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Zagiczek SN, Weiss-Tessbach M, Kussmann M, Moser D, Stoiber M, Moscato F, Schima H, Grasl C. Two-photon lithography for customized microstructured surfaces and their influence on wettability and bacterial load. 3D Print Med 2024; 10:12. [PMID: 38627256 PMCID: PMC11022422 DOI: 10.1186/s41205-024-00211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Device-related bacterial infections account for a large proportion of hospital-acquired infections. The ability of bacteria to form a biofilm as a protective shield usually makes treatment impossible without removal of the implant. Topographic surfaces have attracted considerable attention in studies seeking antibacterial properties without the need for additional antimicrobial substances. As there are still no valid rules for the design of antibacterial microstructured surfaces, a fast, reproducible production technique with good resolution is required to produce test surfaces and to examine their effectiveness with regard to their antibacterial properties. METHODS In this work various surfaces, flat and with microcylinders in different dimensions (flat, 1, 3 and 9 μm) with a surface area of 7 × 7 mm were fabricated with a nanoprinter using two-photon lithography and evaluated for their antibiofilm effect. The microstructured surfaces were cultured for 24 h with different strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus to study bacterial attachment to the patterned surfaces. In addition, surface wettability was measured by a static contact angle measurement. RESULTS Contact angles increased with cylinder size and thus hydrophobicity. Despite the difference in wettability, Staphylococcus aureus was not affected by the microstructures, while for Pseudomonas aeruginosa the bacterial load increased with the size of the cylinders, and compared to a flat surface, a reduction in bacteria was observed for one strain on the smallest cylinders. CONCLUSIONS Two-photon lithography allowed rapid and flexible production of microcylinders of different sizes, which affected surface wettability and bacterial load, however, depending on bacterial type and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nilsson Zagiczek
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Weiss-Tessbach
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Kussmann
- Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Moser
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Stoiber
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francesco Moscato
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1090, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinrich Schima
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department for Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Grasl
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, AKH 4L, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cardiovascular Research, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Huang LZY, Shaw ZL, Penman R, Cheeseman S, Truong VK, Higgins MJ, Caruso RA, Elbourne A. Cell Adhesion, Elasticity, and Rupture Forces Guide Microbial Cell Death on Nanostructured Antimicrobial Titanium Surfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:344-361. [PMID: 38100088 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring and synthetic nanostructured surfaces have been widely reported to resist microbial colonization. The majority of these studies have shown that both bacterial and fungal cells are killed upon contact and subsequent surface adhesion to such surfaces. This occurs because the presence of high-aspect-ratio structures can initiate a self-driven mechanical rupture of microbial cells during the surface adsorption process. While this technology has received a large amount of scientific and medical interest, one important question still remains: what factors drive microbial death on the surface? In this work, the interplay between microbial-surface adhesion, cell elasticity, cell membrane rupture forces, and cell lysis at the microbial-nanostructure biointerface during adsorptive processes was assessed using a combination of live confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, in situ amplitude atomic force microscopy, and single-cell force spectroscopy. Specifically, the adsorptive behavior and nanomechanical properties of live Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial cells, as well as the fungal species Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, were assessed on unmodified and nanostructured titanium surfaces. Unmodified titanium and titanium surfaces with nanostructures were used as model substrates for investigation. For all microbial species, cell elasticity, rupture force, maximum cell-surface adhesion force, the work of adhesion, and the cell-surface tether behavior were compared to the relative cell death observed for each surface examined. For cells with a lower elastic modulus, lower force to rupture through the cell, and higher work of adhesion, the surfaces had a higher antimicrobial activity, supporting the proposed biocidal mode of action for nanostructured surfaces. This study provides direct quantification of the differences observed in the efficacy of nanostructured antimicrobial surface as a function of microbial species indicating that a universal, antimicrobial surface architecture may be hard to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Z Y Huang
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Z L Shaw
- School of Engineering, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rowan Penman
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Samuel Cheeseman
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology & Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Services, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michael J Higgins
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rachel A Caruso
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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