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Dey S, Sarkar S. Compositional and optical characteristics of aqueous brown carbon and HULIS in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain using a coupled EEM PARAFAC, FT-IR and 1H NMR approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171084. [PMID: 38382603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
This study provides insights into the fluorophoric composition of aqueous brown carbon (BrCaq) and chemically-separated humic-like substances (HULIS): neutral HULIS (HULIS-n; at pH = 7) and acidic HULIS (HULIS-a; at pH = 2) on a seasonal and day-night basis in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), India. A coupled approach including excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy was employed to understand the links between structural, compositional and fluorophoric characteristics of BrCaq and HULIS fractions. HULIS fluorophores (HULISfluoro) with varying oxidation states transported from the northwest IGP were dominant during biomass burning seasons (post-monsoon and winter), while protein-like fluorophores (PRLISfluoro) from marine emissions showed large contributions during summer. HULIS-n moieties were mostly primary in nature with higher conjugation, while HULIS-a were associated with secondarily formed and aged species with a larger contribution from degradation products. A substantial presence of tyrosine-like proteins in both chemically-separated HULIS fractions indicated that atmospheric HULIS is not entirely humic or fulvic-like in the eastern IGP. Finally, the dominance of H-C-O groups across seasons suggested consistent fossil fuel signatures along with season-specific influence of photodegradable cellulose from marine organisms in the summer and biomass burning in the post-monsoon and winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Dey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India.
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Horník Š, Pokorná P, Vodička P, Lhotka R, Sýkora J, Arora S, Poulain L, Herrmann H, Schwarz J, Ždímal V. Positive matrix factorization of seasonally resolved organic aerosol at three different central European background sites based on nuclear magnetic resonance Aerosolomics data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 916:170303. [PMID: 38272092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Concentration data derived from 1H NMR analysis of the water-soluble organic compounds from fine aerosol (PM2.5) at three Central European background stations, Košetice, Frýdlant (both in the Czech Republic), and Melpitz (Germany), were used for detailed source apportionment analysis. Two winter and two summer episodes (year 2021) with higher organic concentrations and similar wind directions were selected for NMR analyses. The concentration profiles of 61 water-soluble organic compounds were determined by NMR Aerosolomics and a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on this dataset. Based on the PCA results, 23 compounds were selected for positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis in order to identify dominant aerosol sources at rural background sites in Central Europe. Both the PCA and the subsequent PMF analyses clearly distinguished the characteristics of winter and summer aerosol particles. In summer, four factors were identified from PMF and were associated with biogenic aerosol (61-78 %), background aerosol (9-15 %), industrial biomass combustion (7-13 %), and residential heating (5-13 %). In winter, only 3 factors were identified - industrial biomass combustion (33-49 %), residential heating (37-45 %) and a background aerosol (8-30 %). The main difference was observed in the winter season with a stronger contribution of emissions from industrial biomass burning at the Czech stations Košetice and Frýdlant (47-49 %) compared to the Melpitz station (33 %). However, in general, there were negligible differences in identified sources between stations in the given seasons, indicating a certain homogeneity in PM2.5 composition within Central Europe at least during the sampling periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpán Horník
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Petra Pokorná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Lhotka
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Sýkora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Shubhi Arora
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (TROPOS), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Pozza SA, Gonçalves PB, Wouters FC, Vendemiatti JAS, Nogarotto DC, Pereira-Filho ER, Osório DMM, Romualdo LL, Godoi JR, Hoinaski L, Urban RC. Particulate matter pollution and non-targeted analysis of polar compounds in three regions of Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139839. [PMID: 37604347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) is a pollutant with diverse origins, exhibiting varying chemical compositions, and undergoes several molecular transformations in the atmosphere. In this study, PM samples (PM2.5, PM10 and TSP) were collected in five Brazilian cities (Camboriú-SC; Catalão-GO; Florianópolis-SC; Limeira-SP and Novo Hamburgo-RS) during the four seasons of the year. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate the differences between each city and season in PM concentration. PM10 average concentrations were higher in the city of Limeira, compared to the other (ANOVA p-values and Tukey's test). Moreover, Tukey's test demonstrated differences between the average PM10 concentrations in summer and winter. Regarding TSP and PM2.5, Tukey's test showed differences between winter and warm seasons (spring and summer). Moreover, polar compounds from the samples collected in the summer (February) and winter (August) periods were analyzed (Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer) following a non-targeted approach and annotated. This is the first study to carry out this type of analysis in these five Brazilian cities. Despite the differences in PM concentrations, profiles of polar organic compounds, showed similarities between samples/and, in general, the same compounds were present, albeit with different intensities. The annotated compounds are associated with vehicle emissions and plastics, which are considered important global air polluters. Therefore, there is an urgent necessity for comprehensive studies aimed at investigating the non-targeted compounds existing in the atmosphere. Such research can provide invaluable insights to policymakers, enabling them to formulate effective guidelines and policies to mitigate particulate matter concentration and enhance overall air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A Pozza
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, R. Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil.
| | - Priscila B Gonçalves
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, R. Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Felipe C Wouters
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, S/n, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Josiane A S Vendemiatti
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, R. Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Danilo C Nogarotto
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, R. Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Edenir R Pereira-Filho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, S/n, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Daniela M M Osório
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, R. Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Lincoln L Romualdo
- Federal University of Catalão, Av. Dr. Lamartine Pinto de Avelar, 1120, Setor Universitário, Catalão, GO, 75705-220, Brazil
| | - Joeci R Godoi
- Federal Institute Catarinense, R. Joaquim Garcia, S/n - Centro, Camboriú, SC, 88340-055, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Hoinaski
- Federal University of Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, S/n - Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Roberta C Urban
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, S/n, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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