1
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Rajendran NM, Lu Q, Bouffard J. A Facile Preparation of N-Heterocyclic Olefins: Ring-Opening Polymerization of β-Butyrolactone and Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303358. [PMID: 38109087 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A direct synthesis of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) and their mesoionic congeners (mNHOs) from N-heterocyclic carbenes and N-aziridinylimines is reported. The reaction provided diverse functionalized (m)NHOs and π-extended analogues. The prepared NHOs initiated the ring-opening polymerization of β-butyrolactone, and insertion of aldehyde and nitrile into an NHO-B(C6 F5 )3 adduct was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
| | - Jean Bouffard
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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2
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Zhang Z, Shi C, Scoti M, Tang X, Chen EYX. Alternating Isotactic Polyhydroxyalkanoates via Site- and Stereoselective Polymerization of Unsymmetrical Diolides. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20016-20024. [PMID: 36256876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Naturally produced, biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) promise more sustainable alternatives to nonrenewable/degradable plastics, but biological PHA's stereomicrostructures are strictly confined to isotactic (R)-polymers or copolymers of random sequences. Chemical synthesis via catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic (di)esters offers expedient access to diverse PHA microstructures, including those with defined comonomer sequences and tacticities. However, the synthesis of alternating isotactic PHAs has not been achieved by the existing methodologies. Here, we report the design of unsymmetrically disubstituted eight-membered diolides (rac-8DLR1-R2) and their site- and stereoselective ROP with discrete chiral catalysts, enabling the synthesis of alternating isotactic PHAs, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-alt-3-hydroxyvalerate) (alt-P3HBV) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-alt-3-hydroxyheptanoate) (alt-P3HBHp), with high to quantitative (>99%) alternation and isotacticity and Mn up to 113 kDa and Đ = 1.01. Physical properties of such PHAs are substantially determined by the degree of backbone sequence alternation and tacticity, ranging from amorphous to semi-crystalline materials. The alt-P3HBV shows significantly improved mechanical performance relative to the constituent homopolymers. Intriguingly, enantiomeric (R)-alt-P3HBV and (S)-alt-P3HBV, synthesized by kinetically resolved ROP of rac-8DLMe-Et, form a stereocomplex with a significantly enhanced Tm (by 53 °C), while the enantiomeric homopolymers do not form a stereocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Changxia Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Miriam Scoti
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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3
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Czysch C, Dinh T, Fröder Y, Bixenmann L, Komforth P, Balint A, Räder HJ, Naumann S, Nuhn L. Nontoxic N-Heterocyclic Olefin Catalyst Systems for Well-Defined Polymerization of Biocompatible Aliphatic Polycarbonates. ACS POLYMERS AU 2022; 2:371-379. [PMID: 36855582 PMCID: PMC9955374 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.2c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) are utilized as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of functional aliphatic carbonates. This emerging class of catalysts provides high reactivity and rapid conversion. Aiming for the polymerization of monomers with high side chain functionality, six-membered carbonates derived from 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (bis-MPA) served as model compounds. Tuning the reactivity of NHO from predominant side chain transesterification at room temperature toward ring-opening at lowered temperatures (-40 °C) enables controlled ROP. These refined conditions give narrowly distributed polymers of the hydrophobic carbonate 5-methyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MTC-OBn) (Đ < 1.30) at (pseudo)first-order kinetic polymerization progression. End group definition of these polymers demonstrated by mass spectrometry underlines the absence of side reactions. For the active ester monomer 5-methyl-5-pentafluorophenyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxane-2-one (MTC-PFP) with elevated side chain reactivity, a cocatalysis system consisting of NHO and the Lewis acid magnesium iodide is required to retune the reactivity from side chains toward controlled ROP. Excellent definition of the products (Đ < 1.30) and mass spectrometry data demonstrate the feasibility of this cocatalyst approach, since MTC-PFP has thus far only been polymerized successfully using acidic catalysts with moderate control. The broad feasibility of our findings was further demonstrated by the synthesis of block copolymers for bioapplications and their successful nanoparticular assembly. High tolerability of NHO in vitro with concentrations ranging up to 400 μM (equivalent to 0.056 mg/mL) further emphasize the suitability as a catalyst for the synthesis of bioapplicable materials. The polycarbonate block copolymer mPEG44-b-poly(MTC-OBn) enables physical entrapment of hydrophobic dyes in sub-20 nm micelles, whereas the active ester block copolymer mPEG44-b-poly(MTC-PFP) is postfunctionalizable by covalent dye attachment. Both block copolymers thereby serve as platforms for physical or covalent modification of nanocarriers for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Czysch
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thi Dinh
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yannick Fröder
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leon Bixenmann
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patric Komforth
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Balint
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Räder
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- Institute
of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany,Chair
of Macromolecular Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität
Würzburg, Röntgenring
11, 97070 Würzburg, Germany,
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4
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Overview: Polycarbonates via Ring-Opening Polymerization, Differences between Six- and Five-Membered Cyclic Carbonates: Inspiration for Green Alternatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102031. [PMID: 35631913 PMCID: PMC9147941 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aims to cover the topic of polycarbonate synthesis via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic carbonates. We report a wide variety of ROP-initiating systems along with their detailed mechanisms. We focus on the challenges of preparing the polymers; the precise control of the properties of the materials, including molecular weight; the compositions of the copolymers and their structural characteristics. There is no one approach that works for all scales in cyclic carbonates ROP. A green process to produce polycarbonates is a luring challenge in terms of CO2 utilization and the targeted domains for application. The main resolution seems to be the use of controlled incorporation of functional/reactive groups into polymer chains that can tailor the physicochemical and biological properties of the polymer matrices, producing what appears to be an unlimited field of applications. Glycerol carbonate (GC) is prepared from renewable glycerol and considered as a CO2 fixation agent resulting in GC compound. This family of five-membered cyclic carbonates has attracted the attention of researchers as potential monomers for the synthesis of polycarbonates (PCs). This cyclic carbonate group presents a strong alternative to Bisphenol A (BPA), which is used mainly as a monomer for the production of polycarbonate and a precursor of epoxy resins. As of December 2016, BPA is listed as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) under the REACH regulation. In 2006, Mouloungui et al. reported the synthesis and oligomerization of GCs. The importance of GCs goes beyond their carbonate ring and their physical properties (high boiling point, high flash point, low volatility, high electrical conductivity) because they also contain a hydroxyl group. The latter offers the possibility of producing oligo and/or polycarbonate compounds that have hydroxyl groups that can potentially lead to different reaction mechanisms and the production of new classes of polycarbonates with a wide range of applications.
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5
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En Route to CO2-Based (a)Cyclic Carbonates and Polycarbonates from Alcohols Substrates by Direct and Indirect Approaches. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the state-of-the art routes used for the synthesis of CO2-based (a)cyclic carbonates and polycarbonates from alcohol substrates, with an emphasis on their respective main advantages and limitations. The first section reviews the synthesis of organic carbonates such as dialkyl carbonates or cyclic carbonates from the carbonation of alcohols. Many different synthetic strategies have been reported (dehydrative condensation, the alkylation route, the “leaving group” strategy, the carbodiimide route, the protected alcohols route, etc.) with various substrates (mono-alcohols, diols, allyl alcohols, halohydrins, propargylic alcohols, etc.). The second section reviews the formation of polycarbonates via the direct copolymerization of CO2 with diols, as well as the ring-opening polymerization route. Finally, polycondensation processes involving CO2-based dimethyl and diphenyl carbonates with aliphatic and aromatic diols are described.
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6
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Huang J, Olsén P, Svensson Grape E, Inge AK, Odelius K. Simple Approach to Macrocyclic Carbonates with Fast Polymerization Rates and Their Polymer-to-Monomer Regeneration. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Olsén
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Svensson Grape
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A. Ken Inge
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Odelius
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Pirouzi F, Eshghi H, Sabet-Sarvestani H. A theoretical approach to investigating the mechanism of action and efficiency of N-heterocyclic olefins as organic catalysts for transesterification reactions. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05589e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, it is theoretically proved that carbonyl ester reactions with alcohols can be facilitated by activation of fully-planar NHOs via zwitterionic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pirouzi
- Computational Chemistry Research Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Computational Chemistry Research Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Sabet-Sarvestani
- Computational Chemistry Research Lab., Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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8
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Vollgraff T, Sundermeyer J. Highly Selective Ortho-Directed Dicarboxylation of Cyclopentadiene by Methylcarbonates and CO 2 or COS - First Insight into Co-ordination Chemistry of New Ambident Ligands. Chemistry 2021; 27:8517-8527. [PMID: 33851453 PMCID: PMC8252773 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This research presents the highly regioselective syntheses of 1,2-dicarboxylated cyclopentadienide salts [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (CO2 )2 H] by reaction of a variety of organic cation methylcarbonate salts [Cat]OCO2 Me (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ) with cyclopentadiene (CpH) or by simply reacting organic cation cyclopentadienides Cat[Cp] (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ) with CO2 . One characteristic feature of these dianionic ligands is the acidic proton delocalized in an intramolecular hydrogen bridge (IHB) between the two carboxyl groups, as studied by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and XRD analyses. The reaction cannot be stopped after the first carboxylation. Therefore, we propose a Kolbe-Schmitt phenol-carboxylation related mechanism where the acidic proton of the monocarboxylic acid intermediate plays an ortho-directing and CO2 activating role for the second kinetically accelerated CO2 addition step exclusively in ortho position. The same and related thiocarboxylates [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (COS)2 H] are obtained by reaction of COS with Cat[Cp] (Cat=NR4 + , PR4 + , Im+ ). A preliminary study on [Cat]2 [C5 H3 (CO2 )2 H] reveals, that its soft and hard coordination sites can selectively be addressed by soft Lewis acids (Mo0 , Ru2+ ) and hard Lewis acids (Al3+ , La3+ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Vollgraff
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
| | - Jörg Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Wissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435043MarburgGermany
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9
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Li Z, Ji P, Cheng JP. Brönsted Basicities and Nucleophilicities of N-Heterocyclic Olefins in Solution: N-Heterocyclic Carbene versus N-Heterocyclic Olefin. Which Is More Basic, and Which Is More Nucleophilic? J Org Chem 2021; 86:2974-2985. [PMID: 33464082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A Brönsted basicity scale comprising nine representative N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) was established by measuring the equilibrium acidities of their corresponding precursors in DMSO using an ultraviolet-visible spectroscopic method. The basicities (pKaHs) of the investigated NHOs cover a range from 14.7 to 24.1. The basicities of unsaturated NHOs are stronger than those of their N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogues; however, the basicities for the saturated ones are much weaker than those of their NHC analogues, which is largely due to the aromatization effect that intrinsically influences the acidic dissociations of NHC and NHO precursors. The nucleophilicities of four NHOs were measured photometrically by monitoring the kinetics of reactions of these NHOs with common reference electrophiles for quantifying nucleophilic reactivities. In general, the nucleophilicity of the NHOs is much stronger than that of commonly used Lewis bases such as Ph3P or DMAP [4-(dimethylamino)pyridine] but weaker than that of their NHC analogues; however, caution should be taken when generalizing this conclusion to a wide range of electrophiles with distinctively electronic and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengju Ji
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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10
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Balint A, Naumann S. A comparison of zwitterionic and anionic mechanisms in the dual-catalytic polymerization of lactide. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00992c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Two different polymerization mechanisms for lactide are selectivity addressed to illuminate the respective role of organobase and Lewis acid component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Balint
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Wang X, Wang X, Zhen N, Gu J, Zhang H, Dong B, Wang F, Liu H. Sodium complexes bearing cavity-like conformations: a highly active and well-controlled catalytic system for macrolactone homo- and copolymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01580f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sodium complexes displaying cavity-like conformations and, therefore, suppressed transesterification during the ring-opening polymerization of pentadecalactone are disclosed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- PR China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics
- Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Nuo Zhen
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- PR China
| | - Jin Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- PR China
| | - Hao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- National Engineering Laboratory for Wheat and Corn Deep Processing
- Jilin Agricultural University
- Changchun 130118
- PR China
| | - Bo Dong
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics
- Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Heng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics
- Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-plastics
- Qingdao University of Science & Technology
- Qingdao
- China
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12
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Zhou L, Wang Z, Xu G, Lv C, Wang Q. Structure and activity relationship studies of N-heterocyclic olefin and thiourea/urea catalytic systems: application in ring-opening polymerization of lactones. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01747g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structure–activity relationship studies of N-heterocyclic olefin and thiourea/urea catalytic systems were performed and applied to ROP of lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Guangqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Chengdong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
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13
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Zhou L, Wang Z, Xu G, Yang R, Yan H, Hao XQ, Wang Q. N-heterocyclic olefins catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of N-tosyl aziridines. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Wang Z, Niu QH, Xue XS, Ji P. The Brönsted Basicities of N-Heterocyclic Olefins in DMSO: An Effective Way to Evaluate the Stability of NHO-CO 2 Adducts. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13204-13210. [PMID: 32900190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Brönsted basicity scale (∼24 pK units) for 85 commonly seen imidazole-, imidazoline-, triazole-, and thiazole-based N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) in DMSO was established using a well-examined computational model. The influence of substituents on the Brönsted basicities of these NHOs was investigated through basicity comparisons and rationalized by geometric analyses. The Gibbs energy (ΔGr) of the reaction between NHO and CO2 was also calculated, which linearly correlates with the basicity of the corresponding NHO, suggesting that the stability of NHO-CO2 adducts can be evaluated by the basicity of NHOs and a stronger basicity leads to a more stable NHO-CO2 adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Nanocomposite Sensing Materials, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Qian-Hang Niu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Nanocomposite Sensing Materials, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Nanocomposite Sensing Materials, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455000, China.,State Key Laboratory on Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Pengju Ji
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Mahmood Q, Xu G, Zhou L, Guo X, Wang Q. Chiral 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD)-Catalyzed Stereoselective Ring-Opening Polymerization of rac-Lactide: High Reactivity for Isotactic Enriched Polylactides (PLAs). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2365. [PMID: 33076378 PMCID: PMC7602607 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral 4,8-diphenyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (DiPh-TBD) was synthesized and applied to a ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide (rac-LA). The chiral DiPh-TBD promoted the synthesis of isotactic enriched polylactides (PLAs) with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distributions under mild, metal-free conditions. When the [rac-LA]/[Cat.] ratio was 100/1, full monomer conversion was achieved within only 1 min and a moderate probability of 0.67 meso dyads (Pm) was obtained at room temperature. A chain-end control mechanism (CEC) was found to be responsible for the isoselectivity based on the homodecoupled 1H NMR spectrum, the chiral HPLC measurement, and kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaiser Mahmood
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.M.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Guangqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.M.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.M.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Xuanhua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.M.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (Q.M.); (L.Z.); (X.G.)
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Gulia N, Pigulski B, Szafert S. Base‐Promoted Double Amination of 1‐Haloalkynes: Direct Synthesis of Ene‐1,1‐diamines. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nurbey Gulia
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Pigulski
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
| | - Sławomir Szafert
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Wrocław 14 F. Joliot‐Curie 50‐383 Wrocław Poland
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17
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Zhang Z, Huang S, Huang L, Xu X, Zhao H, Yan X. Synthesis of Mesoionic N-Heterocyclic Olefins and Catalytic Application for Hydroboration Reactions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12036-12043. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Linwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xingyu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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18
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Ji C, Jie S, Braunstein P, Li BG. Fast and controlled ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone catalyzed by benzoheterocyclic urea/MTBD catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
New benzoheterocyclic urea/MTBD catalysts are highly efficient and controllable in the ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone under solvent-free conditions or in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Suyun Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination
- CNRS, CHIMIE UMR 7177
- Université de Strasbourg
- 67081 Strasbourg Cedex
- France
| | - Bo-Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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19
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Pyridyl-urea catalysts for the solvent-free ring-opening polymerization of lactones and trimethylene carbonate. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Liang Y, Pan JL, Sun LH, Ma JM, Jiang H, Li ZL. Alternating Sequence Control for Poly(ester amide)s by Organocatalyzed Ring-Opening Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900435. [PMID: 31596528 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequence-controlled polymerization is the forefront of polymer chemistry. Herein, the feasibility of sequence regulation by using organocatalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) is demonstrated. In particular, ring expansion strategy is employed to synthesize pre-organized monomers 1 and 2. ROP is conducted by using 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene and benzyl alcohol as the catalyst and initiator, respectively. Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs) P1-P3 comprising glycolic acid, lactic acid, and 7-aminoheptanoic acid units are obtained in high molecular weights and good yields. NMR and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry results verify the microstructural integrity of P1 and P2. Differential scanning calorimetry results show that PEA without methyl branches is crystalline. Moreover, thermal stability, surface wettability, and degradation profiles of P1-P3 are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Lin Pan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lin-Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ji-Mei Ma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Zi-Long Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
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21
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Naumann S. Synthesis, properties & applications of N-heterocyclic olefins in catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11658-11670. [PMID: 31517349 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs), a recently (re-)discovered type of electron-rich, polar alkene, are comprehensively presented. Along with synthetic aspects and chemical properties, special emphasis is put on the multi-faceted impact NHOs already have had on catalysis. This is discussed along the lines of small molecule organocatalysis, organo- and metal-assisted polymerization and of the understanding and application of NHO-ligated organometallic complexes. Highlighted are the strong basicity of NHOs ("superbases"), their high nucleophilicity and the design principles to tailor NHO (organo-)catalysts. It is demonstrated that NHOs can complement, and in many cases out-perform, the much better established N-heterocyclic carbene-based systems. Examples include among others CO2-sequestration, the polymerization of lactones and epoxides or the transfer hydrogenation of carbonyls. Further, the unique ability to selectively address basic or nucleophilic reaction pathways via NHO-mediation is detailed, as is the bonding situation in NHO-metal complexes and the ability of the olefin to act as an electronically flexible ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Naumann
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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22
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Zhang X, Wang L, Wang Q, Ge F, Wang X. Synthesis, Characterization of Pyridyl Heterocyclic Olefins (PHOs) and Activation of Heterocumulenes. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased MaterialsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 189 Songling Road Qingdao 266101 China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 10049 China
| | - Liang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased MaterialsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 189 Songling Road Qingdao 266101 China
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased MaterialsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 189 Songling Road Qingdao 266101 China
| | - Fang Ge
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQingdao University Shandong 266071 China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased MaterialsQingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences 189 Songling Road Qingdao 266101 China
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23
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Haramiishi Y, Kawatani R, Chanthaset N, Ajiro H. Viscoelastic Evaluation of Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate)s Bearing Oligoethylene Glycol Units Which Show Thermoresponsive Properties at Body Temperature. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Haramiishi
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma Nara 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Ryo Kawatani
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma Nara 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Nalinthip Chanthaset
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma Nara 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Hiroharu Ajiro
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma Nara 630‐0192 Japan
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24
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Wilson JA, Ates Z, Pflughaupt RL, Dove AP, Heise A. Polymers from macrolactones: From pheromones to functional materials. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Yadav N, Seidi F, Crespy D, D'Elia V. Polymers Based on Cyclic Carbonates as Trait d'Union Between Polymer Chemistry and Sustainable CO 2 Utilization. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:724-754. [PMID: 30565849 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Given the large amount of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, it is advantageous to use CO2 as feedstock for the fabrication of everyday products, such as fuels and materials. An attractive way to use CO2 in the synthesis of polymers is by the formation of five-membered cyclic organic carbonate monomers (5CCs). The sustainability of this synthetic approach is increased by using scaffolds prepared from renewable resources. Indeed, recent years have seen the rise of various types of carbonate syntheses and applications. 5CC monomers are often polymerized with diamines to yield polyhydroxyurethanes (PHU). Foams are developed from this type of polymers; moreover, the additional hydroxyl groups in PHU, absent in classical polyurethanes, lead to coatings with excellent adhesive properties. Furthermore, carbonate groups in polymers offer the possibility of post-functionalization, such as curing reactions under mild conditions. Finally, the polarity of carbonate groups is remarkably high, so polymers with carbonates side-chains can be used as polymer electrolytes in batteries or as conductive membranes. The target of this Review is to highlight the multiple opportunities offered by polymers prepared from and/or containing 5CCs. Firstly, the preparation of several classes of 5CCs is discussed with special focus on the sustainability of the synthetic routes. Thereafter, specific classes of polymers are discussed for which the use and/or presence of carbonate moieties is crucial to impart the targeted properties (foams, adhesives, polymers for energy applications, and other functional materials).
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi institute of Science and Technology, 21210,Payupnai,Wangchan, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi institute of Science and Technology, 21210,Payupnai,Wangchan, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi institute of Science and Technology, 21210,Payupnai,Wangchan, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Valerio D'Elia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering,School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi institute of Science and Technology, 21210,Payupnai,Wangchan, Rayong, Thailand
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26
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Zhao N, Ren C, Shen Y, Liu S, Li Z. Facile Synthesis of Aliphatic ω-Pentadecalactone Containing Diblock Copolyesters via Sequential ROP with l-Lactide, ε-Caprolactone, and δ-Valerolactone Catalyzed by Cyclic Trimeric Phosphazene Base with Inherent Tribasic Characteristics. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b02690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chuanli Ren
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yong Shen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shaofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department; College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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27
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Schuldt R, Kästner J, Naumann S. Proton Affinities of N-Heterocyclic Olefins and Their Implications for Organocatalyst Design. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2209-2218. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schuldt
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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28
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Zhou L, Xu G, Mahmood Q, Lv C, Wang X, Sun X, Guo K, Wang Q. N-Heterocyclic olefins and thioureas as an efficient cooperative catalyst system for ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Guangqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Qaiser Mahmood
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Chengdong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xiaowu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xitong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Kai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
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29
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Grignard B, Gennen S, Jérôme C, Kleij AW, Detrembleur C. Advances in the use of CO 2 as a renewable feedstock for the synthesis of polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:4466-4514. [PMID: 31276137 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00047j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide offers an accessible, cheap and renewable carbon feedstock for synthesis. Current interest in the area of carbon dioxide valorisation aims at new, emerging technologies that are able to provide new opportunities to turn a waste into value. Polymers are among the most widely produced chemicals in the world greatly affecting the quality of life. However, there are growing concerns about the lack of reuse of the majority of the consumer plastics and their after-life disposal resulting in an increasing demand for sustainable alternatives. New monomers and polymers that can address these issues are therefore warranted, and merging polymer synthesis with the recycling of carbon dioxide offers a tangible route to transition towards a circular economy. Here, an overview of the most relevant and recent approaches to CO2-based monomers and polymers are highlighted with particular emphasis on the transformation routes used and their involved manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Grignard
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, B6A, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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30
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Hong M, Chen J, Chen EYX. Polymerization of Polar Monomers Mediated by Main-Group Lewis Acid-Base Pairs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10551-10616. [PMID: 30350583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new or more sustainable, active, efficient, controlled, and selective polymerization reactions or processes continues to be crucial for the synthesis of important polymers or materials with specific structures or functions. In this context, the newly emerged polymerization technique enabled by main-group Lewis pairs (LPs), termed as Lewis pair polymerization (LPP), exploits the synergy and cooperativity between the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) sites of LPs, which can be employed as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), interacting LPs (ILPs), or classical Lewis adducts (CLAs), to effect cooperative monomer activation as well as chain initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer events. Through balancing the Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and steric effects of LPs, LPP has shown several unique advantages or intriguing opportunities compared to other polymerization techniques and demonstrated its broad polar monomer scope, high activity, control or livingness, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity, as well as its unique application in materials chemistry. These advances made in LPP are comprehensively reviewed, with the scope of monomers focusing on heteroatom-containing polar monomers, while the polymerizations mediated by main-group LAs and LBs separately that are most relevant to the LPP are also highlighted or updated. Examples of applying the principles of the LPP and LP chemistry as a new platform for advancing materials chemistry are highlighted, and currently unmet challenges in the field of the LPP, and thus the suggested corresponding future research directions, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Xaver Gentner
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerd Ballmann
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pahl
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holger Elsen
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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32
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Bandelli D, Helbing C, Weber C, Seifert M, Muljajew I, Jandt KD, Schubert US. Maintaining the Hydrophilic–Hydrophobic Balance of Polyesters with Adjustable Crystallinity for Tailor-Made Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Bandelli
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Helbing
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Department of Materials Science and Technology, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Weber
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Seifert
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Department of Materials Science and Technology, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Irina Muljajew
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D. Jandt
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Chair of Materials Science (CMS), Department of Materials Science and Technology, Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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33
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Cho S, Heo GS, Khan S, Huang J, Hunstad DA, Elsabahy M, Wooley KL. A Vinyl Ether-Functional Polycarbonate as a Template for Multiple Postpolymerization Modifications. Macromolecules 2018; 51:3233-3242. [PMID: 29915431 PMCID: PMC6002957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A highly-reactive vinyl ether-functionalized aliphatic polycarbonate and its block copolymer were developed as templates for multiple post-polymerization conjugation chemistries. The vinyl ether-functional six-membered cyclic carbonate monomer was synthesized by a well-established two-step procedure starting from 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid. An organobase-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization of the synthesized monomer afforded polycarbonates with pendant vinyl ether functionalities (PMVEC). The vinyl ether moieties on the resulting polymers were readily conjugated with hydroxyl- or thiol-containing compounds via three different post-polymerization modification chemistries - acetalization, thio-acetalization, and thiol-ene reaction. Acetal-functionalized polycarbonates were studied in depth to exploit their acid-labile acetal functionalities. Acetalization of the amphiphilic diblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) and PMVEC, mPEG113-b-PMVEC13, with the model hydroxyl compound 4- methylbenzyl alcohol resulted in a maximum of 42% acetal and 58% hydroxyl side chain groups. Nonetheless, the amphiphilicity of the block polymer allowed for its self-assembly in water to afford nanostructures, as characterized via dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The kinetics of acetal cleavage within the block polymer micelles were examined in acidic buffered solutions (pH 4 and 5). In addition, mPEG-b-PMVEC and its hydrolyzed polymer mPEG-b-PMHEC (i.e., after full cleavage of acetals) exhibited minimal cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages, indicating that this polymer system represents a biologically non-hazardous material with pH-responsive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for
Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255
TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of
Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology, KIST
School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of
Korea
| | - Gyu Seong Heo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for
Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255
TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology
| | - Sarosh Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for
Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255
TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - Jessica Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for
Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255
TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
| | - David A. Hunstad
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology,
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for
Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255
TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Assiut
International Center of Nanomedicine, Al-Rajhy Liver Hospital, Assiut University,
71515 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and Laboratory for
Synthetic-Biologic Interactions, Texas A&M University, P.O. Box 30012, 3255
TAMU, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, United States
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34
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Wei J, Meng H, Guo B, Zhong Z, Meng F. Organocatalytic Ring-Opening Copolymerization of Trimethylene Carbonate and Dithiolane Trimethylene Carbonate: Impact of Organocatalysts on Copolymerization Kinetics and Copolymer Microstructures. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2294-2301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wei
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Beibei Guo
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People’s Republic of China
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35
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Meisner J, Karwounopoulos J, Walther P, Kästner J, Naumann S. The Lewis Pair Polymerization of Lactones Using Metal Halides and N-Heterocyclic Olefins: Theoretical Insights. Molecules 2018; 23:E432. [PMID: 29462873 PMCID: PMC6017504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewis pair polymerization employing N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) and simple metal halides as co-catalysts has emerged as a useful tool to polymerize diverse lactones. To elucidate some of the mechanistic aspects that remain unclear to date and to better understand the impact of the metal species, computational methods have been applied. Several key aspects have been considered: (1) the formation of NHO-metal halide adducts has been evaluated for eight different NHOs and three different Lewis acids, (2) the coordination of four lactones to MgCl₂ was studied and (3) the deprotonation of an initiator (butanol) was investigated in the presence and absence of metal halide for one specific Lewis pair. It was found that the propensity for adduct formation can be influenced, perhaps even designed, by varying both organic and metallic components. Apart from the NHO backbone, the substituents on the exocyclic, olefinic carbon have emerged as interesting tuning site. The tendency to form adducts is ZnCl₂ > MgCl₂ > LiCl. If lactones coordinate to MgCl₂, the most likely binding mode is via the carbonyl oxygen. A chelating coordination cannot be ruled out and seems to gain importance upon increasing ring-size of the lactone. For a representative NHO, it is demonstrated that in a metal-free setting an initiating alcohol cannot be deprotonated, while in the presence of MgCl₂ the same process is exothermic with a low barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Meisner
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Johannes Karwounopoulos
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Patrick Walther
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Stefan Naumann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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36
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Wang B, Pan L, Ma Z, Li Y. Ring-Opening Polymerization with Lewis Pairs and Subsequent Nucleophilic Substitution: A Promising Strategy to Well-Defined Polyethylene-like Polyesters without Transesterification. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite & Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300350, China
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37
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Paisley NR, Lui MW, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Rivard E. Structurally versatile phosphine and amine donors constructed from N-heterocyclic olefin units. Dalton Trans 2018; 45:9860-70. [PMID: 26924395 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00299d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A general strategy for the synthesis of hindered N- and P-based donors is presented whereby the strongly electron releasing N-heterocyclic olefin (NHO) unit, IPr[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-, (IPr[double bond, length as m-dash]CH- = [(HCNDipp)2C[double bond, length as m-dash]CH](-); Dipp = 3,6-(i)Pr2C6H2) is linked to terminally bound phosphine and amine donors. Preliminary coordination chemistry is presented involving phosphine (IPr[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)PR2 (R = (i)Pr and Ph) and amine (IPr[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)NMe2 ligands and the Lewis acids BH3 and AuCl. Interestingly, (IPr[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)NMe2 binds AuCl through an exocyclic olefin unit, while the softer phosphorus centers in (IPr[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)PR2 coordinate to yield Au-P linkages; thus the reported NHO-based ligands exhibit tunable binding modes to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Paisley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2 Canada.
| | - Melanie W Lui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2 Canada.
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2 Canada.
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2 Canada.
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2 Canada.
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38
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Walther P, Frey W, Naumann S. Polarized olefins as enabling (co)catalysts for the polymerization of γ-butyrolactone. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00784e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) can homopolymerize GBL via anionic or zwitterionic pathways, whereby polymerization mode and polymer topology depend on the chemical structure of the NHO and the presence of LiCl as cocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Walther
- University of Stuttgart
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- University of Stuttgart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- University of Stuttgart
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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39
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Tamura M, Matsuda K, Nakagawa Y, Tomishige K. Ring-opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate to poly(trimethylene carbonate) diol over a heterogeneous high-temperature calcined CeO2 catalyst. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:14017-14020. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc08405j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CeO2 calcined at 1273 K was an effective reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of poly(trimethylene carbonate) diol by ring-opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate under neat conditions without any additives.
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40
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Balint A, Papendick M, Clauss M, Müller C, Giesselmann F, Naumann S. Controlled preparation of amphiphilic triblock-copolyether in a metal- and solvent-free approach for tailored structure-directing agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:2220-2223. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc09031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organocatalysis is employed as a precise tool for the preparation of triblock-copolyethers for a systematic access to structure-direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Balint
- University of Stuttgart
- Institute for Polymer Chemistry
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Marius Papendick
- University of Stuttgart
- Institute for Polymer Chemistry
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Manuel Clauss
- German Institutes of Textile and Fiber Research
- 73770 Denkendorf
- Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- University of Stuttgart
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- University of Stuttgart
- Institute for Physical Chemistry
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- University of Stuttgart
- Institute for Polymer Chemistry
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
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41
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Chen S, Liu Y, Li Z, Wang X, Dong H, Sun H, Yang K, Gebru H, Guo K. H-bonding binary organocatalysis promoted amine-initiated ring-opening polymerizations of lactide from polysarcosine to diblock copolymers. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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42
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Zhang X, Fevre M, Jones GO, Waymouth RM. Catalysis as an Enabling Science for Sustainable Polymers. Chem Rev 2017; 118:839-885. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Mareva Fevre
- IBM Research−Almaden, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Gavin O. Jones
- IBM Research−Almaden, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Robert M. Waymouth
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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43
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Walther P, Naumann S. N-Heterocyclic Olefin-Based (Co)polymerization of a Challenging Monomer: Homopolymerization of ω-Pentadecalactone and Its Copolymers with γ-Butyrolactone, δ-Valerolactone, and ε-Caprolactone. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Walther
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Naumann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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44
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Macdonald EK, Shaver MP. Understanding the phosphoric acid catalysed ring opening polymerisation of β-Butyrolactone and other cyclic esters. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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45
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Roy MMD, Rivard E. Pushing Chemical Boundaries with N-Heterocyclic Olefins (NHOs): From Catalysis to Main Group Element Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2017-2025. [PMID: 28777537 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have gone from the topic of a few scattered (but important) reports in the early 1990s to very recently being a ligand/reagent of choice in the far-reaching research fields of organocatalysis, olefin and heterocycle polymerization, and low oxidation state main group element chemistry. NHOs are formally derived by appending an alkylidene (CR2) unit onto an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), and their pronounced ylidic character leads to high nucleophilicity and soft Lewis basic character at the ligating carbon atom. These olefinic donors can also be structurally derived from imidazole, triazole, and thiazole-based heterocyclic carbenes and, as a result, have highly tunable electronic and steric properties. In this Account, we will focus on various synthetic routes to imidazole-2-ylidene derived NHOs (sometimes referred to as deoxy-Breslow intermediates) followed by a discussion of the electron-donor ability of this structurally tunable ligand group. It should be mentioned that NHOs have a close structural analogy with Breslow-type intermediates, N-heterocyclic ketene aminals, and β-azolium ylides; while these latter species play important roles in advancing synthetic organic chemistry, discussion in this Account will be confined mostly to imidazole-2-ylidene derived NHOs. In addition, we will cover selected examples from the literature where NHOs and their anionic counterparts, N-heterocyclic vinylenes, are used to access reactive main group species not attainable using traditional ligands. Added motivation for these studies comes from the emerging number of low coordinate main group element based compounds that display reactivity once reserved for precious metal complexes (such as H-H and C-H bond activation). Moreover, NHOs are versatile precursors to new mixed element (P/C and N/C), and potentially bidentate, ligand constructs of great potential in catalysis, where various metal oxidation states and coordination environments need to be stabilized during a catalytic cycle. The most active area of recent growth for NHOs is their use as nucleophiles to promote efficient organocatalytic transformations, including transesterification, carbonyl reduction, and the conversion of CO2 into value added products. Polyesters have also been generated through the NHO-promoted ring-opening polymerization of lactones, and the highly tunable nature of NHO organocatalysts allows for the rapid screening and enhancement of catalytic performance. Therefore, the growing utility of NHOs in the realm of organic and polymer chemistry can be viewed as evidence of the widespread impact of N-heterocyclic olefins on the chemical community. It is hoped that through this Account others will join this flourishing research domain and that the rapid recent growth of NHO chemistry is sustained for the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6G 2G2
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, Alberta Canada, T6G 2G2
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46
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de Lima Batista AP, de Oliveira-Filho AGS, Galembeck SE. CO2
Sequestration by Triazolylidene-Derived N-Heterocyclic Olefins: A Computational Study. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana P. de Lima Batista
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto - SP Brazil
| | - Antonio G. S. de Oliveira-Filho
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto - SP Brazil
| | - Sérgio E. Galembeck
- Departamento de Química; Faculdade de Filosofia; Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto - SP Brazil
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47
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Kaya U, Tran UPN, Enders D, Ho J, Nguyen TV. N-Heterocyclic Olefin Catalyzed Silylation and Hydrosilylation Reactions of Hydroxyl and Carbonyl Compounds. Org Lett 2017; 19:1398-1401. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uǧur Kaya
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Uyen P. N. Tran
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Dieter Enders
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Junming Ho
- Institute
of High
Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16
Connexis North, Singapore 138632
| | - Thanh V. Nguyen
- School
of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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48
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de Lima Batista AP, de Oliveira-Filho AGS, Galembeck SE. Computationally Designed 1,2,4-Triazolylidene-Derived N-Heterocyclic Olefins for CO 2 Capture, Activation, and Storage. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:299-307. [PMID: 31457230 PMCID: PMC6641026 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this article, triazolylidene-derived N-heterocyclic olefins (trNHOs) are designed using computational quantum tools, and their potential to promote CO2 sequestration is tested and discussed in detail. The low barrier heights related to the trNHO-mediated process indicate that the tailored compounds are very promising for fast CO2 sequestration. The systematic analysis of the presence of distinct substitutes at different N positions of the trNHO ring allows us to rationalize their effect on the carboxylation process and reveal the best N-substituted trNHO systems for CO2 sequestration and improved trNHO carboxylates for faster CO2 capture/release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula de Lima Batista
- Departamento de Química,
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão
Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio G. S. de Oliveira-Filho
- Departamento de Química,
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão
Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Emanuel Galembeck
- Departamento de Química,
Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão
Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão
Preto, SP, Brazil
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49
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Naumann S, Mundsinger K, Cavallo L, Falivene L. N-Heterocyclic olefins as initiators for the polymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers: a combined experimental and theoretical approach. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01226h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scope and mechanism of N-heterocyclic olefin-initiated polymerizations of acrylic monomers is investigated, including deactivation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Naumann
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Kai Mundsinger
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
- University of Stuttgart
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Research Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Research Center
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
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50
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Kakuchi R, Ito R, Nomura S, Abroshan H, Ninomiya K, Ikai T, Maeda K, Kim HJ, Takahashi K. A mechanistic insight into the organocatalytic properties of imidazolium-based ionic liquids and a positive co-solvent effect on cellulose modification reactions in an ionic liquid. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28659c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic insights into organocatalytic properties of imidazolium-based ionic liquids led to improvements of cellulose modification reactions in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kakuchi
- Faculty of Natural System
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Ryo Ito
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- College of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Shuhei Nomura
- Faculty of Natural System
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Hadi Abroshan
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Kazuaki Ninomiya
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ikai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- College of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology
- College of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
| | - Hyung J. Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
- School of Computational Sciences
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Faculty of Natural System
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa 920-1192
- Japan
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