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Majd SA, Kashanian S, Babaei M, Shekarbeygi Z. Alginate-derived carbon dots for "turn off-on" anti-neoplastic 5-fluorouracil sensing in biological samples. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 39183526 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
As a chemotherapy drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has been used for colon cancer for decades. Excessive levels of 5-FU in the human body can lead to notable adverse effects, including severe diarrhea, infection, mouth sores, skin peeling, skin inflammation, and ulcers, which are important and relatively common digestive side effects. In addition, 5-FU is an analog of uracil and also has similarities to pyrimidines. Therefore, it is not easy to separate them. This research presented a sensor capable of detecting drugs in minimal amounts. An alginate-derived carbon dot (CD) was synthesized by unique optical properties that obey an on-off fluorescence mechanism for 5-FU sensing. Introducing copper (Cu(I)) to CDs results in fluorescence quenching through electron transfer. However, when 5-FU is added to the system as an oxidizing agent, a redox reaction occurs on the surface of the CDs, which leads to the restoration of fluorescence as Cu(I) is altered to Cu(II). Experimental results showed a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.99) in the concentration range of 1.00-45.00 nM, with the following linear regression, and revealed the relative standard deviation (RSD%) and detection limit of 2.57%, and 1.00 nM, respectively. These results validated the excellent detection capability of the proposed method even at low concentrations of 5-FU and in the presence of other drugs and interfering substances. Also, the recovery of 5-FU (varies from 100.46% to 113.7%, with RSD equal to 1.89-3.63) in serum samples indicates the absence of matrix interference in the determination of 5-FU. In summary, this novel approach to developing a cost-effective and sensitive sensor holds great potential for future applications in healthcare and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Abbasi Majd
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Kashanian
- Faculty of Chemistry, Sensor and Biosensor Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Nanobiotechnology Department, Faculty of Innovative Science and Technology, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahsa Babaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Shekarbeygi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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2
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Dos Santos de Almeida W, Gomes Abegão LM, Vinicius Silva Alves A, de Oliveira Souza Silva J, Oliveira de Souza S, d'Errico F, Midori Sussuchi E. Carbon Dots based Tissue Equivalent Dosimeter as an Ionizing Radiation Sensor. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303771. [PMID: 38118132 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the potential of carbon dots as a fluorescent probe in the determination of heavy ions and as an electrochemical biosensor. It also discusses how carbon dots can be introduced into the Fricke solution to potentially serve as an ionizing radiation sensor. The study presents a novel tissue equivalent dosimeter carbon dots-based as an ionizing radiation sensor. The methodology for the synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Carbon Dots N-CDs and the characterization of the material are described. The results show that the N-CDs have a high sensitivity to ionizing radiation and can be used as a dosimeter for radiation detection. The study also discusses the limitations and challenges of using carbon dots as a dosimeter for ionizing radiation. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential applications of carbon dots in different fields and highlights the importance of further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wandson Dos Santos de Almeida
- Grupo de Pesquisa em sensores eletroquímicos e Nano(Materiais) - SenM, Laboratório de Corrosão e Nanotecnolodia- LCNT, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marcelo Deda Chagas, 304, Rosa Elze - São Cristóvão/SE, CEP 49107230
| | - Luis Miguel Gomes Abegão
- Grupo de Fotônica, Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Av. Esperança, 1533, Campus, Samambaia, Goiânia/GO, CEP 74690900
| | - Anderson Vinicius Silva Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marcelo Deda Chagas, 304, Rosa Elze - São Cristóvão/SE, CEP 49107230
| | - Jonatas de Oliveira Souza Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em sensores eletroquímicos e Nano(Materiais) - SenM, Laboratório de Corrosão e Nanotecnolodia- LCNT, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marcelo Deda Chagas, 304, Rosa Elze - São Cristóvão/SE, CEP 49107230
| | - Susana Oliveira de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marcelo Deda Chagas, 304, Rosa Elze - São Cristóvão/SE, CEP 49107230
| | | | - Eliana Midori Sussuchi
- Grupo de Pesquisa em sensores eletroquímicos e Nano(Materiais) - SenM, Laboratório de Corrosão e Nanotecnolodia- LCNT, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Av. Marcelo Deda Chagas, 304, Rosa Elze - São Cristóvão/SE, CEP 49107230
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3
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Dong X, Liu Y, Adcock AF, Sheriff K, Liang W, Yang L, Sun YP. Carbon-TiO 2 Hybrid Quantum Dots for Photocatalytic Inactivation of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2196. [PMID: 38396872 PMCID: PMC10889188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon-semiconductor hybrid quantum dots are classical carbon dots with core carbon nanoparticles doped with a selected nanoscale semiconductor. Specifically, on those with the nanoscale TiO2 doping, denoted as CTiO2-Dots, their synthesis and thorough characterization were reported previously. In this work, the CTiO2-Dots were evaluated for their visible light-activated antibacterial function, with the results showing the effective killing of not only Gram-positive but also the generally more resistant Gram-negative bacteria. The hybrid dots are clearly more potent antibacterial agents than their neat carbon dot counterparts. Mechanistically, the higher antibacterial performance of the CTiO2-Dots is attributed to their superior photoexcited state properties, which are reflected by the observed much brighter fluorescence emissions. Also considered and discussed is the possibility of additional contributions to the antibacterial activities due to the photosensitization of the nanoscale TiO2 by its doped core carbon nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.D.); (L.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Campbell University, Buies Creek, NC 27506, USA
| | - Yamin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Audrey F. Adcock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Kirkland Sheriff
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Weixiong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Liju Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.D.); (L.Y.)
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Liang W, Sonkar SK, Saini D, Sheriff K, Singh B, Yang L, Wang P, Sun YP. Carbon Dots: Classically Defined versus Organic Hybrids on Shared Properties, Divergences, and Myths. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206680. [PMID: 36932892 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots are defined as small carbon nanoparticles with effective surface passivation via organic functionalization. The definition is literally a description of what carbon dots are originally found for the functionalized carbon nanoparticles displaying bright and colorful fluorescence emissions, mirroring those from similarly functionalized defects in carbon nanotubes. In literature more popular than classical carbon dots are the diverse variety of dot samples from "one-pot" carbonization of organic precursors. On the two different kinds of samples from the different synthetic approaches, namely, the classical carbon dots versus those from the carbonization method, highlighted in this article are their shared properties and apparent divergences, including also explorations of the relevant sample structural and mechanistic origins for the shared properties and divergences. Echoing the growing evidence and concerns in the carbon dots research community on the major presence of organic molecular dyes/chromophores in carbonization produced dot samples, demonstrated and discussed in this article are some representative cases of dominating spectroscopic interferences due to the organic dye contamination that have led to unfound claims and erroneous conclusions. Mitigation strategies to address the contamination issues, including especially the use of more vigorous processing conditions in the carbonization synthesis, are proposed and justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Sumit Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Deepika Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302017, India
| | - Kirkland Sheriff
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Buta Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Liju Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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5
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Vijeata A, Chaudhary S, Chaudhary GR, Umar A, Baskoutas S. Sustainable agronomic response of carbon quantum dots on Allium sativum: Translocation, physiological responses and alternations in chromosomal aberrations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113559. [PMID: 35660407 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The revolutionary growth in the usage of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) in different areas have ultimately directed their discharge in the environment and further augmented the exposure of agricultural crops to these released particles. Therefore, the aim of current study is to evaluate the uptake, translocation and phytotoxicity of blue emissive CQDs on Allium sativum plant. The genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assessment of CQDs towards Allium sativum roots was estimated as function of three different concentrations. Considering the role of CQDs in promoting seed germination at 50 ppm concentration, a greenhouse experiment was performed to evaluate their effect on plant growth. Systematic investigations have shown the translocation of CQDs and their physiological response in terms of increased shoot length wherein P-CQDs exhibited more accumulation into Allium sativum parts. Our investigations unfold the opportunity to utilize Aegle marmelos fruit derived CQDs as a growth regulator in variety of other food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Vijeata
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Savita Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia; Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Bhakta AK, Fiorenza R, Jlassi K, Mekhalif Z, Ali AMA, Chehimi MM. The emerging role of biochar in the carbon materials family for hydrogen production. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Mohd Hir ZA, Abdullah AH. Hybrid polymer-based photocatalytic materials for the removal of selected endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) from aqueous media: A review. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Zeng J, Liao L, Lin X, Liu G, Luo X, Luo M, Wu F. Red-Emissive Sulfur-Doped Carbon Dots for Selective and Sensitive Detection of Mercury (II) Ion and Glutathione. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9213. [PMID: 36012486 PMCID: PMC9409242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) show great potential in bioimaging and biosensing because of their good biocompatibility and excellent optical properties. However, CDs with intense red emissions for sensitive and selective detection are rarely reported. Herein, we prepared the red-emissive carbon dots (RCDs) through a facile hydrothermal method using tetra (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP) and thiourea as starting materials. The obtained RCDs were characterized by TEM, XRD, and XPS. RCDs exhibited high water solubility and strong red emission (λem = 650 nm), with the fluorescence quantum yield as high as 26.7%, which was greatly higher than that of TCPP. Moreover, the as-prepared RCDs could be acted as a highly selective and sensitive probe for the detection of Hg2+ and glutathione (GSH) through the fluorometric titration method. The detection limits of Hg2+ and GSH were calculated to be 1.73 and 1.6 nM, respectively. The cellular experiments demonstrated the good biocompatibility of RCDs and their feasibility in bioimaging. Thus, this work provided a simple strategy to design and synthesize the highly red-emissive carbon dots, which showed promising application in biological and environmental assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Linhong Liao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Genyan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ming Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
- Key Laboratory of Novel Biomass-Based Environmental and Energy Materials in Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
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9
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Abstract
Carbon "quantum" dots or carbon dots (CDots) exploit and enhance the intrinsic photoexcited state properties and processes of small carbon nanoparticles via effective nanoparticle surface passivation by chemical functionalization with organic species. The optical properties and photoinduced redox characteristics of CDots are competitive to those of established conventional semiconductor quantum dots and also fullerenes and other carbon nanomaterials. Highlighted here are major advances in the exploration of CDots for their serving as high-performance yet nontoxic fluorescence probes for one- and multi-photon bioimaging in vitro and in vivo, and for their uniquely potent antimicrobial function to inactivate effectively and efficiently some of the toughest bacterial pathogens and viruses under visible/natural or ambient light conditions. Opportunities and challenges in the further development of the CDots platform and related technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Liju Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Jesse L Quimby
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Ai L, Shi R, Yang J, Zhang K, Zhang T, Lu S. Efficient Combination of G-C 3 N 4 and CDs for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance: A Review of Synthesis, Strategies, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2007523. [PMID: 33683817 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202007523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Recently, heterogeneous photocatalysts have achieved much interest on account of their great potential applications in resolving many tough energy and environmental troubles around the world through an ecologically sustainable way. Heterogeneous nanocomposites composed of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) and carbon dots (CDs) possess broad spectrum absorption, appropriate electronic band structures, rapid carrier mobility, abundant reserves, excellent chemical stability, and facile synthesis methods, which make them promising composite photocatalysts for suitable applications such as photocatalytic solar fuels production and contaminant decomposition. With the rapid development in photocatalysis by hybridization of g-C3 N4 and CDs, a systematic summary and prospection of performance improvement are urgent and meaningful. This review first focuses on various kinds of effectively synthetic methods of composites. Following, the strategies available for enhanced performance, including morphology optimization, spectral absorption improvement, ternary or quaternary composition hybrid, lateral or vertical heterostructures construction, heteroatom doping, and so forth, are fully discussed. Then, the applications mainly in efficient photocatalytic hydrogen generation, photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction, and organic pollutants degradation are systematically demonstrated. Finally, the remaining issues and prospect of further development are proposed as some kind of guidance for powerful combination of g-C3 N4 and CDs with high efficiency to photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ai
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Run Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Kan Zhang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, P. R. China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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Stergiou A, Tagmatarchis N. Interfacing Carbon Dots for Charge-Transfer Processes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006005. [PMID: 33522118 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a booming material and the most recent incomer in the big family of carbon nanostructures. Specifically, CDs are nanosized fluorescent core-shell nanoparticles with tunable absorption and emission spectra, with high solubility in aqueous media and common organic solvents. Herein, the origins and the development of these unique nanoscale structures are discussed, key synthetic routes are briefly described, and the utilization of CDs in light-induced charge-transfer schemes is mainly focused upon. Beyond the impact of the CD's surface on the photoluminescence properties, functionalization, by covalent or supramolecular means, permits controllable incorporation of new functionalities with novel photophysical properties. Furthermore, the dual nature of CDs as electron donating or electron accepting species, unveiled upon interfacing them with organic chromophores, highlights their potentiality in managing diverse charge-transfer processes. Novel mechanisms, such as symmetry-breaking photoinduced charge-transfer can be activated upon covalent functionalization of CDs with organic dyes. Without a doubt, participation of CDs in energy conversion schemes opens up a wide avenue that may lead to the development of novel prototype devices suitable for technological applications and related to photonics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Stergiou
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635, Greece
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12
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Lin CH, Chen WH. Graphene Family Nanomaterials (GFN)-TiO 2 for the Photocatalytic Removal of Water and Air Pollutants: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3195. [PMID: 34947544 PMCID: PMC8705732 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the industrial revolutions and resource scarcity, the development of green technologies which aims to conserve resources and reduce the negative impacts of technology on the environment has become a critical issue of concern. One example is heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been intensively researched given its low toxicity and photocatalytic effects under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The advantages conferred by the physical and electrochemical properties of graphene family nanomaterials (GFN) have contributed to the combination of GFN and TiO2 as well as the current variety of GFN-TiO2 catalysts that have exhibited improved characteristics such as greater electron transfer and narrower bandgaps for more potential applications, including those under visible light irradiation. In this review, points of view on the intrinsic properties of TiO2, GFNs (pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, and graphene quantum dots (GQDs)), and GFN-TiO2 are presented. This review also explains practical synthesis techniques along with perspective characteristics of these TiO2- and/or graphene-based materials. The enhancement of the photocatalytic activity by using GFN-TiO2 and its improved photocatalytic reactions for the treatment of organic, inorganic, and biological pollutants in water and air phases are reported. It is expected that this review can provide insights into the key to optimizing the photocatalytic activity of GFN-TiO2 and possible directions for future development in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chen
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
- Aerosol Science and Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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13
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Mili M, Jaiswal A, Hada V, Sagiri SS, Pal K, Chowdhary R, Malik R, Gupta RS, Gupta MK, Chourasia JP, Hashmi S, Rathore SKS, Srivastava AK, Verma S. Development of Graphene Quantum Dots by Valorizing the Bioresources – A Critical Review. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Medha Mili
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad (U.P.) 201002 India
| | - Ayushi Jaiswal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
| | - Vaishnavi Hada
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
| | - Sai S. Sagiri
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center Rishon LeZion 7528809 Israel
| | - Kunal Pal
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela India
| | - Rashmi Chowdhary
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, M.P 462020 India
| | - Rajesh Malik
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, M.P 462020 India
| | - Radha S. Gupta
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Bhopal, M.P 462020 India
| | - Manoj K. Gupta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad (U.P.) 201002 India
| | - Jamana P. Chourasia
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad (U.P.) 201002 India
| | - Sar Hashmi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad (U.P.) 201002 India
| | - Sanjai K. S. Rathore
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad (U.P.) 201002 India
| | - Avanish K. Srivastava
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad (U.P.) 201002 India
| | - Sarika Verma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI) Near Habibganj Naka, Hoshangabad Road Bhopal MP 462 026 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad (U.P.) 201002 India
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14
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Liang W, Wang P, Meziani MJ, Ge L, Yang L, Patel AK, Morgan SO, Sun YP. On the myth of "red/near-IR carbon quantum dots" from thermal processing of specific colorless organic precursors. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:4186-4195. [PMID: 36132851 PMCID: PMC9419825 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00286d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots were originally found and reported as surface-passivated small carbon nanoparticles, where the effective surface passivation was the chemical functionalization of the carbon nanoparticles with organic molecules. Understandably, the very broad optical absorptions of carbon dots are largely the same as those intrinsic to the carbon nanoparticles, characterized by progressively decreasing absorptivities from shorter to longer wavelengths. Thus, carbon dots are generally weak absorbers in the red/near-IR and correspondingly weak emitters with low quantum yields. Much effort has been made on enhancing the optical performance of carbon dots in the red/near-IR, but without meaningful success due to the fact that optical absorptivities defined by Mother Nature are in general rather inert to any induced alterations. Nevertheless, there were shockingly casual claims in the literature on the major success in dramatically altering the optical absorption profiles of "carbon dots" by simply manipulating the dot synthesis to produce samples of some prominent optical absorption bands in the red/near-IR. Such claims have found warm receptions in the research field with a desperate need for carbon dots of the same optical performance in the red/near-IR as that in the green and blue. However, by looking closely at the initially reported synthesis and all its copies in subsequent investigations on the "red/near-IR carbon dots", one would find that the "success" of the synthesis by thermal or hydrothermal carbonization processing requires specific precursor mixtures of citric acid with formamide or urea. In the study reported here, the systematic investigation included precursor mixtures of citric acid with not only formamide or urea but also their partially methylated or permethylated derivatives for the carbonization processing under conditions similar to and beyond those commonly used and reported in the literature. Collectively all of the results are consistent only with the conclusion that the origins of the observed red/near-IR optical absorptions in samples from some of the precursor mixtures must be molecular chromophores from thermally induced chemical reactions, nothing to do with any nanoscale carbon entities produced by carbonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Mohammed J Meziani
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University Maryville Missouri 64468 USA
| | - Lin Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Liju Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University Durham NC 27707 USA
| | - Amankumar K Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University Maryville Missouri 64468 USA
| | - Sabina O Morgan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University Durham NC 27707 USA
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
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15
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Wang P, Meziani MJ, Fu Y, Bunker CE, Hou X, Yang L, Msellek H, Zaharias M, Darby JP, Sun YP. Carbon dots versus nano-carbon/organic hybrids - dramatically different behaviors in fluorescence sensing of metal cations with structural and mechanistic implications. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:2316-2324. [PMID: 36133763 PMCID: PMC9418061 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDots) are defined as surface-passivated small carbon nanoparticles, with the effective passivation generally achieved by organic functionalization. Photoexcited CDots are both potent electron donors and acceptors, and their characteristic bright and colorful fluorescence emissions make them excellent fluorescence sensors for organic analytes and metal ions. For the latter extraordinarily low detection limits based on extremely efficient quenching of fluorescence intensities by the targeted metal cations have been observed and reported in the literature. However, all of the dot samples in those reported studies were made from "one-pot" carbonization of organic precursors mostly under rather mild processing conditions, unlikely to be sufficient for the required level of carbonization. Those dot samples should therefore be more appropriately considered as "nano-carbon/organic hybrids", characterized structurally as being highly porous and spongy, which must be playing a dominating role in the reported sensing results. In this study, we compared the dot samples from carbonization syntheses under similarly mild and also more aggressive processing conditions with the classically defined and structured CDots for the fluorescence sensing of copper(ii) cations in aqueous solutions. The observed dramatic decoupling between quenching results for fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of the carbonization samples, with the former being extraordinary and the latter within the diffusion controlled limit, suggested that the quenching of fluorescence intensities was greatly affected by the higher local quencher concentrations than the bulk associated with the porous and spongy sample structures, especially for the sample from carbonization under too mild processing conditions. The major differences between the classical CDots and the nano-carbon/organic hybrids are highlighted, and the tradeoffs between sensitivity and accuracy or reproducibility in the use of the latter for fluorescence sensing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Mohammed J Meziani
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University Maryville Missouri 64468 USA
| | - Yingqiang Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Christopher E Bunker
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Propulsion Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Ohio 45433 USA
| | - Xiaofang Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Liju Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University Durham NC 27707 USA
| | - Hind Msellek
- Department of Natural Sciences, Northwest Missouri State University Maryville Missouri 64468 USA
| | - Melina Zaharias
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
| | - Jasmine P Darby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University Durham NC 27707 USA
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory for Emerging Materials and Technology, Clemson University Clemson South Carolina 29634 USA
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16
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Sousa HBA, Martins CSM, Prior JAV. You Don't Learn That in School: An Updated Practical Guide to Carbon Quantum Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:611. [PMID: 33804394 PMCID: PMC7998311 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have started to emerge as candidates for application in cell imaging, biosensing, and targeted drug delivery, amongst other research fields, due to their unique properties. Those applications are possible as the CQDs exhibit tunable fluorescence, biocompatibility, and a versatile surface. This review aims to summarize the recent development in the field of CQDs research, namely the latest synthesis progress concerning materials/methods, surface modifications, characterization methods, and purification techniques. Furthermore, this work will systematically explore the several applications CQDs have been subjected to, such as bioimaging, fluorescence sensing, and cancer/gene therapy. Finally, we will briefly discuss in the concluding section the present and future challenges, as well as future perspectives and views regarding the emerging paradigm that is the CQDs research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - João A. V. Prior
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n. 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (H.B.A.S.); (C.S.M.M.)
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17
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Nanotheranostic Carbon Dots as an Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most deadly diseases globally, but carbon-based nanomaterials have the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and therapy. Advances in nanotechnology and a better understanding of tumor microenvironments have contributed to novel nanotargeting routes that may bring new hope to cancer patients. Several low-dimensional carbon-based nanomaterials have shown promising preclinical results; as such, low-dimensional carbon dots (CDs) and their derivatives are considered up-and-coming candidates for cancer treatment. The unique properties of carbon-based nanomaterials are high surface area to volume ratio, chemical inertness, biocompatibility, and low cytotoxicity. It makes them well suited for delivering chemotherapeutics in cancer treatment and diagnosis. Recent studies have shown that the CDs are potential applicants in biomedical sciences, both as nanocarriers and nanotransducers. This review covers the most commonly used CD nanoparticles in nanomedicines intended for the early diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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18
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Evaluation of Different Bottom-up Routes for the Fabrication of Carbon Dots. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071316. [PMID: 32635483 PMCID: PMC7407658 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon-based nanoparticles with very attractive luminescence features. Furthermore, their synthesis by bottom-up strategies is quite flexible, as tuning the reaction precursors and synthesis procedures can lead to an endless number of CDs with distinct properties and applications. However, this complex variability has made the characterization of the structural and optical properties of the nanomaterials difficult. Herein, we performed a systematic evaluation of the effect of three representative bottom-up strategies (hydrothermal, microwave-assisted, and calcination) on the properties of CDs prepared from the same precursors (citric acid and urea). Our results revealed that these synthesis routes led to nanoparticles with similar sizes, identical excitation-dependent blue-to-green emission, and similar surface-functionalization. However, we have also found that microwave and calcination strategies are more efficient towards nitrogen-doping than hydrothermal synthesis, and thus, the former routes are able to generate CDs with significantly higher fluorescence quantum yields than the latter. Furthermore, the different synthesis strategies appear to have a role in the origin of the photoluminescence of the CDs, as hydrothermal-based nanoparticles present an emission more dependent on surface states, while microwave- and calcination-based CDs present an emission with more contributions from core states. Furthermore, calcination and microwave routes are more suitable for high-yield synthesis (~27-29%), while hydrothermal synthesis present almost negligible synthesis yields (~2%). Finally, life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to investigate the sustainability of these processes and indicated microwave synthesis as the best choice for future studies.
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