1
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Bashiri G. F 420-dependent transformations in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 80:102468. [PMID: 38776765 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Cofactor F420 has been historically known as the "methanogenic redox cofactor". It is now recognised that F420 has essential roles in the primary and secondary metabolism of archaea and bacteria. Recent discoveries highlight the role of F420 as a redox cofactor in the biosynthesis of various natural products, including ribosomally synthesised and post-translationally modified peptides, and a new class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-based secondary metabolites. With the vast availability of (meta)genomic data, the identification of uncharacterised F420-dependent enzymes offers the potential for discovering novel secondary metabolites, presenting valuable prospects for clinical and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghader Bashiri
- Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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2
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Lee M, Fraaije MW. Equipping Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an Additional Redox Cofactor Allows F 420-Dependent Bioconversions in Yeast. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:921-929. [PMID: 38346396 PMCID: PMC10949242 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/16/2024]
Abstract
Industrial application of the natural deazaflavin cofactor F420 has high potential for the enzymatic synthesis of high value compounds. It can offer an additional range of chemistry to the use of well-explored redox cofactors such as FAD and their respective enzymes. Its limited access through organisms that are rather difficult to grow has urged research on the heterologous production of F420 using more industrially relevant microorganisms such as Escherichia coli. In this study, we demonstrate the possibility of producing this cofactor in a robust and widely used industrial organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by the heterologous expression of the F420 pathway. Through careful selection of involved enzymes and some optimization, we achieved an F420 yield of ∼1.3 μmol/L, which is comparable to the yield of natural F420 producers. Furthermore, we showed the potential use of F420-producing S. cerevisiae for F420-dependent bioconversions by carrying out the whole-cell conversion of tetracycline. As the first demonstration of F420 synthesis and use for bioconversion in a eukaryotic organism, this study contributes to the development of versatile bioconversion platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Kang SW, Antoney J, Lupton DW, Speight R, Scott C, Jackson CJ. Asymmetric Ene-Reduction by F 420 -Dependent Oxidoreductases B (FDOR-B) from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200797. [PMID: 36716144 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric reduction by ene-reductases has received considerable attention in recent decades. While several enzyme families possess ene-reductase activity, the Old Yellow Enzyme (OYE) family has received the most scientific and industrial attention. However, there is a limited substrate range and few stereocomplementary pairs of current ene-reductases, necessitating the development of a complementary class. Flavin/deazaflavin oxidoreductases (FDORs) that use the uncommon cofactor F420 have recently gained attention as ene-reductases for use in biocatalysis due to their stereocomplementarity with OYEs. Although the enzymes of the FDOR-As sub-group have been characterized in this context and reported to catalyse ene-reductions enantioselectively, enzymes from the similarly large, but more diverse, FDOR-B sub-group have not been investigated in this context. In this study, we investigated the activity of eight FDOR-B enzymes distributed across this sub-group, evaluating their specific activity, kinetic properties, and stereoselectivity against α,β-unsaturated compounds. The stereochemical outcomes of the FDOR-Bs are compared with enzymes of the FDOR-A sub-group and OYE family. Computational modelling and induced-fit docking are used to rationalize the observed catalytic behaviour and proposed a catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Woo Kang
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, 25451 (Republic of, Korea
| | - James Antoney
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - David W Lupton
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
| | - Colin Scott
- Environment, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Colin J Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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4
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Wilkinson IVL, Pfanzelt M, Sieber SA. Functionalised Cofactor Mimics for Interactome Discovery and Beyond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201136. [PMID: 35286003 PMCID: PMC9401033 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cofactors are required for almost half of all enzyme reactions, but their functions and binding partners are not fully understood even after decades of research. Functionalised cofactor mimics that bind in place of the unmodified cofactor can provide answers, as well as expand the scope of cofactor activity. Through chemical proteomics approaches such as activity-based protein profiling, the interactome and localisation of the native cofactor in its physiological environment can be deciphered and previously uncharacterised proteins annotated. Furthermore, cofactors that supply functional groups to substrate biomolecules can be hijacked by mimics to site-specifically label targets and unravel the complex biology of post-translational protein modification. The diverse activity of cofactors has inspired the design of mimics for use as inhibitors, antibiotic therapeutics, and chemo- and biosensors, and cofactor conjugates have enabled the generation of novel enzymes and artificial DNAzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V. L. Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein AssembliesTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 885748GarchingGermany
| | - Martin Pfanzelt
- Centre for Functional Protein AssembliesTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 885748GarchingGermany
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein AssembliesTechnical University of MunichErnst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 885748GarchingGermany
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5
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Last D, Hasan M, Rothenburger L, Braga D, Lackner G. High-yield production of coenzyme F 420 in Escherichia coli by fluorescence-based screening of multi-dimensional gene expression space. Metab Eng 2022; 73:158-167. [PMID: 35863619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme F420 is involved in bioprocesses such as biosynthesis of antibiotics by streptomycetes, prodrug activation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and methanogenesis in archaea. F420-dependent enzymes also attract interest as biocatalysts in organic chemistry. However, as only low F420 levels are produced in microorganisms, F420 availability is a serious bottleneck for research and application. Recent advances in our understanding of the F420 biosynthesis enabled heterologous overproduction of F420 in Escherichia coli, but the yields remained moderate. To address this issue, we rationally designed a synthetic operon for F420 biosynthesis in E. coli. However, it still led to the production of low amounts of F420 and undesired side-products. In order to strongly improve yield and purity, a screening approach was chosen to interrogate the gene expression-space of a combinatorial library based on diversified promotors and ribosome binding sites. The whole pathway was encoded by a two-operon construct. The first module ("core") addressed parts of the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway and FO synthase for the conversion of GTP to the stable F420 intermediate FO. The enzymes of the second module ("decoration") were chosen to turn FO into F420. The final construct included variations of T7 promoter strengths and ribosome binding site activity to vary the expression ratio for the eight genes involved in the pathway. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to isolate clones of this library displaying strong F420-derived fluorescence. This approach yielded the highest titer of coenzyme F420 produced in the widely used organism E. coli so far. Production in standard LB medium offers a highly effective and simple production process that will facilitate basic research into unexplored F420-dependent bioprocesses as well as applications of F420-dependent enzymes in biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Last
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Linda Rothenburger
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Braga
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany.
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6
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Wilkinson IVL, Pfanzelt M, Sieber SA. Funktionalisierte Cofaktor‐Analoga für die Erforschung von Interaktomen und darüber hinaus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V. L. Wilkinson
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Martin Pfanzelt
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Centre for Functional Protein Assemblies Technische Universität München Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Straße 8 85748 Garching Deutschland
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7
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Venturi S, Trajkovic M, Colombo D, Brenna E, Fraaije MW, Gatti FG, Macchi P, Zamboni E. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of the Most Pleasant Stereoisomer of Jessemal. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6499-6503. [PMID: 35442680 PMCID: PMC9087343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
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We describe the asymmetric
synthesis of the most pleasant enantiomer
of Jessemal fragrance. The key steps are (i) the one-pot reduction
of an α-chloro-tetrasubstituted cyclohexenone to give the chlorohydrin,
catalyzed by two stereoselective redox enzymes (an ene-reductase and
an alcohol dehydrogenase); (ii) the regioselective epoxide ring-opening
with organocuprate or organolithium nucleophiles. Density functional
theory calculations together with the Curtin–Hammett principle
allowed the rationalization of the regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Venturi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Milos Trajkovic
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danilo Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco G Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Piero Macchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Zamboni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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8
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Tong Y, Loonstra MR, Fraaije M. Broadening the scope of the Flavin-tag method by improving flavin incorporation and incorporating flavin analogs. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200144. [PMID: 35373879 PMCID: PMC9400968 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Methods for facile site-selective modifications of proteins are in high demand. We have recently shown that a flavin transferase can be used for site-specific covalent attachment of a chromo- and fluorogenic flavin (FMN) to any targeted protein. Although this Flavin-tag method resulted in efficient labeling of proteins in vitro , labelling in E. coli cells resulted in partial flavin incorporation. It was also restricted in the type of installed label with only type of flavin, FMN, being incorporated. Here, we report on an extension of the Flavin-tag method that addresses previous limitations. We demonstrate that coexpression of FAD synthetase improves the flavin incorporation efficiency, allowing complete flavin-labeling of a target protein in E. coli cells. Furthermore, we have found that various flavin derivatives and even a nicotinamide can be covalently attached to a target protein, rendering this method even more versatile and valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yapei Tong
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Molecular Enzymology, NETHERLANDS
| | - Marnix R Loonstra
- University of Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Molecular Enzymology, NETHERLANDS
| | - Marco Fraaije
- University of Groningen, Molecular Enzymology group, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen, NETHERLANDS
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9
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Cofactor F420, an emerging redox power in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:253-267. [PMID: 35191491 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cofactor F420 is a low-potential hydride-transfer deazaflavin that mediates important oxidoreductive reactions in the primary metabolism of archaea and a wide range of bacteria. Over the past decade, biochemical studies have demonstrated another essential role for F420 in the biosynthesis of various classes of natural products. These studies have substantiated reports predating the structural determination of F420 that suggested a potential role for F420 in the biosynthesis of several antibiotics produced by Streptomyces. In this article, we focus on this exciting and emerging role of F420 in catalyzing the oxidoreductive transformation of various imine, ketone and enoate moieties in secondary metabolites. Given the extensive and increasing availability of genomic and metagenomic data, these F420-dependent transformations may lead to the discovery of novel secondary metabolites, providing an invaluable and untapped resource in various biotechnological applications.
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10
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Diversification by CofC and Control by CofD Govern Biosynthesis and Evolution of Coenzyme F 420 and Its Derivative 3PG-F 420. mBio 2022; 13:e0350121. [PMID: 35038903 PMCID: PMC8764529 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03501-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme F420 is a microbial redox cofactor that mediates diverse physiological functions and is increasingly used for biocatalytic applications. Recently, diversified biosynthetic routes to F420 and the discovery of a derivative, 3PG-F420, were reported. 3PG-F420 is formed via activation of 3-phospho-d-glycerate (3-PG) by CofC, but the structural basis of substrate binding, its evolution, as well as the role of CofD in substrate selection remained elusive. Here, we present a crystal structure of the 3-PG-activating CofC from Mycetohabitans sp. B3 and define amino acids governing substrate specificity. Site-directed mutagenesis enabled bidirectional switching of specificity and thereby revealed the short evolutionary trajectory to 3PG-F420 formation. Furthermore, CofC stabilized its product, thus confirming the structure of the unstable molecule and revealing its binding mode. The CofD enzyme was shown to significantly contribute to the selection of related intermediates to control the specificity of the combined biosynthetic CofC/D step. These results imply the need to change the design of combined CofC/D activity assays. Taken together, this work presents novel mechanistic and structural insights into 3PG-F420 biosynthesis and evolution and opens perspectives for the discovery and enhanced biotechnological production of coenzyme F420 derivatives in the future. IMPORTANCE The microbial cofactor F420 is crucial for processes like methanogenesis, antibiotics biosynthesis, drug resistance, and biocatalysis. Recently, a novel derivative of F420 (3PG-F420) was discovered, enabling the production and use of F420 in heterologous hosts. By analyzing the crystal structure of a CofC homolog whose substrate choice leads to formation of 3PG-F420, we defined amino acid residues governing the special substrate selectivity. A diagnostic residue enabled reprogramming of the substrate specificity, thus mimicking the evolution of the novel cofactor derivative. Furthermore, a labile reaction product of CofC was revealed that has not been directly detected so far. CofD was shown to provide another layer of specificity of the combined CofC/D reaction, thus controlling the initial substrate choice of CofC. The latter finding resolves a current debate in the literature about the starting point of F420 biosynthesis in various organisms.
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11
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Lee M, Drenth J, Trajkovic M, de Jong RM, Fraaije MW. Introducing an Artificial Deazaflavin Cofactor in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:938-952. [PMID: 35044755 PMCID: PMC8859854 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Deazaflavin-dependent
whole-cell conversions in well-studied and
industrially relevant microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have high potential
for the biocatalytic production of valuable compounds. The artificial
deazaflavin FOP (FO-5′-phosphate) can functionally substitute
the natural deazaflavin F420 and can be synthesized in
fewer steps, offering a solution to the limited availability of the
latter due to its complex (bio)synthesis. Herein we set out to produce
FOP in vivo as a scalable FOP production method and as a means for
FOP-mediated whole-cell conversions. Heterologous expression of the
riboflavin kinase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe enabled
in vivo phosphorylation of FO, which was supplied by either organic
synthesis ex vivo, or by a coexpressed FO synthase in vivo, producing
FOP in E. coli as well as in S. cerevisiae. Through combined approaches of enzyme engineering as well as optimization
of expression systems and growth media, we further improved the in
vivo FOP production in both organisms. The improved FOP production
yield in E. coli is comparable to the F420 yield of native F420-producing organisms such
as Mycobacterium smegmatis, but the former can be
achieved in a significantly shorter time frame. Our E. coli expression system has an estimated production rate of 0.078 μmol
L–1 h–1 and results in an intracellular
FOP concentration of about 40 μM, which is high enough to support
catalysis. In fact, we demonstrate the successful FOP-mediated whole-cell
conversion of ketoisophorone using E. coli cells.
In S. cerevisiae, in vivo FOP production by SpRFK using supplied FO was improved through media optimization
and enzyme engineering. Through structure-guided enzyme engineering,
a SpRFK variant with 7-fold increased catalytic efficiency
compared to the wild type was discovered. By using this variant in
optimized media conditions, FOP production yield in S. cerevisiae was 20-fold increased compared to the very low initial yield of
0.24 ± 0.04 nmol per g dry biomass. The results show that bacterial
and eukaryotic hosts can be engineered to produce the functional deazaflavin
cofactor mimic FOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Lee
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Drenth
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milos Trajkovic
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - René M. de Jong
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AX Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Improved production of the non-native cofactor F 420 in Escherichia coli. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21774. [PMID: 34741069 PMCID: PMC8571402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The deazaflavin cofactor F420 is a low-potential, two-electron redox cofactor produced by some Archaea and Eubacteria that is involved in methanogenesis and methanotrophy, antibiotic biosynthesis, and xenobiotic metabolism. However, it is not produced by bacterial strains commonly used for industrial biocatalysis or recombinant protein production, such as Escherichia coli, limiting our ability to exploit it as an enzymatic cofactor and produce it in high yield. Here we have utilized a genome-scale metabolic model of E. coli and constraint-based metabolic modelling of cofactor F420 biosynthesis to optimize F420 production in E. coli. This analysis identified phospho-enol pyruvate (PEP) as a limiting precursor for F420 biosynthesis, explaining carbon source-dependent differences in productivity. PEP availability was improved by using gluconeogenic carbon sources and overexpression of PEP synthase. By improving PEP availability, we were able to achieve a ~ 40-fold increase in the space–time yield of F420 compared with the widely used recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis expression system. This study establishes E. coli as an industrial F420-production system and will allow the recombinant in vivo use of F420-dependent enzymes for biocatalysis and protein engineering applications.
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13
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Drenth J, Yang G, Paul CE, Fraaije MW. A Tailor-Made Deazaflavin-Mediated Recycling System for Artificial Nicotinamide Cofactor Biomimetics. ACS Catal 2021; 11:11561-11569. [PMID: 34557329 PMCID: PMC8453485 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its 2'-phosphorylated form NADP are crucial cofactors for a large array of biocatalytically important redox enzymes. Their high cost and relatively poor stability, however, make them less attractive electron mediators for industrial processes. Nicotinamide cofactor biomimetics (NCBs) are easily synthesized, are inexpensive, and are also generally more stable than their natural counterparts. A bottleneck for the application of these artificial hydride carriers is the lack of efficient cofactor recycling methods. Therefore, we engineered the thermostable F420:NADPH oxidoreductase from Thermobifida fusca (Tfu-FNO), by structure-inspired site-directed mutagenesis, to accommodate the unnatural N1 substituents of eight NCBs. The extraordinarily low redox potential of the natural cofactor F420H2 was then exploited to reduce these NCBs. Wild-type enzyme had detectable activity toward all selected NCBs, with K m values in the millimolar range and k cat values ranging from 0.09 to 1.4 min-1. Saturation mutagenesis at positions Gly-29 and Pro-89 resulted in mutants with up to 139 times higher catalytic efficiencies. Mutant G29W showed a k cat value of 4.2 s-1 toward 1-benzyl-3-acetylpyridine (BAP+), which is similar to the k cat value for the natural substrate NADP+. The best Tfu-FNO variants for a specific NCB were then used for the recycling of catalytic amounts of these nicotinamides in conversion experiments with the thermostable ene-reductase from Thermus scotoductus (TsOYE). We were able to fully convert 10 mM ketoisophorone with BAP+ within 16 h, using F420 or its artificial biomimetic FOP (FO-2'-phosphate) as an efficient electron mediator and glucose-6-phosphate as an electron donor. The generated toolbox of thermostable and NCB-dependent Tfu-FNO variants offers powerful cofactor regeneration biocatalysts for the reduction of several artificial nicotinamide biomimetics at both ambient and high temperatures. In fact, to our knowledge, this enzymatic method seems to be the best-performing NCB-recycling system for BNAH and BAPH thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Drenth
- Molecular
Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guang Yang
- Molecular
Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline E. Paul
- Department
of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular
Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Grinter R, Greening C. Cofactor F420: an expanded view of its distribution, biosynthesis and roles in bacteria and archaea. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab021. [PMID: 33851978 PMCID: PMC8498797 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria and archaea produce the redox cofactor F420. F420 is structurally similar to the cofactors FAD and FMN but is catalytically more similar to NAD and NADP. These properties allow F420 to catalyze challenging redox reactions, including key steps in methanogenesis, antibiotic biosynthesis and xenobiotic biodegradation. In the last 5 years, there has been much progress in understanding its distribution, biosynthesis, role and applications. Whereas F420 was previously thought to be confined to Actinobacteria and Euryarchaeota, new evidence indicates it is synthesized across the bacterial and archaeal domains, as a result of extensive horizontal and vertical biosynthetic gene transfer. F420 was thought to be synthesized through one biosynthetic pathway; however, recent advances have revealed variants of this pathway and have resolved their key biosynthetic steps. In parallel, new F420-dependent biosynthetic and metabolic processes have been discovered. These advances have enabled the heterologous production of F420 and identified enantioselective F420H2-dependent reductases for biocatalysis. New research has also helped resolve how microorganisms use F420 to influence human and environmental health, providing opportunities for tuberculosis treatment and methane mitigation. A total of 50 years since its discovery, multiple paradigms associated with F420 have shifted, and new F420-dependent organisms and processes continue to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Grinter
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chris Greening
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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15
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Martin C, Tjallinks G, Trajkovic M, Fraaije MW. Facile Stereoselective Reduction of Prochiral Ketones by using an F 420 -dependent Alcohol Dehydrogenase. Chembiochem 2021; 22:156-159. [PMID: 32935896 PMCID: PMC7820951 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Effective procedures for the synthesis of optically pure alcohols are highly valuable. A commonly employed method involves the biocatalytic reduction of prochiral ketones. This is typically achieved by using nicotinamide cofactor-dependent reductases. In this work, we demonstrate that a rather unexplored class of enzymes can also be used for this. We used an F420 -dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADF) from Methanoculleus thermophilicus that was found to reduce various ketones to enantiopure alcohols. The respective (S) alcohols were obtained in excellent enantiopurity (>99 % ee). Furthermore, we discovered that the deazaflavoenzyme can be used as a self-sufficient system by merely using a sacrificial cosubstrate (isopropanol) and a catalytic amount of cofactor F420 or the unnatural cofactor FOP to achieve full conversion. This study reveals that deazaflavoenzymes complement the biocatalytic toolbox for enantioselective ketone reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Martin
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Gwen Tjallinks
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Milos Trajkovic
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4GroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology GroupUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 4GroningenThe Netherlands
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16
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Venturi S, Brenna E, Colombo D, Fraaije MW, Gatti FG, Macchi P, Monti D, Trajkovic M, Zamboni E. Multienzymatic Stereoselective Reduction of Tetrasubstituted Cyclic Enones to Halohydrins with Three Contiguous Stereogenic Centers. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Venturi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Brenna
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Danilo Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco G. Gatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Piero Macchi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), C.N.R., Via Mario Bianco, 9, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Milos Trajkovic
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Emilio Zamboni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali ed Ingegneria Chimica ”G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133, Italy
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Batyrova KA, Khusnutdinova AN, Wang PH, Di Leo R, Flick R, Edwards EA, Savchenko A, Yakunin AF. Biocatalytic in Vitro and in Vivo FMN Prenylation and (De)carboxylase Activation. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1874-1882. [PMID: 32579338 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reversible UbiD-like (de)carboxylases represent a large family of mostly uncharacterized enzymes, which require the recently discovered prenylated FMN (prFMN) cofactor for activity. Functional characterization of novel UbiDs is hampered by a lack of robust protocols for prFMN generation and UbiD activation. Here, we report two systems for in vitro and in vivo FMN prenylation and UbiD activation under aerobic conditions. The in vitro one-pot prFMN cascade includes five enzymes: FMN prenyltransferase (UbiX), prenol kinase, polyphosphate kinase, formate dehydrogenase, and FMN reductase, which use prenol, polyphosphate, formate, ATP, NAD+, and FMN as substrates and cofactors. Under aerobic conditions, this cascade produced prFMN from FMN with over 98% conversion and activated purified ferulic acid decarboxylase Fdc1 from Aspergillus niger and protocatechuic acid decarboxylase ENC0058 from Enterobacter cloaceae. The in vivo system for FMN prenylation and UbiD activation is based on the coexpression of Fdc1 and UbiX in Escherichia coli cells under aerobic conditions in the presence of prenol. The in vitro and in vivo FMN prenylation cascades will facilitate functional characterization of novel UbiDs and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khorcheska A. Batyrova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a Separate Subdivision of PSCBR RAS (IBP RAS), Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Anna N. Khusnutdinova
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a Separate Subdivision of PSCBR RAS (IBP RAS), Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Po-Hsiang Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rosa Di Leo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Robert Flick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alexei Savchenko
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander F. Yakunin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
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Convergent pathways to biosynthesis of the versatile cofactor F 420. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 65:9-16. [PMID: 32570108 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cofactor F420 is historically known as the methanogenic redox cofactor, having a key role in the central metabolism of methanogens, and archaea in general. Over the past decade, however, it has become evident this cofactor is more widely distributed across archaeal and bacterial taxa, suggesting a broader role for F420 in various metabolic and ecological capacities. In this article, we focus on the recent findings that have led to a deeper understanding of F420 biosynthetic enzymes and metabolites across microorganisms.
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Redox Coenzyme F 420 Biosynthesis in Thermomicrobia Involves Reduction by Stand-Alone Nitroreductase Superfamily Enzymes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00457-20. [PMID: 32276981 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00457-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme F420 is a redox cofactor involved in hydride transfer reactions in archaea and bacteria. Since F420-dependent enzymes are attracting increasing interest as tools in biocatalysis, F420 biosynthesis is being revisited. While it was commonly accepted for a long time that the 2-phospho-l-lactate (2-PL) moiety of F420 is formed from free 2-PL, it was recently shown that phosphoenolpyruvate is incorporated in Actinobacteria and that the C-terminal domain of the FbiB protein, a member of the nitroreductase (NTR) superfamily, converts dehydro-F420 into saturated F420 Outside the Actinobacteria, however, the situation is still unclear because FbiB is missing in these organisms and enzymes of the NTR family are highly diversified. Here, we show by heterologous expression and in vitro assays that stand-alone NTR enzymes from Thermomicrobia exhibit dehydro-F420 reductase activity. Metabolome analysis and proteomics studies confirmed the proposed biosynthetic pathway in Thermomicrobium roseum These results clarify the biosynthetic route of coenzyme F420 in a class of Gram-negative bacteria, redefine functional subgroups of the NTR superfamily, and offer an alternative for large-scale production of F420 in Escherichia coli in the future.IMPORTANCE Coenzyme F420 is a redox cofactor of Archaea and Actinobacteria, as well as some Gram-negative bacteria. Its involvement in processes such as the biosynthesis of antibiotics, the degradation of xenobiotics, and asymmetric enzymatic reductions renders F420 of great relevance for biotechnology. Recently, a new biosynthetic step during the formation of F420 in Actinobacteria was discovered, involving an enzyme domain belonging to the versatile nitroreductase (NTR) superfamily, while this process remained blurred in Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we show that a similar biosynthetic route exists in Thermomicrobia, although key biosynthetic enzymes show different domain architectures and are only distantly related. Our results shed light on the biosynthesis of F420 in Gram-negative bacteria and refine the knowledge about sequence-function relationships within the NTR superfamily of enzymes. Appreciably, these results offer an alternative route to produce F420 in Gram-negative model organisms and unveil yet another biochemical facet of this pathway to be explored by synthetic microbiologists.
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Huang R, Chen H, Upp DM, Lewis JC, Zhang YHPJ. A High-Throughput Method for Directed Evolution of NAD(P) +-Dependent Dehydrogenases for the Reduction of Biomimetic Nicotinamide Analogues. ACS Catal 2019; 9:11709-11719. [PMID: 34765284 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineering flavin-free NAD(P)+-dependent dehydrogenases to reduce biomimetic nicotinamide analogues (mNAD+s) is of importance for eliminating the need for costly NAD(P)+ in coenzyme regeneration systems. Current redox dye-based screening methods for engineering the mNAD+ specificity of dehydrogenases are frequently encumbered by a background signal from endogenous NAD(P) and intracellular reducing compounds, making the detection of low mNAD+-based activities a limiting factor for directed evolution. Here, we develop a high-throughput screening method, NAD(P)-eliminated solid-phase assay (NESPA), which can reliably identify mNAD+-active mutants of dehydrogenases with a minimal background signal. This method involves (1) heat lysis of colonies to permeabilize the cell membrane, (2) colony transfer onto filter paper, (3) washing to remove endogenous NAD(P) and reducing compounds, (4) enzyme-coupled assay for mNADH-dependent color production, and (5) digital imaging of colonies to identify mNAD+-active mutants. This method was used to improve the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase on nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+). The best mutant obtained after six rounds of directed evolution exhibits a 50-fold enhancement in catalytic efficiency (k cat/K M) and a specific activity of 17.7 U/mg on NMN+, which is comparable to the wild-type enzyme on its natural coenzyme, NADP+. The engineered dehydrogenase was then used to construct an NMNH regeneration system to drive an ene-reductase catalysis. A comparable level of turnover frequency and product yield was observed using the engineered system relative to NADPH regeneration by using the wild-type dehydrogenase. NESPA provides a simple and accurate readout of mNAD+-based activities and the screening at high-throughput levels (approximately tens of thousands per round), thus opening up an avenue for the evolution of dehydrogenases with specific activities on mNAD+s similar to the levels of natural enzyme/coenzyme pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - David M. Upp
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jared C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Yi-Heng P. Job Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin 300308, China
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21
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Cofactor F420-Dependent Enzymes: An Under-Explored Resource for Asymmetric Redox Biocatalysis. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The asymmetric reduction of enoates, imines and ketones are among the most important reactions in biocatalysis. These reactions are routinely conducted using enzymes that use nicotinamide cofactors as reductants. The deazaflavin cofactor F420 also has electrochemical properties that make it suitable as an alternative to nicotinamide cofactors for use in asymmetric reduction reactions. However, cofactor F420-dependent enzymes remain under-explored as a resource for biocatalysis. This review considers the cofactor F420-dependent enzyme families with the greatest potential for the discovery of new biocatalysts: the flavin/deazaflavin-dependent oxidoreductases (FDORs) and the luciferase-like hydride transferases (LLHTs). The characterized F420-dependent reductions that have the potential for adaptation for biocatalysis are discussed, and the enzymes best suited for use in the reduction of oxidized cofactor F420 to allow cofactor recycling in situ are considered. Further discussed are the recent advances in the production of cofactor F420 and its functional analog FO-5′-phosphate, which remains an impediment to the adoption of this family of enzymes for industrial biocatalytic processes. Finally, the prospects for the use of this cofactor and dependent enzymes as a resource for industrial biocatalysis are discussed.
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Braga D, Last D, Hasan M, Guo H, Leichnitz D, Uzum Z, Richter I, Schalk F, Beemelmanns C, Hertweck C, Lackner G. Metabolic Pathway Rerouting in Paraburkholderia rhizoxinica Evolved Long-Overlooked Derivatives of Coenzyme F 420. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2088-2094. [PMID: 31469543 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coenzyme F420 is a specialized redox cofactor with a negative redox potential. It supports biochemical processes like methanogenesis, degradation of xenobiotics, and the biosynthesis of antibiotics. Although well-studied in methanogenic archaea and actinobacteria, not much is known about F420 in Gram-negative bacteria. Genome sequencing revealed F420 biosynthetic genes in the Gram-negative, endofungal bacterium Paraburkholderia rhizoxinica, a symbiont of phytopathogenic fungi. Fluorescence microscopy, high-resolution LC-MS, and structure elucidation by NMR demonstrated that the encoded pathway is active and yields unexpected derivatives of F420 (3PG-F420). Further analyses of a biogas-producing microbial community showed that these derivatives are more widespread in nature. Genetic and biochemical studies of their biosynthesis established that a specificity switch in the guanylyltransferase CofC reprogrammed the pathway to start from 3-phospho-d-glycerate, suggesting a rerouting event during the evolution of F420 biosynthesis. Furthermore, the cofactor activity of 3PG-F420 was validated, thus opening up perspectives for its use in biocatalysis. The 3PG-F420 biosynthetic gene cluster is fully functional in Escherichia coli, enabling convenient production of the cofactor by fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Braga
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Last
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Huijuan Guo
- Junior Research Group, Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Leichnitz
- Junior Research Group, Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Zerrin Uzum
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ingrid Richter
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Schalk
- Junior Research Group, Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Junior Research Group, Chemical Biology of Microbe−Host Interactions, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerald Lackner
- Junior Research Group Synthetic Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology − Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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