1
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Drummond Turnbull R, Bell NL. f-Block hydride complexes - synthesis, structure and reactivity. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12814-12836. [PMID: 38953848 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00776j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Complexes formed between the heaviest and lightest elements in the periodic table yield the f-block hydrides, a unique class of compounds with wide-ranging utility and interest, from catalysis to light-responsive materials and nuclear waste storage. Recent developments in syntheses and analytics, such as exploiting low-oxidation state metal ions and improvements in X-ray diffraction tools, have transformed our ability to understand, access and manipulate these important species. This perspective brings together insights from binary metal hydrides, with molecular solution phase studies on heteroleptic complexes and gas phase investigations. It aims to provide an overview of how the f-element influences hydride formation, structure and reactivity including the sometimes-surprising power of co-ligands to tune their behaviour towards a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola L Bell
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ.
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2
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Vasanthakumar A, Price JS, Emslie DJH. Rare earth dialkyl cations and monoalkyl dications supported by a rigid neutral pincer ligand: synthesis and ethylene polymerization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8514-8523. [PMID: 37592999 PMCID: PMC10430518 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction between 4,5-dibromo-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene and 2 equiv. of 1,3-diisopropylimidazolin-2-imine afforded the rigid neutral 2,7-di-tert-butyl-4,5-bis(1,3-diisopropylimidazolin-2-imino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (XII2) pincer ligand. Reaction of XII2 with YCl3(THF)3.5 provided [(XII2)YCl3] (1). However, compound 1 failed to react cleanly with 3 equiv. of LiCH2SiMe3, and the reaction of XII2 with [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] afforded a complex mixture of products. To access group 3 alkyl complexes without the intermediacy of [(XII2)M(CH2SiMe3)3], the XII2 ligand was protonated using [H(OEt2)2][B(C6F5)4] to form [H(XII2)][B(C6F5)4], and subsequent reaction with [M(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] (M = Y, Sc) directly afforded the cationic scandium and yttrium dialkyl complexes [(XII2)M(CH2SiMe3)2][B(C6F5)4] {M = Y (2) and Sc (3)}. Reaction of 3 with B(C6F5)3 in C6D5Br afforded dicationic [(XII2)Sc(CH2SiMe2CH2SiMe3)][MeB(C6F5)3][B(C6F5)4] (4) featuring a CH2SiMe2CH2SiMe3 ligand, formed as a result of methyl anion abstraction from silicon, with concomitant migration of the neighbouring CH2SiMe3 group from scandium to silicon. The MeB(C6F5)3 anion in 4 forms a contact ion pair. By contrast, reaction of 1 with [CPh3][B(C6F5)3] in C6D5Br/toluene or o-C6H4F2/toluene afforded dicationic [(XII2)Sc(CH2SiMe3)(ηx-toluene)n][B(C6F5)4]2 (5). Compounds 2-4 showed negligible ethylene polymerization activity, whereas 5 is highly active (up to 870 kg mol-1 h-1 atm-1 in o-C6H4F2/toluene under 1 atm of ethylene at room temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathith Vasanthakumar
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Price
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - David J H Emslie
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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3
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Lyubov DM, Khristolyubov DO, Cherkasov AV, Trifonov AA. Sc and Y Heteroalkyl and Alkyl-Hydrido Complexes Containing Diphenylmethanide Ligands [2,2′-(4-MeC 6H 3NMe 2) 2CH] −. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry M. Lyubov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina str., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod,
GSP-445, Russia
| | - Dmitry O. Khristolyubov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina str., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod,
GSP-445, Russia
| | - Anton V. Cherkasov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina str., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod,
GSP-445, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Trifonov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 49 Tropinina str., 603950 Nizhny Novgorod,
GSP-445, Russia
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilova str., 119334 Moscow, GSP-1, Russia
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4
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Moinet EC, Wolf BM, Tardif O, Maichle-Mössmer C, Anwander R. Divalent Lanthanide Tetraisobutylaluminates: Reactivity and Living Isoprene Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219316. [PMID: 36786326 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide (Ln) tetraisobutylaluminates constitute key components in commercial 1,3-diene polymerization catalysts, and likewise are the homogeneous rare-earth-metal catalysts of prime industrial importance. Discrete divalent rare-earth-metal complexes [Ln(AliBu4 )2 ] (Ln=Sm, Eu, Yb) reported here display the first structurally characterized homoleptic metal tetraisobutylaluminates. Treatment of [Ln(AliBu4 )2 ] with C2 Cl6 gives access to SmII /SmIII mixed-valence cluster [Sm6 Cl8 (AliBu4 )6 ] and the YbII cluster [Yb4 Cl4 (AliBu4 )4 ], respectively. Reaction with B(C6 F5 )3 leads to hydride abstraction and formation of arene-coordinated hydroborates such as [Sm{HB(C6 F5 )3 }2 (toluene)2 ]. Complexes [Ln(AliBu4 )2 ] engage in single-component isoprene polymerization, affording high cis-1,4 polyisoprenes with narrow molecular weight distributions. Binary [Yb(AliBu4 )2 ]/[HNPhMe2 ][B(C6 F5 )4 ] fabricates polyisoprene in a perfectly living manner. The catalytically active species are scrutinized by NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Moinet
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Wolf
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olivier Tardif
- Bridgestone Corporation Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira-shi, Tokyo, 187-8531, Japan
| | - Cäcilia Maichle-Mössmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Reiner Anwander
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Andreychuk NR, Vidjayacoumar B, Price JS, Kervazo S, Peeples CA, Emslie DJH, Vallet V, Gomes ASP, Réal F, Schreckenbach G, Ayers PW, Vargas-Baca I, Jenkins HA, Britten JF. Uranium(iv) alkyl cations: synthesis, structures, comparison with thorium(iv) analogues, and the influence of arene-coordination on thermal stability and ethylene polymerization activity. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13748-13763. [PMID: 36544741 PMCID: PMC9710223 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04302e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction of [(XA2)U(CH2SiMe3)2] (1; XA2 = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) with 1 equivalent of [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] in arene solvents afforded the arene-coordinated uranium alkyl cations, [(XA2)U(CH2SiMe3)(η n -arene)][B(C6F5)4] {arene = benzene (2), toluene (3), bromobenzene (4) and fluorobenzene (5)}. Compounds 2, 3, and 5 were crystallographically characterized, and in all cases the arene is π-coordinated. Solution NMR studies of 2-5 suggest that the binding preferences of the [(XA2)U(CH2SiMe3)]+ cation follow the order: toluene ≈ benzene > bromobenzene > fluorobenzene. Compounds 2-4 generated in C6H5R (R = H, Me or Br, respectively) showed no polymerization activity under 1 atm of ethylene. By contrast, 5 and 5-Th (the thorium analogue of 5) in fluorobenzene at 20 and 70 °C achieved ethylene polymerization activities between 16 800 and 139 200 g mol-1 h-1 atm-1, highlighting the extent to which common arene solvents such as toluene can suppress ethylene polymerization activity in sterically open f-element complexes. However, activation of [(XA2)An(CH2SiMe3)2] {M = U (1) or Th (1-Th)} with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] in n-alkane solvents did not afford an active polymerization catalyst due to catalyst decomposition, illustrating the critical role of PhX (X = H, Me, Br or F) coordination for alkyl cation stabilization. Gas phase DFT calculations, including fragment interaction calculations with energy decomposition and ETS-NOCV analysis, were carried out on the cationic portion of 2'-Th, 2', 3' and 5' (analogues of 2-Th, 2, 3 and 5 with hydrogen atoms in place of ligand backbone methyl and tert-butyl groups), providing insight into the nature of actinide-arene bonding, which decreases in strength in the order 2'-Th > 2' ≈ 3' > 5'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Andreychuk
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University1280 Main St. WestHamiltonL8S 4M1OntarioCanada
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Price
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University1280 Main St. WestHamiltonL8S 4M1OntarioCanada
| | - Sophie Kervazo
- Université Lille, UMR 8523 – Physique des Lasers Atoms et MoleculesF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Craig A. Peeples
- Department of Chemistry, University of ManitobaWinnipegR3T 2N2ManitobaCanada
| | - David J. H. Emslie
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University1280 Main St. WestHamiltonL8S 4M1OntarioCanada
| | - Valérie Vallet
- Université Lille, UMR 8523 – Physique des Lasers Atoms et MoleculesF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - André S. P. Gomes
- Université Lille, UMR 8523 – Physique des Lasers Atoms et MoleculesF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Florent Réal
- Université Lille, UMR 8523 – Physique des Lasers Atoms et MoleculesF-59000 LilleFrance
| | - Georg Schreckenbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of ManitobaWinnipegR3T 2N2ManitobaCanada
| | - Paul W. Ayers
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University1280 Main St. WestHamiltonL8S 4M1OntarioCanada
| | - Ignacio Vargas-Baca
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University1280 Main St. WestHamiltonL8S 4M1OntarioCanada
| | - Hilary A. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University1280 Main St. WestHamiltonL8S 4M1OntarioCanada
| | - James F. Britten
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University1280 Main St. WestHamiltonL8S 4M1OntarioCanada
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Selikhov AN, Cherkasov AV, Lyssenko KA, Trifonov AA. Thermally Stable Cationic Bis(benzhydryl) Complexes of Early Lanthanides (La, Ce, Nd). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Selikhov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, GSP-445, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 28, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton V. Cherkasov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, GSP-445, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 28, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Building 3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Trifonov
- Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tropinina 49, GSP-445, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 28, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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7
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Lanthanides and actinides: Annual survey of their organometallic chemistry covering the year 2019. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Selikhov AN, Boronin EN, Cherkasov AV, Fukin GK, Shavyrin AS, Trifonov AA. Tris(benzhydryl) and Cationic Bis(benzhydryl) Ln(III) Complexes: Exceptional Thermostability and Catalytic Activity in Olefin Hydroarylation and Hydrobenzylation with Substituted Pyridines. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Selikhov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilova str. 119991 Moscow, GSP-1 Russia
| | - Egor N. Boronin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Anton V. Cherkasov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Georgy K. Fukin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Andrey S. Shavyrin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
| | - Alexander A. Trifonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences 603137 49 Tropinina str. GSP-445 Nizhny Novgorod Russia
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences 28 Vavilova str. 119991 Moscow, GSP-1 Russia
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9
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Bafaluy D, Georgieva Z, Muñiz K. Iodine Catalysis for C(sp 3 )-H Fluorination with a Nucleophilic Fluorine Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14241-14245. [PMID: 32421217 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Iodine catalysis was developed for aliphatic fluorination through light-promoted homolytic C-H bond cleavage. The intermediary formation of amidyl radicals enables selective C-H functionalization via carbon-centered radicals. For the subsequent C-F bond formation, previous methods have typically been limited by a requirement for electrophilic fluorine reagents. We here demonstrate that the intermediary instalment of a carbon-iodine bond sets the stage for an umpolung, thereby establishing an unprecedented nucleophilic fluorination pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bafaluy
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Zoritsa Georgieva
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Kilian Muñiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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10
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Bafaluy D, Georgieva Z, Muñiz K. Iodine Catalysis for C(sp
3
)–H Fluorination with a Nucleophilic Fluorine Source. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bafaluy
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Zoritsa Georgieva
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Kilian Muñiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, ICIQ The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Av. Països Catalans, 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
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11
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Kalita P, Ahmed N, Bar AK, Dey S, Jana A, Rajaraman G, Sutter JP, Chandrasekhar V. Pentagonal Bipyramidal Ln(III) Complexes Containing an Axial Phosphine Oxide Ligand: Field-induced Single-ion Magnetism Behavior of the Dy(III) Analogues. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6603-6612. [PMID: 32309926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A series of neutral homologous complexes [(L)Ln(Cy3PO)Cl] {where Ln = Gd (1), Tb (2), Dy (3), and Er (5)} and [(L)Dy(Ph3PO)Cl] (4) [H2L = 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis-benzoylhydrazone] were isolated. In these complexes, the central lanthanide ion possesses a pentagonal bipyramidal geometry with an overall pseudo D5h symmetry. The coordination environment around the lanthanide ion comprises of three nitrogen and two oxygen donors in an equatorial plane. The axial positions are taken up by a phosphine oxide (O donor) and a chloride ion. Among these compounds, the Dy(III) (3 and 4) analogues were found to be field-induced single-ion magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kalita
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, India.,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally 500107, Hyderabad, India
| | - Naushad Ahmed
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally 500107, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arun Kumar Bar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Sourav Dey
- Departrment of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Anukul Jana
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally 500107, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Departrment of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Jean-Pascal Sutter
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Vadapalli Chandrasekhar
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad, Gopanpally 500107, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Chemistry, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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12
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Wang Z, Patnaik S, Eedugurala N, Manzano JS, Slowing II, Kobayashi T, Sadow AD, Pruski M. Silica-Supported Organolanthanum Catalysts for C–O Bond Cleavage in Epoxides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2935-2947. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Wang
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Smita Patnaik
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Naresh Eedugurala
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - J. Sebastián Manzano
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Igor I. Slowing
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Takeshi Kobayashi
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Aaron D. Sadow
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Marek Pruski
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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