1
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Bayat P, Meek KM, Movafagh M, Cranston ED, Cunningham MF, Champagne P, Morse T, Kiriakou MV, George SR, Dubé MA. The Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystal Reassembly on Latex-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Performance. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3018-3032. [PMID: 38648261 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Different cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) forms (dried vs never-dried) can lead to different degrees of CNC reassembly, the formation of nanofibril-like structures, in nanocomposite latex-based pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) formulations. CNC reassembly is also affected by CNC sonication and loading as well as the protocol used for CNC addition to the polymerization. In this study, carboxylated CNCs (cCNCs) were incorporated into a seeded, semibatch, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate/styrene emulsion polymerization and cast as pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) films. The addition of CNCs led to a simultaneous increase in tack strength, peel strength, and shear adhesion, avoiding the typical trade-off between the adhesive and cohesive strength. Increased CNC reassembly resulted from the use of dried, redispersed, and sonicated cCNCs, along with increased cCNC loading and addition of the cCNCs at the seed stage of the polymerization. The increased degree of CNC reassembly was shown to significantly increase the shear adhesion by enhancing the elastic modulus of the PSA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Bayat
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kelly M Meek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Maryam Movafagh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Michael F Cunningham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Pascale Champagne
- Energy Mining & Environment Research Centre, National Research Council, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | | | | | - Sean R George
- BASF Corp., Charlotte, North Carolina 28273, United States
| | - Marc A Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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2
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Guo M, Hsieh YL. Tunable poly(lauryl methacrylate) surface grafting via SI-ATRP on a one-pot synthesized cellulose nanofibril macroinitiator core as a shear-thinning rheology modifier and drag reducer. RSC Adv 2023; 13:26089-26101. [PMID: 37664202 PMCID: PMC10472512 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The optimally one-pot synthesized 2-bromoproponyl esterified cellulose nanofibril (Br-CNF) has been validated as a robust macroinitiator for self-surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) in tunable graft lengths and high conversions of up to 92.7%. SI-ATRP of LMA surface brushes on Br-CNF followed first order kinetics in lengths at up to 46 degree of polymerization (DP) based on mass balance or 31 DP by solution-state 1H NMR in DMSO-d6. With increasing PLMA graft lengths, Br-CNF-g-PLMA cast films exhibited increasing hydrophobicity with water contact angles from 80.9° to 110.6°. The novel Br-CNF-g-PLMA exhibited dual shear thinning behavior of the Br-CNF core as evident by n < 1 flow behavior index and drag reducing properties of PLMA grafts with increased viscosity at up to 21 071×. Br-CNF-g-PLMA with 46 DP could be fully dispersed in silicon pump oil to function as a drag reducer to enhance viscosity up to 5× at 25, 40, and 55 °C. The novel macroinitiator capability of Br-CNF in SI-ATRP of vinyl monomers and the bottlebrush-like LMA surface grafted Br-CNF as highly effective viscosity modifier and drag reducer further demonstrate the versatile functionality of Br-CNF beyond hydrophobic coatings and reactive polyols previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis Davis California 95616-8722 USA +1 530 752 084
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis Davis California 95616-8722 USA +1 530 752 084
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California at Davis Davis California 95616-8722 USA
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3
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Wang Y, Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom transfer radical polymerization in dispersed media with low-ppm catalyst loading. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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4
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Guo M, Hsieh YL. 2-Bromopropionyl Esterified Cellulose Nanofibrils as Chain Extenders or Polyols in Stoichiometrically Optimized Syntheses of High-Strength Polyurethanes. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:4574-4585. [PMID: 36200931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Bromopropionyl bromide esterified cellulose nanofibrils (Br-CNFs) facilely synthesized from one-pot esterification of cellulose and in situ ultrasonication exhibited excellent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) dispersibility and reactivity to partially replace either chain extender or soft segment diol in the stoichiometrically optimized syntheses of polyurethanes (PUs). PUs polymerized with Br-CNF to replace either 11 mol% 1,4-butadiol chain extender OHs or 1.8 mol% polytetramethylene ether glycol OHs, i.e., 1.5 or 0.3 wt% Br-CNF in PUs, exhibited an over 3 times increased modulus, nearly 4 times higher strength, and a 50% increase in strain. In either role, the experimental modulus exceeding those predicted by the Halpin-Tsai model gave evidence of the stoichiometrically optimized covalent bonding with Br-CNF, while the improved strain was attributed to increased hydrogen-bonding interactions between Br-CNF and the soft segment. These new Br-CNFs not only offer novel synthetic strategies to incorporate nanocelluloses in polyurethanes but also maximize their reinforcing effects via their versatile polyol reactant and cross-linking roles, demonstrating promising applications in the synthesis of other polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California95616-8722, United States
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, California95616-8722, United States
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5
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Gomri C, Cretin M, Semsarilar M. Recent progress on chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) and its application in nanocomposite films and membranes-A comprehensive review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119790. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Selyanchyn O, Bayer T, Klotz D, Selyanchyn R, Sasaki K, Lyth SM. Cellulose Nanocrystals Crosslinked with Sulfosuccinic Acid as Sustainable Proton Exchange Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Applications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070658. [PMID: 35877861 PMCID: PMC9319731 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose is a sustainable material which holds promise for many energy-related applications. Here, nanocrystalline cellulose is used to prepare proton exchange membranes (PEMs). Normally, this nanomaterial is highly dispersible in water, preventing its use as an ionomer in many electrochemical applications. To solve this, we utilized a sulfonic acid crosslinker to simultaneously improve the mechanical robustness, water-stability, and proton conductivity (by introducing -SO3−H+ functional groups). The optimization of the proportion of crosslinker used and the crosslinking reaction time resulted in enhanced proton conductivity up to 15 mS/cm (in the fully hydrated state, at 120 °C). Considering the many advantages, we believe that nanocellulose can act as a sustainable and low-cost alternative to conventional, ecologically problematic, perfluorosulfonic acid ionomers for applications in, e. fuel cells and electrolyzers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Selyanchyn
- Department of Automotive Science, Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Lloyd’s Register Group Limited, Queens Tower A10F. 2-3-1, Minatomirai, Nishi-ku, Yokohama 220-0012, Japan;
| | - Dino Klotz
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (D.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Roman Selyanchyn
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (D.K.); (K.S.)
- Kyushu University Platform for Inter/Transdisciplinary Energy Research (Q-PIT), 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Research Center for Negative-Emissions Technologies (K-NETs), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (S.M.L.)
| | - Kazunari Sasaki
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (D.K.); (K.S.)
- Kyushu University Platform for Inter/Transdisciplinary Energy Research (Q-PIT), 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT-FC), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy (HY30), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Stephen Matthew Lyth
- Department of Automotive Science, Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan;
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; (D.K.); (K.S.)
- Next-Generation Fuel Cell Research Center (NEXT-FC), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Research Center for Hydrogen Energy (HY30), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (S.M.L.)
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7
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Kiriakou M, Pakdel AS, Berry RM, Hoare T, Dubé MA, Cranston ED. Incorporation of Polymer-Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals into Latex-Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:176-189. [PMID: 36855757 PMCID: PMC9888609 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
While the improvement of water-based adhesives with renewable additives is important as industry shifts toward more sustainable practices, a complete understanding of how the compatibility between additives and polymers affects adhesive performance is currently lacking. To elucidate these links, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were first functionalized via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization with the hydrophobic polymers poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to facilitate their incorporation into latex-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). Next, PBA latexes were synthesized using seeded semibatch emulsion polymerization with unmodified or polymer-grafted CNCs added in situ at a loading of 0.5 or 1 phm (parts per hundred parts of monomer). Viscosity and electron microscopy suggested that the polymer-grafted CNCs were incorporated inside or on the latex particles. PSAs containing any CNC type had one or more improved properties (compared to the no-CNC "base case"); CNCs with a low degree of polymerization (DP) grafts exhibited improved tack (up to 2.5-fold higher) and peel strength (up to 6-fold higher) relative to PSAs with unmodified CNCs. The best performing PSA contained the low DP PMMA-grafted CNCs, which is attributed to the higher glass transition temperature and the higher wettability of the PMMA grafts compared to PBA, and the more uniform dispersion of polymer-grafted CNCs throughout the PSA film. In contrast, PSAs containing CNCs with high DP grafts resulted in reduced tack and peel strength (compared to low DP grafts) due to enhanced CNC aggregation. Unfortunately, all PSAs containing polymer-grafted CNCs exhibited inferior shear strength relative to PSAs with unmodified CNCs (and comparable shear strength to the no-CNC "base case"). Collectively, these results provide guidelines for future optimization of more sustainable latex-based PSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
V. Kiriakou
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L7, Canada
| | - Amir Saeid Pakdel
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Catalysis Research
and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N
6N5, Canada
| | - Richard M. Berry
- CelluForce
Inc., 625 President-Kennedy
Avenue, Montreal, QC H3A 1K2, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L7, Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Catalysis Research
and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N
6N5, Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S
4L7, Canada
- Departments
of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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8
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Nanocellulose in Heterogeneous Water-Based Polymerization for Wood Adhesives. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in the development of biobased adhesives has increased due to environmental concerns. Moreover, as the production of engineered wood products (EWPs) is expected to grow, the wood adhesives market needs to transit toward formaldehyde-free products. Cellulose nanoparticles (CNPs) are a material with unique properties and advantages for producing hybrid materials as biobased wood adhesives. Besides their traditional use as reinforcing additives, CNPs can be incorporated at the beginning of the polymerization reaction to form in situ polymerized hybrid adhesives with better mechanical and physicochemical properties than the neat adhesive. Despite their outstanding characteristics, CNPs are still an emerging nanomaterial in the wood adhesive field, and the studies are incipient. This review explores the utilization of CNPs in heterogeneous polymerization for the production of polyvinyl acetate, polymeric isocyanates, waterborne polyurethane systems, and other waterborne polymer latexes. The main challenges are discussed, and some recommendations are set down for the manufacture of these novel hybrid nanocomposites.
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9
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Dogan-Guner EM, Schork FJ, Brownell S, Schueneman GT, Shofner ML, Meredith JC. Encapsulation of cellulose nanocrystals into acrylic latex particles via miniemulsion polymerization. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Gabriel VA, Tousignant MN, Wilson SM, Faure MD, Cranston ED, Cunningham MF, Lessard BH, Dubé MA. Improving Latex‐Based Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesive Properties Using Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vida A. Gabriel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Mathieu N. Tousignant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | | | - Marie D.M. Faure
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Wood Science University of British Columbia British Columbia Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of British Columbia Canada
| | | | - Benoît H. Lessard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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11
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Shi Z, Li S, Li M, Gan L, Huang J. Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals towards new materials development. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Shufang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Mingxia Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Lin Gan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
| | - Jin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft‐Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing Southwest University Chongqing China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Engineering Research Center of Materials‐Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bintuan Shihezi University Shihezi, Xinjiang China
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12
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Niinivaara E, Ouzas A, Fraschini C, Berry RM, Dubé MA, Cranston ED. How latex film formation and adhesion at the nanoscale correlate to performance of pressure sensitive adhesives with cellulose nanocrystals. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200330. [PMID: 34334024 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion polymerized latex-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are more environmentally benign because they are synthesized in water but often underperform compared to their solution polymerized counterparts. Studies have shown a simultaneous improvement in the tack, and peel and shear strength of various acrylic PSAs upon the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). This work uses atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine the role of CNCs in (i) the coalescence of hydrophobic 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/n-butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate (EHA/BA/MMA) latex films and (ii) as adhesion modifiers over multiple length scales. Thin films with varying solids content and CNC loading were prepared by spin coating. AFM revealed that CNCs lowered the solids content threshold for latex particle coalescence during film formation. This improved the cohesive strength of the films, which was directly reflected in the increased shear strength of the EHA/BA/MMA PSAs with increasing CNC loading. Colloidal probe AFM indicated that the nano-adhesion of thicker continuous latex films increased with CNC loading when measured over small contact areas where the effect of surface roughness was negligible. Conversely, the beneficial effects of the CNCs on macroscopic PSA tack and peel strength were outweighed by the effects of increased surface roughness with increasing CNC loading over larger surface areas. This highlights that CNCs can improve both cohesive and adhesive PSA properties; however, the effects are most pronounced when the CNCs interact favourably with the latex polymer and are uniformly dispersed throughout the adhesive film. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Niinivaara
- Chemical Engineering Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, 0076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Alexandra Ouzas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Carole Fraschini
- FPInnovations, 570 Saint-Jean Boulevard, Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada H9R 3J9
| | - Richard M Berry
- CelluForce Inc., 570, Boulevard Saint-Jean, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, H9R 3J9
| | - Marc A Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Chemical Engineering Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L8
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3
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13
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Pakdel AS, Cranston ED, Dubé MA. Incorporating Hydrophobic Cellulose Nanocrystals inside Latex Particles via Mini‐Emulsion Polymerization. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.202100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saeid Pakdel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Wood Science and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
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14
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Kiriakou MV, Berry RM, Hoare T, Cranston ED. Effect of Reaction Media on Grafting Hydrophobic Polymers from Cellulose Nanocrystals via Surface-Initiated Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3601-3612. [PMID: 34252279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic polymer-grafted cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were produced via surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) in two different solvents to examine the role of reaction media on the extent of surface modification. Poly(butyl acrylate)-grafted CNCs were synthesized in either dimethylformamide (DMF) (D-PBA-g-CNCs) or toluene (T-PBA-g-CNCs) alongside a free polymer from a sacrificial initiator. The colloidal stability of unmodified CNCs, initiator-modified CNCs, and PBA-g-CNCs in water, DMF, and toluene was evaluated by optical transmittance. The enhanced colloidal stability of initiator-modified CNCs in DMF led to improved accessibility to initiator groups during polymer grafting; D-PBA-g-CNCs had 30 times more grafted chains than T-PBA-g-CNCs, determined by thermogravimetric and elemental analysis. D-PBA-g-CNCs dispersed well in toluene and were hydrophobic with a water contact angle of 124° (for polymer grafts > 13 kDa) compared to 25° for T-PBA-g-CNCs. The cellulose crystal structure was preserved, and individual nanoparticles were retained when grafting was carried out in either solvent. This work highlights that optimizing CNC colloidal stability prior to grafting is more crucial than solvent-polymer compatibility to obtain high graft densities and highly hydrophobic CNCs via SI-ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Kiriakou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Richard M Berry
- CelluForce Inc., 570 boulevard Saint-Jean, Pointe-Claire, Quebec H9R 3J9, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Departments of Wood Science and Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z2, Canada
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15
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Kedzior SA, Gabriel VA, Dubé MA, Cranston ED. Nanocellulose in Emulsions and Heterogeneous Water-Based Polymer Systems: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002404. [PMID: 32797718 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses (i.e., bacterial nanocellulose, cellulose nanocrystals, and cellulose nanofibrils) are cellulose-based materials with at least one dimension in the nanoscale. These materials have unique and useful properties and have been shown to assemble at oil-water interfaces and impart new functionality to emulsion and latex systems. Herein, the use of nanocellulose in both emulsions and heterogeneous water-based polymers is reviewed, including dispersion, suspension, and emulsion polymerization. Comprehensive tables describe past work employing nanocellulose as stabilizers or additives and the properties that can be tailored through the use of nanocellulose are highlighted. Even at low loadings, nanocellulose offers an unprecedented level of control as a property modifier for a range of emulsion and polymer applications, influencing, for example, emulsion type, stability, and stimuli-responsive behavior. Nanocellulose can tune polymer particle properties such as size, surface charge, and morphology, or be used to produce capsules and polymer nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical, thermal, and adhesive properties. The role of nanocellulose is discussed, and a perspective for future direction is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Kedzior
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Vida A Gabriel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Marc A Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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16
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Pakdel AS, Niinivaara E, Cranston ED, Berry RM, Dubé MA. Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC)-Latex Nanocomposites: Effect of CNC Hydrophilicity and Charge on Rheological, Mechanical, and Adhesive Properties. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000448. [PMID: 33047439 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), a sustainable nanomaterial, are in situ incorporated into emulsion-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). Commercially available CNCs with different surface hydrophilicity and surface charge (CNC101 and CNC103 from CelluForce) are used to explore their role in PSA property modification. Viscosity measurements and atomic force microscopy reveal differences in degree of association between the CNCs and the latex particles depending on the surface properties of the CNCs. The more hydrophilic and higher surface charge CNCs (CNC101) show less association with the latex particles. Dynamic strain sweep tests are used to analyze the strain-softening of the nanocomposites based on CNC type and loading. The CNC101 nanocomposites soften at lower strains than their CNC103 counterparts. This behavior is confirmed via dynamic frequency tests and modeling of the nanocomposites' storage moduli, which suggest the formation of CNC aggregates of, on average, 3.8 CNC101 and 1.3 CNC103 nanoparticles. Finally, PSA properties, i.e., tack, peel strength, and shear strength, simultaneously increase upon addition of both CNC types, although to different extents. The relationship between the PSA properties and CNC surface properties confirms that the less hydrophilic CNCs lead to improved CNC dispersion in the PSA films and therefore, enhance PSA properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Saeid Pakdel
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCentre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI0076 Aalto, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Richard M Berry
- CelluForce, 625 President Kennedy Ave., Suite 1705, Montreal, QC, H3A 1K2, Canada
| | - Marc A Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringCentre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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17
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Limousin E, Rafaniello I, Schäfer T, Ballard N, Asua JM. Linking Film Structure and Mechanical Properties in Nanocomposite Films Formed from Dispersions of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Acrylic Latexes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2052-2062. [PMID: 32031814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are unique, lightweight materials that possess high elastic modulus and tensile strength, making them of great interest in the formation of nanocomposite materials. However, efficient design of the composite material is essential in translating the mechanical properties of the individual CNCs into the nanocomposite film. In this work, we demonstrate the formation of structured CNC/acrylic dispersions by physical blending of the anionic CNCs with charged acrylic latex particles. By blending with large cationic latex particles, the CNCs adsorbed onto the acrylic latex surface while blending with small latex particles led to the inverse structure. Films were cast from these dispersions and the physical properties were compared with the aim of understanding the influence of the initial structure of the hybrid dispersion on the structure of the final film. A significant difference in the mechanical properties was observed based on the position of the CNCs in the initial dispersion. Adsorption of latex particles onto the CNC surface led to a random distribution of nonconnected CNCs, which contributed little to improving the Young's modulus, while adsorption of CNC onto the latex led to a honeycomb CNC network and a large increase in the Young's modulus. This work underlines the importance of particle structure on the structure and mechanical properties of nanostructured films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Limousin
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Iliane Rafaniello
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Thomas Schäfer
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nicholas Ballard
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - José M Asua
- POLYMAT and Departamento de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari Korta Zentroa, Tolosa Hiribidea 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
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18
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Yu Q, Yang W, Wang Q, Dong W, Du M, Ma P. Functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals with γ-MPS and its effect on the adhesive behavior of acrylic pressure sensitive adhesives. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 217:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Gauche C, Felisberti MI. Colloidal Behavior of Cellulose Nanocrystals Grafted with Poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11893-11905. [PMID: 31460300 PMCID: PMC6682102 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polymer grafting onto cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has been used as a tool to improve CNC dispersion in nonpolar solvents or polymeric matrixes. The grafting of flexible polymer chains onto rigid particle surfaces leads to significant modifications in colloidal behavior. Here, poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s of well-defined molar mass and narrow molar mass distribution were synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization and grafted onto CNC surfaces, where the coupling reaction was favored when partially hydrolyzed polymers were used (reaching 64% reaction yield). The particles grafted with polymer chains could be redispersed in water after freeze-drying, producing stable dispersions, and they were not cell-toxic up to 10 wt % aqueous dispersion. Colloidal stability, nanostructure organization, and rheological behavior of grafted CNC and CNC-grafted CNC mixtures were evaluated. The rheological behavior of grafted nanoparticles, meanwhile, showed new features when compared to original CNC dispersions. Aqueous CNC dispersions showed a liquid crystal nematic organization and rheological behavior characteristic of true gel (at 5 wt %) prior to drying. On the other hand, nanoparticle dispersions behaved as weak gels upon the addition of 10 wt % of CNC-g-(PEtOx95-s-Ei5) under the same conditions. Dispersions of CNC-g-P(PEtOx-s-Ei) particles obtained by redispersion of freeze-dried particles behaved as a fluid, without the presence of the nematic organization. Through oscillatory rheology and time-domain NMR results, it can be concluded that polymer-water interactions are dominant over CNC-water interactions, being responsible for CNC nematic phase disruption. By introducing polymer chains, the introduction of isotropic character modifies water organization, changing the flow behavior of CNC-grafted with poly(oxazoline)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cony Gauche
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Felisberti
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, 13084-971 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Zhang Y, Edelbrock AN, Rowan, SJ. Effect of processing conditions on the mechanical properties of bio-inspired mechanical gradient nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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