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Hou Y, Kong F, Tang Z, Zhang R, Li D, Ge J, Yu Z, Wahab A, Zhang Y, Iqbal MZ, Kong X. Nitroxide radical conjugated ovalbumin theranostic nanosystem for enhanced dendritic cell-based immunotherapy and T 1 magnetic resonance imaging. J Control Release 2024; 373:547-563. [PMID: 39059501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma, known for its aggressive metastatic nature, presents a formidable challenge in cancer treatment, where conventional therapies often fall short. This study introduces a pioneering approach utilizing metal-free nanosystem as tumor vaccines, spotlighting their potential in revolutionizing melanoma treatment. This work employed organic nitroxides, specifically 4-carboxy-TEMPO, in combination with chitosan (CS), to create a novel nanocomposite material - the CS-TEMPO-OVA nanovaccines. This composition not only improves biocompatibility and extends blood circulation time of TEMPO but also marks a significant departure from traditional gadolinium-based contrast agents in MRI technology, addressing safety concerns. CS-TEMPO-OVA nanovaccines demonstrate excellent biocompatibility at both the cellular and organoid level. They effectively stimulate bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), which in turn promote the maturation and activation of T cells. This ultimately leads to a strong production of essential cytokines. These nanovaccines serve a dual purpose as both therapeutic and preventive. By inducing an immune response, activating cytotoxic T cells, and promoting macrophage M1 polarization, they effectively inhibit melanoma growth and enhance survival in mouse models. When combined with αPD-1, the CS-TEMPO-OVA nanovaccines significantly bolster the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) within tumors, sparking a powerful systemic antitumor response that effectively curbs tumor metastasis. The ability of these nanovaccines to control both primary (subcutaneous) and metastatic B16-OVA tumors highlights their remarkable efficacy. Furthermore, the CS-TEMPO-OVA nanovaccine can be administered in vivo via both intravenous and intramuscular routes, both of which effectively enhance the T1 contrast of magnetic resonance imaging in tumor tissue. This study offers invaluable insights into the integrated application of these nanovaccines in both clinical diagnostics and treatment, marking a significant stride in cancer research and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Hou
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Fei Kong
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Jian Ge
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 XueYuan Street, XiaSha Higher Education Zone, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Zhangsen Yu
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Medical Science Research Center, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province 312000, PR China
| | - Abdul Wahab
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yunyang Zhang
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - M Zubair Iqbal
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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Jiang Y, Cai Z, Fu S, Gu H, Fu X, Zhu J, Ke Y, Jiang H, Cao W, Wu C, Xia C, Lui S, Song B, Gong Q, Ai H. Relaxivity Enhancement of Hybrid Micelles via Modulation of Water Coordination Numbers for Magnetic Resonance Lymphography. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8505-8514. [PMID: 37695636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been made to develop nanoparticle-based magnetic resonance contrast agents (CAs) with high relaxivity. The prolonged rotational correlation time (τR) induced relaxivity enhancement is commonly recognized, while the effect of the water coordination numbers (q) on the relaxivity of nanoparticle-based CAs gets less attention. Herein, we first investigated the relationship between T1 relaxivity (r1) and q in manganese-based hybrid micellar CAs and proposed a strategy to enhance the relaxivity by increasing q. Hybrid micelles with different ratios of amphiphilic manganese complex (MnL) and DSPE-PEG2000 were prepared, whose q values were evaluated by Oxygen-17-NMR spectroscopy. Micelles with lower manganese doping density exhibit increased q and enhanced relaxivity, corroborating the conception. In vivo sentinel lymph node (SLN) imaging demonstrates that DSPE-PEG/MnL micelles could differentiate metastatic SLN from inflammatory LN. Our strategy makes it feasible for relaxivity enhancement by modulating q, providing new approaches for the structural design of high-performance hybrid micellar CAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhongyuan Cai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Shengxiang Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haojie Gu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaomin Fu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and School of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Yubin Ke
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Hanqiu Jiang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100049, China
- Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
| | - Weidong Cao
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and School of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Changqiang Wu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and School of Medical Imaging, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China
| | - Chunchao Xia
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Lui
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hua Ai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Lv J, Roy S, Xie M, Yang X, Guo B. Contrast Agents of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Future Perspective. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2003. [PMID: 37446520 DOI: 10.3390/nano13132003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a highly promising modality for diagnosing severe diseases. Its exceptional spatiotemporal resolution and ease of use have established it as an indispensable clinical diagnostic tool. Nevertheless, there are instances where MRI encounters challenges related to low contrast, necessitating the use of contrast agents (CAs). Significant efforts have been made by scientists to enhance the precision of observing diseased body parts by leveraging the synergistic potential of MRI in conjunction with other imaging techniques and thereby modifying the CAs. In this work, our focus is on elucidating the rational designing approach of CAs and optimizing their compatibility for multimodal imaging and other intelligent applications. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of incorporating various artificial intelligence tools, such as machine learning and deep learning, to explore the future prospects of disease diagnosis using MRI. We also address the limitations associated with these techniques and propose reasonable remedies, with the aim of advancing MRI as a cutting-edge diagnostic tool for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lv
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Shubham Roy
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Miao Xie
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Xiulan Yang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Carbon Materials Research and Comprehensive Application, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Mutlu H. Chemical design and synthesis of macromolecular profluorescent nitroxide systems as self-reporting probes. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01645h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this mini-review article is to highlight the importance of the chemical design towards the synthesis of polymeric profluorescent nitroxides applicable as self-reporting probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Akakuru OU, Xu C, Liu C, Li Z, Xing J, Pan C, Li Y, Nosike EI, Zhang Z, Iqbal ZM, Zheng J, Wu A. Metal-Free Organo-Theranostic Nanosystem with High Nitroxide Stability and Loading for Image-Guided Targeted Tumor Therapy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3079-3097. [PMID: 33464053 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The desire for all-organic-composed nanoparticles (NPs) of considerable biocompatibility to simultaneously diagnose and treat cancer is undeniably interminable. Heretofore, metal-based agents dominate the landscape of available magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and photothermal therapeutic agents, but with associated metal-specific downsides. Here, an all-organic metal-free nanoprobe, whose appreciable biocompatibility is synergistically contributed by its tetra-organo-components, is developed as a viable alternative to metal-based probes for MRI-guided tumor-targeted photothermal therapy (PTT). This rationally entails a glycol chitosan (GC)-linked polypyrrole (PP) nanoscaffold that provides abundant primary and secondary amino groups for amidation with the carboxyl groups in a nitroxide radical (TEMPO) and folic acid (FA), to obtain GC-PP@TEMPO-FA NPs. Advantageously, the appreciably benign GC-PP@TEMPO-FA features high nitroxide loading (r1 = 1.58 mM-1 s-1) and in vivo nitroxide-reduction resistance, prolonged nitroxide-systemic circulation times, appreciable water dispersibility, potential photodynamic therapeutic and electron paramagnetic resonance imaging capabilities, considerable biocompatibility, and ultimately achieves a 17 h commensurate MRI contrast enhancement. Moreover, its GC component conveys a plethora of PP to tumor sites, where FA-mediated tumor targeting enables substantial NP accumulation with consequential near-complete tumor regression within 16 days in an MRI-guided PTT. The present work therefore promotes the engineering of organic-based metal-free biocompatible NPs in synergism, in furtherance of tumor-targeted image-guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma U Akakuru
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zihou Li
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunshu Pan
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yanying Li
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Elvis I Nosike
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhoujing Zhang
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Zubair M Iqbal
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, No. 2 Road of Xiasha, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianjun Zheng
- Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices and Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China
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Akakuru OU, Iqbal MZ, Saeed M, Liu C, Paunesku T, Woloschak G, Hosmane NS, Wu A. The Transition from Metal-Based to Metal-Free Contrast Agents for T1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Enhancement. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2264-2286. [PMID: 31380621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has received significant attention as the noninvasive diagnostic technique for complex diseases. Image-guided therapeutic strategy for diseases such as cancer has also been at the front line of biomedical research, thanks to the innovative MRI, enhanced by the prior delivery of contrast agents (CAs) into patients' bodies through injection. These CAs have contributed a great deal to the clinical utility of MRI but have been based on metal-containing compounds such as gadolinium, manganese, and iron oxide. Some of these CAs have led to cytotoxicities such as the incurable Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF), resulting in their removal from the market. On the other hand, CAs based on organic nitroxide radicals, by virtue of their structural composition, are metal free and without the aforementioned drawbacks. They also have improved biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, and long blood circulation times, and have been proven to offer tissue contrast enhancement with longitudinal relaxivities comparable with those for the metal-containing CAs. Thus, this Review highlights the recent progress in metal-based CAs and their shortcomings. In addition, the remarkable goals achieved by the organic nitroxide radical CAs in the enhancement of MR images have also been discussed extensively. The focal point of this Review is to emphasize or demonstrate the crucial need for transition into the use of organic nitroxide radicals-metal-free CAs-as against the metal-containing CAs, with the aim of achieving safer application of MRI for early disease diagnosis and image-guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - M Zubair Iqbal
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,Department of Materials Engineering, College of Materials and Textiles , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , No. 2 Road of Xiasha , Hangzhou 310018 , P.R. China
| | - Madiha Saeed
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Gayle Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Narayan S Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , Illinois 60115 , United States
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China
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