docking results confirmed the high proximity of the small molecules to the heme group of OleT. Up to 6-fold increase of product yield has been achieved in the small molecule-modulated enzymatic reactions. Our work thus sheds the light to the application of small molecules to increase the OleT catalytic efficiency, which could be potentially used for future olefin productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 29205, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dumei Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Siming South Load 422, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Siming South Load 422, 361005, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 29205, Columbia, SC, USA
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14
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Ma D, Zhang L, Yin Y, Wang Q. Structure-based design, synthesis of novel probes for cytochrome P450 OleT. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Markel U, Lanvers P, Sauer DF, Wittwer M, Dhoke GV, Davari MD, Schiffels J, Schwaneberg U. A Photoclick-Based High-Throughput Screening for the Directed Evolution of Decarboxylase OleT. Chemistry 2021; 27:954-958. [PMID: 32955127 PMCID: PMC7839715 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic oxidative decarboxylation is an up-and-coming reaction yet lacking efficient screening methods for the directed evolution of decarboxylases. Here, we describe a simple photoclick assay for the detection of decarboxylation products and its application in a proof-of-principle directed evolution study on the decarboxylase OleT. The assay was compatible with two frequently used OleT operation modes (directly using hydrogen peroxide as the enzyme's co-substrate or using a reductase partner) and the screening of saturation mutagenesis libraries identified two enzyme variants shifting the enzyme's substrate preference from long chain fatty acids toward styrene derivatives. Overall, this photoclick assay holds promise to speed-up the directed evolution of OleT and other decarboxylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Markel
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Pia Lanvers
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Daniel F. Sauer
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Malte Wittwer
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Gaurao V. Dhoke
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Mehdi D. Davari
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Johannes Schiffels
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Institute of BiotechnologyRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 352074AachenGermany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstraße 5052074AachenGermany
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16
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King E, Maxel S, Li H. Engineering natural and noncanonical nicotinamide cofactor-dependent enzymes: design principles and technology development. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:217-226. [PMID: 32956903 PMCID: PMC7744333 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide cofactors enable oxidoreductases to catalyze a myriad of important reactions in biomanufacturing. Decades of research has focused on optimizing enzymes which utilize natural nicotinamide cofactors, namely nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) (NAD(P)+). Recent findings reignite the interest in engineering enzymes to utilize noncanonical cofactors, the mimetics of NAD+ (mNADs), which exhibit superior industrial properties in vitro and enable specific electron delivery in vivo. We compare recent advances in engineering natural versus noncanonical cofactor-utilizing enzymes, discuss design principles discovered, and survey emerging high-throughput platforms beyond the traditional 96-well plate-based methods. Obtaining mNAD-dependent enzymes remains challenging with a limited toolkit. To this end, we highlight design principles and technologies which can potentially be translated from engineering natural to noncanonical cofactor-dependent enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sarah Maxel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Han Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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17
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Wang S, Jiang S, Chen H, Bai WJ, Wang X. Directed Evolution of a Hydroxylase into a Decarboxylase for Synthesis of 1-Alkenes from Fatty Acids. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibo Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shengsheng Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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18
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Bauer D, Zachos I, Sieber V. Production of Propene from n-Butanol: A Three-Step Cascade Utilizing the Cytochrome P450 Fatty Acid Decarboxylase OleT JE. Chembiochem 2020; 21:3273-3281. [PMID: 32656928 PMCID: PMC7754297 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Propene is one of the most important starting materials in the chemical industry. Herein, we report an enzymatic cascade reaction for the biocatalytic production of propene starting from n-butanol, thus offering a biobased production from glucose. In order to create an efficient system, we faced the issue of an optimal cofactor supply for the fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE , which is said to be driven by either NAD(P)H or H2 O2 . In the first system, we used an alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase coupled to OleTJE by the electron-transfer complex putidaredoxin reductase/putidaredoxin, allowing regeneration of the NAD+ cofactor. With the second system, we intended full oxidation of n-butanol to butyric acid, generating one equivalent of H2 O2 that can be used for the oxidative decarboxylation. As the optimal substrate is a long-chain fatty acid, we also tried to create an improved variant for the decarboxylation of butyric acid by using rational protein design. Within a mutational study with 57 designed mutants, we generated the mutant OleTV292I , which showed a 2.4-fold improvement in propene production in our H2 O2 -driven cascade system and reached total turnover numbers >1000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bauer
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Ioannis Zachos
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesCampus Straubing for Biotechnology and SustainabilityTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
- TUM Catalysis Research CenterTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 185748GarchingGermany
- Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCat, Straubing BranchFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGBSchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Chemistry Building 68The University of QueenslandCooper RoadSt. Lucia4072QueenslandAustralia
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19
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Zhang Z, Lin W, Li Y, Okejiri F, Lu Y, Liu J, Chen H, Lu X, Fu J. Heterogeneous Non-noble Catalyst for Highly Selective Production of Linear α-Olefins from Fatty Acids: A Discovery of NiFe/C. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4922-4928. [PMID: 32671910 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic deoxygenation of even-numbered fatty acids into odd-chain linear α-olefins (LAOs) has emerged as a complementary strategy to oligomerization of ethylene, which only affords even-chain LAOs. Although enzymes and homogeneous catalysts have shown promising potential for this application, industrial production of LAOs through these catalytic systems is still very difficult to accomplish to date. A recent breakthrough involves the use of an expensive noble-metal catalyst, Pd/C, through a phosphine ligands-assisted method for LAOs production from fatty acid conversion. This study presents a unique, cost-friendly, non-noble bimetallic NiFe/C catalyst for highly selective LAOs production from fatty acids through decarbonylative dehydration. In the presence of acetic anhydride and phosphine ligand, a remarkable improvement in the yield of 1-heptadecene from the conversion of stearic acid was found over the supported bimetallic catalyst (NiFe/C) as compared to corresponding monometallic counterparts (Ni/C and Fe/C). Through optimization of the reaction conditions, a 70.1 % heptadecene yield with selectivity to 1-heptadecene as high as 92.8 % could be achieved over the bimetallic catalyst at just 190 °C. This unique bimetallic NiFe/C catalyst is composed of NiFe alloy in the material bulk phase and a surface mixture of NiFe alloy and oxidized NiFeδ+ species, which offer a synergized contribution towards decarbonylative dehydration of stearic acid for 1-heptadecene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
| | - Yafei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Francis Okejiri
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37916, USA
| | - Yubing Lu
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jixing Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37916, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, 78 Jiuhua Boulevard North, Quzhou, 324000, P. R. China
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20
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Zhang X, King-Smith E, Dong LB, Yang LC, Rudolf JD, Shen B, Renata H. Divergent synthesis of complex diterpenes through a hybrid oxidative approach. Science 2020; 369:799-806. [PMID: 32792393 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb8271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic diterpenes exhibit many important biological activities, but de novo synthetic access to these molecules is highly challenging because of their structural complexity. Semisynthetic access has also been limited by the lack of chemical tools for scaffold modifications. We report a chemoenzymatic platform to access highly oxidized diterpenes by a hybrid oxidative approach that strategically combines chemical and enzymatic oxidation methods. This approach allows for selective oxidations of previously inaccessible sites on the parent carbocycles and enables abiotic skeletal rearrangements to additional underlying architectures. We synthesized a total of nine complex natural products with rich oxygenation patterns and skeletal diversity in 10 steps or less from ent-steviol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Emma King-Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Liao-Bin Dong
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Li-Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ben Shen
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Natural Products Discovery Center at Scripps Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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21
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Zhang L, Manley OM, Ma D, Yin Y, Makris TM, Wang Q. Enhanced P450 fatty acid decarboxylase catalysis by glucose oxidase coupling and co-assembly for biofuel generation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 311:123538. [PMID: 32485602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 OleT is a fatty acid decarboxylase that uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to catalyze the production of terminal alkenes, which are industrially important chemicals with biofuel and synthetic applications. Despite its requirement for large turnover levels, high concentrations of H2O2 may cause heme group degradation, diminishing enzymatic activity and limiting broad application for synthesis. Here, we report an artificial enzyme cascade composed of glucose oxidase (GOx) and OleTSA from Staphylococcus aureus for efficient terminal alkene production. By adjusting the ratio of GOx to OleTSA, the GOx-based tandem catalysis shows significantly improved product yield compared to the H2O2 injection method. Moreover, the co-assembly of the GOx/OleTSA enzymes with a polymer, forming polymer-dual enzymes nanoparticles, displays improved activity compared to the free enzyme. This dual strategy provides a simple and efficient system to transform a naturally abundant feedstock to industrially important chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Olivia M Manley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Dumei Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Yingwu Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Thomas M Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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22
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Okejiri F, Liu M, Chen H, Liu J, Chen K, Lu X, Ouyang P, Fu J. Highly selective production of linear 1-heptadecene from stearic acid over a partially reduced MoO x catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4456-4459. [PMID: 32196035 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01307b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, a MoOx-T based catalyst was developed by a simple reduction of MoO3 precursors at different temperatures. Interestingly, a partially reduced MoOx-600 catalyst obtained by reducing the MoO3 precursor at 600 °C shows the co-existence of a mixture of different valence states (0, +4, ∼+6) of Mo, and as a result, provides a superior catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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23
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Biosynthesis of fatty acid-derived hydrocarbons: perspectives on enzymology and enzyme engineering. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 62:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Li Z, Jiang Y, Guengerich FP, Ma L, Li S, Zhang W. Engineering cytochrome P450 enzyme systems for biomedical and biotechnological applications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:833-849. [PMID: 31811088 PMCID: PMC6970918 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev119.008758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) are broadly distributed among living organisms and play crucial roles in natural product biosynthesis, degradation of xenobiotics, steroid biosynthesis, and drug metabolism. P450s are considered as the most versatile biocatalysts in nature because of the vast variety of substrate structures and the types of reactions they catalyze. In particular, P450s can catalyze regio- and stereoselective oxidations of nonactivated C-H bonds in complex organic molecules under mild conditions, making P450s useful biocatalysts in the production of commodity pharmaceuticals, fine or bulk chemicals, bioremediation agents, flavors, and fragrances. Major efforts have been made in engineering improved P450 systems that overcome the inherent limitations of the native enzymes. In this review, we focus on recent progress of different strategies, including protein engineering, redox-partner engineering, substrate engineering, electron source engineering, and P450-mediated metabolic engineering, in efforts to more efficiently produce pharmaceuticals and other chemicals. We also discuss future opportunities for engineering and applications of the P450 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology and CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels at Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shengying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong, China
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25
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Jiang Y, Li Z, Zheng S, Xu H, Zhou YJ, Gao Z, Meng C, Li S. Establishing an enzyme cascade for one-pot production of α-olefins from low-cost triglycerides and oils without exogenous H 2O 2 addition. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:52. [PMID: 32190117 PMCID: PMC7075034 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01684-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological α-olefins can be used as both biofuels and high value-added chemical precursors to lubricants, polymers, and detergents. The prototypic CYP152 peroxygenase family member OleTJE from Jeotgalicoccus sp. ATCC 8456 catalyzes a single-step decarboxylation of free fatty acids (FFAs) to form α-olefins using H2O2 as a cofactor, thus attracting much attention since its discovery. To improve the productivity of α-olefins, significant efforts on protein engineering, electron donor engineering, and metabolic engineering of OleTJE have been made. However, little success has been achieved in obtaining α-olefin high-producer microorganisms due to multiple reasons such as the tight regulation of FFA biosynthesis, the difficulty of manipulating multi-enzyme metabolic network, and the poor catalytic performance of OleTJE. RESULTS In this study, a novel enzyme cascade was developed for one-pot production of α-olefins from low-cost triacylglycerols (TAGs) and natural oils without exogenous H2O2 addition. This artificial biocatalytic route consists of a lipase (CRL, AOL or Lip2) for TAG hydrolysis to produce glycerol and free fatty acids (FFAs), an alditol oxidase (AldO) for H2O2 generation upon glycerol oxidation, and the P450 fatty acid decarboxylase OleTJE for FFA decarboxylation using H2O2 generated in situ. The multi-enzyme system was systematically optimized leading to the production of α-olefins with the conversion rates ranging from 37.2 to 68.5%. Furthermore, a reaction using lyophilized CRL/OleTJE/AldO enzymes at an optimized ratio (5 U/6 μM/30 μM) gave a promising α-olefin yield of 0.53 g/L from 1500 μM (~1 g/L) coconut oil. CONCLUSIONS The one-pot enzyme cascade was successfully established and applied to prepare high value-added α-olefins from low-cost and renewable TAGs/natural oils. This system is independent of exogenous addition of H2O2, thus not only circumventing the detrimental effect of H2O2 on the stability and activity of involved enzymes, but also lower the overall costs on the TAG-to-olefin transformation. It is anticipated that this biotransformation system will become industrially relevant in the future upon more engineering efforts based on this proof-of-concept work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Zhong Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shanmin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000 Shandong China
| | - Huifang Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
| | - Yongjin J. Zhou
- Division of Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023 Liaoning China
| | - Zhengquan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000 Shandong China
| | - Chunxiao Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000 Shandong China
| | - Shengying Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
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26
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27
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Manley OM, Fan R, Guo Y, Makris TM. Oxidative Decarboxylase UndA Utilizes a Dinuclear Iron Cofactor. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8684-8688. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Manley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Ruixi Fan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yisong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Thomas M. Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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28
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Zhang W, Ma M, Huijbers MME, Filonenko GA, Pidko EA, van Schie M, de Boer S, Burek BO, Bloh JZ, van Berkel WJH, Smith WA, Hollmann F. Hydrocarbon Synthesis via Photoenzymatic Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3116-3120. [PMID: 30673222 PMCID: PMC6385076 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A recently discovered photodecarboxylase
from Chlorella
variabilis NC64A (CvFAP) bears the
promise for the efficient and selective synthesis of hydrocarbons
from carboxylic acids. CvFAP, however, exhibits a
clear preference for long-chain fatty acids thereby limiting its broad
applicability. In this contribution, we demonstrate that the decoy
molecule approach enables conversion of a broad range of carboxylic
acids by filling up the vacant substrate access channel of the photodecarboxylase.
These results not only demonstrate a practical application of a unique,
photoactivated enzyme but also pave the way to selective production
of short-chain alkanes from waste carboxylic acids under mild reaction
conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyuan Zhang
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Ming Ma
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Mieke M E Huijbers
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Georgy A Filonenko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering Group, Department of Chemical Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Morten van Schie
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina de Boer
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut , Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 , 60486 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Bastien O Burek
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut , Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 , 60486 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Jonathan Z Bloh
- DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut , Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25 , 60486 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research , P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wilson A Smith
- Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage (MECS), Department of Chemical Engineering , Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Biocatalysis Group, Department of Biotechnology , Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9 , 2629 HZ Delft , The Netherlands
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29
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Pickl M, Kurakin S, Cantú Reinhard FG, Schmid P, Pöcheim A, Winkler CK, Kroutil W, de Visser SP, Faber K. Mechanistic Studies of Fatty Acid Activation by CYP152 Peroxygenases Reveal Unexpected Desaturase Activity. ACS Catal 2019; 9:565-577. [PMID: 30637174 PMCID: PMC6323616 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
majority of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) predominantly operate
as monooxygenases, but recently a class of P450 enzymes was discovered,
that can act as peroxygenases (CYP152). These enzymes convert fatty
acids through oxidative decarboxylation, yielding terminal alkenes,
and through α- and β-hydroxylation to yield hydroxy-fatty
acids. Bioderived olefins may serve as biofuels, and hence understanding
the mechanism and substrate scope of this class of enzymes is important.
In this work, we report on the substrate scope and catalytic promiscuity
of CYP OleTJE and two of its orthologues from the CYP152
family, utilizing α-monosubstituted branched carboxylic acids.
We identify α,β-desaturation as an unexpected dominant
pathway for CYP OleTJE with 2-methylbutyric acid. To rationalize
product distributions arising from α/β-hydroxylation,
oxidative decarboxylation, and desaturation depending on the substrate’s
structure and binding pattern, a computational study was performed
based on an active site complex of CYP OleTJE containing
the heme cofactor in the substrate binding pocket and 2-methylbutyric
acid as substrate. It is shown that substrate positioning determines
the accessibility of the oxidizing species (Compound I) to the substrate
and hence the regio- and chemoselectivity of the reaction. Furthermore,
the results show that, for 2-methylbutyric acid, α,β-desaturation
is favorable because of a rate-determining α-hydrogen atom abstraction,
which cannot proceed to decarboxylation. Moreover, substrate hydroxylation
is energetically impeded due to the tight shape and size of the substrate
binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pickl
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sara Kurakin
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fabián G. Cantú Reinhard
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Pöcheim
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph K. Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Petersgasse 14, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sam P. de Visser
- The Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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30
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Abstract
One approach to bringing enzymes together for multienzyme biocatalysis is genetic fusion. This enables the production of multifunctional enzymes that can be used for whole-cell biotransformations or for in vitro (cascade) reactions. In some cases and in some aspects, such as expression and conversions, the fused enzymes outperform a combination of the individual enzymes. In contrast, some enzyme fusions are greatly compromised in activity and/or expression. In this Minireview, we give an overview of studies on fusions between two or more enzymes that were used for biocatalytic applications, with a focus on oxidative enzymes. Typically, the enzymes are paired to facilitate cofactor recycling or cosubstrate supply. In addition, different linker designs are briefly discussed. Although enzyme fusion is a promising tool for some biocatalytic applications, future studies could benefit from integrating the findings of previous studies in order to improve reliability and effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friso S. Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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31
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Hill RA, Sutherland A. Hot off the Press. Nat Prod Rep 2018; 35:1024-1028. [PMID: 30209473 DOI: 10.1039/c8np90032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A personal selection of 32 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products such as huperphlegmine A from Huperzia phlegmaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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32
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Wise CE, Hsieh CH, Poplin NL, Makris TM. Dioxygen Activation by the Biofuel-Generating Cytochrome P450 OleT. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney E. Wise
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Chun H. Hsieh
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Nathan L. Poplin
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Thomas M. Makris
- University of South Carolina, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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33
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Zhang X, Jordan F, Szostak M. Transition-metal-catalyzed decarbonylation of carboxylic acids to olefins: exploiting acyl C–O activation for the production of high value products. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00585k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we review the recent developments in the transition-metal-catalyzed decarbonylation of carboxylic acids to produce olefins by the formal acyl C–O activation mechanism and discuss future challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Rutgers University
- Newark
- USA
| | - Frank Jordan
- Department of Chemistry
- Rutgers University
- Newark
- USA
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