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Selective Synthesis of Levulinic Ester from Furfural Catalyzed by Hierarchical Zeolites. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12070783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Furfural is a platform molecule that can be catalytically converted using a cascade series of reactions into levulinic esters, essential compounds used as fuel additives. Bifunctional catalysts containing Lewis and Brønsted acid sites such as zeolites are commonly used for these conversions. However, microporous zeolites often present diffusional restriction due to the size similarity of furfural and other molecules to the zeolites’ micropores. Thus, incorporating mesopores in these materials through post-synthetic protocols is a promising pathway to circumventing these limitations. This study presents the creation of hierarchical beta and mordenite using Si or Al removal and their employment in the furfural conversion to isopropyl levulinate (PL). Mordenite zeolite did not produce satisfactory mesopores, while the beta was more efficient in generating them by both acid and alkaline treatments. Beta zeolite treated in an alkaline solution presented larger mesopores (14.9 and 34.0 nm), maintaining a total acidity value close to its parent zeolite and a higher Lewis/Brønsted ratio. The combination of these features led to an improved diffusion of bulkier products and the highest furfural conversion (94%) and PL selectivity (90%), suggesting that a post-modification of beta zeolites produced efficient catalysts for upgrading abundantly available furfural.
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Gharagheizi F, Sholl DS. Comprehensive Assessment of the Accuracy of the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory for Predicting Binary Adsorption of Gas Mixtures in Porous Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Gharagheizi
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
| | - David S. Sholl
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0100, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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Cheung O, Bacsik Z, Fil N, Krokidas P, Wardecki D, Hedin N. Selective Adsorption of CO 2 on Zeolites NaK-ZK-4 with Si/Al of 1.8-2.8. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25371-25380. [PMID: 33043217 PMCID: PMC7542833 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zeolites with appropriately narrow pore apertures can kinetically enhance the selective adsorption of CO2 over N2. Here, we showed that the exchangeable cations (e.g., Na+ or K+) on zeolite ZK-4 play an important role in the CO2 selectivity. Zeolites NaK ZK-4 with Si/Al = 1.8-2.8 had very high CO2 selectivity when an intermediate number of the exchangeable cations were K+ (the rest being Na+). Zeolites NaK ZK-4 with Si/Al = 1.8 had high CO2 uptake capacity and very high CO2-over-N2 selectivity (1190). Zeolite NaK ZK-4 with Si/Al = 2.3 and 2.8 also had enhanced CO2 selectivity with an intermediate number of K+ cations. The high CO2 selectivity was related to the K+ cation in the 8-rings of the α-cage, together with Na+ cations in the 6-ring, obstructing the diffusion of N2 throughout the zeolite. The positions of the K+ cation in the 8-ring moved slightly (max 0.2 Å) toward the center of the α-cage upon the adsorption of CO2, as revealed by in situ X-ray diffraction. The CO2-over-N2 selectivity was somewhat reduced when the number of K+ cations approached 100%. This was possibly due to the shift in the K+ cation positions in the 8-ring when the number of Na+ was going toward 0%, allowing N2 diffusion through the 8-ring. According to in situ infrared spectroscopy, the amount of chemisorbed CO2 was reduced on zeolite ZK-4s with increasing Si/Al ratio. In the context of potential applications, a kinetically enhanced selection of CO2 could be relevant for applications in carbon capture and bio- and natural gas upgrading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ocean Cheung
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE 106 91, Sweden
- Nanotechnology
and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 75121, Sweden
| | - Zoltán Bacsik
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE 106 91, Sweden
| | - Nicolas Fil
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE 106 91, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis Krokidas
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE 106 91, Sweden
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, Attikis, Athens GR-15310, Greece
| | - Dariusz Wardecki
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE 106 91, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg SE 412 96, Sweden
- Institute
of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Niklas Hedin
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE 106 91, Sweden
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Sangregorio A, Guigo N, van der Waal JC, Sbirrazzuoli N. Humins from Biorefineries as Thermoreactive Macromolecular Systems. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:4246-4255. [PMID: 30338938 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass often brings about the formation of several side products. Among these, a black and viscous coproduct known as humins is formed on acidic treatment of polysaccharides. To improve the efficiency of this process from an economical and environmental perspective, new solutions for humins valorization are urgently needed. This work focuses on the comprehensive understanding of humins with special emphasis on their structure/properties relationships. Humins were subjected to different thermal treatments and characterized by means of structural, thermoanalytical, and rheological investigations. The structure and composition of humins are very diverse and depend on the thermochemical conditions. On sufficient heating, humins change into a nonreversible and more branched furanic structure with a relatively high glass-transition temperature (Tg >65 °C). Thus, humins can be easily processed for preparing thermoset-like resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sangregorio
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7272, 06108, Nice, France
- Avantium Chemicals B.V., Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathanael Guigo
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7272, 06108, Nice, France
| | - Jan C van der Waal
- Avantium Chemicals B.V., Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Sbirrazzuoli
- Institut de Chimie de Nice, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, UMR 7272, 06108, Nice, France
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