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Paul SM, Yohn SE, Brannan SK, Neugebauer NM, Breier A. Muscarinic Receptor Activators as Novel Treatments for Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 96:627-637. [PMID: 38537670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Achieving optimal treatment outcomes for individuals living with schizophrenia remains challenging, despite 70 years of drug development efforts. Many chemically distinct antipsychotics have been developed over the past 7 decades with improved safety and tolerability but with only slight variation in efficacy. All antipsychotics currently approved for the treatment of schizophrenia act as antagonists or partial agonists at the dopamine D2 receptor. With only a few possible exceptions, antipsychotic drugs have similar and modest efficacy for treating positive symptoms and are relatively ineffective in addressing the negative and cognitive symptoms of the disease. The development of novel treatments focused on targeting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) has been of interest for more than 25 years following reports that treatment with a dual M1/M4-preferring mAChR agonist resulted in antipsychotic-like effects and procognitive properties in individuals living with Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia; more recent clinical trials have confirmed these findings. In addition, advances in our understanding of the receptor binding and activation properties of xanomeline at specific mAChRs have the potential to inform future drug design targeting mAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Paul
- Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | | | | | | | - Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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2
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Azargoonjahromi A. Current Findings and Potential Mechanisms of KarXT (Xanomeline-Trospium) in Schizophrenia Treatment. Clin Drug Investig 2024; 44:471-493. [PMID: 38904739 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-024-01377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Standard schizophrenia treatment involves antipsychotic medications that target D2 dopamine receptors. However, these drugs have limitations in addressing all symptoms and can lead to adverse effects such as motor impairments, metabolic effects, sedation, sexual dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and tardive dyskinesia. Recently, KarXT has emerged as a novel drug for schizophrenia. KarXT combines xanomeline, a muscarinic receptor M1 and M4 agonist, with trospium, a nonselective antimuscarinic agent. Of note, xanomeline can readily cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) and, thus, enter into the brain, thereby stimulating muscarinic receptors (M1 and M4). By doing so, xanomeline has been shown to target negative symptoms and potentially improve positive symptoms. Trospium, on the other hand, is not able to cross BBB, thereby not affecting M1 and M4 receptors; instead, it acts as an antimuscarinic agent and, hence, diminishes peripheral activity of muscarinic receptors to minimize side effects probably stemming from xanomeline in other organs. Accordingly, ongoing clinical trials investigating KarXT's efficacy in schizophrenia have demonstrated positive outcomes, including significant improvements in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total score and cognitive function compared with placebo. These findings emphasize the potential of KarXT as a promising treatment for schizophrenia, providing symptom relief while minimizing side effects associated with xanomeline monotherapy. Despite such promising evidence, further research is needed to confirm the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of KarXT in managing schizophrenia. This review article explores the current findings and potential mechanisms of KarXT in the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Azargoonjahromi
- Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Janbazan Blv, 14th Alley, Jahrom, Shiraz, 7417773539, Fars, Iran.
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3
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Ledneczki I, Némethy Z, Molnár KD, Tapolcsányi P, Ilkei V, Vágó I, Kolok S, Thán M, Laszy J, Balázs O, Krámos B, Szigetvári Á, Bata I, Makó A, Visegrády A, Fodor L, Vastag M, Lévay G, Lendvai B, Greiner I, Éles J. Optimization of Novel α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators and the Discovery of a Preclinical Development Candidate Molecule (RGH-560). J Med Chem 2023; 66:16276-16302. [PMID: 37989278 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
During optimization of a previously identified lead compound, attempts were made to optimize the reactive indole structural element, the suboptimal metabolic stability, as well as the low kinetic solubility. It was concluded that the indole was important for in vitro activity. With the aim of further improvements, more thorough modifications were also carried out. As a result, a new chemotype (the azetidinespirochromone family) was identified, which proved to be 1 order of magnitude less lipophilic retaining the same high level of in vitro potency as the lead series itself, however, with improved metabolic stability and kinetic solubility. Compound 53 showed the most balanced physicochemical and pharmacological profile with significant in vivo efficacy in the scopolamine-induced amnesia test. Based on these promising results, cognitive enhancement through the positive modulation of α7 nAChRs appears to be a viable approach. Compound 53 was selected to be a preclinical development candidate (as RGH-560).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsolt Némethy
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | | | - Pál Tapolcsányi
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Viktor Ilkei
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - István Vágó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Sándor Kolok
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Márta Thán
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Judit Laszy
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Ottilia Balázs
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Krámos
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Áron Szigetvári
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Imre Bata
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Attila Makó
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | | | - László Fodor
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Mónika Vastag
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - György Lévay
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - Balázs Lendvai
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
| | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc, 19-21 Gyömői útca, Budapest H-1103, Hungary
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4
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Paul SM, Yohn SE, Popiolek M, Miller AC, Felder CC. Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonists as Novel Treatments for Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:611-627. [PMID: 35758639 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.21101083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a challenging disease to treat effectively with current antipsychotic medications due to their limited efficacy across the entire spectrum of core symptoms as well as their often burdensome side-effect profiles and poor tolerability. An unmet need remains for novel, mechanistically unique, and better tolerated therapeutic agents for treating schizophrenia, especially those that treat not only positive symptoms but also the negative and cognitive symptoms of the disease. Almost 25 years ago, the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonist xanomeline was reported to reduce psychotic symptoms and improve cognition in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The antipsychotic and procognitive properties of xanomeline were subsequently confirmed in a small study of acutely psychotic patients with chronic schizophrenia. These unexpected clinical findings have prompted considerable efforts across academia and industry to target mAChRs as a new approach to potentially treat schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The authors discuss recent advances in mAChR biology and pharmacology and the current understanding of the relative roles of the various mAChR subtypes, their downstream cellular effectors, and key neural circuits mediating the reduction in the core symptoms of schizophrenia in patients treated with xanomeline. They also provide an update on the status of novel mAChR agonists currently in development for potential treatment of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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5
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Drug Design Targeting the Muscarinic Receptors and the Implications in Central Nervous System Disorders. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020398. [PMID: 35203607 PMCID: PMC8962391 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial evidence that cholinergic system function impairment plays a significant role in many central nervous system (CNS) disorders. During the past three decades, muscarinic receptors (mAChRs) have been implicated in various pathologies and have been prominent targets of drug-design efforts. However, due to the high sequence homology of the orthosteric binding site, many drug candidates resulted in limited clinical success. Although several advances in treating peripheral pathologies have been achieved, targeting CNS pathologies remains challenging for researchers. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made in recent years to develop functionally selective orthosteric and allosteric ligands targeting the mAChRs with limited side effect profiles. This review highlights past efforts and focuses on recent advances in drug design targeting these receptors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), schizophrenia (SZ), and depression.
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Maksymetz J, Byun NE, Luessen DJ, Li B, Barry RL, Gore JC, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Joffe ME, Conn PJ. mGlu 1 potentiation enhances prelimbic somatostatin interneuron activity to rescue schizophrenia-like physiological and cognitive deficits. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109950. [PMID: 34731619 PMCID: PMC8628371 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence for prefrontal cortical (PFC) GABAergic dysfunction is one of the most consistent findings in schizophrenia and may contribute to cognitive deficits. Recent studies suggest that the mGlu1 subtype of metabotropic glutamate receptor regulates cortical inhibition; however, understanding the mechanisms through which mGlu1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) regulate PFC microcircuit function and cognition is essential for advancing these potential therapeutics toward the clinic. We report a series of electrophysiology, optogenetic, pharmacological magnetic resonance imaging, and animal behavior studies demonstrating that activation of mGlu1 receptors increases inhibitory transmission in the prelimbic PFC by selective excitation of somatostatin-expressing interneurons (SST-INs). An mGlu1 PAM reverses cortical hyperactivity and concomitant cognitive deficits induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Using in vivo optogenetics, we show that prelimbic SST-INs are necessary for mGlu1 PAM efficacy. Collectively, these findings suggest that mGlu1 PAMs could reverse cortical GABAergic deficits and exhibit efficacy in treating cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nellie E Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Deborah J Luessen
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Brianna Li
- Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert L Barry
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Max E Joffe
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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7
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Foster DJ, Bryant ZK, Conn PJ. Targeting muscarinic receptors to treat schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2021; 405:113201. [PMID: 33647377 PMCID: PMC8006961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by a diverse range of symptoms that can have profound impacts on the lives of patients. Currently available antipsychotics target dopamine receptors, and while they are useful for ameliorating the positive symptoms of the disorder, this approach often does not significantly improve negative and cognitive symptoms. Excitingly, preclinical and clinical research suggests that targeting specific muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes could provide more comprehensive symptomatic relief with the potential to ameliorate numerous symptom domains. Mechanistic studies reveal that M1, M4, and M5 receptor subtypes can modulate the specific brain circuits and physiology that are disrupted in schizophrenia and are thought to underlie positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. Novel therapeutic strategies for targeting these receptors are now advancing in clinical and preclinical development and expand upon the promise of these new treatment strategies to potentially provide more comprehensive relief than currently available antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Foster
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - Zoey K Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, United States.
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8
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Hatzipantelis C, Langiu M, Vandekolk TH, Pierce TL, Nithianantharajah J, Stewart GD, Langmead CJ. Translation-Focused Approaches to GPCR Drug Discovery for Cognitive Impairments Associated with Schizophrenia. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:1042-1062. [PMID: 33344888 PMCID: PMC7737210 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There are no effective therapeutics for cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS), which includes deficits in executive functions (working memory and cognitive flexibility) and episodic memory. Compounds that have entered clinical trials are inadequate in terms of efficacy and/or tolerability, highlighting a clear translational bottleneck and a need for a cohesive preclinical drug development strategy. In this review we propose hippocampal-prefrontal-cortical (HPC-PFC) circuitry underlying CIAS-relevant cognitive processes across mammalian species as a target source to guide the translation-focused discovery and development of novel, procognitive agents. We highlight several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) enriched within HPC-PFC circuitry as therapeutic targets of interest, including noncanonical approaches (biased agonism and allosteric modulation) to conventional clinical targets, such as dopamine and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, along with prospective novel targets, including the orphan receptors GPR52 and GPR139. We also describe the translational limitations of popular preclinical cognition tests and suggest touchscreen-based assays that probe cognitive functions reliant on HPC-PFC circuitry and reflect tests used in the clinic, as tests of greater translational relevance. Combining pharmacological and behavioral testing strategies based in HPC-PFC circuit function creates a cohesive, translation-focused approach to preclinical drug development that may improve the translational bottleneck currently hindering the development of treatments for CIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra
J. Hatzipantelis
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Monica Langiu
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Teresa H. Vandekolk
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tracie L. Pierce
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience
and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Gregory D. Stewart
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Langmead
- Drug
Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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9
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Modulation of arousal and sleep/wake architecture by M 1 PAM VU0453595 across young and aged rodents and nonhuman primates. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2219-2228. [PMID: 32868847 PMCID: PMC7784923 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic circuitry represents an early event in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These alterations in central cholinergic function are associated with disruptions in arousal, sleep/wake architecture, and cognition. Changes in sleep/wake architecture are also present in normal aging and may represent a significant risk factor for AD. M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been reported to enhance cognition across preclinical species and may also provide beneficial effects for age- and/or neurodegenerative disease-related changes in arousal and sleep. In the present study, electroencephalography was conducted in young animals (mice, rats and nonhuman primates [NHPs]) and in aged mice to examine the effects of the selective M1 PAM VU0453595 in comparison with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, M1/M4 agonist xanomeline (in NHPs), and M1 PAM BQCA (in rats) on sleep/wake architecture and arousal. In young wildtype mice, rats, and NHPs, but not in M1 mAChR KO mice, VU0453595 produced dose-related increases in high frequency gamma power, a correlate of arousal and cognition enhancement, without altering duration of time across all sleep/wake stages. Effects of VU0453595 in NHPs were observed within a dose range that did not induce cholinergic-mediated adverse effects. In contrast, donepezil and xanomeline increased time awake in rodents and engendered dose-limiting adverse effects in NHPs. Finally, VU0453595 attenuated age-related decreases in REM sleep duration in aged wildtype mice. Development of M1 PAMs represents a viable strategy for attenuating age-related and dementia-related pathological disturbances of sleep and arousal.
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10
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Egerton A, Grace AA, Stone J, Bossong MG, Sand M, McGuire P. Glutamate in schizophrenia: Neurodevelopmental perspectives and drug development. Schizophr Res 2020; 223:59-70. [PMID: 33071070 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Research into the neurobiological processes that may lead to the onset of schizophrenia places growing emphasis on the glutamatergic system and brain development. Preclinical studies have shown that neurodevelopmental, genetic, and environmental factors contribute to glutamatergic dysfunction and schizophrenia-related phenotypes. Clinical research has suggested that altered brain glutamate levels may be present before the onset of psychosis and relate to outcome in those at clinical high risk. After psychosis onset, glutamate dysfunction may also relate to the degree of antipsychotic response and clinical outcome. These findings support ongoing efforts to develop pharmacological interventions that target the glutamate system and could suggest that glutamatergic compounds may be more effective in specific patient subgroups or illness stages. In this review, we consider the updated glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia, from a neurodevelopmental perspective, by reviewing recent preclinical and clinical evidence, and discuss the potential implications for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Egerton
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Anthony A Grace
- Departments of Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James Stone
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Matthijs G Bossong
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Sand
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Philip McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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11
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Moran SP, Xiang Z, Doyle CA, Maksymetz J, Lv X, Faltin S, Fisher NM, Niswender CM, Rook JM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ. Biased M 1 receptor-positive allosteric modulators reveal role of phospholipase D in M 1-dependent rodent cortical plasticity. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/610/eaax2057. [PMID: 31796631 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aax2057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Highly selective, positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor have emerged as an exciting new approach to potentially improve cognitive function in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Discovery programs have produced a structurally diverse range of M1 receptor PAMs with distinct pharmacological properties, including different extents of agonist activity and differences in signal bias. This includes biased M1 receptor PAMs that can potentiate coupling of the receptor to activation of phospholipase C (PLC) but not phospholipase D (PLD). However, little is known about the role of PLD in M1 receptor signaling in native systems, and it is not clear whether biased M1 PAMs display differences in modulating M1-mediated responses in native tissue. Using PLD inhibitors and PLD knockout mice, we showed that PLD was necessary for the induction of M1-dependent long-term depression (LTD) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Furthermore, biased M1 PAMs that did not couple to PLD not only failed to potentiate orthosteric agonist-induced LTD but also blocked M1-dependent LTD in the PFC. In contrast, biased and nonbiased M1 PAMs acted similarly in potentiating M1-dependent electrophysiological responses that were PLD independent. These findings demonstrate that PLD plays a critical role in the ability of M1 PAMs to modulate certain central nervous system (CNS) functions and that biased M1 PAMs function differently in brain regions implicated in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Moran
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Catherine A Doyle
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaohui Lv
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sehr Faltin
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nicole M Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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12
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Intson K, van Eede MC, Islam R, Milenkovic M, Yan Y, Salahpour A, Henkelman RM, Ramsey AJ. Progressive neuroanatomical changes caused by Grin1 loss-of-function mutation. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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13
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Moran SP, Maksymetz J, Conn PJ. Targeting Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors for the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:1006-1020. [PMID: 31711626 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) play important roles in regulating complex behaviors such as cognition, movement, and reward, making them ideally situated as potential drug targets for the treatment of several brain disorders. Recent advances in the discovery of subtype-selective allosteric modulators for mAChRs has provided an unprecedented opportunity for highly specific modulation of signaling by individual mAChR subtypes in the brain. Recently, mAChR allosteric modulators have entered clinical development for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia, and have potential utility for other brain disorders. However, mAChR allosteric modulators can display a diverse array of pharmacological properties, and a more nuanced understanding of the mAChR will be necessary to best translate preclinical findings into successful clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Moran
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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14
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Teal LB, Gould RW, Felts AS, Jones CK. Selective allosteric modulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance use disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 86:153-196. [PMID: 31378251 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChRs) subtypes represent exciting new targets for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance use disorder (SUD). Recent advances in the development of subtype-selective allosteric modulators have revealed promising effects in preclinical models targeting the different symptoms observed in schizophrenia and SUD. M1 PAMs display potential for addressing the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, while M4 PAMs exhibit promise in treating preclinical models predictive of antipsychotic-like activity. In SUD, there is increasing support for modulation of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic circuitry involved in SUD with selective M4 mAChR PAMs or M5 mAChR NAMs. Allosteric modulators of these mAChR subtypes have demonstrated efficacy in rodent models of cocaine and ethanol seeking, with indications that these ligand may also be useful for other substances of abuse, as well as in various stages in the cycle of addiction. Importantly, allosteric modulators of the different mAChR subtypes may provide viable treatment options, while conferring greater subtype specificity and corresponding enhanced therapeutic index than orthosteric muscarinic ligands and maintaining endogenous temporo-spatial ACh signaling. Overall, subtype specific mAChR allosteric modulators represent important novel therapeutic mechanisms for schizophrenia and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Teal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Robert W Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew S Felts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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15
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Mandai T, Kasahara M, Kurimoto E, Tanaka M, Suzuki M, Nakatani A, Kimura H. In Vivo Pharmacological Comparison of TAK-071, a Positive Allosteric Modulator of Muscarinic M 1 Receptor, and Xanomeline, an Agonist of Muscarinic M 1/M 4 Receptor, in Rodents. Neuroscience 2019; 414:60-76. [PMID: 31299348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1R) may be an effective therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and schizophrenia. Previously, the M1R/M4R agonist xanomeline was shown to improve cognitive function and exert antipsychotic effects in patients with AD and schizophrenia. However, its clinical development was discontinued because of its cholinomimetic side effects. We compared in vivo pharmacological profiles of a novel M1R-selective positive allosteric modulator, TAK-071, and xanomeline in rodents. Xanomeline suppressed both methamphetamine- and MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion in mice, whereas TAK-071 suppressed only MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion. In a previous study, we showed that TAK-071 improved scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in a rat novel object recognition task (NORT) with 33-fold margins versus cholinergic side effects (diarrhea). Xanomeline also improved scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in a NORT; however, it had no margin versus cholinergic side effects (e.g., diarrhea, salivation, and hypoactivity) in rats. These side effects were observed even in M1R knockout mice. Evaluation of c-Fos expression as a marker of neural activation revealed that xanomeline increased the number of c-Fos-positive cells in several cortical areas, the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. Other than in the orbital cortex and claustrum, TAK-071 induced similar c-Fos expression patterns. When donepezil was co-administered to increase the levels of acetylcholine, the number of TAK-071-induced c-Fos-positive cells in these brain regions was increased. TAK-071, through induction of similar neural activation as that seen with xanomeline, may produce procognitive and antipsychotic effects with improved cholinergic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Mandai
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Maki Kasahara
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Emi Kurimoto
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Maiko Tanaka
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Motohisa Suzuki
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakatani
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Haruhide Kimura
- Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
There are 3 common physiological estrogens, of which estradiol (E2) is seen to decline rapidly over the menopausal transition. This decline in E2 has been associated with a number of changes in the brain, including cognitive changes, effects on sleep, and effects on mood. These effects have been demonstrated in both rodent and non-human preclinical models. Furthermore, E2 interactions have been indicated in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, and depression. In normal brain aging, there are a number of systems that undergo changes and a number of these show interactions with E2, particularly the cholinergic system, the dopaminergic system, and mitochondrial function. E2 treatment has been shown to ameliorate some of the behavioral and morphological changes seen in preclinical models of menopause; however, in clinical populations, the effects of E2 treatment on cognitive changes after menopause are mixed. The future use of sex hormone treatment will likely focus on personalized or precision medicine for the prevention or treatment of cognitive disturbances during aging, with a better understanding of who may benefit from such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K Russell
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Paul A Newhouse
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Tennessee VA Health Systems, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA.
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17
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Maksymetz J, Joffe ME, Moran SP, Stansley BJ, Li B, Temple K, Engers DW, Lawrence JJ, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ. M 1 Muscarinic Receptors Modulate Fear-Related Inputs to the Prefrontal Cortex: Implications for Novel Treatments of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 85:989-1000. [PMID: 31003787 PMCID: PMC6555658 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prefrontal cortex (PFC) integrates information from multiple inputs to exert top-down control allowing for appropriate responses in a given context. In psychiatric disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, PFC hyperactivity is associated with inappropriate fear in safe situations. We previously reported a form of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR)-dependent long-term depression in the PFC that we hypothesize is involved in appropriate fear responding and could serve to reduce cortical hyperactivity following stress. However, it is unknown whether this long-term depression occurs at fear-related inputs. METHODS Using optogenetics with extracellular and whole-cell electrophysiology, we assessed the effect of mAChR activation on the synaptic strength of specific PFC inputs. We used selective pharmacological tools to assess the involvement of M1 mAChRs in conditioned fear extinction in control mice and in the stress-enhanced fear-learning model. RESULTS M1 mAChR activation induced long-term depression at inputs from the ventral hippocampus and basolateral amygdala but not from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. We found that systemic M1 mAChR antagonism impaired contextual fear extinction. Treatment with an M1 positive allosteric modulator enhanced contextual fear extinction consolidation in stress-enhanced fear learning-conditioned mice. CONCLUSIONS M1 mAChRs dynamically modulate synaptic transmission at two PFC inputs whose activity is necessary for fear extinction, and M1 mAChR function is required for proper contextual fear extinction. Furthermore, an M1 positive allosteric modulator enhanced the consolidation of fear extinction in the stress-enhanced fear-learning model, suggesting that M1 positive allosteric modulators may provide a novel treatment strategy to facilitate exposure therapy in the clinic for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Max E Joffe
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sean P Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Branden J Stansley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Brianna Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kayla Temple
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Darren W Engers
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - J Josh Lawrence
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
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18
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Huang X, Wang M, Zhang Q, Chen X, Wu J. The role of glutamate receptors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: From physiology to disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:272-286. [PMID: 30953404 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychiatric disorder in children and adolescents, which is characterized by behavioral problems such as attention deficit, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. As the receptors of the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), glutamate receptors (GluRs) are strongly linked to normal brain functioning and pathological processes. Extensive investigations have been made about the structure, function, and regulation of GluR family, describing evidences that support the disruption of these mechanisms in mental disorders, including ADHD. In this review, we briefly described the family and function of GluRs in the CNS, and discussed what is recently known about the role of GluRs in ADHD, that including GluR genes, animal models, and the treatment, which would help us further elucidate the etiology of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinzhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Port RG, Berman JI, Liu S, Featherstone RE, Roberts TP, Siegel SJ. Parvalbumin Cell Ablation of NMDA-R1 Leads to Altered Phase, But Not Amplitude, of Gamma-Band Cross-Frequency Coupling. Brain Connect 2019; 9:263-272. [PMID: 30588822 PMCID: PMC6479236 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2018.0639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered gamma-band electrophysiological activity in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is well documented, and analogous gamma-band alterations are recapitulated in several preclinical murine models relevant to ASD. Such gamma-band activity is hypothesized to underlie local circuit processes. Gamma-band cross-frequency coupling (CFC), a related though distinct metric, interrogates local neural circuit signal integration. Several recent studies have observed perturbed gamma-band CFC in individuals with ASD, although the direction of change remains unresolved. It also remains unclear whether murine models relevant to ASD recapitulate this altered gamma-band CFC. As such, this study examined whether mice with parvalbumin (PV) cell-specific ablation of NMDA-R1 (PVcre/NR1fl/fl) demonstrated altered gamma-band CFC as compared with their control littermates (PVcre/NR1+/+-mice that do not have the PV cell-specific ablation of NMDA-R1). Ten mice of each genotype had 4 min of "resting" electroencephalography recorded and analyzed. First, resting electrophysiological power was parsed into the canonical frequency bands and genotype-related differences were subsequently explored so as to provide context for the subsequent CFC analyses. PVcre/NR1fl/fl mice exhibited an increase in resting power specific to the high gamma-band, but not other frequency bands, as compared with PVcre/NR1+/+. CFC analyses then examined both the standard magnitude (strength) of CFC and the novel metric PhaseMax-which denotes the phase of the lower frequency signal at which the peak higher frequency signal power occurred. PVcre/NR1fl/fl mice exhibited altered PhaseMax, but not strength, of gamma-band CFC as compared with PVcre/NR1+/+ mice. As such, this study suggests a potential novel metric to explore when studying neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell G. Port
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey I. Berman
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Song Liu
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert E. Featherstone
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Timothy P.L. Roberts
- Lurie Family Foundations MEG Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven J. Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Jörg M, van der Westhuizen ET, Khajehali E, Burger WAC, White JM, Choy KHC, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Valant C, Capuano B, Christopoulos A, Scammells PJ. 6-Phenylpyrimidin-4-ones as Positive Allosteric Modulators at the M 1 mAChR: The Determinants of Allosteric Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1099-1114. [PMID: 30547573 PMCID: PMC7616175 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting allosteric sites of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) is an enticing approach to overcome the lack of receptor subtype selectivity observed with orthosteric ligands. This is a promising strategy for obtaining novel therapeutics to treat cognitive deficits observed in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, while reducing the peripheral side effects such as seen in the current treatment regimes, which are non-subtype selective. We previously described compound 2, the first positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the M1 mAChR based on a 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-one scaffold, which has been further developed in this study. Herein, we present the synthesis, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation of a series of 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-ones with modifications to the 4-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)benzyl pendant. Selected compounds, BQCA, 1, 2, 9i, 13, 14b, 15c, and 15d, were further profiled in terms of their allosteric affinity, cooperativity with acetylcholine (ACh), and intrinsic efficacy. Additionally, 2 and 9i were tested in mouse primary cortical neurons, displaying various degrees of intrinsic agonism and potentiation of the acetylcholine response. Overall, the results suggest that the pendant moiety is important for allosteric binding affinity and the direct agonistic efficacy of the 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-one based M1 mAChR PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emma T. van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wessel A. C. Burger
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Kwok H. C. Choy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew B. Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Capuano
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J. Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville3052, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Engers JL, Bender AM, Kalbfleisch JJ, Cho HP, Lingenfelter KS, Luscombe VB, Han C, Melancon BJ, Blobaum AL, Dickerson JW, Rook JM, Niswender CM, Emmitte KA, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Discovery of Tricyclic Triazolo- and Imidazopyridine Lactams as M 1 Positive Allosteric Modulators. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1035-1042. [PMID: 30086237 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This Letter describes the chemical optimization of a new series of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 1 (M1) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) based on novel tricyclic triazolo- and imidazopyridine lactam cores, devoid of M1 agonism, e.g., no M1 ago-PAM activity, in high expressing recombinant cell lines. While all the new tricyclic congeners afforded excellent rat pharmacokinetic (PK) properties (CLp < 8 mL/min/kg and t1/2 > 5 h), regioisomeric triazolopyridine analogues were uniformly not CNS penetrant ( Kp < 0.05), despite a lack of hydrogen bond donors. However, removal of a single nitrogen atom to afford imidazopyridine derivatives proved to retain the excellent rat PK and provide high CNS penetration ( Kp > 2), despite inclusion of a basic nitrogen. Moreover, 24c was devoid of M1 agonism in high expressing recombinant cell lines and did not induce cholinergic seizures in vivo in mice. Interestingly, all of the new M1 PAMs across the diverse tricyclic heterocyclic cores possessed equivalent CNS MPO scores (>4.5), highlighting the value of both "medicinal chemist's eye" and experimental data, e.g., not sole reliance (or decision bias) on in silico calculated properties, for parameters as complex as CNS penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Aaron M. Bender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jacob J. Kalbfleisch
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kaelyn S. Lingenfelter
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Vincent B. Luscombe
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Changho Han
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Bruce J. Melancon
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery & Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kyle A. Emmitte
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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22
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Bertron JL, Seto M, Lindsley CW. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Phencyclidine (PCP). ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2459-2474. [PMID: 29953199 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP, "angel dust", an arylcyclohexylamine) was the first non-natural, man-made illicit drug of abuse, and was coined 'the most dangerous drug in America" in the late 1970s (amidst sensational horror stories of the drug's effects); however, few other illicit drugs have had such a significant and broad impact on society-both good and bad. Originally developed as a new class of anesthetic, PCP-derived psychosis gave way to the PCP hypothesis of schizophrenia (later coined the NMDA receptor hypofunction hypothesis or the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia), which continues to drive therapeutic discovery for schizophrenia today. PCP also led to the discovery of ketamine (and a new paradigm for the treatment of major depression), as well as other illicit, designer drugs, such as methoxetamine (MXE) and a new wave of Internet commerce for illicit drugs (sold as research chemicals, or RCs). Furthermore, PCP is a significant contaminant/additive of many illegal drugs sold today, due to its ease of preparation by clandestine chemists. Here, we will review the history, importance, synthesis (both legal and clandestine), pharmacology, drug metabolism, and folklore of PCP, a true DARK classic in chemical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette L. Bertron
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Mabel Seto
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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23
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Rook JM, Bertron JL, Cho HP, Garcia-Barrantes PM, Moran SP, Maksymetz JT, Nance KD, Dickerson JW, Remke DH, Chang S, Harp JM, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Stauffer SR, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. A Novel M 1 PAM VU0486846 Exerts Efficacy in Cognition Models without Displaying Agonist Activity or Cholinergic Toxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2274-2285. [PMID: 29701957 PMCID: PMC6146057 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective activation of the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, via positive allosteric modulation (PAM), is an exciting strategy to improve cognition in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease patients. However, highly potent M1 ago-PAMs, such as MK-7622, PF-06764427, and PF-06827443, can engender excessive activation of M1, leading to agonist actions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that impair cognitive function, induce behavioral convulsions, and result in other classic cholinergic adverse events (AEs). Here, we report a fundamentally new and highly selective M1 PAM, VU0486846. VU0486846 possesses only weak agonist activity in M1-expressing cell lines with high receptor reserve and is devoid of agonist actions in the PFC, unlike previously reported ago-PAMs MK-7622, PF-06764427, and PF-06827443. Moreover, VU0486846 shows no interaction with antagonist binding at the orthosteric acetylcholine (ACh) site (e.g., neither bitopic nor displaying negative cooperativity with [3H]-NMS binding at the orthosteric site), no seizure liability at high brain exposures, and no cholinergic AEs. However, as opposed to ago-PAMs, VU0486846 produces robust efficacy in the novel object recognition model of cognitive function. Importantly, we show for the first time that an M1 PAM can reverse the cognitive deficits induced by atypical antipsychotics, such as risperidone. These findings further strengthen the argument that compounds with modest in vitro M1 PAM activity (EC50 > 100 nM) and pure-PAM activity in native tissues display robust procognitive efficacy without AEs mediated by excessive activation of M1. Overall, the combination of compound assessment with recombinant in vitro assays (mindful of receptor reserve), native tissue systems (PFC), and phenotypic screens (behavioral convulsions) is essential to fully understand and evaluate lead compounds and enhance success in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerri M. Rook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jeanette L. Bertron
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Pedro M. Garcia-Barrantes
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Sean P. Moran
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - James T. Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Kellie D. Nance
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Daniel H. Remke
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Joel M. Harp
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Shaun R. Stauffer
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
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Moran SP, Cho HP, Maksymetz J, Remke DH, Hanson RM, Niswender CM, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Conn PJ. PF-06827443 Displays Robust Allosteric Agonist and Positive Allosteric Modulator Activity in High Receptor Reserve and Native Systems. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:2218-2224. [PMID: 29683646 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor have attracted intense interest as an exciting new approach for improving the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Recent evidence suggests that the presence of intrinsic agonist activity of some M1 PAMs may reduce efficacy and contribute to adverse effect liability. However, the M1 PAM PF-06827443 was reported to have only weak agonist activity at human M1 receptors but produced M1-dependent adverse effects. We now report that PF-06827443 is an allosteric agonist in cell lines expressing rat, dog, and human M1 and use of inducible cell lines shows that agonist activity of PF-06827443 is dependent on receptor reserve. Furthermore, PF-06827443 is an agonist in native tissue preparations and induces behavioral convulsions in mice similar to other ago-PAMs. These findings suggest that PF-06827443 is a robust ago-PAM, independent of species, in cell lines and native systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Moran
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - James Maksymetz
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Daniel H. Remke
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Ryan M. Hanson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37240, United States
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25
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Engers JL, Childress ES, Long MF, Capstick RA, Luscombe VB, Cho HP, Dickerson JW, Rook JM, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Engers DW, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. VU6007477, a Novel M 1 PAM Based on a Pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine Carboxamide Core Devoid of Cholinergic Adverse Events. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:917-922. [PMID: 30258541 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the chemical optimization of a new series of M1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) based on a novel pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine core, developed via scaffold hopping and iterative parallel synthesis. The vast majority of analogs in this series proved to display robust cholinergic seizure activity. However, by removal of the secondary hydroxyl group, VU6007477 resulted with good rat M1 PAM potency (EC50 = 230 nM, 93% ACh max), minimal M1 agonist activity (agonist EC50 > 10 μM), good CNS penetration (rat brain/plasma K p = 0.28, K p,uu = 0.32; mouse K p = 0.16, K p,uu = 0.18), and no cholinergic adverse events (AEs, e.g., seizures). This work demonstrates that within a chemical series prone to robust M1 ago-PAM activity, SAR can result, which affords pure M1 PAMs, devoid of cholinergic toxicity/seizure liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie L. Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Elizabeth S. Childress
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Madeline F. Long
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rory A. Capstick
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Vincent B. Luscombe
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Hekyung P. Cho
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jerri M. Rook
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Darren W. Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, ‡Department of Pharmacology, §Department of Chemistry, ∥Department of Biochemistry, and ⊥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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26
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Khajehali E, Valant C, Jörg M, Tobin AB, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Sexton PM, Scammells PJ, Christopoulos A. Probing the binding site of novel selective positive allosteric modulators at the M 1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:243-254. [PMID: 29777683 PMCID: PMC6066355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Subtype-selective allosteric modulation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (M1 mAChR) is an attractive approach for the treatment of numerous disorders, including cognitive deficits. The discovery of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid, BQCA, a selective M1 mAChR positive allosteric modulator (PAM), spurred the subsequent development of newer generation M1 PAMs representing diverse chemical scaffolds, different pharmacodynamic properties and, in some instances, improved pharmacokinetics. Key exemplar molecules from such efforts include PF-06767832 (N-((3R,4S)-3-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-5-methyl-4-(4-(thiazol-4-yl)benzyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide), VU6004256 (4,6-difluoro-N-(1S,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl-1-((6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridine-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide) and MIPS1780 (3-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-6-(2-((4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-benzyl)oxy)phenyl)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one). Given these diverse scaffolds and pharmacodynamics, the current study combined pharmacological analysis and site-directed mutagenesis to explore the potential binding site and function of newer M1 mAChR PAMs relative to BQCA. Interestingly, the mechanism of action of the novel PAMs was consistent with a common model of allostery, as previously described for BQCA. Key residues involved in the activity of BQCA, including Y179 in the second extracellular loop (ECL) and W4007.35 in transmembrane domain (TM) 7, were critical for the activity of all PAMs tested. Overall, our data indicate that structurally distinct PAMs share a similar binding site with BQCA, specifically, an extracellular allosteric site defined by residues in TM2, TM7 and ECL2. These findings provide valuable insights into the structural basis underlying modulator binding, cooperativity and signaling at the M1 mAChR, which is essential for the rational design of PAMs with tailored pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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27
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M 1-positive allosteric modulators lacking agonist activity provide the optimal profile for enhancing cognition. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:1763-1771. [PMID: 29581537 PMCID: PMC6006294 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Highly selective positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of the M1 subtype of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor have emerged as an exciting new approach for improving cognitive function in patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. However, excessive activation of M1 is known to induce seizure activity and have actions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that could impair cognitive function. We now report a series of pharmacological, electrophysiological, and behavioral studies in which we find that recently reported M1 PAMs, PF-06764427 and MK-7622, have robust agonist activity in cell lines and agonist effects in the mouse PFC, and have the potential to overactivate the M1 receptor and disrupt PFC function. In contrast, structurally distinct M1 PAMs (VU0453595 and VU0550164) are devoid of agonist activity in cell lines and maintain activity dependence of M1 activation in the PFC. Consistent with the previously reported effect of PF-06764427, the ago-PAM MK-7622 induces severe behavioral convulsions in mice. In contrast, VU0453595 does not induce behavioral convulsions at doses well above those required for maximal efficacy in enhancing cognitive function. Furthermore, in contrast to the robust efficacy of VU0453595, the ago-PAM MK-7622 failed to improve novel object recognition, a rodent assay of cognitive function. These findings suggest that in vivo cognition-enhancing efficacy of M1 PAMs can be observed with PAMs lacking intrinsic agonist activity and that intrinsic agonist activity of M1 PAMs may contribute to adverse effects and reduced efficacy in improving cognitive function.
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28
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Yohn SE, Conn PJ. Positive allosteric modulation of M 1 and M 4 muscarinic receptors as potential therapeutic treatments for schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:438-448. [PMID: 28893562 PMCID: PMC5844786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Current antipsychotic drugs provide symptomatic relief for positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but do not offer symptom management for negative and cognitive symptoms. In addition, many patients discontinue treatment due to adverse side effects. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop more effective and safe treatment options. Although the etiology of schizophrenia is unclear, considerable data from post-mortem, neuroimaging and neuropharmacology studies support a role of the muscarinic acetylcholine (mAChRs) in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Substantial evidence suggests that activation of mAChRs has the potential to treat all symptom domains of schizophrenia. Despite encouraging results in demonstrating efficacy, clinical trials of nonselective mAChR agonists were limited in their clinical utility due to dose-limiting peripheral side effects. Accordingly, efforts have been made to specifically target centrally located M1 and M4 mAChR subtypes devoid of adverse-effect liability. To circumvent this limitation, there have been tremendous advances in the discovery of ligands that bind at allosteric sites, binding sites distinct from the orthosteric site, which are structurally less conserved and thereby afford high levels of receptor subtype selectivity. The discovery of subtype-specific allosteric modulators has greatly advanced our understanding of the physiological role of various muscarinic receptor subtypes in schizophrenia and the potential utility of M1 and M4 mAChR subtypes as targets for the development of novel treatments for schizophrenia and related disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Yohn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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29
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Bertron JL, Cho HP, Garcia-Barrantes PM, Panarese JD, Salovich JM, Nance KD, Engers DW, Rook JM, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Stauffer SR, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. The discovery of VU0486846: steep SAR from a series of M 1 PAMs based on a novel benzomorpholine core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2175-2179. [PMID: 29754948 PMCID: PMC6427922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This letter describes the chemical optimization of a new series of M1 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) based on a novel benzomorpholine core, developed via iterative parallel synthesis, and culminating in the highly utilized rodent in vivo tool compound, VU0486846 (7), devoid of adverse effect liability. This is the first report of the optimization campaign (SAR and DMPK profiling) that led to the discovery of VU0486846 and details all of the challenges faced in allosteric modulator programs (both steep and flat SAR, as well as subtle structural changes affecting CNS penetration and overall physiochemical and DMPK properties).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette L Bertron
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hyekyung P Cho
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Pedro M Garcia-Barrantes
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph D Panarese
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James M Salovich
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kellie D Nance
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Darren W Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shaun R Stauffer
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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30
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Current status of muscarinic M1 and M4 receptors as drug targets for neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropharmacology 2018; 136:449-458. [PMID: 29374561 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic signalling system has been an attractive pathway to seek targets for modulation of arousal, cognition, and attention which are compromised in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. The acetylcholine muscarinic receptor M1 and M4 subtypes which are highly expressed in the central nervous system, in cortex, hippocampus and striatum, key areas of cognitive and neuropsychiatric control, have received particular attention. Historical muscarinic drug development yielded first generation agonists with modest selectivity for these two receptor targets over M2 and M3 receptors, the major peripheral sub-types hypothesised to underlie the dose-limiting clinical side effects. More recent compound screening and medicinal chemistry optimization of orthosteric and allosteric agonists, and positive allosteric modulators binding to sites distinct from the highly homologous acetylcholine binding pocket have yielded a collection of highly selective tool compounds for preclinical validation studies. Several M1 selective ligands have progressed to early clinical development and in time will hopefully lead to useful therapeutics for treating symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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31
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Bewley BR, Spearing PK, Weiner RL, Luscombe VB, Zhan X, Chang S, Cho HP, Rodriguez AL, Niswender CM, Conn PJ, Bridges TM, Engers DW, Lindsley CW. Discovery of a novel, CNS penetrant M 4 PAM chemotype based on a 6-fluoro-4-(piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-3-carbonitrile core. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4274-4279. [PMID: 28866269 PMCID: PMC5688877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This Letter details the discovery and subsequent optimization of a novel M4 PAM scaffold based on an 6-fluoro-4-(piperidin-1-yl)quinoline-3-carbonitrile core, which represents a distinct departure from the classical M4 PAM chemotypes. Optimized compounds in this series demonstrated improved M4 PAM potency on both human and rat M4 (4 to 5-fold relative to HTS hit), and displayed attractive physicochemical and DMPK profiles, including good CNS penetration (rat brain:plasma Kp=5.3, Kp,uu=2.4; MDCK-MDR1 (P-gp) ER=1.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake R Bewley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Paul K Spearing
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca L Weiner
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vincent B Luscombe
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhan
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sichen Chang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hyekyung P Cho
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alice L Rodriguez
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Thomas M Bridges
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Darren W Engers
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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32
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O'Tuathaigh CMP, Moran PM, Zhen XC, Waddington JL. Translating advances in the molecular basis of schizophrenia into novel cognitive treatment strategies. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3173-3190. [PMID: 28667666 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence and severity of cognitive symptoms, including working memory, executive dysfunction and attentional impairment, contributes materially to functional impairment in schizophrenia. Cognitive symptoms have proved to be resistant to both first- and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. Efforts to develop a consensus set of cognitive domains that are both disrupted in schizophrenia and are amenable to cross-species validation (e.g. the National Institute of Mental Health Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia and Research Domain Criteria initiatives) are an important step towards standardization of outcome measures that can be used in preclinical testing of new drugs. While causative genetic mutations have not been identified, new technologies have identified novel genes as well as hitherto candidate genes previously implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and/or mechanisms of antipsychotic efficacy. This review comprises a selective summary of these developments, particularly phenotypic data arising from preclinical genetic models for cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, with the aim of indicating potential new directions for pro-cognitive therapeutics. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of Cognition: a Panacea for Neuropsychiatric Disease? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.19/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm M P O'Tuathaigh
- School of Medicine, University College Cork, Brookfield Health Sciences Complex, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paula M Moran
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Xuechu C Zhen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - John L Waddington
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research & Therapy for Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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33
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Foster DJ, Conn PJ. Allosteric Modulation of GPCRs: New Insights and Potential Utility for Treatment of Schizophrenia and Other CNS Disorders. Neuron 2017; 94:431-446. [PMID: 28472649 PMCID: PMC5482176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play critical roles in regulating brain function. Recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of these receptors as complex signaling machines that can adopt numerous conformations and modulate multiple downstream signaling pathways. While agonists and antagonists have traditionally been pursued to target GPCRs, allosteric modulators provide several mechanistic advantages, including the ability to distinguish between closely related receptor subtypes. Recently, the discovery of allosteric ligands that confer bias and modulate some, but not all, of a given receptor's downstream signaling pathways can provide pharmacological modulation of brain circuitry with remarkable precision. In addition, allosteric modulators with unprecedented specificity have been developed that can differentiate between subpopulations of a given receptor subtype based on the receptor's dimerization state. These advances are not only providing insight into the biological roles of specific receptor populations, but hold great promise for treating numerous CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Foster
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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34
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Rook JM, Abe M, Cho HP, Nance KD, Luscombe VB, Adams JJ, Dickerson JW, Remke DH, Garcia-Barrantes PM, Engers DW, Engers JL, Chang S, Foster JJ, Blobaum AL, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW. Diverse Effects on M 1 Signaling and Adverse Effect Liability within a Series of M 1 Ago-PAMs. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:866-883. [PMID: 28001356 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both historical clinical and recent preclinical data suggest that the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor is an exciting target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and the cognitive and negative symptom clusters in schizophrenia; however, early drug discovery efforts targeting the orthosteric binding site have failed to afford selective M1 activation. Efforts then shifted to focus on selective activation of M1 via either allosteric agonists or positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). While M1 PAMs have robust efficacy in rodent models, some chemotypes can induce cholinergic adverse effects (AEs) that could limit their clinical utility. Here, we report studies aimed at understanding the subtle structural and pharmacological nuances that differentiate efficacy from adverse effect liability within an indole-based series of M1 ago-PAMs. Our data demonstrate that closely related M1 PAMs can display striking differences in their in vivo activities, especially their propensities to induce adverse effects. We report the discovery of a novel PAM in this series that is devoid of observable adverse effect liability. Interestingly, the molecular pharmacology profile of this novel PAM is similar to that of a representative M1 PAM that induces severe AEs. For instance, both compounds are potent ago-PAMs that demonstrate significant interaction with the orthosteric site (either bitopic or negative cooperativity). However, there are subtle differences in efficacies of the compounds at potentiating M1 responses, agonist potencies, and abilities to induce receptor internalization. While these differences may contribute to the differential in vivo profiles of these compounds, the in vitro differences are relatively subtle and highlight the complexities of allosteric modulators and the need to focus on in vivo phenotypic screening to identify safe and effective M1 PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerri M. Rook
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Masahito Abe
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Hyekyung P. Cho
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Kellie D. Nance
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Vincent B. Luscombe
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Adams
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Dickerson
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Daniel H. Remke
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Pedro M. Garcia-Barrantes
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Darren W. Engers
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Julie L. Engers
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Jarrett J. Foster
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, ‡Department of Chemistry, §Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience
Drug Discovery, ∥Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
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35
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Wood MR, Noetzel MJ, Melancon BJ, Poslusney MS, Nance KD, Hurtado MA, Luscombe VB, Weiner RL, Rodriguez AL, Lamsal A, Chang S, Bubser M, Blobaum AL, Engers DW, Niswender CM, Jones CK, Brandon NJ, Wood MW, Duggan ME, Conn PJ, Bridges TM, Lindsley CW. Discovery of VU0467485/AZ13713945: An M 4 PAM Evaluated as a Preclinical Candidate for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:233-238. [PMID: 28197318 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the structure-activity relationships within a series of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4 (M4) positive allosteric modulators (PAMs). Compound 6c (VU0467485) possesses robust in vitro M4 PAM potency across species and in vivo efficacy in preclinical models of schizophrenia. Coupled with an attractive DMPK profile and suitable predicted human PK, 6c (VU0467485) was evaluated as a preclinical development candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Wood
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Meredith J. Noetzel
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Bruce J. Melancon
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michael S. Poslusney
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Kellie D. Nance
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Miguel A. Hurtado
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Vincent B. Luscombe
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Weiner
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Alice L. Rodriguez
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Atin Lamsal
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sichen Chang
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Michael Bubser
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Anna L. Blobaum
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Darren W. Engers
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Colleen M. Niswender
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Carrie K. Jones
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Brandon
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines Biotech
Unit, 141 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael W. Wood
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines Biotech
Unit, 141 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark E. Duggan
- AstraZeneca Neuroscience, Innovative Medicines Biotech
Unit, 141 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - P. Jeffrey Conn
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas M. Bridges
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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36
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Vakalopoulos C. The Glutamate Model of Schizophrenia: It's All About Signal Muscarinic Connections. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 360:288. [PMID: 28082513 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.238766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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