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Ren Y, Fan X, Cao L, Chen Y. Water-resistant and barrier properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/nanocellulose films enhanced by metal ion crosslinking. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 277:134245. [PMID: 39079568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a promising alternative to non-biodegradable flexible packaging materials, and nanocellulose is often used to enhance the properties of PVA films, but the composite films still have poor water resistance and barrier properties. To address this issue, iron ions (Fe3+) were introduced into PVA/cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) films, and Fe3+ formed coordination bonds with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface of CNF and PVA chains. Therefore, constructing a strong coordination crosslinking network within the film and improving the interfacial interaction between PVA and CNF. The water resistance, mechanical and barrier properties of the crosslinked films were significantly improved. Compared with the un-crosslinked film, the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) was decreased by up to 67 %, and the water swelling ratio was significantly reduced from 1085 % to 352 %. The tensile strength of the film with 1.5 wt% Fe3+ reached 41.93 MPa, which was 62 % higher than that of the un-crosslinked film. Furthermore, the composite film demonstrated good recyclability, almost recovering its original mechanical properties in two recycling tests. This simple and effective method for preparing water resistance and barrier films shows potential applications in flexible packaging areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ren
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoping Fan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Liming Cao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yukun Chen
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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2
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Ding L, Xu T, Zhang J, Ji J, Song Z, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Liu T, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Gong W, Wang Y, Shi Z, Ma R, Geng J, Ngo HT, Geng F, Liu Z. Covalently bridging graphene edges for improving mechanical and electrical properties of fibers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4880. [PMID: 38849347 PMCID: PMC11161649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Assembling graphene sheets into macroscopic fibers with graphitic layers uniaxially aligned along the fiber axis is of both fundamental and technological importance. However, the optimal performance of graphene-based fibers has been far lower than what is expected based on the properties of individual graphene. Here we show that both mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of graphene-based fibers can be significantly improved if bridges are created between graphene edges through covalent conjugating aromatic amide bonds. The improved electrical conductivity is likely due to extended electron conjugation over the aromatic amide bridged graphene sheets. The larger sheets also result in improved π-π stacking, which, along with the robust aromatic amide linkage, provides high mechanical strength. In our experiments, graphene edges were bridged using the established wet-spinning technique in the presence of an aromatic amine linker, which selectively reacts to carboxyl groups at the graphene edge sites. This technique is already industrial and can be easily upscaled. Our methodology thus paves the way to the fabrication of high-performance macroscopic graphene fibers under optimal techno-economic and ecological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ding
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Tianqi Xu
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jinpeng Ji
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhaotao Song
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yijun Xu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Wenbin Gong
- School of Physics and Energy, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yunong Wang
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Zhenzhong Shi
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Renzhi Ma
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jianxin Geng
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Huynh Thien Ngo
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Fengxia Geng
- College of Energy; School of Physical Science and Technology & Institute for Advanced Study, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China.
- Beijing Graphene Institute, 100095, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Beijing Graphene Institute, 100095, Beijing, China
- Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
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3
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Yu HP, Zhu YJ. Guidelines derived from biomineralized tissues for design and construction of high-performance biomimetic materials: from weak to strong. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4490-4606. [PMID: 38502087 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Living organisms in nature have undergone continuous evolution over billions of years, resulting in the formation of high-performance fracture-resistant biomineralized tissues such as bones and teeth to fulfill mechanical and biological functions, despite the fact that most inorganic biominerals that constitute biomineralized tissues are weak and brittle. During the long-period evolution process, nature has evolved a number of highly effective and smart strategies to design chemical compositions and structures of biomineralized tissues to enable superior properties and to adapt to surrounding environments. Most biomineralized tissues have hierarchically ordered structures consisting of very small building blocks on the nanometer scale (nanoparticles, nanofibers or nanoflakes) to reduce the inherent weaknesses and brittleness of corresponding inorganic biominerals, to prevent crack initiation and propagation, and to allow high defect tolerance. The bioinspired principles derived from biomineralized tissues are indispensable for designing and constructing high-performance biomimetic materials. In recent years, a large number of high-performance biomimetic materials have been prepared based on these bioinspired principles with a large volume of literature covering this topic. Therefore, a timely and comprehensive review on this hot topic is highly important and contributes to the future development of this rapidly evolving research field. This review article aims to be comprehensive, authoritative, and critical with wide general interest to the science community, summarizing recent advances in revealing the formation processes, composition, and structures of biomineralized tissues, providing in-depth insights into guidelines derived from biomineralized tissues for the design and construction of high-performance biomimetic materials, and discussing recent progress, current research trends, key problems, future main research directions and challenges, and future perspectives in this exciting and rapidly evolving research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China.
| | - Ying-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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4
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Liu XL, Zhang CJ, Shi JJ, Ke QF, Ge YW, Zhu ZA, Guo YP. Nacre-mimetic cerium-doped nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan layered composite scaffolds regulate bone regeneration via OPG/RANKL signaling pathway. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:259. [PMID: 37550715 PMCID: PMC10408205 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01988-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autogenous bone grafting has long been considered the gold standard for treating critical bone defects. However, its use is plagued by numerous drawbacks, such as limited supply, donor site morbidity, and restricted use for giant-sized defects. For this reason, there is an increasing need for effective bone substitutes to treat these defects. Mollusk nacre is a natural structure with outstanding mechanical property due to its notable "brick-and-mortar" architecture. Inspired by the nacre architecture, our team designed and fabricated a nacre-mimetic cerium-doped layered nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan layered composite scaffold (CeHA/CS). Hydroxyapatite can provide a certain strength to the material like a brick. And as a polymer material, chitosan can slow down the force when the material is impacted, like an adhesive. As seen in natural nacre, the combination of these inorganic and organic components results in remarkable tensile strength and fracture toughness. Cerium ions have been demonstrated exceptional anti-osteoclastogenesis capabilities. Our scaffold featured a distinct layered HA/CS composite structure with intervals ranging from 50 to 200 μm, which provided a conducive environment for human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) adhesion and proliferation, allowing for in situ growth of newly formed bone tissue. In vitro, Western-blot and qPCR analyses showed that the CeHA/CS layered composite scaffolds significantly promoted the osteogenic process by upregulating the expressions of osteogenic-related genes such as RUNX2, OCN, and COL1, while inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, as indicated by reduced TRAP-positive osteoclasts and decreased bone resorption. In vivo, calvarial defects in rats demonstrated that the layered CeHA/CS scaffolds significantly accelerated bone regeneration at the defect site, and immunofluorescence indicated a lowered RANKL/OPG ratio. Overall, our results demonstrate that CeHA/CS scaffolds offer a promising platform for bone regeneration in critical defect management, as they promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclast activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chuan-Jian Zhang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jing-Jing Shi
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Qin-Fei Ke
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Yu-Wei Ge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Zhen-An Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Ya-Ping Guo
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
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5
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Yang H, Gao D, Chen P, Lu G. Numerical Investigation on the Ballistic Performance of Semi-Cylindrical Nacre-like Composite Shells under High-Velocity Impact. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103699. [PMID: 37241325 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The nacre has excellent impact resistance performance, and it is attracting attention in the field of aerospace composite research. Inspired by the layered structure from nacre, semi-cylindrical nacre-like composite shells of brittle silicon carbide ceramic (SiC) and aluminum (AA5083-H116) were established. Two types of tablet arrangements (regular hexagonal and Voronoi polygons) of the composites were designed, and the same size of ceramic and aluminum shell were established for the impact resistance analyzed numerically. In order to better compare the resistance performance of the four types of structures under different impact velocity, the following parameters were analyzed including energy variation, damage characteristic, bullet residual velocity, and semi-cylindrical shell displacement. The results show that the semi-cylindrical ceramic shells have higher rigidity and ballistic limit, but the severe vibration after impact causes penetrating cracks, and the whole structure failure occurred eventually. The nacre-like composites have higher ballistic limits than semi-cylindrical aluminum shells, and the impact of bullets only causes local failure. In the same conditions, the impact resistance of regular hexagons is better than Voronoi polygons. The research analyzes the resistance characteristic of nacre-like composites and single materials, and provides a reference for the design of nacre-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwei Yang
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Control, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Dongyang Gao
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Control, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Guoyun Lu
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Control, Taiyuan 030024, China
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6
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Li H, Dai X, Han X, Wang J. Molecular Orientation-Regulated Bioinspired Multilayer Composites with Largely Enhanced Mechanical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:21467-21475. [PMID: 37079764 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural nacre's hierarchical brick-and-mortar architecture motivates intensive studies on inorganic platelet/polymer multilayer composites, targeting mechanical property enhancement only by two strategies: optimizing the size and alignment of inorganic platelets and improving the interfacial interaction between inorganic platelets and polymers. Herein, a new strategy of polymer chain orientation to enhance the property of bioinspired multilayered composites is presented, which facilitates more stress to be transferred from polymer layers to inorganic platelets by simultaneous stiffening of multiple polymer chains. To this end, bioinspired multilayer films consisting of oriented sodium carboxymethyl cellulose chains and alumina platelets are designed and fabricated by three successive steps of water evaporation-induced gelation in glycerol, high-ratio prestretching, and Cu2+ infiltration. Regulating the orientation state of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose leads to a large enhancement of mechanical properties, including Young's modulus (2.3 times), tensile strength (3.2 times), and toughness (2.5 times). It is observed experimentally and predicted theoretically that the increased chain orientation induces failure mode transition in the multilayered films from alumina platelet pull-out to alumina platelet fracture because more stress is transferred to the platelets. This strategy opens an avenue toward rational design and manipulation of polymer aggregation states in inorganic platelet/polymer multilayer composites and allows a highly effective increase in modulus, strength, and toughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xueheng Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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7
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Review of Artificial Nacre for Oil–Water Separation. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their extraordinary prospective uses, particularly in the areas of oil–water separation, underwater superoleophobic materials have gained increasing attention. Thus, artificial nacre has become an attractive candidate for oil–water separation due to its superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity properties. Synthesized artificial nacre has successfully achieved a high mechanical strength that is close to or even surpasses the mechanical strength of natural nacre. This can be attributed to suitable synthesis methods, the selection of inorganic fillers and polymer matrices, and the enhancement of the mechanical properties through cross-linking, covalent group modification, or mineralization. The utilization of nacre-inspired composite membranes for emerging applications, i.e., is oily wastewater treatment, is highlighted in this review. The membranes show that full separation of oil and water can be achieved, which enables their applications in seawater environments. The self-cleaning mechanism’s basic functioning and antifouling tips are also concluded in this review.
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8
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Yang HM, Jo S, Oh JH, Choi BH, Woo JY, Han CS. Strong and Tough Nacre-Inspired Graphene Oxide Composite with Hierarchically Similar Structure. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10509-10516. [PMID: 35820202 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a graphene oxide (GO)-based composite, featuring GO/cross-linking agent (CA) nanoparticles, inspired by a nacre-like hierarchical structure present in nature. The as-prepared GO/CA composite was powdered to nanoscale particles and then mixed with pure GO to be GO/CA/GO (GCG) composite forming hierarchical GO/CA nanoasperities on the GO surface. The strength and toughness of the nacre-inspired GCG composite films were simultaneously improved by adjusting the nanoparticle concentration and hierarchical level of the GO-based films. Compared to pristine GO films and GO/CA composites, which exhibit a low level of hierarchy in their structures, the tensile strength and toughness of the GCG composites with higher hierarchy were enhanced 3.1 and 1.6 times and 47.6 and 10.9 times, respectively. Furthermore, a plausible mechanism of increasing mechanical properties based on nanoscale asperities and homogeneous interactions between GO and CA has been discussed.
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Liu J, Wang S, Yang R, Li L, Liang S, Chen L. Bio-inspired graphene oxide-amino acid cross-linked framework membrane trigger high water permeance and high metal ions rejection. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Li B, Wang CG, Surat'man NE, Loh XJ, Li Z. Microscopically tuning the graphene oxide framework for membrane separations: a review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5265-5276. [PMID: 36132639 PMCID: PMC9417198 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-based separations have been widely applied in gas, water and organic solvent purifications to reduce energy consumption and minimize environmental pollution. In recent years, graphene oxide (GO) membranes have attracted increasing attention due to their self-assembly ability and excellent stability. In this review, publications within the last 3 years on microscopically tuning the GO framework are summarized and reviewed. Various materials, including organic molecules, polymers, inorganic particles, ions and 2D materials, have been deployed to intercalate with GO nanosheets. Due to the varied interlayer spacing and packing structure, the developed GO composites exhibit enhanced stabilities and separation performances. In addition, designing horizontal GO membranes and functionalizing GO nanosheets have also been reported to improve the performance. This review sheds light on the techniques to microscopically tune the GO framework and the resulting macroscopic changes in membrane properties and performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bofan Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
| | - Chen-Gang Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
| | - Nayli Erdeanna Surat'man
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03 Singapore 138634
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore Singapore 117574 Singapore
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11
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Chang J, Zhang M, Zhao Q, Qu L, Yuan J. Ultratough and ultrastrong graphene oxide hybrid films via a polycationitrile approach. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:341-347. [PMID: 33660723 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a classic two dimensional (2D) building block that can be used to develop high-performance materials for numerous applications, particularly in the energy and environmental fields. Currently, the precise assembly of GO nanosheets into macroscopic nanohybrids of superior strength and toughness is desirable, and faces challenges and trade-offs. Herein, we exploited the freshly established polycationitrile method as a powerful molecular crosslinking strategy to engineer ultratough and ultrastrong GO/polymer hybrid films, in which a covalent triazine-based network was constructed in a mild condition to reinforce the interface between GO nanosheets. The tensile strength and toughness reached 585 ± 25 MPa and 14.93 ± 1.09 MJ m-3, respectively, which, to the best of our knowledge, are the current world records in all GO-based hybrid films. As an added merit of the tailor-made polymer crosslinker, the high mechanical performance can be maintained in large part at an extremely high relative humidity of 98%. This emerging interface-engineering approach paves a new avenue to produce integrated strong-and-tough 2D nanohybrid materials that are useful in aerospace, artificial muscle, energy harvesting, tissue engineering and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden.
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12
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Qiang Y, Turner KT, Lee D. Polymer-infiltrated nanoplatelet films with nacre-like structure via flow coating and capillary rise infiltration (CaRI). NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5545-5556. [PMID: 33688884 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08691f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alignment of highly anisotropic nanomaterials in a polymer matrix can yield nanocomposites with unique mechanical and transport properties. Conventional methods of nanocomposite film fabrication are not well-suited for manufacturing composites with very high concentrations of anisotropic nanomaterials, potentially limiting the widespread implementation of these useful structures. In this work, we present a scalable approach to fabricate polymer-infiltrated nanoplatelet films (PINFs) based on flow coating and capillary rise infiltration (CaRI) and study the processing-structure-property relationship of these PINFs. We show that films with high aspect ratio (AR) gibbsite (Al (OH)3) nanoplatelets (NPTs) aligned parallel to the substrate can be prepared using a flow coating process. NPTs are highly aligned with a Herman's order parameter of 0.96 and a high packing fraction >80 vol%. Such packings show significantly higher fracture toughness compared to low AR nanoparticle (NP) packings. By depositing NPTs on a polymer film and subsequently annealing the bilayer above the glass transition temperature of the polymer, polymer infiltrates into the tortuous NPT packings though capillarity. We observe larger enhancement in the modulus, hardness and scratch resistance of NPT films upon polymer infiltration compared to NP packings. The excellent mechanical properties of such films benefit from both thermally promoted oxide bridge formation between NPTs as well as polymer infiltration increasing the strength of NPT contacts. Our approach is widely applicable to highly anisotropic nanomaterials and allows the generation of mechanically robust polymer nanocomposite films for a diverse set of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Qiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | - Kevin T Turner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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13
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Gong M, Yue L, Kong J, Lin X, Zhang L, Wang J, Wang D. Knittable and Sewable Spandex Yarn with Nacre-Mimetic Composite Coating for Wearable Health Monitoring and Thermo- and Antibacterial Therapies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:9053-9063. [PMID: 33583174 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The emerging personal healthcare has significantly propelled the development of advanced wearable electronics with novel functions of providing diagnostic information and point-of-care therapies for specific diseases. However, it is still challenging to simultaneously achieve high sensitivity for health biomonitoring and multifunction integration for point-of-care therapies in a one single flexible, lightweight yet robust fiber-based device. Here, a knittable and sewable spandex yarn with conductive nacre-mimetic composite coating has been developed through an alternant dip-coating method employing MXene nanosheets as the "brick" and polydopamine (PDA)/Ni2+ as the "mortar". The resultant spandex yarn coating with MXene/PDA/Ni2+ (MPNi@Spandex) can be assembled as a strain sensor with high sensitivity (up to 5.7 × 104 for the gauge factor), wide sensing range (∼61.2%), and low detection limit (0.11%) to monitor the biological activities of the human body. Furthermore, MPNi@Spandex displays great potential to give on-demand thermotherapy by virtue of the fast response to near-infrared irradiation, controllable surface temperature, and applicability even under sewing conditions. In addition, MPNi@Spandex knitted textiles demonstrate a strong antibacterial effect due to the sharp edges, anionic, and hydrophilic nature of MXene nanosheets. Remarkably, near-infrared irradiation further improves the bacteria-killing efficiency of an MPNi@Spandex knitted textile to more than 99.9%. This work paves the way for the design of multifunctional wearable electronics with an all-in-one theranostic platform for personal healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liancong Yue
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jingyi Kong
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiaping Wang
- China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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14
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Wang L, Wang Y, Dai J, Tian S, Xie A, Dai X, Pan J. Coordination-driven interfacial cross-linked graphene oxide-alginate nacre mesh with underwater superoleophobicity for oil-water separation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 251:117097. [PMID: 33142635 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the seashell nacre and seaweed, a novel GO-Ca2+-SA nacre-inspired hybrid mesh was prepared via an interfacial layer-by-layer self-assembly and cross-linking, using graphene oxide (GO) and sodium alginate (SA) as the building blocks and calcium chloride as the coordination agent, respectively. Hybrid mesh was characterized by FTIR, XPS, XRD, SEM and contact angel instrument, showing superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic property and low oil adhesion, due to its wrinkle and rough surface, and high hydration ability of GO-Ca-alginate nanohydrogels. The separation efficiencies of various oil-water mixtures were above 99 %, with a highest flux of 119,426 L m-2 h-1. Hybrid mesh showed an orderly layered "brick and mortar" microstructure with many ultrasmall nanoscaled protuberances. Ca2+ ions could chelate with SA to form the "egg-box" structure, and interact with GO nanosheets. Hybrid mesh possessed high salt/acid/alkaline tolerance, abrasion resistance, mechanical property with Young's modulus of 35.8 ± 4.9 GPa, and excellent cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Jiangdong Dai
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Sujun Tian
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Atian Xie
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaohui Dai
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| | - Jianming Pan
- Institute of Green Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Advanced Chemical Engineering Laboratory of Green Materials and Energy of Jiangsu Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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15
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Covalent attachment of 2D graphene oxide (GO) sheets with poly allylamine (PAA) for enhanced mechanical performance: Theoretical and experimental study. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Liang K, Spiesz EM, Schmieden DT, Xu AW, Meyer AS, Aubin-Tam ME. Bioproduced Polymers Self-Assemble with Graphene Oxide into Nanocomposite Films with Enhanced Mechanical Performance. ACS NANO 2020; 14:14731-14739. [PMID: 33146012 PMCID: PMC7690046 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) has recently been highlighted as a promising multipurpose two-dimensional material. However, free-standing graphene oxide films suffer from poor strength and flexibility, which limits scaling-up of production and lifetime structural robustness in applications. Inspired by the relationship between the organic and inorganic components of the hierarchical structure of nacre found in mollusk shells, we have fabricated self-assembled, layered graphene-based composite films. The organic phase of our composite is produced via environmentally friendly and economical methods based on bacterial production of γ-poly(glutamic acid) (PGA). Composite films made of GO, PGA, and divalent cations (Ca2+) were prepared through a slow solvent evaporation method at ambient temperature, resulting in a nacre-like layered structure. These biobased nanocomposite films showed impressive mechanical properties, which resulted from a synergistic combination of hydrogen bonding with the bacterially produced PGA and ionic bonding with calcium ions (Ca2+). The GO/PGA/Ca2+ composite films possessed a high strength of 150 ± 51.9 MPa and a high Young's modulus of 21.4 ± 8.7 GPa, which represents an increase of 120% and over 70% with respect to pure GO films. We provide rational design strategies for the production of graphene-based films with improved mechanical performance, which can be applied in filtration purification of wastewater in the paper, food, beverage, pigment, and pharmaceuticals industries, as well as for manufacturing of functional membranes and surface coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang Liang
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Division
of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical
Sciences at Microscale, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Ewa M. Spiesz
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dominik T. Schmieden
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - An-Wu Xu
- Division
of Nanomaterials and Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical
Sciences at Microscale, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, Anhui, China
- Phone: +86-551-63602346.
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Department
of Biology, University of Rochester, Hutchison Road, Rochester, New York 14620, United States
| | - Marie-Eve Aubin-Tam
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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17
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Lossada F, Abbasoglu T, Jiao D, Hoenders D, Walther A. Glass Transition Temperature Regulates Mechanical Performance in Nacre‐Mimetic Nanocomposites. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000380. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lossada
- A 3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Tansu Abbasoglu
- A 3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Dejin Jiao
- A 3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- A 3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- A 3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 31 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) University of Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Living, Adaptive and Energy‐Autonomous Materials Systems (livMatS) at FIT University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 D‐79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS) University of Freiburg Albertstr. 19 79104 Freiburg Germany
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18
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Zhang D, Crini G, Lichtfouse E, Rhimi B, Wang C. Removal of Mercury Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Crosslinked Chitosan‐based Adsorbents: A Mini Review. CHEM REC 2020; 20:1220-1234. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 P.R. China
| | - Grégorio Crini
- Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, UMR 6249, UFR Sciences et Techniques Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté 16 route de Gray 25000 Besançon France
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille Univ CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE Avenue Louis Philibert 13100 Aix en Provence France
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049 P.R. China
| | - Baker Rhimi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 P.R. China
| | - Chuanyi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an 710021 P.R. China
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19
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Xue S, Ji C, Kowal MD, Molas JC, Lin CW, McVerry BT, Turner CL, Mak WH, Anderson M, Muni M, Hoek EMV, Xu ZL, Kaner RB. Nanostructured Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes with Ultrapermeability and Mechanical Robustness. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2209-2218. [PMID: 32058724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) membranes have great potential for separation applications due to their low-friction water permeation combined with unique molecular sieving ability. However, the practical use of deposited GO membranes is limited by the inferior mechanical robustness of the membrane composite structure derived from conventional deposition methods. Here, we report a nanostructured GO membrane that possesses great permeability and mechanical robustness. This composite membrane consists of an ultrathin selective GO nanofilm (as low as 32 nm thick) and a postsynthesized macroporous support layer that exhibits excellent stability in water and under practical permeability testing. By utilizing thin-film lift off (T-FLO) to fabricate membranes with precise optimizations in both selective and support layers, unprecedented water permeability (47 L·m-2·hr-1·bar-1) and high retention (>98% of solutes with hydrated radii larger than 4.9 Å) were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangmei Xue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chenhao Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Matthew D Kowal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jenna C Molas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Brian T McVerry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Christopher L Turner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wai H Mak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mackenzie Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mit Muni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Eric M V Hoek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of the Environment & Sustainability and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zhen-Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237 Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Richard B Kaner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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20
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Investigation on the Preparation and Properties of CMC/magadiite Nacre-Like Nanocomposite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091378. [PMID: 31443463 PMCID: PMC6780612 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The layered hydrated sodium salt-magadiite (MAG), which has special interpenetrating petals structure, was used as a functional filler to slowly self-assemble with sodium carboxy-methylcellulose (CMC), in order to prepare nacre-like nanocomposite film by solvent evaporation method. The structure of prepared nacre-like nanocomposite film was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis; whereas, it was indicated that CMC macromolecules were inserted between the layers of MAG to increase the layer spacing of MAG by forming an interpenetrating petals structure; in the meantime, the addition of MAG improved the thermal stability of CMC. The tensile strength of CMC/MAG was significantly improved compared with pure CMC. The tensile strength of CMC/MAG reached the maximum value at 1.71 MPa when the MAG content was 20%, to maintaining high transparency. Due to the high content of inorganic filler, the flame retarding performance and the thermal stability were also brilliant; hence, the great biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties of the bionic nanocomposite films with the unique interpenetrating petals structure provided a great probability for these original composites to be widely applied in material research, such as tissue engineering in biomedical research.
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21
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Ma L, Zhou M, He C, Li S, Fan X, Nie C, Luo H, Qiu L, Cheng C. Graphene-based advanced nanoplatforms and biocomposites from environmentally friendly and biomimetic approaches. GREEN CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9gc02266j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and biomimetic approaches to fabricate graphene-based advanced nanoplatforms and biocomposites for biomedical applications are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Ma
- Department of Ultrasound
- West China Hospital
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Ultrasound
- West China Hospital
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
| | - Shuang Li
- Functional Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Ultrasound
- West China Hospital
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Freie Universitat Berlin
- Berlin 14195
- Germany
| | - Hongrong Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - Li Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound
- West China Hospital
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
| | - Chong Cheng
- Department of Ultrasound
- West China Hospital
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
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