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Bolinger AA, Li J, Xie X, Li H, Zhou J. Lessons learnt from broad-spectrum coronavirus antiviral drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:1023-1041. [PMID: 39078037 PMCID: PMC11390334 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2385598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Highly pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs), such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV), and the most recent SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, pose significant threats to human populations over the past two decades. These CoVs have caused a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe distress syndromes (ARDS), resulting in high morbidity and mortality. AREAS COVERED The accelerated advancements in antiviral drug discovery, spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, have shed new light on the imperative to develop treatments effective against a broad spectrum of CoVs. This perspective discusses strategies and lessons learnt in targeting viral non-structural proteins, structural proteins, drug repurposing, and combinational approaches for the development of antivirals against CoVs. EXPERT OPINION Drawing lessons from the pandemic, it becomes evident that the absence of efficient broad-spectrum antiviral drugs increases the vulnerability of public health systems to the potential onslaught by highly pathogenic CoVs. The rapid and sustained spread of novel CoVs can have devastating consequences without effective and specifically targeted treatments. Prioritizing the effective development of broad-spectrum antivirals is imperative for bolstering the resilience of public health systems and mitigating the potential impact of future highly pathogenic CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A. Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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2
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Rejinold NS, Jin GW, Choy JH. Insight into Preventing Global Dengue Spread: Nanoengineered Niclosamide for Viral Infections. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 39194045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c02845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Millions of cases of dengue virus (DENV) infection yearly from Aedes mosquitoes stress the need for effective antivirals. No current drug effectively combats dengue efficiently. Transient immunity and severe risks highlight the need for broad-spectrum antivirals targeting all serotypes of DENV. Niclosamide, an antiparasitic, shows promising antiviral activity against the dengue virus, but enhancing its bioavailability is challenging. To overcome this issue and enable niclosamide to address the global dengue problem, nanoengineered niclosamides can be the solution. Not only does it address cost issues but also with its broad-spectrum antiviral effects nanoengineered niclosamide offers hope in addressing the current health crisis associated with DENV and will play a crucial role in combating other arboviruses as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sanoj Rejinold
- Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML), College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Woo Jin
- R&D Center, Hyundai Bioscience Co. LTD., Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Choy
- Intelligent Nanohybrid Materials Laboratory (INML), College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Division of Natural Sciences, The National Academy of Sciences, Seoul 06579, Republic of Korea
- Tokyo Tech World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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3
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Chauhan N, Gaur KK, Asuru TR, Guchhait P. Dengue virus: pathogenesis and potential for small molecule inhibitors. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20240134. [PMID: 39051974 PMCID: PMC11327219 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20240134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue, caused by dengue virus (DENV), is now endemic in nearly 100 countries and infection incidence is reported in another 30 countries. Yearly an estimated 400 million cases and 2200 deaths are reported. Effective vaccines against DENV are limited and there has been significant focus on the development of effective antiviral against the disease. The World Health Organization has initiated research programs to prioritize the development and optimization of antiviral agents against several viruses including Flaviviridae. A significant effort has been taken by the researchers to develop effective antivirals against DENV. Several potential small-molecule inhibitors like efavirenz, tipranavir and dasabuvir have been tested against envelope and non-structural proteins of DENV, and are in clinical trials around the world. We recently developed one small molecule, namely 7D, targeting the host PF4-CXCR3 axis. 7D inhibited all 4 serotypes of DENV in vitro and specifically DENV2 infection in two different mice models. Although the development of dengue vaccines remains a high priority, antibody cross reactivity among the serotypes and resulting antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection are major concerns that have limited the development of effective vaccine against DENV. Therefore, there has been a significant emphasis on the development of antiviral drugs against dengue. This review article describes the rescue effects of some of the small molecule inhibitors to viral/host factors associated with DENV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Chauhan
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Kishan Kumar Gaur
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Tejeswara Rao Asuru
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Prasenjit Guchhait
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Capital Region Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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Omran MM, Kamal MM, Ammar YA, Abusaif MS, Ismail MMF, Mansour HH. Pharmacological investigation of new niclosamide-based isatin hybrids as antiproliferative, antioxidant, and apoptosis inducers. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19818. [PMID: 39191850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A group of Niclosamide-linked isatin hybrids (Xo, X1, and X2) was created and examined using IR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. These hybrids' cytotoxicity, antioxidant, cell cycle analysis, and apoptosis-inducing capabilities were identified. Using the SRB assay, their cytotoxicity against the human HCT-116, MCF-7, and HEPG-2 cancer cell lines, as well as VERO (African Green Monkey Kidney), was evaluated. Compound X1 was the most effective compound. In HCT-116 cells, compound X1 produced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase, promoted cell death, and induced apoptosis through mitochondrial membrane potential breakdown in comparison to niclosamide and the control. Niclosamide and compound X1 reduced reactive oxygen species generation and modulated the gene expression of BAX, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and PAR-4 in comparison to the control. Docking modeling indicated their probable binding modalities with the XIAP BIR2 domain, which selectively binds caspase-3/7, and highlighted their structural drivers of activity for further optimization investigations. Computational in silico modeling of the new hybrids revealed that they presented acceptable physicochemical values as well as drug-like characteristics, which may introduce them as drug-like candidates. The study proved that compound X1 might be a novel candidate for the development of anticancer agents as it presents antiproliferative activity mediated by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat M Omran
- Pharmacology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona M Kamal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousry A Ammar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Moustafa S Abusaif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11884, Egypt
| | - Magda M F Ismail
- Department of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, 11754, Egypt
| | - Heba H Mansour
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box 29, Nasr City Cairo, Egypt.
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Cavina L, Bouma MJ, Gironés D, Feiters MC. Orthoflaviviral Inhibitors in Clinical Trials, Preclinical In Vivo Efficacy Targeting NS2B-NS3 and Cellular Antiviral Activity via Competitive Protease Inhibition. Molecules 2024; 29:4047. [PMID: 39274895 PMCID: PMC11396989 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthoflaviviruses, including zika (ZIKV), West Nile (WNV), and dengue (DENV) virus, induce severely debilitating infections and contribute significantly to the global disease burden, yet no clinically approved antiviral treatments exist. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of small-molecule drug development targeting orthoflaviviral infections, with a focus on NS2B-NS3 inhibition. We systematically examined clinical trials, preclinical efficacy studies, and modes of action for various viral replication inhibitors, emphasizing allosteric and orthosteric drugs inhibiting NS2B-NS3 protease with in vivo efficacy and in vitro-tested competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitors with cellular efficacy. Our findings revealed that several compounds with in vivo preclinical efficacy failed to show clinical antiviral efficacy. NS3-NS4B inhibitors, such as JNJ-64281802 and EYU688, show promise, recently entering clinical trials, underscoring the importance of developing novel viral replication inhibitors targeting viral machinery. To date, the only NS2B-NS3 inhibitor that has undergone clinical trials is doxycycline, however, its mechanism of action and clinical efficacy as viral growth inhibitor require additional investigation. SYC-1307, an allosteric inhibitor, exhibits high in vivo efficacy, while temoporfin and methylene blue represent promising orthosteric non-competitive inhibitors. Compound 71, a competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitor, emerges as a leading preclinical candidate due to its high cellular antiviral efficacy, minimal cytotoxicity, and favorable in vitro pharmacokinetic parameters. Challenges remain in developing competitive NS2B-NS3 inhibitors, including appropriate biochemical inhibition assays as well as the selectivity and conformational flexibility of the protease, complicating effective antiviral treatment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cavina
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Mathijs J. Bouma
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Gironés
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
- Protinhi Therapeutics, Transistorweg 5, 6534 AT Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C. Feiters
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.J.B.); (D.G.)
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Jitobaom K, Boonarkart C, Thongon S, Sirihongthong T, Sornwong A, Auewarakul P, Suptawiwat O. In vitro synergistic antiviral activity of repurposed drugs against enterovirus 71. Arch Virol 2024; 169:169. [PMID: 39078431 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses cause viral diseases that are harmful to children. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with neurological complications is mainly caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71). Despite its clinical importance, there is no effective antiviral drug against EV71. However, several repurposed drugs have been shown to have antiviral activity against related viruses. Treatments with single drugs and two-drug combinations were performed in vitro to assess anti-EV71 activity. Three repurposed drug candidates with broad-spectrum antiviral activity were found to demonstrate potent anti-EV71 activity: prochlorperazine, niclosamide, and itraconazole. To improve antiviral activity, combinations of two drugs were tested. Niclosamide and itraconazole showed synergistic antiviral activity in Vero cells, whereas combinations of niclosamide-prochlorperazine and itraconazole-prochlorperazine showed only additive effects. Furthermore, the combination of itraconazole and prochlorperazine showed an additive effect in neuroblastoma cells. Itraconazole and prochlorperazine exert their antiviral activities by inhibiting Akt phosphorylation. Repurposing of drugs can provide a treatment solution for HFMD, and our data suggest that combining these drugs can enhance that efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlakanya Jitobaom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Chompunuch Boonarkart
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Songkran Thongon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Thanyaporn Sirihongthong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Arpakorn Sornwong
- Department of Central instrument and Research Laboratory, Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - Prasert Auewarakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Ornpreya Suptawiwat
- Department of Central instrument and Research Laboratory, Virology and Immunology Laboratory, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
- Princess Srisavangavadhana College of Medicine, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand.
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Ma J, Veeragoni D, Ghosh H, Mutter N, Barbosa G, Webster L, Schobert R, van de Sande W, Dandawate P, Biersack B. Superior Anticancer and Antifungal Activities of New Sulfanyl-Substituted Niclosamide Derivatives. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1621. [PMID: 39062194 PMCID: PMC11275179 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The approved anthelmintic salicylanilide drug niclosamide has shown promising anticancer and antimicrobial activities. In this study, new niclosamide derivatives with trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethylsulfanyl, and pentafluorosulfanyl substituents replacing the nitro group of niclosamide were prepared (including the ethanolamine salts of two promising salicylanilides) and tested for their anticancer activities against esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cells. In addition, antifungal activity against a panel of Madurella mycetomatis strains, the most abundant causative agent of the neglected tropical disease eumycetoma, was evaluated. The new compounds revealed higher activities against EAC and fungal cells than the parent compound niclosamide. The ethanolamine salt 3a was the most active compound against EAC cells (IC50 = 0.8-1.0 µM), and its anticancer effects were mediated by the downregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins (BCL2 and MCL1) and by decreasing levels of β-catenin and the phosphorylation of STAT3. The plausibility of binding to the latter factors was confirmed by molecular docking. The compounds 2a and 2b showed high in vitro antifungal activity against M. mycetomatis (IC50 = 0.2-0.3 µM) and were not toxic to Galleria mellonella larvae. Slight improvements in the survival rate of G. mellonella larvae infected with M. mycetomatis were observed. Thus, salicylanilides such as 2a and 3a can become new anticancer and antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dileepkumar Veeragoni
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (D.V.); (H.G.)
| | - Hindole Ghosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (D.V.); (H.G.)
| | - Nicole Mutter
- Wellcome Centre—Antiinfectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK; (N.M.); (G.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Gisele Barbosa
- Wellcome Centre—Antiinfectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK; (N.M.); (G.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Lauren Webster
- Wellcome Centre—Antiinfectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK; (N.M.); (G.B.); (L.W.)
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Wendy van de Sande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Prasad Dandawate
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; (D.V.); (H.G.)
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
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Hershan AA. Pathogenesis of COVID19 and the applications of US FDA-approved repurposed antiviral drugs to combat SARS-CoV-2 in Saudi Arabia: A recent update by review of literature. Saudi J Biol Sci 2024; 31:104023. [PMID: 38799719 PMCID: PMC11127266 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Still, there is no cure for the highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19). The COVID19 pandemic caused health emergencies which resulted in enormous medical and financial consequences worldwide including Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is the largest Arab country of the Middle East. The urban setting of Saudi Arabia makes it vulnerable towards SARS-CoV-2 (SCV-2). Religious areas of this country are visited by millions of pilgrims every year for the Umrah and Hajj pilgrimage, which contributes to the potential COVID19 epidemic risk. COVID19 throws various challenges to healthcare professionals to choose the right drugs or therapy in clinical settings because of the lack of availability of newer drugs. Current drug development and discovery is an expensive, complex, and long process, which involves a high failure rate in clinical trials. While repurposing of United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA)-approved antiviral drugs offers numerous benefits including complete pharmacokinetic and safety profiles, which significantly shorten drug development cycles and reduce costs. A range of repurposed US FDA-approved antiviral drugs including ribavirin, lopinavir/ritonavir combination, oseltamivir, darunavir, remdesivir, nirmatrelvir/ritonavir combination, and molnupiravir showed encouraging results in clinical trials in COVID19 treatment. In this article, several COVID19-related discussions have been provided including emerging variants of concern of, COVID19 pathogenesis, COVID19 pandemic scenario in Saudi Arabia, drug repurposing strategies against SCV-2, as well as repurposing of US FDA-approved antiviral drugs that might be considered to combat SCV-2 in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, drug repurposing in the context of COVID19 management along with its limitations and future perspectives have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almonther Abdullah Hershan
- The University of Jeddah, College of Medicine, Department of Medical microbiology and parasitology, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Ramos MLM, Almeida-Silva F, de Souza Rabello VB, Nahal J, Figueiredo-Carvalho MHG, Bernardes-Engemann AR, Poester VR, Xavier MO, Meyer W, Zancopé-Oliveira RM, Frases S, Almeida-Paes R. In vitro activity of the anthelmintic drug niclosamide against Sporothrix spp. strains with distinct genetic and antifungal susceptibility backgrounds. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1359-1368. [PMID: 38466550 PMCID: PMC11153390 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The drugs available to treat sporotrichosis, an important yet neglected fungal infection, are limited. Some Sporothrix spp. strains present reduced susceptibility to these antifungals. Furthermore, some patients may not be indicated to use these drugs, while others may not respond to the therapy. The anthelmintic drug niclosamide is fungicidal against the Sporothrix brasiliensis type strain. This study aimed to evaluate whether niclosamide also has antifungal activity against Sporothrix globosa, Sporothrix schenckii and other S. brasiliensis strains with distinct genotypes and antifungal susceptibility status. Minimal inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations (MIC and MFC, respectively) were determined using the microdilution method according to the CLSI protocol. The checkerboard method was employed to evaluate niclosamide synergism with drugs used in sporotrichosis treatment. Metabolic activity of the strains under niclosamide treatment was evaluated using the resazurin dye. Niclosamide was active against all S. brasiliensis strains (n = 17), but it was ineffective (MIC > 20 µM) for some strains (n = 4) of other pathogenic Sporothrix species. Niclosamide MIC values for Sporothrix spp. were similar for mycelial and yeast-like forms of the strains (P = 0.6604). Niclosamide was fungicidal (MFC/MIC ratio ≤ 2) for most strains studied (89%). Niclosamide activity against S. brasiliensis is independent of the fungal genotype or non-wild-type phenotypes for amphotericin B, itraconazole, or terbinafine. These antifungal drugs presented indifferent interactions with niclosamide. Niclosamide has demonstrated potential for repurposing as a treatment for sporotrichosis, particularly in S. brasiliensis cases, instigating in vivo studies to validate the in vitro findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Lucy Mesquita Ramos
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando Almeida-Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Brito de Souza Rabello
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nahal
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Reis Bernardes-Engemann
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vanice Rodrigues Poester
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orzechowski Xavier
- Laboratório de Micologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute of the KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Susana Frases
- Laboratório de Biofísica de Fungos, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Rede Micologia - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Almeida-Paes
- Laboratório de Micologia, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
- Rede Micologia - FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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10
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Lü Z, Dai X, Xu J, Liu Z, Guo Y, Gao Z, Meng F. Medicinal chemistry strategies toward broad-spectrum antiviral agents to prevent next pandemics. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116442. [PMID: 38685143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The pandemic and tremendous impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 alert us, despite great achievements in prevention and control of infectious diseases, we still lack universal and powerful antiviral strategies to rapidly respond to the potential threat of serious infectious disease. Various highly contagious and pathogenic viruses, as well as other unknown viruses may appear or reappear in human society at any time, causing a catastrophic epidemic. Developing broad-spectrum antiviral drugs with high security and efficiency is of great significance for timely meeting public health emergency and protecting the lives and health of the people. Hence, in this review, we summarized diverse broad-spectrum antiviral targets and corresponding agents from a medicinal chemistry prospective, compared the pharmacological advantages and disadvantages of different targets, listed representative agents, showed their structures, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics characteristics, and conducted a critical discussion on their development potential, in the hope of providing up-to-date guidance for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals and perspectives for applications of antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Lü
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xiandong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jianjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongbiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Zhenhua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Fanhua Meng
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China.
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11
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Kim T, Jung W, Cho S, Kim G, Yun H, Chae J. Predicting lung exposure of intramuscular niclosamide as an antiviral agent: Power-law based pharmacokinetic modeling. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13833. [PMID: 38797873 PMCID: PMC11128490 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide, a potent anthelmintic agent, has emerged as a candidate against COVID-19 in recent studies. Its formulation has been investigated extensively to address challenges related to systemic exposure. In this study, niclosamide was formulated as a long-acting intramuscular injection to achieve systemic exposure in the lungs for combating the virus. To establish the dose-exposure relationship, a hamster model was selected, given its utility in previous COVID-19 infection studies. Pharmacokinetic (PK) analysis was performed using NONMEM and PsN. Hamsters were administered doses of 55, 96, 128, and 240 mg/kg with each group comprising five animals. Two types of PK models were developed, linear models incorporating partition coefficients and power-law distributed models, to characterize the relationship between drug concentrations in the plasma and lungs of the hamsters. Numerical and visual diagnostics, including basic goodness-of-fit and visual predictive checks, were employed to assess the models. The power-law-based PK model not only demonstrated superior numerical performance compared with the linear model but also exhibited better agreement in visual diagnostic evaluations. This phenomenon was attributed to the nonlinear relationship between drug concentrations in the plasma and lungs, reflecting kinetic heterogeneity. Dose optimization, based on predicting lung exposure, was conducted iteratively across different drug doses, with the minimum effective dose estimated to be ~1115 mg/kg. The development of a power-law-based PK model proved successful and effectively captured the nonlinearities observed in this study. This method is expected to be applicable for investigating the drug disposition of specific formulations in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeheon Kim
- Life Science Institute, Daewoong PharmaceuticalYonginSouth Korea
| | - Woojin Jung
- College of PharmacyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Sangeun Cho
- Life Science Institute, Daewoong PharmaceuticalYonginSouth Korea
| | - Gwanyoung Kim
- Life Science Institute, Daewoong PharmaceuticalYonginSouth Korea
| | - Hwi‐yeol Yun
- College of PharmacyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
- Department of Bio‐AI ConvergenceChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
| | - Jung‐woo Chae
- College of PharmacyChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
- Department of Bio‐AI ConvergenceChungnam National UniversityDaejeonSouth Korea
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12
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Needham D. Niclosamide: A career builder. J Control Release 2024; 369:786-856. [PMID: 37544514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
My contribution to honoring Professor Kinam Park celebrates and resonates with his scholarly career in drug delivery, his commitment to encouraging the next generation(s), and his efforts to keep us focused on clinically effective formulations. To do this I take as my example, niclosamide, a small molecule protonophore that, uniquely, can "target" all cell membranes, both plasma and organelle. As such, it acts upstream of many cell pathways and so has the potential to affect many of the essential events that a cell, and particularly a diseased cell or other entities like a virus, use to stay alive and prosper. Literature shows that it has so far been discovered to positively influence (at least): cancer, bacterial and viral infection, metabolic diseases such as Type II diabetes, NASH and NAFLD, artery constriction, endometriosis, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis, sclerodermatous graft-versus-host disease, systemic sclerosis, Parkinson's, and COPD. With such a fundamental action and broad-spectrum activity, I believe that studying niclosamide in all its manifestations, discovering if and to what extent it can contribute positively to disease control (and also where it can't), formulating it as effective therapeutics, and testing them in preclinical and clinical trials is a career builder for our next generation(s). The article is divided into two parts: Part I introduces niclosamide and other proton shunts mainly in cancer and viral infections and reviews an exponentially growing literature with some concepts and physicochemical properties that lead to its proton shunt mechanism. Part II focuses on repurposing by reformulation of niclosamide. I give two examples of "carrier-free formulations", - one for cancer (as a prodrug therapeutic of niclosamide stearate for i.v. and other administration routes, exemplified by our recent work on Osteosarcoma in mice and canine patients), and the other as a niclosamide solution formulation (that could provide the basis for a preventative nasal spray and early treatment option for COVID19 and other respiratory virus infections). My goal is to excite and enthuse, encourage, and motivate all involved in the drug development and testing process in academia, institutes, and industry, to learn more about this interesting molecule and others like it. To enable such endeavors, I give many proposed ideas throughout the document, that have been stimulated and inspired by gaps in the literature, urgent needs in disease, and new studies arising from our own work. The hope is that, by reading through this document and studying the suggested topics and references, the drug delivery and development community will continue our lineage and benefit from our legacy to achieve niclosamide's potential as an effective contributor to the treatment and control of many diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Needham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Translational Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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13
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Yu Y, Liu H, Yuan L, Pan M, Bei Z, Ye T, Qian Z. Niclosamide - encapsulated lipid nanoparticles for the reversal of pulmonary fibrosis. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100980. [PMID: 38434573 PMCID: PMC10907778 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a serious and progressive fibrotic interstitial lung disease that is possibly life-threatening and that is characterized by fibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition. Nintedanib and pirfenidone are currently the only two FDA-approved oral medicines for PF. Some drugs such as antihelminthic drug niclosamide (Ncl) have shown promising therapeutic potentials for PF treatment. Unfortunately, poor aqueous solubility problems obstruct clinical application of these drugs. Herein, we prepared Ncl-encapsulated lipid nanoparticles (Ncl-Lips) for pulmonary fibrosis therapy. A mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin (BLM) was generated to assess the effects of Ncl-Lips and the mechanisms of reversing fibrosis in vivo. Moreover, cell models treated with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) were used to investigate the mechanism through which Ncl-Lips inhibit fibrosis in vitro. These findings demonstrated that Ncl-Lips could alleviate fibrosis, consequently reversing the changes in the levels of the associated marker. Moreover, the results of the tissue distribution experiment showed that Ncl-Lips had aggregated in the lung. Additionally, Ncl-Lips improved the immune microenvironment in pulmonary fibrosis induced by BLM. Furthermore, Ncl-Lips suppressed the TGFβ1-induced activation of fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cells. Based on these results, we demonstrated that Ncl-Lips is an efficient strategy for reversing pulmonary fibrosis via drug-delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Hongyao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Liping Yuan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Meng Pan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhongwu Bei
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sichuan University-University of Oxford Huaxi Joint Centre for Gastrointestinal Cancer and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
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14
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Janin YL. On the origins of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:81-118. [PMID: 38283212 PMCID: PMC10809347 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In order to address the world-wide health challenge caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 3CL protease/SARS-CoV-2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2-Mpro) coded by its nsp5 gene became one of the biochemical targets for the design of antiviral drugs. In less than 3 years of research, 4 inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2-Mpro have actually been authorized for COVID-19 treatment (nirmatrelvir, ensitrelvir, leritrelvir and simnotrelvir) and more such as EDP-235, FB-2001 and STI-1558/Olgotrelvir or five undisclosed compounds (CDI-988, ASC11, ALG-097558, QLS1128 and H-10517) are undergoing clinical trials. This review is an attempt to picture this quite unprecedented medicinal chemistry feat and provide insights on how these cysteine protease inhibitors were discovered. Since many series of covalent SARS-CoV-2-Mpro inhibitors owe some of their origins to previous work on other proteases, we first provided a description of various inhibitors of cysteine-bearing human caspase-1 or cathepsin K, as well as inhibitors of serine proteases such as human dipeptidyl peptidase-4 or the hepatitis C protein complex NS3/4A. This is then followed by a description of the results of the approaches adopted (repurposing, structure-based and high throughput screening) to discover coronavirus main protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université 75005 Paris France
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15
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Wang M, Hao MC, Huangfu Y, Yang KZ, Zhang XQ, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang ZL. A Universal Aptamer for Influenza A Viruses: Selection, Recognition, and Infection Inhibition. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:249-258. [PMID: 38230279 PMCID: PMC10789145 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
It is crucial to develop universal inhibitors for viral inhibition due to the rapid mutation of viruses. Herein, a universal aptamer inhibitor was developed that enabled a single DNA molecule to recognize several hemeagglutinin (HA) protein subtypes, inducing broad neutralization against influenza A viruses (IAVs). Through a multi-channel enrichment (MCE) strategy, a high-affinity aptamer named UHA-2 was obtained, with its dissociation constants (Kd) for three different HA proteins being 1.5 ± 0.2 nM (H5N1), 3.7 ± 0.4 nM (H7N9), and 10.1 ± 1.1 nM (H9N2). The UHA-2 aptamer had a universal inhibition effect, by which it could broadly neutralize influenza A H5N1, H7N9, H9N2, H1N1, and H3N2 viruses. Universal aptamer inhibitors have the advantages of acquisition in vitro, stability, simple structure, small size, etc. This study not only develops a novel universal aptamer to achieve a broad inhibition effect on various IAVs, but also opens up an efficient strategy for the development of universal inhibitors against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan
University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Meng-Chan Hao
- Key
Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of
Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueyue Huangfu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan
University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ke-Zhu Yang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan
University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of
Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of
Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of
Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan
University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
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16
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Wu H, Yuan X, Xie M, Gao J, Xiong Z, Song R, Xie Z, Ou D. The Impact of Niclosamide Exposure on the Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and the Expression of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Genes in Black Carp ( Mylopharyngodon piceus). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2196. [PMID: 38137017 PMCID: PMC10743074 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide (NIC, 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide) is a salicylanilide molluscicide, and the extensive utilization and environmental pollution associated with NIC engender a potential hazard to both human health and the wellbeing of aquatic organisms. However, the mechanism of the chronic toxicity of NIC at environmentally relevant concentrations in terms of oxidative stress, metabolic disorder, and barrier functions in black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) is unknown. Therefore, healthy juvenile black carp (M. piceus) (average weight: 38.2 ± 2.5 g) were exposed to NIC at an environmentally realistic concentration (0, 10, and 50 μg/L) for 28 days. The findings of this study indicate that exposure to NIC resulted in reductions in weight gain, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes, and increased expression of the Nrf2 gene. Furthermore, the liver demonstrated a greater accumulation of NIC than that in the gut and gills, as determined with a chemical analysis. Additionally, NIC exposure led to a significant reduction in ATP content and the activity of Na+/K+-ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase in the gut. Meanwhile, exposure to NIC resulted in a decrease in the liver glucose (Glu) level, gut cholesterol (CHO), and glycogen (Gln) and triglyceride (TG) content in all examined tissues. Conversely, it led to an increase in tissue lactic acid (LA) and acetyl-CoA levels, as well as LDH activity. Furthermore, NIC exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations demonstrated an upregulation in the expression of genes associated with glycolysis, such as PK and GK, while concurrently downregulating the gluconeogenesis gene G6Pase. Additionally, NIC exhibited an upregulation in the expression of genes related to β-oxidation, such as CPT1 and ACOX, while downregulating genes involved in triglyceride synthesis, including SREBP1, GPAT, FAS, and ACC1. Moreover, NIC facilitated fatty acid transportation through the overexpression of FATP and Fat/cd36. These results suggest that chronic exposure to NIC is associated with oxidative stress, compromised barrier function, and metabolic disorder. Moreover, these results underscore the significance of assessing the potential consequences of NIC for black carp and aquatic environments for aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rui Song
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China; (H.W.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (J.G.); (Z.X.); (Z.X.); (D.O.)
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17
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Zhou S, Wang K, Hu Z, Chen T, Dong Y, Gao R, Wu M, Li Y, Ji X. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of a novel class of quinazoline derivatives as coronavirus inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115831. [PMID: 37813064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
There remain great unmet needs to treat coronavirus infections in clinic, and the development of novel antiviral agents is highly demanded. In this work, a phenotypic screening against our in-house compound library identified several cajanine derivatives with moderate antiviral activity against HCoV-OC43. Based on the scaffold of cajanine, a series of quinazoline derivatives were designed employing a scaffold-hopping strategy. After an iterative structural optimization campaign, several quinazoline derivatives with potent antiviral efficacy (EC50: ∼0.1 μM) and high selectivity (SI > 1000) were successfully identified. The preliminary mechanism of action study indicated that such quinazoline derivatives functioned at the early stage of infection. In aggregate, this work delivered a new chemical type of coronavirus inhibitors, which could be employed not only for further development of antiviral drugs but also as important chemical tools to delineate the target of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchao Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 15021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 15021, China
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 15021, China
| | - Yao Dong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 15021, China
| | - Rongmei Gao
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Wu
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhuan Li
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Xingyue Ji
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 15021, China.
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18
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Mann JE, Gao R, London SS, Swift JA. Desolvation Processes in Channel Solvates of Niclosamide. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5554-5562. [PMID: 37850910 PMCID: PMC10630950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The antiparasitic drug niclosamide (NCL) is notable for its ability to crystallize in multiple 1:1 channel solvate forms, none of which are isostructural. Here, using a combination of time-resolved synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetry, the process-induced desolvation mechanisms of methanol and acetonitrile solvates are investigated. Structural changes in both solvates follow a complicated molecular-level trajectory characterized by a sudden shift in lattice parameters several degrees below the temperature where the desolvated phase first appears. Model fitting of kinetic data obtained under isothermal heating conditions suggests that the desolvation is rate-limited by the nucleation of the solvent-free product. The desolvation pathways identified in these systems stand in contrast to previous investigations of the NCL channel hydrate, where water loss by diffusion initially yields an anhydrous isomorph that converts to the thermodynamic polymorph at significantly higher temperatures. Taking the view that each solvate lattice is a unique "pre-organized" precursor, a comparison of the pathways from different starting topologies to the same final product provides the opportunity to reevaluate assumptions of how various factors (e.g., solvent binding strength, density) influence solid-state desolvation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen E. Mann
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United
States
| | - Renee Gao
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United
States
| | - Shae S. London
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United
States
| | - Jennifer A. Swift
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United
States
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19
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Hou HZ, Su Y, Liu GL, Peng YJ, Wang JP. Determination of niclosamide and its two metabolites in fish by molecularly imprinted microsphere-based pseudo-ELISA. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:1450-1458. [PMID: 37820002 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2023.2267139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Niclosamide is usually used for the treatment of parasite infections in animals. However, niclosamide and one of its metabolites 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline are mutagenic substances, and their residues in animal-derived foods are potential risks to consumers. As far as we know, there has been no immunoassay or pseudo immunoassay reported to determine niclosamide and its metabolites in animal-derived foods. In this study, a molecularly imprinted microsphere for niclosamide was first synthesized, and a streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase labelled conjugate was also synthesized. The two reagents were used to develop a pseudo enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on conventional microplates for the determination of niclosamide and its two metabolites (2-chloro-4-nitroaniline and 5-chlorosalicylic acid) in fish. Because biotinylated horseradish peroxidase was used to amplify the signal, the method sensitivities for the three analytes were increased fivefold to 27.5-fold (limits of detection of 0.004-0.03 ng/mL) in comparison with the use of single horseradish peroxidase labelled conjugate (limits of detection of 0.11-0.16 ng/mL). Their recoveries from the standards fortified blank fish samples were in the range of 70.6-95.5%. This is the first study reporting a molecularly imprinted polymer-based pseudo immunoassay for screening of niclosamide and its metabolites in food sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhe Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding Hebei, China
| | - Yan Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding Hebei, China
| | - Ge Lin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding Hebei, China
| | - Yao Jia Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding Hebei, China
| | - Jian Ping Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding Hebei, China
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20
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Zhai C, Wang M, Jin Y, Chung HJ, Kim S, Kim HJ, Hong ST. Oral delivery of a host-directed antiviral, niclosamide, as a cholate-coated nanoformulation. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2023; 62:106973. [PMID: 37741586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.106973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Potentially significant drug candidates often face elimination from consideration due to the lack of an effective method for systemic delivery. The poor solubility of these candidates has posed a major obstacle for their development as oral pills or injectables. Niclosamide, a host-directed antiviral, is a good example. In this study, a nanoformulation technology that allows for the non-covalent formulation of niclosamide with cholic acids was developed. This formulation enables efficient systemic delivery through endocytosis and enterohepatic circulation of bile-acid-coated nanoparticles. The oral bioavailability of niclosamide-delivery nanoparticles (NDNs) was significantly enhanced to 38.3%, representing an eight-fold increase compared with pure niclosamide. Consequently, the plasma concentration of niclosamide for the NDN formulation reached 1179.6 ng/mL, which is 11 times higher than the therapeutic plasma level. This substantial increase in plasma level contributed to the complete resolution of clinical symptoms in animals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). This nanoformulation not only provides an orally deliverable antiviral drug for SARS-CoV-2 with improved pharmaceutical bioavailability, but also offers a solution to the systemic delivery challenges faced by potentially significant drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongkai Zhai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea; Animal Diseases and Public Health Engineering Research Centre of Henan Province, Luoyang Polytechnic, Luoyang, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Yanyan Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hea-Jong Chung
- Gwangju Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Sura Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Kim
- SNJ Pharma Inc., BioLabs-LA at the Lundquist Institute for BioMedical Innovation at Harbor UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA.
| | - Seong-Tshool Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, South Korea.
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21
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Garrett TJ, Coatsworth H, Mahmud I, Hamerly T, Stephenson CJ, Ayers JB, Yazd HS, Miller MR, Lednicky JA, Dinglasan RR. Niclosamide as a chemical probe for analyzing SARS-CoV-2 modulation of host cell lipid metabolism. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251065. [PMID: 37901834 PMCID: PMC10603251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 subverts host cell processes to facilitate rapid replication and dissemination, and this leads to pathological inflammation. Methods We used niclosamide (NIC), a poorly soluble anti-helminth drug identified initially for repurposed treatment of COVID-19, which activates the cells' autophagic and lipophagic processes as a chemical probe to determine if it can modulate the host cell's total lipid profile that would otherwise be either amplified or reduced during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results Through parallel lipidomic and transcriptomic analyses we observed massive reorganization of lipid profiles of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells, especially with triglycerides, which were elevated early during virus replication, but decreased thereafter, as well as plasmalogens, which were elevated at later timepoints during virus replication, but were also elevated under normal cell growth. These findings suggested a complex interplay of lipid profile reorganization involving plasmalogen metabolism. We also observed that NIC treatment of both low and high viral loads does not affect virus entry. Instead, NIC treatment reduced the abundance of plasmalogens, diacylglycerides, and ceramides, which we found elevated during virus infection in the absence of NIC, resulting in a significant reduction in the production of infectious virions. Unexpectedly, at higher viral loads, NIC treatment also resulted in elevated triglyceride levels, and induced significant changes in phospholipid metabolism. Discussion We posit that future screens of approved or new partner drugs should prioritize compounds that effectively counter SARS-CoV-2 subversion of lipid metabolism, thereby reducing virus replication, egress, and the subsequent regulation of key lipid mediators of pathological inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Heather Coatsworth
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Iqbal Mahmud
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Timothy Hamerly
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Caroline J. Stephenson
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jasmine B. Ayers
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Hoda S. Yazd
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Megan R. Miller
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John A. Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rhoel R. Dinglasan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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22
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Ali H, Naseem A, Siddiqui ZI. SARS-CoV-2 Syncytium under the Radar: Molecular Insights of the Spike-Induced Syncytia and Potential Strategies to Limit SARS-CoV-2 Replication. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6079. [PMID: 37763019 PMCID: PMC10531702 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection induces non-physiological syncytia when its spike fusogenic protein on the surface of the host cells interacts with the ACE2 receptor on adjacent cells. Spike-induced syncytia are beneficial for virus replication, transmission, and immune evasion, and contribute to the progression of COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the properties of viral fusion proteins, mainly the SARS-CoV-2 spike, and the involvement of the host factors in the fusion process. We also highlight the possible use of anti-fusogenic factors as an antiviral for the development of therapeutics against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and how the fusogenic property of the spike could be exploited for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Asma Naseem
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1DZ, UK
| | - Zaheenul Islam Siddiqui
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine, New York, NY 11501, USA
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23
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Tai Y, Tian M, Chen Y, You P, Song X, Xu B, Duan C, Jin D. Preparation of PLGA microspheres loaded with niclosamide via microfluidic technology and their inhibition of Caco-2 cell activity in vitro. Front Chem 2023; 11:1249293. [PMID: 37780982 PMCID: PMC10537947 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1249293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide (NIC) is a multifunctional drug that regulates various signaling pathways and biological processes. It is widely used for the treatment of cancer, viral infections, and metabolic disorders. However, its low water solubility limits its efficacy. In this study, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and hyaluronic acid (HA), which exhibit good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenicity, were conjugated with niclosamide to prepare PLGA-HA-niclosamide polymeric nanoparticles (NIC@PLGA-HA) using microfluidic technology. The obtained microspheres had a uniform size distribution, with an average mean size of 442.0 ± 18.8 nm and zeta potential of -25.4 ± 0.41 mV, indicating their stable dispersion in water. The drug-loading efficiency was 8.70%. The drug-loaded microspheres showed sustained release behavior at pH 7.4 and 5.0, but not at pH 2.0, and the drug release kinetics were described by a quasi-first-order kinetic equation. The effect of the drug-loaded microspheres on the proliferation of Caco-2 cells was detected using the MTT assay. Hydrophilic HA-modified NIC@PLGA-HA microspheres prepared via microfluidic technology increased the cellular uptake by Caco-2 cells. Compared to the same concentration of NIC, the NIC@PLGA-HA microspheres demonstrated a stronger inhibitory effect on Caco-2 cells owing to the combined effect of PLGA, HA, and NIC. Therefore, the pH-responsive NIC@PLGA-HA microspheres synthesized using microfluid technology increased the solubility of NIC and improved its biological activity, thus contributing to the demand for intestinal drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Tai
- School Laboratory of Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Menglun Tian
- School Laboratory of Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School Laboratory of Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peijun You
- School Laboratory of Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojun Song
- School Laboratory of Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bangting Xu
- School Laboratory of Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cidong Duan
- School Laboratory of Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dazhi Jin
- School Laboratory of Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Biomarkers and In Vitro Diagnosis Translation of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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24
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Alazemi AM, Dawood KM, Al-Matar HM, Tohamy WM. Microwave-assisted chemoselective synthesis and photophysical properties of 2-arylazo-biphenyl-4-carboxamides from hydrazonals. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25054-25068. [PMID: 37614785 PMCID: PMC10442861 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals with acetoacetanilide in an equimolar ratio, under DBU/1,4-dioxane/microwave irradiation reaction conditions, resulted in chemoselective formation of 4-arylazo-5-hydroxy-benzamide derivatives. The structures of the obtained biphenyl-4-carboxamides were characterized by several spectroscopic techniques including IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, MS and HRMS, and X-ray single crystals of three examples. The photophysical properties of the new products were also evaluated, with a particular focus on their absorption and emission spectra, which provided valuable information regarding their optical properties. The new compounds emitted 513-549 nm green fluorescence in acetone solution under UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman M Alazemi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait P.O. Box 5969 Safat 13060 Kuwait +965 24816482
| | - Kamal M Dawood
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt +202 35727556
| | - Hamad M Al-Matar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait P.O. Box 5969 Safat 13060 Kuwait +965 24816482
| | - Wael M Tohamy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Kuwait P.O. Box 5969 Safat 13060 Kuwait +965 24816482
- Organometallic and Organometalloid Chemistry Department, National Research Centre Cairo Egypt
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25
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Spathakis M, Tarapatzi G, Filidou E, Kandilogiannakis L, Karatzas E, Steiropoulos P, Mikroulis D, Spyrou GM, Manolopoulos VG, Kolios G, Arvanitidis K. Niclosamide Attenuates Inflammation-Associated Profibrotic Responses in Human Subepithelial Lung Myofibroblasts. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2032. [PMID: 37509671 PMCID: PMC10377180 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11072032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide is a commonly used helminthicidic drug for the treatment of human parasitosis by helminths. Recently, efforts have been focusing on repurposing this drug for the treatment of other diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Subepithelial lung myofibroblasts (SELMs) isolated from tissue biopsies of patients undergoing surgery for lung cancer were stimulated with TNF-α (50 ng/mL), IL-1α (5 ng/mL), added alone or in combination, and TGF-β1 (5 ng/mL). After treatment with niclosamide at 30 nM and 100 nM concentrations, expression of collagen type I, collagen type III, and fibronectin was studied by total RNA isolation and qRT-PCR and protein collagen secretion with the use of Sircol collagen assay. The migration of SELMs was assessed by a wound-healing assay. Niclosamide had no effect on baseline SELM fibrotic factor expression. When stimulated with TGF-β1, IL-1α, and/or TNF-α, SELM expression of collagen type I, type III, and fibronectin were upregulated, as was the secretion of total collagen in the culture medium. Treatment with niclosamide attenuated the effects of cytokine stimulation leading to a notable decrease in the mRNA expression of collagen type I, type III, and fibronectin in a concentration-dependent manner. SELM collagen secretion was also reduced by niclosamide at 100 nM concentration when examined at the protein level. Migration of both TGF-β1 stimulated and unstimulated SELMs was also inhibited by niclosamide. In this study, we highlight the anti-fibrotic properties of niclosamide on SELMs under stimulation with pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus proposing this compound as a possible new therapeutic agent against lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Spathakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Gesthimani Tarapatzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eirini Filidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Leonidas Kandilogiannakis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Evangelos Karatzas
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, BSRC "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece
| | - Paschalis Steiropoulos
- Department of Pneumonology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Mikroulis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George M Spyrou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vangelis G Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitidis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Individualised Medicine & Pharmacological Research Solutions Center (IMPReS), 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece
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26
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Huang Y, Li Q, Kang L, Li B, Ye H, Duan X, Xie H, Jiang M, Li S, Zhu Y, Tan Q, Chen L. Mitophagy Activation Targeting PINK1 Is an Effective Treatment to Inhibit Zika Virus Replication. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1424-1436. [PMID: 37300493 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a selective degradation mechanism that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by eliminating damaged mitochondria. Many viruses manipulate mitophagy to promote their infection, but its role in Zika virus (ZIKV) is unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of mitophagy activation on ZIKV replication by the mitochondrial uncoupling agent niclosamide. Our results demonstrate that niclosamide-induced mitophagy inhibits ZIKV replication by eliminating fragmented mitochondria, both in vitro and in a mouse model of ZIKV-induced necrosis. Niclosamide induces autophosphorylation of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), leading to the recruitment of PRKN/Parkin to the outer mitochondrial membrane and subsequent phosphorylation of ubiquitin. Knockdown of PINK1 promotes ZIKV infection and rescues the anti-ZIKV effect of mitophagy activation, confirming the role of ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy in limiting ZIKV replication. These findings demonstrate the role of mitophagy in the host response in limiting ZIKV replication and identify PINK1 as a potential therapeutic target in ZIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yike Huang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan, China
| | - Lan Kang
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Joint Laboratory on Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning Blood Center, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Nanning City, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
| | - Haiyan Ye
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Duan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - He Xie
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xian 710077, Shaanxi, China
| | - Man Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Ya Zhu
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610052, Sichuan, China
- Joint Laboratory on Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases between Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Nanning Blood Center, Nanning Blood Center, Key Laboratory for Transfusion-transmitted Infectious Diseases of the Health Commission of Nanning City, Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
- The Hospital of Xidian Group, Xian 710077, Shaanxi, China
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27
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Mann JE, Gao R, Swift JA. Dehydration of Niclosamide Monohydrate Polymorphs: Different Mechanistic Pathways to the Same Product. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:5102-5111. [PMID: 38510268 PMCID: PMC10950297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) can crystallize as hydrates or anhydrates, the relative stability of which depends on their internal structures as well as the external environment. Hydrates may dehydrate unexpectedly or intentionally, though the molecular-level mechanisms by which such transformations occur are difficult to predict a priori. Niclosamide is an anthelmintic drug on the World Health Organization's "List of Essential Medicines" that crystallizes in two monohydrate forms: HA and HB. Through complementary time-resolved synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric kinetic studies, we demonstrate that the two monohydrates dehydrate via distinctly different solid state pathways yet yield the same final anhydrate phase. Water loss from HA via diffusion yields an isomorphous desolvate intermediate which can rearrange to at least two different polymorphs, only one of which exhibits long-term stability. In contrast, dehydration of HB proceeds via a surface nucleation process where simultaneous water loss and product formation occur with no detectable crystalline intermediates. Comparative analysis of the two systems serves to highlight the complex relationship between lattice structure and solid state dehydration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen E. Mann
- Georgetown
University, Department of Chemistry, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
| | - Renee Gao
- Georgetown
University, Department of Chemistry, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Swift
- Georgetown
University, Department of Chemistry, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20057-1227, United States
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28
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Xu J, Xue Y, Bolinger AA, Li J, Zhou M, Chen H, Li H, Zhou J. Therapeutic potential of salicylamide derivatives for combating viral infections. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:897-931. [PMID: 36905090 PMCID: PMC10247541 DOI: 10.1002/med.21940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Since time immemorial human beings have constantly been fighting against viral infections. The ongoing and devastating coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic represents one of the most severe and most significant public health emergencies in human history, highlighting an urgent need to develop broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Salicylamide (2-hydroxybenzamide) derivatives, represented by niclosamide and nitazoxanide, inhibit the replication of a broad range of RNA and DNA viruses such as flavivirus, influenza A virus, and coronavirus. Moreover, nitazoxanide was effective in clinical trials against different viral infections including diarrhea caused by rotavirus and norovirus, uncomplicated influenza A and B, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. In this review, we summarize the broad antiviral activities of salicylamide derivatives, the clinical progress, and the potential targets or mechanisms against different viral infections and highlight their therapeutic potential in combating the circulating and emerging viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Yu Xue
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Andrew A. Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Mingxiang Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Hongmin Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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29
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Dinesh TV, Malgija B, Ponraj MR, Muralakar P, Thathapudi JJ, Kandasamy R, Alagarmalai J, Balakrishnan AB, Ramar PS, James JV, Bhagavathsingh J. Design of novel pyrimidine based remdesivir analogues with dual target specificity for SARS CoV-2: A computational approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124443. [PMID: 37148943 PMCID: PMC10158044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As the world undergone unpreceded time of tragedy with the corona virus, many researchers have raised to showcase their scientific contributions in terms of novel configured anti-viral drugs until now. Herein, we designed pyrimidine based nucleotides and assessed for the binding capability with SARS-CoV-2 viral replication targets of nsp12 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and Mpro main protease. Molecular docking studies showed all the designed compounds to possess good binding affinity, with a few compounds which outperforms the control drug remdesivir GS-5743 and its active form GS-441524. Further molecular dynamics simulation studies confirmed their stability and preservation of the non-covalent interactions. Based on the present findings Ligand2-BzV_0Tyr, ligand3-BzV_0Ura, and ligand5-EeV_0Tyr showed good binding affinity with Mpro, whereas, ligand1-BzV_0Cys and Ligand2-BzV_0Tyr showed good binding affinity with RdRp, thus could act as potential lead compounds against SARS-CoV-2, which needs further validation studies. In particular, Ligand2-BzV_0Tyr could be more beneficial candidate with the dual target specificity for Mpro and RdRp.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Dinesh
- Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Beutline Malgija
- Computational Science Laboratory, MCC-MRF Innovation Park, Madras Christian College, Chennai 600059, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Mano Ranjana Ponraj
- Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Pavankumar Muralakar
- Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Jesse Joel Thathapudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Ruckmani Kandasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Nanobio Translational Research (CENTRE) Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | | | | | - Perumal Samy Ramar
- Department of Anatomy, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Jannet Vennila James
- Computational Science Laboratory, MCC-MRF Innovation Park, Madras Christian College, Chennai 600059, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Jebasingh Bhagavathsingh
- Medicinal Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamilnadu, India; HPLC MASS Facility, Department of Applied Chemistry, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore 641114, Tamilnadu, India.
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30
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Vashi Y, Nehru G, Kumar S. Niclosamide inhibits Newcastle disease virus replication in chickens by perturbing the cellular glycolysis. Virology 2023; 585:196-204. [PMID: 37384966 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of Paramyxoviridae family, is one of the most important pathogens in poultry. To ensure optimal environments for their replication and spread, viruses rely largely on host cellular metabolism. In the present study, we evaluated the small drug molecule niclosamide for its anti-NDV activity. Our study has shown that a sublethal dose of 1 μM niclosamide could drastically reduce NDV replication. The results showed that niclosamide has antiviral activity against NDV infection during in vitro, in ovo and in vivo assays. Pharmacologically inhibiting the glycolytic pathway remarkably reduced NDV RNA synthesis and infectious virion production. Our results suggest that the effect of niclosamide on cellular glycolysis could be the possible reason for the specific anti-NDV effect. This study could help us understand antiviral strategies against similar pathogens and may lead to novel therapeutic approaches through targeted inhibition of specific cellular metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoya Vashi
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ganesh Nehru
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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31
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Xiang J, Wu H, Gao J, Jiang W, Tian X, Xie Z, Zhang T, Feng J, Song R. Niclosamide exposure disrupts antioxidant defense, histology, and the liver and gut transcriptome of Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 260:115081. [PMID: 37262966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Niclosamide (NIC) is the only commercially available molluscicide for controlling schistosomiasis, and its negative effects on aquatic animals had been frequently reported in recent years. However, the toxicity mechanism of NIC on the Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) have not yet been investigated. Therefore, juvenile turtles were exposed to 0 (control group), 10 (low NIC, L), and 50 (high NIC, H) μg/L NIC for 120 h and our results demonstrated that NIC exposure induced severe pathological changes in the liver of P. sinensis. And the typical symptom included edema, nuclear migration and deformation, and vacuolization. Compared with the liver, the NIC exposure did not cause significant damage in the gut tissue. In addition, the DHE staining demonstrated that the ROS production of liver and gut increased with the increase in concentration of NIC. The activities of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) was inhibited with increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating that the antioxidant defense was significantly perturbed. Further, the transcriptome sequencing and was applied to evaluate the underlying toxicity mechanisms of NIC exposure in liver and gut of P. sinensis. Pathway enrichment showed that the disorder of lipid metabolism and innate immune regulation, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), lectins, and complement and coagulation cascades, were toxicological properties of NIC on P. sinensis. Overall, the current study provides valuable information to understand the toxic effect of NIC on Chinese soft-shelled turtle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- Changsha University, Changsha 410022, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China
| | - Jinwei Gao
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Hunan Institute of Animal and Veterinary Science, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xing Tian
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China
| | - Zhonggui Xie
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Changsha Animal and Plant Disease Control Center, Changsha 410153, China
| | - Jia Feng
- Changsha Animal and Plant Disease Control Center, Changsha 410153, China
| | - Rui Song
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China.
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In silico study of novel niclosamide derivatives, SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural proteins catalytic residue-targeting small molecules drug candidates. ARAB J CHEM 2023; 16:104654. [PMID: 36777994 PMCID: PMC9904858 DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-mediated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection remains a global pandemic and health emergency with overwhelming social and economic impacts throughout the world. Therapeutics for COVID-19 are limited to only remdesivir; therefore, there is a need for combined, multidisciplinary efforts to develop new therapeutic molecules and explore the effectiveness of existing drugs against SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we reported eight (SCOV-L-02, SCOV-L-09, SCOV-L-10, SCOV-L-11, SCOV-L-15, SCOV-L-18, SCOV-L-22, and SCOV-L-23) novel structurally related small-molecule derivatives of niclosamide (SCOV-L series) for their targeting potential against angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), and SARS-COV-2 nonstructural proteins (NSPs) including NSP5 (3CLpro), NSP3 (PLpro), and RdRp. Our correlation analysis suggested that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 modulate host immune response via regulation of immune-infiltrating cells at the site of tissue/organs entries. In addition, we identified some TMPRSS2 and ACE2 microRNAs target regulatory networks in SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus open up a new window for microRNAs-based therapy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our in vitro study revealed that with the exception of SCOV-L-11 and SCOV-L-23 which were non-active, the SCOV-L series exhibited strict antiproliferative activities and non-cytotoxic effects against ACE2- and TMPRSS2-expressing cells. Our molecular docking for the analysis of receptor-ligand interactions revealed that SCOV-L series demonstrated high ligand binding efficacies (at higher levels than clinical drugs) against the ACE2, TMPRSS2, and SARS-COV-2 NSPs. SCOV-L-18, SCOV-L-15, and SCOV-L-09 were particularly found to exhibit strong binding affinities with three key SARS-CoV-2's proteins: 3CLpro, PLpro, and RdRp. These compounds bind to the several catalytic residues of the proteins, and satisfied the criteria of drug-like candidates, having good adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) pharmacokinetic profile. Altogether, the present study suggests the therapeutic potential of SCOV-L series for preventing and managing SARs-COV-2 infection and are currently under detailed investigation in our lab.
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Yang W, Liu LB, Liu FL, Wu YH, Zhen ZD, Fan DY, Sheng ZY, Song ZR, Chang JT, Zheng YT, An J, Wang PG. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the fragility of male spermatogenic cells to Zika virus-induced complement activation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2476. [PMID: 37120617 PMCID: PMC10148584 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38223-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a potential threat to male reproductive health but the mechanisms underlying its influence on testes during ZIKV infection remain obscure. To address this question, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing using testes from ZIKV-infected mice. The results reveal the fragility of spermatogenic cells, especially spermatogonia, to ZIKV infection and show that the genes of the complement system are significantly upregulated mainly in infiltrated S100A4 + monocytes/macrophages. Complement activation and its contribution to testicular damage are validated by ELISA, RT‒qPCR and IFA and further verify in ZIKV-infected northern pigtailed macaques by RNA genome sequencing and IFA, suggesting that this might be the common response to ZIKV infection in primates. On this basis, we test the complement inhibitor C1INH and S100A4 inhibitors sulindac and niclosamide for their effects on testis protection. C1INH alleviates the pathological change in the testis but deteriorates ZIKV infection in general. In contrast, niclosamide effectively reduces S100A4 + monocyte/macrophage infiltration, inhibits complement activation, alleviates testicular damage, and rescues the fertility of male mice from ZIKV infection. This discovery therefore encourages male reproductive health protection during the next ZIKV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Li-Bo Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Feng-Liang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China
| | - Yan-Hua Wu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zi-Da Zhen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dong-Ying Fan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zi-Yang Sheng
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zheng-Ran Song
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jia-Tong Chang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, 650107, China.
| | - Jing An
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
- Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Pei-Gang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Kirsanov RS, Khailova LS, Rokitskaya TI, Iaubasarova IR, Nazarov PA, Panteleeva AA, Lyamzaev KG, Popova LB, Korshunova GA, Kotova EA, Antonenko YN. Ester-stabilized phosphorus ylides as protonophores on bilayer lipid membranes, mitochondria and chloroplasts. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108369. [PMID: 36638678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Triphenylphosphonium ylides are commonly used as key intermediates in the Wittig reaction. Based on the known acidities of stabilized ylide precursors, we proposed that a methylene group adjacent to phosphorus in these compounds can ensure proton shuttling across lipid membranes. Here, we synthesized (decyloxycarbonylmethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide (CMTPP-C10) by reaction of triphenylphosphine with decyl bromoacetate. This phosphonium salt precursor of the ester-stabilized phosphorus ylide along with its octyl (CMTPP-C8) and dodecyl (CMTPP-C12) analogues was found to be a carrier of protons in mitochondrial, chloroplast and artificial lipid membranes, suggesting that it can reversibly release hydrogen ions and diffuse through the membranes in both zwitterionic (ylide) and cationic forms. The CMTPP-C10-mediated electrical current across planar bilayer lipid membranes exhibited pronounced proton selectivity. Similar to conventional protonophores, known to uncouple electron transport and ATP synthesis, CMTPP-Cn (n = 8, 10, 12) stimulated mitochondrial respiration, while decreasing membrane potential, at micromolar concentrations, thereby showing the classical uncoupling activity in mitochondria. CMTPP-C12 also caused dissipation of transmembrane pH gradient on chloroplast membranes. Importantly, CMTPP-C10 exhibited substantially lower toxicity in cell culture, than C12TPP. Thus, we report the finding of a new class of ylide-type protonophores, which is of substantial interest due to promising therapeutic properties of uncouplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman S Kirsanov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ljudmila S Khailova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana I Rokitskaya
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iliuza R Iaubasarova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel A Nazarov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa A Panteleeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin G Lyamzaev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; The "Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyudmila B Popova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Korshunova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena A Kotova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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Fabelle NR, Oktavia FARH, Cha GS, Nguyen NA, Choi SK, Yun CH. Production of a major metabolite of niclosamide using bacterial cytochrome P450 enzymes. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110210. [PMID: 36764029 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Niclosamide has been proposed as a possible candidate for a Covid-19 drug. However, the metabolites of niclosamide are difficult to investigate because they are usually not available commercially or they are quite expensive in the commercial market. In this study, the major metabolite of niclosamide in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was confirmed to be 3-OH niclosamide. Because the production of 3-OH niclosamide using HLMs has a slow turnover rate, a new method of producing niclosamide metabolite with an easier and highly cost-efficient method was thus conducted. Bacterial CYP102A1 (BM3) is one of the bacterial cytochrome P450s (CYPs) from Bacillus megaterium that structurally show similar activities to human CYPs. Here, the BM3 mutants were used to produce niclosamide metabolites and the metabolites were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and LC-mass spectrometry. Among a set of mutants tested here, BM3 M14 mutant was the most active in producing 3-OH niclosamide, the major metabolite of niclosamide. Comparing BM3 M14 and HLMs, BM3 M14 production of 3-OH niclosamide was 34-fold higher than that of HLMs. Hence, the engineering of BM3 can be a cost-efficient method to produce 3-OH niclosamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabilla Rizkia Fabelle
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Gun Su Cha
- Namhae Garlic Research Institute, 2465-8 Namdaero, Gyeongsangnamdo 52430, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Anh Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Keun Choi
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-Ro, Yuseong, Daejon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbongro, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Bazvand F, Riazi-Esfahani H, Salari F. Presumed veterinary niclosamide-induced retinal toxicity in a human: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2023; 17:110. [PMID: 36966318 PMCID: PMC10039813 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-023-03868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To report the first case of bull's eye maculopathy associated with veterinary niclosamide. CASE PRESENTATION A 27-year-old Iranian female presented with a history of reduced vision and photopsia since 3 years, after accidental ingestion of four boluses of veterinary niclosamide. Fundus examination showed atrophy in parafoveal retinal pigmentary epithelium, appearing as bilateral bull's-eye maculopathy. Optical coherence tomography revealed disruption of the parafoveal ellipsoid zone and outer retinal thinning, appearing as a flying saucer sign. Electroretinography displayed decreased scotopic and photopic amplitudes with normal waveform in both eyes. The causality score was 4, showing "possible" retinopathy due to niclosamide according to Naranjo's causality assessment algorithm. Based on clinical and ancillary findings, a diagnosis of niclosamide-induced maculopathy was made. CONCLUSION Veterinary niclosamide is an anthelmintic drug that in higher doses could be detrimental to the human retina. Awareness about its side effects and appropriate drug labeling could prevent accidental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bazvand
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616351, Iran
- Retina & Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Riazi-Esfahani
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616351, Iran
- Retina & Vitreous Service, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616351, Iran.
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37
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Makarov M, Korkotian E. Differential Role of Active Compounds in Mitophagy and Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:202. [PMID: 36977093 PMCID: PMC10058020 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease, significantly reduce the quality of life of patients and eventually result in complete maladjustment. Disruption of the synapses leads to a deterioration in the communication of nerve cells and decreased plasticity, which is associated with a loss of cognitive functions and neurodegeneration. Maintaining proper synaptic activity depends on the qualitative composition of mitochondria, because synaptic processes require sufficient energy supply and fine calcium regulation. The maintenance of the qualitative composition of mitochondria occurs due to mitophagy. The regulation of mitophagy is usually based on several internal mechanisms, as well as on signals and substances coming from outside the cell. These substances may directly or indirectly enhance or weaken mitophagy. In this review, we have considered the role of some compounds in process of mitophagy and neurodegeneration. Some of them have a beneficial effect on the functions of mitochondria and enhance mitophagy, showing promise as novel drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative pathologies, while others contribute to a decrease in mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduard Korkotian
- Department of Brain Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7630031, Israel
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Khalid T, Hasan A, Fatima JE, Faridi SA, Khan AF, Mir SS. Therapeutic role of mTOR inhibitors in control of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2701-2711. [PMID: 36538171 PMCID: PMC9764303 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By the end of 2019, COVID-19 was reported in Wuhan city of China, and through human-human transmission, this virus spread worldwide and became a pandemic. Initial symptoms of the disease include fever, cough, loss of smell, taste, and shortness of breath, but a decrease in the oxygen levels in the body leads, and pneumonia may ultimately lead to the patient's death. However, the symptoms vary from patient to patient. To understand COVID-19 disease pathogenesis, researchers have tried to understand the cellular pathways that could be targeted to suppress viral replication. Thus, this article reviews the markers that could be targeted to inhibit viral replication by inhibiting the translational initiation complex/regulatory kinases and upregulating host autophagic flux that may lead to a reduction in the viral load. The article also highlights that mTOR inhibitors may act as potential inhibitors of viral replication. mTOR inhibitors such as metformin may inhibit the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp's and ORFs with mTORC1, LARP1, and 4E-BP. They may also increase autophagic flux by decreasing protein degradation via inhibition of Skp2, further promoting viral cell death. These events result in cell cycle arrest at G1 by p27, ultimately causing cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Khalid
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Adria Hasan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Jamal E Fatima
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Soban Ahmad Faridi
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Ahamad Faiz Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, India.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, 226026, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Spray freeze dried niclosamide nanocrystals embedded dry powder for high dose pulmonary delivery. POWDER TECHNOL 2023; 415:118168. [PMID: 36533138 PMCID: PMC9746026 DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.118168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Based on the drug repositioning strategy, niclosamide (NCL) has shown potential applications for treating COVID-19. However, the development of new formulations for effective NCL delivery is still challenging. Herein, NCL-embedded dry powder for inhalation (NeDPI) was fabricated by a novel spray freeze drying technology. The addition of Tween-80 together with 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine showed the synergistic effects on improving both the dispersibility of primary NCL nanocrystals suspended in the feed liquid and the spherical structure integrity of the spray freeze dried (SFD) microparticle. The SFD microparticle size, morphology, crystal properties, flowability and aerosol performance were systematically investigated by regulating the feed liquid composition and freezing temperature. The addition of leucine as the aerosol enhancer promoted the microparticle sphericity with greatly improved flowability. The optimal sample (SF- 80D-N20L2D2T1) showed the highest fine particle fraction of ∼47.83%, equivalently over 3.8 mg NCL that could reach the deep lung when inhaling 10 mg dry powders.
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Wang Y, Huang H, Li D, Zhao C, Li S, Qin P, Li Y, Yang X, Du W, Li W, Li Y. Identification of niclosamide as a novel antiviral agent against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection by targeting viral internalization. Virol Sin 2023; 38:296-308. [PMID: 36702255 PMCID: PMC10176444 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an enteropathogenic coronavirus, has catastrophic impacts on the global pig industry. However, there remain no effective drugs against PEDV infection. In this study, we utilized a recombinant PEDV expressing renilla luciferase (PEDV-Rluc) to screen potential anti-PEDV agents from an FDA-approved drug library in Vero cells. Four compounds were identified that significantly decreased luciferase activity of PEDV-Rluc. Among them, niclosamide was further characterized because it exhibited the most potent antiviral activity with the highest selectivity index. It can efficiently inhibit viral RNA synthesis, protein expression and viral progeny production of classical and variant PEDV strains in a dose-dependent manner. Time of addition assay showed that niclosamide exhibited potent anti-PEDV activity when added simultaneously with or after virus infection. Furthermore, niclosamide significantly inhibited the entry stage of PEDV infection by affecting viral internalization rather than viral attachment to cells. In addition, a combination with other small molecule inhibitors of endosomal acidification enhanced the anti-PEDV effect of niclosamide in vitro. Taken together, these findings suggested that niclosamide is a novel antiviral agent that might provide a basis for the development of novel drug therapies against PEDV and other related pathogenic coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huimin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Chenxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Panpan Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yaqin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xia Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Wenjuan Du
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, the Netherlands.
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Pauly I, Kumar Singh A, Kumar A, Singh Y, Thareja S, Kamal MA, Verma A, Kumar P. Current Insights and Molecular Docking Studies of the Drugs under Clinical Trial as RdRp Inhibitors in COVID-19 Treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 28:3677-3705. [PMID: 36345244 DOI: 10.2174/1381612829666221107123841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Study Background & Objective: After the influenza pandemic (1918), COVID-19 was declared a Vth pandemic by the WHO in 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA-enveloped single-stranded virus. Based on the structure and life cycle, Protease (3CLpro), RdRp, ACE2, IL-6, and TMPRSS2 are the major targets for drug development against COVID-19. Pre-existing several drugs (FDA-approved) are used to inhibit the above targets in different diseases. In coronavirus treatment, these drugs are also in different clinical trial stages. Remdesivir (RdRp inhibitor) is the only FDA-approved medicine for coronavirus treatment. In the present study, by using the drug repurposing strategy, 70 preexisting clinical or under clinical trial molecules were used in scrutiny for RdRp inhibitor potent molecules in coronavirus treatment being surveyed via docking studies. Molecular simulation studies further confirmed the binding mechanism and stability of the most potent compounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS Docking studies were performed using the Maestro 12.9 module of Schrodinger software over 70 molecules with RdRp as the target and remdesivir as the standard drug and further confirmed by simulation studies. RESULTS The docking studies showed that many HIV protease inhibitors demonstrated remarkable binding interactions with the target RdRp. Protease inhibitors such as lopinavir and ritonavir are effective. Along with these, AT-527, ledipasvir, bicalutamide, and cobicistat showed improved docking scores. RMSD and RMSF were further analyzed for potent ledipasvir and ritonavir by simulation studies and were identified as potential candidates for corona disease. CONCLUSION The drug repurposing approach provides a new avenue in COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irine Pauly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Yogesh Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Suresh Thareja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jaddah, Saudi Arabia.,Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770, Australia.,Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Australia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, 211007, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151401, India
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Shukla R, Ahuja R, Beesetti H, Garg A, Aggarwal C, Chaturvedi S, Nayyar K, Arora U, Lal AA, Khanna N. Sinococuline, a bioactive compound of Cocculus hirsutus has potent anti-dengue activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1026. [PMID: 36658277 PMCID: PMC9852271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27927-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection has increased worldwide, with over 400 million infections annually, and has become a serious public health concern. Several drug candidates, new and repurposed, have failed to meet the primary efficacy endpoints. We have recently shown that Aqueous Extract of the stem of Cocculus hirsutus (AQCH) was effective in vitro and in vivo against DENV and was safe in humans. We now report that an active ingredient of AQCH, Sinococuline, protects against the antibody-mediated secondary-DENV infection in the AG129 mouse model. DENV infection markers were assessed, viz. serum viremia and vital organs pathologies-viral load, proinflammatory cytokines and intestinal vascular leakage. The treatment with Sinococuline at 2.0 mg/kg/day; BID (twice a day), was the most effective in protecting the severely DENV-infected AG129 mice. Also, this dose effectively reduced serum viremia and tissue-viral load and inhibited the elevated expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) in several vital organs. Based on these findings, it could be explored further for pre-clinical and clinical developments for the treatment of dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shukla
- Translational Health, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Division of Virus Research and Therapeutics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Richa Ahuja
- Translational Health, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.,Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Gurugram, India
| | - Hemalatha Beesetti
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Gurugram, India.,Virology Division, Foundation for Neglected Disease Research, 20A, KIADB Industrial Area Veerapura, Doddaballapur, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 561203, India
| | - Amit Garg
- Translational Health, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Charu Aggarwal
- Translational Health, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivam Chaturvedi
- Translational Health, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Upasana Arora
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Gurugram, India
| | - Altaf A Lal
- Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited, Gurugram, India
| | - Navin Khanna
- Translational Health, Molecular Medicine Division, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India. .,Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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Lal J, Ramalingam K, Meena R, Ansari SB, Saxena D, Chopra S, Goyal N, Reddy DN. Design and synthesis of novel halogen rich salicylanilides as potential antileishmanial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114996. [PMID: 36565533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The available therapeutic treatment for leishmaniasis is inadequate and toxic due to side effects, expensive and emergence of drug resistance. Affordable and safe antileishmanial agents are urgently needed and toward this objective, we synthesized a series of 32 novel halogen rich salicylanilides including niclosamide and oxyclozanide and investigated their antileishmanial activity against amastigotes of Leishmania donovani. In vitro data showed fifteen compounds inhibited intracellular amastigotes with an IC50 of below 5 μM and selectivity index above 10. Among 15 active compounds, 14 and 24 demonstrated better activity with an IC50 of 2.89 μM and 2.09 μM respectively and selectivity index is 18. Compound 24 exhibited significant in vivo antileishmanial efficacy and reduced 65% of the splenic parasite load on day 28th post-treatment in the experimental visceral leishmaniasis golden hamster model. The data suggest that 24 can be a promising lead candidate possessing potential to be developed into a leishmanial drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhajan Lal
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Karthik Ramalingam
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Rachana Meena
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shabina B Ansari
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Neena Goyal
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Damodara N Reddy
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Xu J, Shi S, Liu G, Xie X, Li J, Bolinger AA, Chen H, Zhang W, Shi PY, Liu H, Zhou J. Design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluations of pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based derivatives as potent and selective sirt6 activators. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 246:114998. [PMID: 36508969 PMCID: PMC9805530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sirt6 activation has emerged as a promising drug target for the treatment of various human diseases, while only limited Sirt6 activators have been reported. Herein, a series of novel pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based derivatives have been identified as potent and selective Sirt6 activators with low cytotoxicity. Sirt6-knockdown findings have validated the on-target effects of this class of Sirt6 activators. Docking studies indicate the protonated nitrogen on the side chain of 38 forms π-cation interactions with Trp188, further stabilizing it into this extended binding pocket. New compounds 35, 36, 38, 46, 47, and 50 strongly repressed LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine production, while 38 also significantly suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infection with an EC50 value of 9.3 μM. Moreover, compound 36 significantly inhibited the colony formation of cancer cells. These new molecules may serve as useful pharmacological tools or potential therapeutics against cancer, inflammation, and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Shuizhen Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Gang Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Xuping Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Andrew A Bolinger
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Nag A, Dasgupta A, Sengupta S, Lai TK, Acharya K. An in-silico pharmacophore-based molecular docking study to evaluate the inhibitory potentials of novel fungal triterpenoid Astrakurkurone analogues against a hypothetical mutated main protease of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Comput Biol Med 2023; 152:106433. [PMID: 36565483 PMCID: PMC9767885 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main protease is an important structural protein of SARS-CoV-2, essential for its survivability inside a human host. Considering current vaccines' limitations and the absence of approved therapeutic targets, Mpro may be regarded as the potential candidate drug target. Novel fungal phytocompound Astrakurkurone may be studied as the potential Mpro inhibitor, considering its medicinal properties reported elsewhere. METHODS In silico molecular docking was performed with Astrakurkurone and its twenty pharmacophore-based analogues against the native Mpro protein. A hypothetical Mpro was also constructed with seven mutations and targeted by Astrakurkurone and its analogues. Furthermore, multiple parameters such as statistical analysis (Principal Component Analysis), pharmacophore alignment, and drug likeness evaluation were performed to understand the mechanism of protein-ligand molecular interaction. Finally, molecular dynamic simulation was done for the top-ranking ligands to validate the result. RESULT We identified twenty Astrakurkurone analogues through pharmacophore screening methodology. Among these twenty compounds, two analogues namely, ZINC89341287 and ZINC12128321 showed the highest inhibitory potentials against native and our hypothetical mutant Mpro, respectively (-7.7 and -7.3 kcal mol-1) when compared with the control drug Telaprevir (-5.9 and -6.0 kcal mol-1). Finally, we observed that functional groups of ligands namely two aromatic and one acceptor groups were responsible for the residual interaction with the target proteins. The molecular dynamic simulation further revealed that these compounds could make a stable complex with their respective protein targets in the near-native physiological condition. CONCLUSION To conclude, Astrakurkurone analogues ZINC89341287 and ZINC12128321 can be potential therapeutic agents against the highly infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Nag
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Adhiraj Dasgupta
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sutirtha Sengupta
- Department of Life Sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar Metropolitan College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Yang M, Wang AQ, Padilha EC, Shah P, Hagen NR, Ryu C, Shamim K, Huang W, Xu X. Use of physiological based pharmacokinetic modeling for cross-species prediction of pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles of a novel niclosamide prodrug. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1099425. [PMID: 37113753 PMCID: PMC10126473 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1099425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Niclosamide (Nc) is an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug that was recently identified in a drug repurposing screening to possess antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. However, due to the low solubility and permeability of Nc, its in vivo efficacy was limited by its poor oral absorption. Method: The current study evaluated a novel prodrug of Nc (PDN; NCATS-SM4705) in improving in vivo exposure of Nc and predicted pharmacokinetic profiles of PDN and Nc across different species. ADME properties of the prodrug were determined in humans, hamsters, and mice, while the pharmacokinetics (PK) of PDN were obtained in mice and hamsters. Concentrations of PDN and Nc in plasma and tissue homogenates were measured by UPLC-MS/MS. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution data in mice, validated by the PK profiles in hamsters and applied to predict pharmacokinetic profiles in humans. Results: Following intravenous and oral administration of PDN in mice, the total plasma clearance (CLp) and volume of distribution at steady-state (Vdss) were 0.061-0.063 L/h and 0.28-0.31 L, respectively. PDN was converted to Nc in both liver and blood, improving the systemic exposure of Nc in mice and hamsters after oral administration. The PBPK model developed for PDN and in vivo formed Nc could adequately simulate plasma and tissue concentration-time profiles in mice and plasma profiles in hamsters. The predicted human CLp/F and Vdss/F after an oral dose were 2.1 L/h/kg and 15 L/kg for the prodrug respectively. The predicted Nc concentrations in human plasma and lung suggest that a TID dose of 300 mg PDN would provide Nc lung concentrations at 8- to 60-fold higher than in vitro IC50 against SARS-CoV-2 reported in cell assays. Conclusion: In conclusion, the novel prodrug PDN can be efficiently converted to Nc in vivo and improves the systemic exposure of Nc in mice after oral administration. The developed PBPK model adequately depicts the mouse and hamster pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution profiles and highlights its potential application in the prediction of human pharmacokinetic profiles.
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Needham D. Extraction of niclosamide from commercial approved tablets into aqueous buffered solution creates potentially approvable oral and nasal sprays against COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. AAPS OPEN 2023; 9:9. [PMID: 37073302 PMCID: PMC10101733 DOI: 10.1186/s41120-023-00072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation The low solubility, weak acid drug, niclosamide is a host cell modulator with broad-spectrum anti-viral cell-activity against many viruses, including stopping the SARS-CoV-2 virus from infecting cells in cell culture. As a result, a simple universal nasal spray preventative was proposed and investigated in earlier work regarding the dissolution of niclosamide into simple buffers. However, starting with pharmaceutical grade, niclosamide represents a new 505(b)(2) application. The motivation for this second paper in the series was therefore to explore if and to what extent niclosamide could be extracted from commercially available and regulatory-approved niclosamide oral tablets that could serve as a preventative nasal spray and an early treatment oral/throat spray, with possibly more expeditious testing and regulatory approval. Experimental Measurements of supernatant niclosamide concentrations were made by calibrated UV-Vis for the dissolution of niclosamide from commercially available Yomesan crushed into a powder for dissolution into Tris Buffer (TB) solutions. Parameters tested were as follows: time (0-2 days), concentration (300 µM to -1 mM), pH (7.41 to 9.35), and anhydrous/hydrated state. Optical microscopy was used to view the morphologies of the initial crushed powder, and the dissolving and equilibrating undissolved excess particles to detect morphologic changes that might occur. Results Concentration dependence: Niclosamide was readily extracted from powdered Yomesan at pH 9.34 TB at starting Yomesan niclosamide equivalents concentrations of 300 µM, 600 µM, and 1 mM. Peak dissolved niclosamide supernatant concentrations of 264 µM, 216 µM, and 172 µM were achieved in 1 h, 1 h, and 3 h respectively. These peaks though were followed by a reduction in supernatant concentration to an average of 112.3 µM ± 28.4 µM after overnight stir on day 2. pH dependence: For nominal pHs of 7.41, 8.35, 8.85, and 9.35, peak niclosamide concentrations were 4 µM, 22.4 µM, 96.2 µM, and 215.8 µM, respectively. Similarly, the day 2 values all reduced to 3 µM, 12.9 µM, 35.1 µM, and 112.3 µM. A heat-treatment to 200 °C dehydrated the niclosamide and showed a high 3 h concentration (262 µM) and the least day-2 reduction (to 229 µM). This indicated that the presence, or formation during exposure to buffer, of lower solubility polymorphs was responsible for the reductions in total solubilities. These morphologic changes were confirmed by optical microscopy that showed initially featureless particulate-aggregates of niclosamide could grow multiple needle-shaped crystals and form needle masses, especially in the presence of Tris-buffered sodium chloride, where new red needles were rapidly made. Scale up: A scaled-up 1 L solution of niclosamide was made achieving 165 µM supernatant niclosamide in 3 h by dissolution of just one fifth (100 mg niclosamide) of a Yomesan tablet. Conclusion These comprehensive results provide a guide as to how to utilize commercially available and approved tablets of niclosamide to generate aqueous niclosamide solutions from a simple dissolution protocol. As shown here, just one 4-tablet pack of Yomesan could readily make 165 L of a 20 µM niclosamide solution giving 16,500 10 mL bottles. One million bottles, from just 60 packs of Yomesan, would provide 100 million single spray doses for distribution to mitigate a host of respiratory infections as a universal preventative-nasal and early treatment oral/throat sprays throughout the world. Graphical Abstract pH dependence of niclosamide extraction from crushed Yomesan tablet material into Tris buffer (yellow-green in vial) and Tris-buffered saline solution (orange-red in vial). Initial anhydrous dissolution concentration is reduced by overnight stirring to likely monohydrate niclosamide; and is even lower if in TBSS forming new niclosamide sodium needle crystals grown from the original particles. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41120-023-00072-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Needham
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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The challenge of repurposing niclosamide: Considering pharmacokinetic parameters, routes of administration, and drug metabolism. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Wang Z, Ren J, Du J, Wang H, Liu J, Wang G. Niclosamide as a Promising Therapeutic Player in Human Cancer and Other Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:16116. [PMID: 36555754 PMCID: PMC9782559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide is an FDA-approved anthelmintic drug for the treatment of parasitic infections. However, over the past few years, increasing evidence has shown that niclosamide could treat diseases beyond parasitic diseases, which include metabolic diseases, immune system diseases, bacterial and viral infections, asthma, arterial constriction, myopia, and cancer. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the pharmacological activities and therapeutic prospects of niclosamide in human disease and cancer and summarized the related molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, indicating that niclosamide is a promising therapeutic player in various human diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Guiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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Arumugam GS, Damodharan K, Doble M, Thennarasu S. Significant perspectives on various viral infections targeted antiviral drugs and vaccines including COVID-19 pandemicity. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:21. [PMID: 35838929 PMCID: PMC9283561 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A virus enters a living organism and recruits host metabolism to reproduce its own genome and proteins. The viral infections are intricate and cannot be completely removed through existing antiviral drugs. For example, the herpes, influenza, hepatitis and human immunodeficiency viruses are a few dreadful ones amongst them. Significant studies are needed to understand the viral entry and their growth in host cells to design effective antivirals. This review emphasizes the range of therapeutical antiviral drugs, inhibitors along with vaccines to fight against viral pathogens, especially for combating COVID-19. Moreover, we have provided the basic and in depth information about viral targets, drugs availability, their mechanisms of action, method of prevention of viral diseases and highlighted the significances of anticoagulants, convalescent plasma for COVID-19 treatment, scientific details of airborne transmission, characteristics of antiviral drug delivery using nanoparticles/carriers, nanoemulsions, nanogels, metal based nanoparticles, alike the future nanosystems through nanobubbles, nanofibers, nanodiamonds, nanotraps, nanorobots and eventually, the therapeutic applications of micro- and nanoparticulates, current status for clinical development against COVID-19 together with environmental implications of antivirals, gene therapy etc., which may be useful for repurposing and designing of novel antiviral drugs against various dreadful diseases, especially the SARS-CoV-2 and other associated variants.
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