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Wang Z, Cui F, Sui Y, Yan J. Radical chemistry in polymer science: an overview and recent advances. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1580-1603. [PMID: 37915554 PMCID: PMC10616707 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Radical chemistry is one of the most important methods used in modern polymer science and industry. Over the past century, new knowledge on radical chemistry has both promoted and been generated from the emergence of polymer synthesis and modification techniques. In this review, we discuss radical chemistry in polymer science from four interconnected aspects. We begin with radical polymerization, the most employed technique for industrial production of polymeric materials, and other polymer synthesis involving a radical process. Post-polymerization modification, including polymer crosslinking and polymer surface modification, is the key process that introduces functionality and practicality to polymeric materials. Radical depolymerization, an efficient approach to destroy polymers, finds applications in two distinct fields, semiconductor industry and environmental protection. Polymer chemistry has largely diverged from organic chemistry with the fine division of modern science but polymer chemists constantly acquire new inspirations from organic chemists. Dialogues on radical chemistry between the two communities will deepen the understanding of the two fields and benefit the humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiao Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Rd., Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Feichen Cui
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Rd., Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yang Sui
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Rd., Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jiajun Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Rd., Shanghai, 201210, China
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Qiang T, Chen L, Yan Z, Liu X. Evaluation of a Novel Collagenous Matrix Membrane Cross-Linked with Catechins Catalyzed by Laccase: A Sustainable Biomass. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1504-1512. [PMID: 30644748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Collagen, a sustainable and biodegradable biomass material, has many applications in different scope including application in food packaging. However, owing to its poor mechanical properties, this kind of application is limited. In this work, collagen was cross-linked with catechin under the incubation of laccase to improve the mechanical properties of collagen, and the cross-linked collagen exhibited properties of excellent antioxidant capacity and lower swelling ratio. Meanwhile, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results provide evidence for changes in the structure of collagen after being cross-linked with the catechin. From the aspects of the thermal stability, tensile strength, elongation, antioxidant capacity, swelling, solubility, and morphological analysis, the cross-linked collagen has better physical properties in comparison with natural collagen. This indicates that the physical properties and antioxidant capacity of collagen after being cross-linked with catechins were improved significantly. Therefore, the cross-linked collagen can be used as green food-packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Qiang
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Zhuan Yan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education , Shaanxi University of Science & Technology , Xi'an 710021 , China
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Phillips SJ, Stenken JA. In Situ Inner Lumen Attachment of Heparin to Poly(ether sulfone) Hollow Fiber Membranes Used for Microdialysis Sampling. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4955-4960. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Julie A. Stenken
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, 345 North Campus Drive, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Slagman S, Zuilhof H, Franssen MCR. Laccase-Mediated Grafting on Biopolymers and Synthetic Polymers: A Critical Review. Chembiochem 2018; 19:288-311. [PMID: 29111574 PMCID: PMC5836925 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Laccase-mediated grafting on lignocelluloses has gained considerable attention as an environmentally benign method to covalently modify wood, paper and cork. In recent decades this technique has also been employed to modify fibres with a polysaccharide backbone, such as cellulose or chitosan, to infer colouration, antimicrobial activity or antioxidant activity to the material. The scope of this approach has been further widened by researchers, who apply mediators or high redox potential laccases and those that modify synthetic polymers and proteins. In all cases, the methodology relies on one- or two-electron oxidation of the surface functional groups or of the graftable molecule in solution. However, similar results can very often be achieved through simple deposition, even after extensive washing. This unintended adsorption of the active substance could have an adverse effect on the durability of the applied coating. Differentiating between actual covalent binding and adsorption is therefore essential, but proves to be challenging. This review not only covers excellent research on the topic of laccase-mediated grafting over the last five to ten years, but also provides a critical comparison to highlight either the lack or presence of compelling evidence for covalent grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Slagman
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchStippeneng 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchStippeneng 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and TechnologyTianjin University92 Weijin RoadNankai DistrictTianjin92000P. R. China
| | - Maurice C. R. Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchStippeneng 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
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Slagman S, Jonkers WA, Zuilhof H, Franssen MCR. Elucidating the mechanism behind the laccase-mediated modification of poly(ethersulfone). RSC Adv 2018; 8:27101-27110. [PMID: 35540010 PMCID: PMC9083467 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra04402c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccase-mediated oligomerisation of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA) derivatives and simultaneous in situ surface modification has proven to be a cost-effective, easily applicable and eco-friendly strategy for preventing biofouling of poly(ethersulfone) (PES) water filtration membranes. Modification of the membrane surface has previously been hypothesised to occur through covalent bonding of enzymatically generated phenolic radicals to the polymeric membrane. The current study shows, however, that in situ formation of soluble phenolic oligomers does not result in covalent membrane modification. We studied in situ laccase-mediated oligomerisation of custom-synthesised positively charged and commercially available negatively charged monomeric phenols, and demonstrated that their mode of binding to PES is not covalent. In addition, soluble, non-soluble and on-resin PES model compounds were synthesised and used in the laccase-mediated oligomerisation of 4-HBA. Covalent bond formation between these model compounds and (oligomeric) 4-HBA could not be observed either. Furthermore, extensive washing of PES membranes modified through laccase-mediated oligomerisation of 4-HBA resulted in substantial discolouration of the membrane surface, showing that the layer of oligomerised phenolics could easily be removed. Altogether, it was concluded that laccase-assisted modification of PES membranes resulted from strong physical adsorption of phenolic oligomers and polymers rather than from covalent bonding of those. The mechanism behind the laccase-mediated functionalisation of poly(ethersulfone) was studied using a multifaceted approach, which revealed that surface modification had occurred through strong physical adsorption, rather than through grafting of phenolic oligomers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Slagman
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Wendy A. Jonkers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology
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Gamerith C, Herrero Acero E, Pellis A, Ortner A, Vielnascher R, Luschnig D, Zartl B, Haernvall K, Zitzenbacher S, Strohmeier G, Hoff O, Steinkellner G, Gruber K, Ribitsch D, Guebitz GM. Improving enzymatic polyurethane hydrolysis by tuning enzyme sorption. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Protein-Repellence PES Membranes Using Bio-grafting of Ortho-aminophenol. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8080306. [PMID: 30974579 PMCID: PMC6432355 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface modification becomes an effective tool for improvement of both flux and selectivity of membrane by reducing the adsorption of the components of the fluid used onto its surface. A successful green modification of poly(ethersulfone) (PES) membranes using ortho-aminophenol (2-AP) modifier and laccase enzyme biocatalyst under very flexible conditions is presented in this paper. The modified PES membranes were evaluated using many techniques including total color change, pure water flux, and protein repellence that were related to the gravimetric grafting yield. In addition, static water contact angle on laminated PES layers were determined. Blank and modified commercial membranes (surface and cross-section) and laminated PES layers (surface) were imaged by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and scanning probe microscope (SPM) to illustrate the formed modifying poly(2-aminophenol) layer(s). This green modification resulted in an improvement of both membrane flux and protein repellence, up to 15.4% and 81.27%, respectively, relative to the blank membrane.
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Nady N. PES Surface Modification Using Green Chemistry: New Generation of Antifouling Membranes. MEMBRANES 2016; 6:membranes6020023. [PMID: 27096873 PMCID: PMC4931518 DOI: 10.3390/membranes6020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation in using membrane-based separation processes is the loss of performance due to membrane fouling. This drawback can be addressed thanks to surface modification treatments. A new and promising surface modification using green chemistry has been recently investigated. This modification is carried out at room temperature and in aqueous medium using green catalyst (enzyme) and nontoxic modifier, which can be safely labelled “green surface modification”. This modification can be considered as a nucleus of new generation of antifouling membranes and surfaces. In the current research, ferulic acid modifier and laccase bio-catalyst were used to make poly(ethersulfone) (PES) membrane less vulnerable to protein adsorption. The blank and modified PES membranes are evaluated based on e.g., their flux and protein repellence. Both the blank and the modified PES membranes (or laminated PES on silicon dioxide surface) are characterized using many techniques e.g., SEM, EDX, XPS and SPM, etc. The pure water flux of the most modified membranes was reduced by 10% on average relative to the blank membrane, and around a 94% reduction in protein adsorption was determined. In the conclusions section, a comparison between three modifiers—ferulic acid, and two other previously used modifiers (4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid)—is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan Nady
- Polymeric Research Department, Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Boarg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Slagman S, Escorihuela J, Zuilhof H, Franssen MCR. Characterization of the laccase-mediated oligomerization of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The curious (lac)case of four dimers – how minor 4-hydroxybenzoic acid dimers can be of major importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Slagman
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
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Zhu Y, Zhang HB, Ding LJ, Chen Z, Sun DY, Jiang ZH. Synthesis and properties of perfluorocarbon chain terminated poly(ether sulfone). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra17615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Perfluorocarbon groups or related compounds are usually used to modify polymer materials because of their low surface energy properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of High Performance Plastic
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of High Performance Plastic
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Lian-Jun Ding
- Engineering Research Center of High Performance Plastic
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Zheng Chen
- Engineering Research Center of High Performance Plastic
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Da-Ye Sun
- Engineering Research Center of High Performance Plastic
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Zhen-Hua Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of High Performance Plastic
- Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
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Pezzella C, Guarino L, Piscitelli A. How to enjoy laccases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:923-40. [PMID: 25577278 PMCID: PMC11113763 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An analysis of the scientific literature published in the last 10 years reveals a constant growth of laccase applicative research in several industrial fields followed by the publication of a great number of patents. The Green Chemistry journal devoted the cover of its September 2014 issue to a laccase as greener alternative for chemical oxidation. This indicates that laccase "never-ending story" has found a new promising trend within the constant search for efficient (bio)catalysts able to meet the 12 green chemistry principles. A survey of ancient and cutting-edge uses of laccase in different industrial sectors is offered in this review with the aim both to underline their potential and to provide inspiration for new ones. Applications in textile and food fields have been deeply described, as well as examples concerning polymer synthesis and laccase-catalysed grafting. Recent applications in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Pezzella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy,
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Zhao YF, Zhu LP, Yi Z, Zhu BK, Xu YY. Zwitterionic hydrogel thin films as antifouling surface layers of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes anchored via reactive copolymer additive. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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van der Veen S, Nady N, Franssen MCR, Zuilhof H, Boom RM, Abee T, Schroën K. Listeria monocytogenesrepellence by enzymatically modified PES surfaces. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn van der Veen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; PO Box 18, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Norhan Nady
- Polymers Department; Advanced Technology and New Materials Research Institute (ATNMRI); New Boarg El-Arab City 21934 Alexandria Egypt
| | - Maurice C. R. Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Dreijenplein 8 6703 HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Dreijenplein 8 6703 HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Remko M. Boom
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Tjakko Abee
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; PO Box 18, 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Karin Schroën
- Laboratory of Food Process Engineering; Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
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Franssen MCR, Steunenberg P, Scott EL, Zuilhof H, Sanders JPM. Immobilised enzymes in biorenewables production. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:6491-533. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs00004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Enzyme-catalyzed modification of PES surfaces: reduction in adsorption of BSA, dextrin and tannin. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 378:191-200. [PMID: 22560487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ethersulfone) (PES) can be modified in a flexible manner using mild, environmentally benign components such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid, which can be attached to the surface via catalysis by the enzyme laccase. This leads to grafting of mostly linear polymeric chains (for 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and for gallic acid at low concentration and short modification time) and of networks (for gallic acid at high concentration and long exposure time). The reaction is stopped at a specific time, and the modified surfaces are tested for adsorption of BSA, dextrin and tannin using in-situ reflectometry and AFM imaging. At short modification times, the adsorption of BSA, dextrin and tannin is significantly reduced. However, at longer modification times, the adsorption increases again for both substrates. As the contact angle on modified surfaces at short modification times is reduced (indicative of more hydrophilic surfaces), and keeps the same low values at longer modification times, hydrophilicity is not the only determining factor for the measured differences. At longer modification times, intra-layer reactivity will increase the amount of cross-linking (especially for gallic acid), branching (for 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) and/or collapse of the polymer chains. This leads to more compact layers, which leads to increased protein adsorption. The modifications were shown to have clear potential for reduction of fouling by proteins, polysaccharides, and polyphenols, which could be related to the surface morphology.
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Nady N, Schroën K, Franssen MC, Mohy Eldin MS, Zuilhof H, Boom RM. Laccase-catalyzed modification of PES membranes with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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