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Jia S, Yang B, Du J, Xie Y, Yu L, Zhang Y, Tao T, Tang W, Gong J. Uncovering the Recent Progress of CNC-Derived Chirality Nanomaterials: Structure and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401664. [PMID: 38651220 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), as a renewable resource, with excellent mechanical performance, low thermal expansion coefficient, and unique optical performance, is becoming a novel candidate for the development of smart material. Herein, the recent progress of CNC-based chirality nanomaterials is uncovered, mainly covering structure regulations and function design. Undergoing a simple evaporation process, the cellulose nanorods can spontaneously assemble into chiral nematic films, accompanied by a vivid structural color. Various film structure-controlling strategies, including assembly means, physical modulation, additive engineering, surface modification, geometric structure regulation, and external field optimization, are summarized in this work. The intrinsic correlation between structure and performance is emphasized. Next, the applications of CNC-based nanomaterials is systematically reviewed. Layer-by-layer stacking structure and unique optical activity endow the nanomaterials with wide applications in the mineralization, bone regeneration, and synthesis of mesoporous materials. Besides, the vivid structural color broadens the functions in anti-counterfeiting engineering, synthesis of the shape-memory and self-healing materials. Finally, the challenges for the CNC-based nanomaterials are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhe Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Bingbing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yujiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Liuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Tiantian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Weiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Junbo Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China
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2
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Zhou H, Li T, Zhu E, Wang S, Zhang Q, Li X, Zhang L, Fan Y, Ma J, Wang Z. Dissolving-co-catalytic strategy for the preparation of flexible and wet-stable cellulose membrane towards biodegradable packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133454. [PMID: 38964692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In the realization of the goal of circular economy, cellulose as one of sustainable biomass resources, have attracted much attention because of their abundant sources, biodegradability and renewability. However, the mechanical and waterproof performance of cellulose-based materials are usually not satisfying, which limits their high-value utilization. In this study, cellulose membrane with high-performance from the aspects of mechanical properties, water-resistance ability, oxygen barrier capacity and biodegradability, was prepared from bleached hardwood pulp (HBKP) in a AlCl3/ZnCl2/H2O solution. The AlCl3/ZnCl2/H2O acted as both solvent and catalyst to dissolve cellulose and facilitate the chemical crosslinking of epichlorohydrin (EPI) with cellulose, thus improved the overall performance of the obtained cellulose membrane. The addition sequence, amount and crosslinking time of EPI during chemical crosslinking had important effects on the properties of the membranes. When 7 wt% EPI was crosslinked for 24 h, the tensile stress reached 133 MPa and the strain reached 17 %. Moreover, the membrane had excellent oxygen insulation down to (1.1 ± 0.31) × 10-4 cm3/m2·d·Pa, and good water-resistance ability, no obvious swelling behavior after 450 days of immersion in distilled water. Furthermore, the membrane could be degraded by microorganisms in about 20 days. This cellulose-based membrane offers a sustainable and biodegradable packaging material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Zhou
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Enqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shaoning Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yimin Fan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jinxia Ma
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China..
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China..
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Lou L, Rubfiaro AS, Deng V, He J, Thomas T, Roy M, Dickerson D, Agarwal A. Harnessing 3D Printing and Electrospinning for Multiscale Hybrid Patches Mimicking the Native Myocardium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37596-37612. [PMID: 38991102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Engineered cardiac tissues show potential for regenerative therapy in ischemic heart disease. Yet, selection of soft biomaterials for scaffold manufacturing is primarily influenced by empirical and compositional factors, raising concerns about arrhythmic risks due to poor electrophysiological integration. Addressing this, we developed multiscale hybrid myocardial patches mimicking native myocardium's structural and biomechanical attributes, utilizing 3D printing and electrospinning techniques. We compared three patch types: pure silicone and silicone-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) with random (S-PLGA-R) and aligned (S-PLGA-A) fibers. S-PLGA-A patches with fiber orientation angles of 95-115° are achieved by applying a secondary electrical field using two parallel aluminum enhancers. With bulk and localized moduli of 350-750 and 13-20 kPa resembling the native myocardium, S-PLGA-A patches demonstrate a sarcomere length of 2.1 ± 0.2 μm, ≥50% higher strain motions and diastolic phase, and a 50-70% slower rise of calcium handling compared to the other two patches. This enhanced maturation and improved synchronization phenomena are attributed to efficient force transmission and reduced stress concentration due to mechanical similarity and linear propagation of electrical signals. This study presents a promising strategy for advancing regenerative cardiac therapies by harnessing the capabilities of 3D printing and electrospinning, providing a proof-of-concept for their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Lou
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Alberto Sesena Rubfiaro
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Victor Deng
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Jin He
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Tony Thomas
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Mukesh Roy
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Darryl Dickerson
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, United States
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4
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Nakayama K, Sakakibara K. Machine learning strategy to improve impact strength for PP/cellulose composites via selection of biomass fillers. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2351356. [PMID: 38817247 PMCID: PMC11138231 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2351356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic materials have inherent complexities and natural nanoarchitectures, such as various chemical constituents in wood cell walls, structural factors such as fillers, surface properties, and variations in production. Recently, the development of lignocellulosic filler-reinforced polymer composites has attracted increasing attention due to their potential in various industries, which are recognized for environmental sustainability and impressive mechanical properties. The growing demand for these composites comes with increased complexity regarding their specifications. Conventional trial-and-error methods to achieve desired properties are time-intensive and costly, posing challenges to efficient production. Addressing these issues, our research employs a data-driven approach to streamline the development of lignocellulosic composites. In this study, we developed a machine learning (ML)-assisted prediction model for the impact energy of the lignocellulosic filler-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Firstly, we focused on the influence of natural supramolecular structures in biomass fillers, where the Fourier transform infrared spectra and the specific surface area are used, on the mechanical properties of the PP composites. Subsequently, the effectiveness of the ML model was verified by selecting and preparing promising composites. This model demonstrated sufficient accuracy for predicting the impact energy of the PP composites. In essence, this approach streamlines selecting wood species, saving valuable time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyuru Nakayama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keita Sakakibara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Hiroshima, Japan
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5
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Hao L, Mao H. Magnetically anisotropic hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6384-6402. [PMID: 37552036 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00744h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Many soft tissues of the human body possess hierarchically anisotropic structures, exhibiting orientation-specific mechanical properties and biological functionality. Hydrogels have been proposed as promising scaffold materials for tissue engineering applications due to their water-rich composition, excellent biocompatibility, and tunable physico-chemical properties. However, conventional hydrogels with homogeneous structures often exhibit isotropic properties that differ from those of biological tissues, limiting their further application. Recently, magnetically anisotropic hydrogels containing long-range ordered magneto-structures have attracted widespread interest owing to their highly controllable assembly strategy, rapid magnetic responsiveness and remote spatiotemporal regulation. In this review, we summarize the latest progress of magnetically anisotropic hydrogels for tissue engineering. The fabrication strategy of magnetically anisotropic hydrogels from magnetic nanofillers with different dimensions is systemically introduced. Then, the effects of magnetically anisotropic cues on the physicochemical properties of hydrogels and the cellular biological behavior are discussed. And the applications of magnetically anisotropic hydrogels in the engineering of different tissues are emphasized. Finally, the current challenges and the future perspectives for magnetically anisotropic hydrogels are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hao
- Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Hongli Mao
- Research Institute for Biomaterials, Tech Institute for Advanced Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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6
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Solhi L, Guccini V, Heise K, Solala I, Niinivaara E, Xu W, Mihhels K, Kröger M, Meng Z, Wohlert J, Tao H, Cranston ED, Kontturi E. Understanding Nanocellulose-Water Interactions: Turning a Detriment into an Asset. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1925-2015. [PMID: 36724185 PMCID: PMC9999435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Modern technology has enabled the isolation of nanocellulose from plant-based fibers, and the current trend focuses on utilizing nanocellulose in a broad range of sustainable materials applications. Water is generally seen as a detrimental component when in contact with nanocellulose-based materials, just like it is harmful for traditional cellulosic materials such as paper or cardboard. However, water is an integral component in plants, and many applications of nanocellulose already accept the presence of water or make use of it. This review gives a comprehensive account of nanocellulose-water interactions and their repercussions in all key areas of contemporary research: fundamental physical chemistry, chemical modification of nanocellulose, materials applications, and analytical methods to map the water interactions and the effect of water on a nanocellulose matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Solhi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Valentina Guccini
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Iina Solala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, TurkuFI-20500, Finland
| | - Karl Mihhels
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Marcel Kröger
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland.,Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou325001, China
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre (WWSC), Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Han Tao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
| | - Emily D Cranston
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British ColumbiaV6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, EspooFI-00076, Finland
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7
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Szymkowiak JK, Walters CM, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Tuning the Properties of Chiral Nematic Mesoporous (Organo)silica Through Thiol‐Ene Click Chemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K. Szymkowiak
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Christopher M. Walters
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Wadood Y. Hamad
- Transformation and Interfaces Group Bioproducts Innovation Centre of Excellence FPInnovations 2665 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Mark J. MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute University of British Columbia 2355 East Mall Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920–1192 Japan
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8
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Zhao X, Chen S, Wu Z, Sheng N, Zhang M, Liang Q, Han Z, Wang H. Toward continuous high-performance bacterial cellulose macrofibers by implementing grading-stretching in spinning. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 282:119133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Hu F, Zeng J, Li J, Wang B, Cheng Z, Wang T, Chen K. Mechanically Strong Electrically Insulated Nanopapers with High UV Resistance Derived from Aramid Nanofibers and Cellulose Nanofibrils. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:14640-14653. [PMID: 35290013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aramid nanofibers (ANFs) have great potential for civil and military applications due to their remarkable mechanical modulus, excellent chemical reliability, and superior thermostability. Unfortunately, the weak combination of neighboring ANFs limits the mechanical properties of ANF-based materials owing to their inherent rigidity and chemical inertness. Herein, high-performance nanopapers are fabricated by introducing a tiny amount of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) to serve as reinforcing blocks via vacuum filtration. As a result of the formation of nanosized building blocks and hydrogen-bonding interaction of CNFs, the resultant ANF/CNF nanopaper yields a record-high tensile strength (406.43 ± 16.93 MPa) and toughness (86.13 ± 5.22 MJ m-3), which are 1.8 and 4.3 times higher than those of the pure ANF nanopaper, respectively. When normalized by weight, the specific tensile strength of the nanopaper is as high as 307.90 MPa·g-1·cm3, which is even significantly superior to that of titanium alloys (257 MPa·g-1·cm3). The ANF/CNF nanopaper also possesses excellent dielectric strength (53.42 kV mm-1), superior UV-shielding performance (≥99.999% absorption for ultraviolet radiation), and a favorable thermostability (Tonset = 530 °C). This study proposes a new design strategy for developing ultrathin ANF-based nanopapers combined with high reliability and thermostability for application in high-end electrical insulation fields, such as 5G communication, wearable electronics, and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fugang Hu
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinsong Zeng
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zheng Cheng
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Tianguang Wang
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kefu Chen
- Plant Fiber Material Science Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Plant Fiber High-Valued Cleaning Utilization Engineering Technology Research Center, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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10
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Magnetic field-assisted aligned patterning in an alginate-silk fibroin/nanocellulose composite for guided wound healing. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Khuu N, Kheiri S, Kumacheva E. Structurally anisotropic hydrogels for tissue engineering. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Yang Y, Huang H, Xu D, Wang X, Chen Y, Wang X, Zhang K. 3D Hollow Xerogels with Ordered Cellulose Nanocrystals for Tailored Mechanical Properties. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104702. [PMID: 34705326 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advanced materials with aligned cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted much attention due to their remarkable mechanical and optical properties, but most of them still focus on 1D or 2D architectures. Herein, complex 3D architectures as pseudo catenoid hollow xerogels with aligned CNCs are prepared from dynamic hydrogels by mechanical stretching and air-drying process. Aligned CNCs endow the pseudo catenoids with distinct birefringence in addition to reinforcement. The mechanical properties of pseudo catenoid architecture are revealed for the first time to be controlled at two stages on diverse length scales. Both the aligned CNCs on the nanoscale and the geometry of the xerogels affect the mechanical properties. The inwardly curved surface of the pseudo catenoid xerogel makes the structure conducive to energy dissipation. These both stages of controls on the mechanical properties can be adjusted by changing the morphology of the initial hydrogels and the mechanical stretching ratios. These results will provide a new perspective for the design and manufacture advanced materials with tailored mechanical properties and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Heqin Huang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dan Xu
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 4, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Otoni CG, Beaumont M, Majoinen J, Kämäräinen T, Rojas OJ. Deconstruction and Reassembly of Renewable Polymers and Biocolloids into Next Generation Structured Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14088-14188. [PMID: 34415732 PMCID: PMC8630709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the most recent developments in supramolecular and supraparticle structures obtained from natural, renewable biopolymers as well as their disassembly and reassembly into engineered materials. We introduce the main interactions that control bottom-up synthesis and top-down design at different length scales, highlighting the promise of natural biopolymers and associated building blocks. The latter have become main actors in the recent surge of the scientific and patent literature related to the subject. Such developments make prominent use of multicomponent and hierarchical polymeric assemblies and structures that contain polysaccharides (cellulose, chitin, and others), polyphenols (lignins, tannins), and proteins (soy, whey, silk, and other proteins). We offer a comprehensive discussion about the interactions that exist in their native architectures (including multicomponent and composite forms), the chemical modification of polysaccharides and their deconstruction into high axial aspect nanofibers and nanorods. We reflect on the availability and suitability of the latter types of building blocks to enable superstructures and colloidal associations. As far as processing, we describe the most relevant transitions, from the solution to the gel state and the routes that can be used to arrive to consolidated materials with prescribed properties. We highlight the implementation of supramolecular and superstructures in different technological fields that exploit the synergies exhibited by renewable polymers and biocolloids integrated in structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bruno D. Mattos
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Caio G. Otoni
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, P.O. Box 6154, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Department
of Materials Engineering, Federal University
of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, São
Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marco Beaumont
- School
of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University
of Technology, 2 George
Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Johanna Majoinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Yang X, Bonnett BL, Spiering GA, Cornell HD, Gibbons BJ, Moore RB, Foster EJ, Morris AJ. Understanding the Mechanical Reinforcement of Metal-Organic Framework-Polymer Composites: The Effect of Aspect Ratio. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:51894-51905. [PMID: 34086436 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aspect ratio (AR) of filler particles is one of the most critical determinants for the mechanical properties of particle-reinforced polymer composites. However, it has been challenging to solely study the effect of particle AR due to the difficulties of controlling AR without altering the physical and chemical properties of the particle. Herein, we synthesized PCN-222, a zirconium-based porphyrinic metal-organic framework (MOF) with preferential longitudinal growth as a series of particles with ARs increasing from 3.4 to 54. The synthetic MOF conditions allowed for the chemical properties of the particles to remain constant over the series. The particles were employed as reinforcers for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). MOF-polymer composite films were fabricated using doctor-blading techniques, which facilitated particle dispersion and alignment in the PMMA matrix, as revealed by optical microscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Mechanical measurements showed that both elastic and dynamic moduli increased with particle AR and particle concentrations but started to decrease as particle loading increased beyond 0.5 wt % (1.12 vol %). The data obtained at low particle loadings were fitted well with the Halpin-Tsai model. In contrast, the percolation model and the Cox model were unable to adequately fit the data, indicating the mechanical reinforcement in our system mainly originated from efficient load transfer between particles and the matrix in the particle orienting direction. Finally, we showed that the thermal stability of composite films increased with the addition of MOF particles because of the high thermal degradation temperature and restricted polymer chain mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Brittany L Bonnett
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Glenn A Spiering
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Hannah D Cornell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Bradley J Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Robert B Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - E Johan Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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15
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Meng Y, Long Z, He Z, Fu X, Dong C. Chiral Cellulose Nanocrystal Humidity-Responsive Iridescent Films with Glucan for Tuned Iridescence and Reinforced Mechanics. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4479-4488. [PMID: 34605629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of biomimetic photonic materials with environmental stimuli-responsive functions from entirely biobased materials is becoming increasingly challenging with the growing demand for biodegradable materials. Herein, the effect of glucan with different molecular weights on the mechanical performance and tunable structural color of iridescent CNC composite films was investigated. The existence of glucan did not influence the self-assembly performance of CNCs, but rather led to an improvement in the mechanical performance, enabling cholesteric CNC composite films with an adjustable structural color. Simultaneously, the iridescent films showed a conspicuous redshift and enlarged initial pitch without obstruction of the chiral structure. In response to environmental humidity, the structural colors of the iridescent composite films can be changed by regulating their chiral nematic structure. In particular, the films demonstrate a reversible structural color change between blue and red at RH between 50 and 98%. The resulting biobased iridescent composite films have potential applications in decorative coating, optical and humidity sensing, and anticounterfeiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhu Long
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibin He
- Limerick Pulp and Paper Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Xiaotong Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuihua Dong
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, People's Republic of China
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16
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Cao L, Huang J, Fan J, Gong Z, Xu C, Chen Y. Nanocellulose-A Sustainable and Efficient Nanofiller for Rubber Nanocomposites: From Reinforcement to Smart Soft Materials. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.2001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Cao
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer, School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Huang
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer, School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Fan
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer, School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Gong
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer, School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- Lab of Advanced Elastomer, School of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Zhongshan Institute of Modern Industrial Technology, South China University of Technology, Zhongshan, China
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17
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Brouzet C, Mittal N, Rosén T, Takeda Y, Söderberg LD, Lundell F, Takana H. Effect of Electric Field on the Hydrodynamic Assembly of Polydisperse and Entangled Fibrillar Suspensions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:8339-8347. [PMID: 34176263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamics of colloidal particles can be controlled by the application of electric fields at micrometer-nanometer length scales. Here, an electric field-coupled microfluidic flow-focusing device is designed for investigating the effect of an externally applied alternating current (AC) electric field on the hydrodynamic assembly of cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). We first discuss how the nanofibrils align parallel to the direction of the applied field without flow. Then, we apply an electric field during hydrodynamic assembly in the microfluidic channel and observe the effects on the mechanical properties of the assembled nanostructures. We further discuss the nanoscale orientational dynamics of the polydisperse and entangled fibrillar suspension of CNFs in the channel. It is shown that electric fields induced with the electrodes locally increase the degree of orientation. However, hydrodynamic alignment is demonstrated to be much more efficient than the electric field for aligning CNFs. The results are useful for understanding the development of the nanostructure when designing high-performance materials with microfluidics in the presence of external stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Brouzet
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Nitesh Mittal
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Tomas Rosén
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Yusuke Takeda
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - L Daniel Söderberg
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lundell
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center and Linné FLOW Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Hidemasa Takana
- Institute of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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18
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Ajdary R, Tardy BL, Mattos BD, Bai L, Rojas OJ. Plant Nanomaterials and Inspiration from Nature: Water Interactions and Hierarchically Structured Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001085. [PMID: 32537860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in the area of plant-based hydrogels are introduced, especially those derived from wood as a widely available, multiscale, and hierarchical source of nanomaterials, as well as other cell wall elements. With water being fundamental in a hydrogel, water interactions, hydration, and swelling, all critically important in designing, processing, and achieving the desired properties of sustainable and functional hydrogels, are highlighted. A plant, by itself, is a form of a hydrogel, at least at given states of development, and for this reason phenomena such as fluid transport, diffusion, capillarity, and ionic effects are examined. These aspects are highly relevant not only to plants, especially lignified tissues, but also to the porous structures produced after removal of water (foams, sponges, cryogels, xerogels, and aerogels). Thus, a useful source of critical and comprehensive information is provided regarding the synthesis of hydrogels from plant materials (and especially wood nanostructures), and about the role of water, not only for processing but for developing hydrogel properties and uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubina Ajdary
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Bruno D Mattos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
| | - Long Bai
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and, Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Aalto, Espoo, FIN-00076, Finland
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and, Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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19
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Ray U, Zhu S, Pang Z, Li T. Mechanics Design in Cellulose-Enabled High-Performance Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002504. [PMID: 32794349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of cellulose found in natural resources such as wood, and the wide spectrum of structural diversity of cellulose nanomaterials in the form of micro-nano-sized particles and fibers, have sparked a tremendous interest to utilize cellulose's intriguing mechanical properties in designing high-performance functional materials, where cellulose's structure-mechanics relationships are pivotal. In this progress report, multiscale mechanics understanding of cellulose, including the key role of hydrogen bonding, the dependence of structural interfaces on the spatial hydrogen bond density, the effect of nanofiber size and orientation on the fracture toughness, are discussed along with recent development on enabling experimental design techniques such as structural alteration, manipulation of anisotropy, interface and topology engineering. Progress in these fronts renders cellulose a prospect of being effectuated in an array of emerging sustainable applications and being fabricated into high-performance structural materials that are both strong and tough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upamanyu Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shuze Zhu
- Center for X-Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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20
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De France K, Zeng Z, Wu T, Nyström G. Functional Materials from Nanocellulose: Utilizing Structure-Property Relationships in Bottom-Up Fabrication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000657. [PMID: 32267033 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is inherently challenging to recapitulate the precise hierarchical architectures found throughout nature (such as in wood, antler, bone, and silk) using synthetic bottom-up fabrication strategies. However, as a renewable and naturally sourced nanoscale building block, nanocellulose-both cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose nanofibrils-has gained significant research interest within this area. Altogether, the intrinsic shape anisotropy, surface charge/chemistry, and mechanical/rheological properties are some of the critical material properties leading to advanced structure-based functionality within nanocellulose-based bottom-up fabricated materials. Herein, the organization of nanocellulose into biomimetic-aligned, porous, and fibrous materials through a variety of fabrication techniques is presented. Moreover, sophisticated material structuring arising from both the alignment of nanocellulose and via specific process-induced methods is covered. In particular, design rules based on the underlying fundamental properties of nanocellulose are established and discussed as related to their influence on material assembly and resulting structure/function. Finally, key advancements and critical challenges within the field are highlighted, paving the way for the fabrication of truly advanced materials from nanocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin De France
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zhihui Zeng
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Tingting Wu
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Laboratory for Cellulose and Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
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21
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de la Harpe KM, Kondiah PPD, Marimuthu T, Choonara YE. Advances in carbohydrate-based polymers for the design of suture materials: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117860. [PMID: 33766349 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Suture materials constitute one of the largest biomedical material groups with a huge global market of $ 1.3 billion annually and employment in over 12 million procedures per year. Suture materials have radically evolved over the years, from basic strips of linen to more advanced synthetic polymer sutures. Yet, the journey to the ideal suture material is far from over and we now stand on the brink of a new era of improved suture materials with greater safety and efficacy. This next step in the evolutionary timeline of suture materials, involves the use of natural, carbohydrate polymers that have, until recent years, never before been considered for suture material applications. This review exposes the latest and most important advancements in suture material development while digging deep into how natural, carbohydrate polymers can serve to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M de la Harpe
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Pierre P D Kondiah
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Thashree Marimuthu
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa.
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22
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Li K, Clarkson CM, Wang L, Liu Y, Lamm M, Pang Z, Zhou Y, Qian J, Tajvidi M, Gardner DJ, Tekinalp H, Hu L, Li T, Ragauskas AJ, Youngblood JP, Ozcan S. Alignment of Cellulose Nanofibers: Harnessing Nanoscale Properties to Macroscale Benefits. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3646-3673. [PMID: 33599500 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nature, cellulose nanofibers form hierarchical structures across multiple length scales to achieve high-performance properties and different functionalities. Cellulose nanofibers, which are separated from plants or synthesized biologically, are being extensively investigated and processed into different materials owing to their good properties. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers is reported to significantly influence the performance of cellulose nanofiber-based materials. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers can bridge the nanoscale and macroscale, bringing enhanced nanoscale properties to high-performance macroscale materials. However, compared with extensive reviews on the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals, reviews focusing on cellulose nanofibers are seldom reported, possibly because of the challenge of aligning cellulose nanofibers. In this review, the alignment of cellulose nanofibers, including cellulose nanofibrils and bacterial cellulose, is extensively discussed from different aspects of the driving force, evaluation, strategies, properties, and applications. Future perspectives on challenges and opportunities in cellulose nanofiber alignment are also briefly highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Caitlyn M Clarkson
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Meghan Lamm
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yubing Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ji Qian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mehdi Tajvidi
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Douglas J Gardner
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, Maine 04469, United States
| | - Halil Tekinalp
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Arthur J Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, The University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- UTK-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Science, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Manufacturing Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
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23
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Shishehbor M, Son H, Nuruddin M, Youngblood JP, Davis C, Zavattieri PD. Influence of alignment and microstructure features on the mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) films. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 118:104399. [PMID: 33662741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films critically depend on many microstructural parameters such as fiber length distribution (FLD), fiber orientation distribution (FOD), and the strength of the interactions between the fibers. In this paper, we use our coarse-grained molecular model of CNC to study the effect of length and orientation distribution and attractions between CNCs on the mechanical properties of neat CNCs. The effect of misalignment of a 2D staggered structure of CNC with respect to the loading direction was studied with simulations and analytical solutions and then verified with experiments. To understand the effect of FLD and FOD on the mechanical performance, various 3D microstructures representing different case studies such as highly aligned, randomly distributed, short length CNCs and long length CNCs were generated and simulated. According to the misalignment study, three different failure modes: sliding mode, mixed mode, and normal mode were defined. Also, comparing the effects of FOD, FLD, and CNC interaction strength, shows that the adhesion strength is the only parameter that can significantly improve the mechanical properties, regardless of loading direction or FOD of CNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shishehbor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Hyeyoung Son
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Chelsea Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Pablo D Zavattieri
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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24
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Nissilä T, Wei J, Geng S, Teleman A, Oksman K. Ice-Templated Cellulose Nanofiber Filaments as a Reinforcement Material in Epoxy Composites. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11020490. [PMID: 33672079 PMCID: PMC7919639 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Finding renewable alternatives to the commonly used reinforcement materials in composites is attracting a significant amount of research interest. Nanocellulose is a promising candidate owing to its wide availability and favorable properties such as high Young’s modulus. This study addressed the major problems inherent to cellulose nanocomposites, namely, controlling the fiber structure and obtaining a sufficient interfacial adhesion between nanocellulose and a non-hydrophilic matrix. Unidirectionally aligned cellulose nanofiber filament mats were obtained via ice-templating, and chemical vapor deposition was used to cover the filament surfaces with an aminosilane before impregnating the mats with a bio-epoxy resin. The process resulted in cellulose nanocomposites with an oriented structure and a strong fiber–matrix interface. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed the presence of silane on the filaments. The improved interface, resulting from the surface treatment, was observable in electron microscopy images and was further confirmed by the significant increase in the tan delta peak temperature. The storage modulus of the matrix could be improved up to 2.5-fold with 18 wt% filament content and was significantly higher in the filament direction. Wide-angle X-ray scattering was used to study the orientation of cellulose nanofibers in the filament mats and the composites, and the corresponding orientation indices were 0.6 and 0.53, respectively, indicating a significant level of alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuukka Nissilä
- Fibre and Particle Engineering Research Unit, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Jiayuan Wei
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Shiyu Geng
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.G.)
| | - Anita Teleman
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SE-11428 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Kristiina Oksman
- Division of Materials Science, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden; (J.W.); (S.G.)
- Mechanical & Industrial Engineering (MIE), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Correspondence:
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25
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Li J, Jia X, Yin L. Hydrogel: Diversity of Structures and Applications in Food Science. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1858313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Jia
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Yin
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, P.R. China
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26
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Lossada F, Hoenders D, Guo J, Jiao D, Walther A. Self-Assembled Bioinspired Nanocomposites. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2622-2635. [PMID: 32991139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bioinspired materials engineering impacts the design of advanced functional materials across many domains of sciences from wetting behavior to optical and mechanical materials. In all cases, the advances in understanding how biology uses hierarchical design to create failure and defect-tolerant materials with emergent properties lays the groundwork for engaging into these topics. Biological mechanical materials are particularly inspiring for their unique combinations of stiffness, strength, and toughness together with lightweightness, as assembled and grown in water from a limited set of building blocks at room temperature. Wood, nacre, crustacean cuticles, and spider silk serve as some examples, where the correct arrangement of constituents and balanced molecular energy dissipation mechanisms allows overcoming the shortcomings of the individual components and leads to synergistic materials performance beyond additive behavior. They constitute a paradigm for future structural materials engineering-in the formation process, the use of sustainable building blocks and energy-efficient pathways, as well as in the property profiles-that will in the long term allow for new classes of high-performance and lightweight structural materials needed to promote energy efficiency in mobile technologies.This Account summarizes our efforts of the past decade with respect to designing self-assembling bioinspired materials aiming for both mechanical high-performance structures and new types of multifunctional property profiles. The Account is set out to first give a definition of bioinspired nanocomposite materials and self-assembly therein, followed by an in-depth discussion on the understanding of mechanical performance and rational design to increase the mechanical performance. We place a particular emphasis on materials formed at high fractions of reinforcements and with tailor-made functional polymers using self-assembly to create highly ordered structures and elucidate in detail how the soft polymer phase needs to be designed in terms of thermomechanical properties and sacrificial supramolecular bonds. We focus on nanoscale reinforcements such as nanoclay and nanocellulose that lead to high contents of internal interfaces and intercalated polymer layers that experience nanoconfinement. Both aspects add fundamental challenges for macromolecular design of soft phases using precision polymer synthesis. We build upon those design criteria and further develop the concepts of adaptive bioinspired nanocomposites, whose properties are switchable from the outside using molecularly defined triggers with light. In a last section, we discuss how new types of functional properties, in particular flexible and transparent gas barrier materials or fire barrier materials, can be reached on the basis of the bioinspired nanocomposite design strategies. Additionally, we show new types of self-assembled photonic materials that can even be evolved into self-assembling lasers, hence moving the concept of mechanical nanocomposite design to other functionalities.The comparative discussion of different bioinspired nanocomposite architectures with nematic, fibrillar, and cholesteric structures, as based on different reinforcing nanoparticles, aims for a unified understanding of the design principles and shall aid researchers in the field in the more elaborate design of future bioinspired nanocomposite materials based on molecular control principles. We conclude by addressing challenges, in particular also the need for a transfer from fundamental molecular materials science into scalable engineering materials of technological and societal relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Lossada
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoenders
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dejin Jiao
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab—Active, Adaptive and Autonomous Bioinspired Materials, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS@FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
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27
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Fu Q, Tu K, Goldhahn C, Keplinger T, Adobes-Vidal M, Sorieul M, Burgert I. Luminescent and Hydrophobic Wood Films as Optical Lighting Materials. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13775-13783. [PMID: 32986407 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most materials used for optical lighting applications need to produce a uniform illumination and require high mechanical and hydrophobic properties. However, they are rarely eco-friendly. Herein, a bio-based, polymer matrix-free, luminescent, and hydrophobic film with excellent mechanical properties for optical lighting purposes is demonstrated. A template is prepared by turning a wood veneer into porous scaffold from which most of the lignin and half of the hemicelluloses are removed. The infiltration of quantum dots (CdSe/ZnS) into the porous template prior to densification resulted in almost uniform luminescence (isotropic light scattering) and could be extended to various quantum dot particles, generating different light colors. In a subsequent step, the luminescent wood film is coated with hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) via chemical vapor deposition. The presence of the quantum dots coupled with the HDTMS coating renders the film hydrophobic (water contact angle ≈ 140°). This top-down process strongly eliminates lumen cavities and preserves the orientation of the original cellulose fibrils to create luminescent and polymer matrix-free films with high modulus and strength in the direction of fibers. The proposed optical lighting material could be attractive for interior designs (e.g., lamps and laminated cover panels), photonics, and laser devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Fu
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Kunkun Tu
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Goldhahn
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Sorieul
- Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Ingo Burgert
- Wood Materials Science, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Cellulose and Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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28
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Ghasemlou M, Daver F, Ivanova EP, Murdoch BJ, Adhikari B. Use of Synergistic Interactions to Fabricate Transparent and Mechanically Robust Nanohybrids Based on Starch, Non-Isocyanate Polyurethanes, and Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:47865-47878. [PMID: 33040521 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on petroleum-based resources have aroused widespread concern because of their environmental and healthcare footprints. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are at the cutting edge of current research because of their great promise in developing sustainable and high-performance materials. To establish a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic reinforcement effect of CNCs, we introduced a new method to fabricate all-green, transparent, and mechanically robust nanohybrid materials using CNCs in conjunction with gelatinized starch (GS) and polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs). The synergistic interaction between the CNC skeleton and the GS/PHU network enabled us to span exceptionally stiff nanohybrids that could withstand up to 8.5 MPa tensile strength. The tunable mechanical properties and enhanced thermal stability in these nanohybrids primarily arise from the presence of dense hydroxyl groups on the CNCs' surface, which offer a robust scaffold for fortified hydrogen bonds to form with GS/PHU domains. The multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonds synergistically served as highly stable associations and concurrently facilitated energy dissipation and transferred the stress across the interfacial region. The rational design of the molecular interactions presented in this work provided increased opportunities to build nanohybrids with outstanding mechanical performance. More broadly, the insights afforded by this study not only delivered a better understanding on the molecular-level interactions in the CNC/GS/PHU system but also enriched the potential for the commercial exploration of tunable cellulosic nanohybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Ghasemlou
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Fugen Daver
- School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Elena P Ivanova
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Billy J Murdoch
- RMIT Microscopy and Microanalysis Facility, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Benu Adhikari
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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29
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Walther A, Lossada F, Benselfelt T, Kriechbaum K, Berglund L, Ikkala O, Saito T, Wågberg L, Bergström L. Best Practice for Reporting Wet Mechanical Properties of Nanocellulose-Based Materials. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2536-2540. [PMID: 32233473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose-based materials and nanocomposites show extraordinary mechanical properties with high stiffness, strength, and toughness. Although the last decade has witnessed great progress in understanding the mechanical properties of these materials, a crucial challenge is to identify pathways to introduce high wet strength, which is a critical parameter for commercial applications. Because of the waterborne fabrication methods, nanocellulose-based materials are prone to swelling by both adsorption of moist air or liquid water. Unfortunately, there is currently no best practice on how to take the swelling into account when reporting mechanical properties at different relative humidity or when measuring the mechanical properties of fully hydrated materials. This limits and in parts fully prevents comparisons between different studies. We review current approaches and propose a best practice for measuring and reporting mechanical properties of wet nanocellulose-based materials, highlighting the importance of swelling and the correlation between mechanical properties and volume expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Walther
- A3BMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence "Living, Adaptive and Energy-Autonomous Materials Systems" (livMatS), 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francisco Lossada
- A3BMS Lab, Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Konstantin Kriechbaum
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Berglund
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Molecular Materials, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 2, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.,Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Bergström
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratory, Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Xia Y, Liu X, Qiang Z, Yang J, Zhang B, Hu Z, Wang Q, Wu W, Duan Y, Fu KK, Zhang J. Electric Field-Induced Assembly and Alignment of Silver-Coated Cellulose for Polymer Composite Films with Enhanced Dielectric Permittivity and Anisotropic Light Transmission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:24242-24249. [PMID: 32314564 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multifarious wearable electronics with flexible touch screens have been invented for extensive outdoor activities. One challenge associated with these wearable electronics is the development of materials with both high dielectric permittivity and anisotropic light transmission, which is responsible for high touch sensitivity and screen peep-proof protection, respectively. Herein, we demonstrated a scalable approach for assembling and aligning anisotropic cellulose in a polymer matrix through the thickness direction via the assistance of an electric field to address this challenge. The alignment of silver-coated fibrillated celluloses in the polymer matrix not only significantly increases dielectric permittivity but also effectively enhances optical anisotropy. The impact of alignment degree and filler content on the dielectric and optical properties of polymer composite films has been systematically studied. The kinetics and aligning mechanisms of silver-coated fibrillated celluloses are revealed by in situ optical microscope images while an electric field is applied. We believe that this study provides a facile strategy to enhance both dielectric permittivity and optical anisotropy of polymer composite films by the alignment of embedding nanoparticles via an AC electric field, which is essential for future flexible electronics and display technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
| | - Yumin Xia
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, College of Science, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education and Flexible Display Materials and Technology Co-innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jiying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
| | - Bailang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
| | - Zhendong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
| | - Weifei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
| | - Kun Kelvin Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao City 266042, China
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31
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Prathapan R, Tabor RF, Garnier G, Hu J. Recent Progress in Cellulose Nanocrystal Alignment and Its Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1828-1844. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ragesh Prathapan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Rico F. Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Bioresources Processing Research Institute of Australia (BioPRIA), Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jinguang Hu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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32
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Stimuli induced cellulose nanomaterials alignment and its emerging applications: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 230:115609. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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33
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Gao HL, Zhao R, Cui C, Zhu YB, Chen SM, Pan Z, Meng YF, Wen SM, Liu C, Wu HA, Yu SH. Bioinspired hierarchical helical nanocomposite macrofibers based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:73-83. [PMID: 34692019 PMCID: PMC8289019 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-sourced nanocellulosic materials are promising candidates for spinning high-performance sustainable macrofibers for advanced applications. Various strategies have been pursued to gain nanocellulose-based macrofibers with improved strength. However, nearly all of them have been achieved at the expense of their elongation and toughness. Inspired by the widely existed hierarchical helical and nanocomposite structural features in biosynthesized fibers exhibiting exceptional combinations of strength and toughness, we report a design strategy to make nanocellulose-based macrofibers with similar characteristics. By combining a facile wet-spinning process with a subsequent multiple wet-twisting procedure, we successfully obtain biomimetic hierarchical helical nanocomposite macrofibers based on bacterial cellulose nanofibers, realizing impressive improvement in their tensile strength, elongation and toughness simultaneously. The achievement certifies the validity of the bioinspired hierarchical helical and nanocomposite structural design proposed here. This bioinspired design strategy provides a potential platform for further optimizing or creating many more strong and tough nanocomposite fiber materials for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Ling Gao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yin-Bo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Si-Ming Chen
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhao Pan
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yu-Feng Meng
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shao-Meng Wen
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Heng-An Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Hefei Science Center of CAS, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, CAS Center for Excellence in Complex System Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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34
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Patel DK, Dutta SD, Lim KT. Nanocellulose-based polymer hybrids and their emerging applications in biomedical engineering and water purification. RSC Adv 2019; 9:19143-19162. [PMID: 35516880 PMCID: PMC9065078 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03261d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocellulose, derived from cellulose hydrolysis, has unique optical and mechanical properties, high surface area, and good biocompatibility. It is frequently used as a reinforcing agent to improve the native properties of materials. The presence of functional groups in its surface enables the alteration of its behavior and its use under different conditions. Nanocellulose is typically used in the form of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), or bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs and CNFs have a high aspect ratio with typical lengths of ∼100-250 nm and 0.1-2 μm, respectively; BNC is nanostructured cellulose produced by bacteria. Nanohybrid materials are a combination of organic or inorganic nanomaterials with macromolecules forming a single composite and typically exhibit superior optical, thermal, and mechanical properties to those of native polymers, owing to the greater interactions between the macromolecule matrix and the nanomaterials. Excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability make nanocellulose an ideal material for applications in biomedicine. Unlike native polymers, nanocellulose-based nanohybrids exhibit a sustained drug release ability, which can be further optimized by changing the content or chemical environment of the nanocellulose, as well as the external stimuli, such as the pH and electric fields. In this review, we describe the process of extraction of nanocellulose from different natural sources; its effects on the structural, morphological, and mechanical properties of polymers; and its various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Patel
- The Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Republic of Korea
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35
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Souza SF, Mariano M, De Farias MA, Bernardes JS. Effect of depletion forces on the morphological structure of carboxymethyl cellulose and micro/nano cellulose fiber suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 538:228-236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Kedzior SA, Kiriakou M, Niinivaara E, Dubé MA, Fraschini C, Berry RM, Cranston ED. Incorporating Cellulose Nanocrystals into the Core of Polymer Latex Particles via Polymer Grafting. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:990-996. [PMID: 35650951 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization was used to graft hydrophobic poly(butyl acrylate) from cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) resulting in compatibilized CNCs that were successfully incorporated inside the core of polymer latex particles. CNCs are anisotropic nanoparticles derived from renewable resources and have potential as reinforcing agents in nanocomposites. However, challenges due to the incompatibility between cellulose and hydrophobic polymers and processing difficulties, such as aggregation, have limited the performance of CNC nanocomposites produced to date. Here, CNCs were incorporated into the miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate by adding polymer-grafted CNCs to the monomer phase. A poly(methyl methacrylate)-CNC nanocomposite latex was subsequently produced in situ, whereby polymer-grafted CNCs (with optimized graft length) were located inside the latex particles, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. This work provides a method for controlling the location of CNCs in latex-based nanocomposites and may extend the use of CNCs in commercial adhesives and coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Kedzior
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Michael Kiriakou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Elina Niinivaara
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
| | - Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Centre for Catalyst Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Pvt., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Carole Fraschini
- FPInnovations, 570 Boulevard St. Jean, Pointe-Claire, Quebec, Canada, H9R 3J9
| | - Richard M. Berry
- CelluForce Inc., 625 Président-Kennedy Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1K2
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, L8S 4L7
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37
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Mohammadi P, Aranko AS, Lemetti L, Cenev Z, Zhou Q, Virtanen S, Landowski CP, Penttilä M, Fischer WJ, Wagermaier W, Linder MB. Phase transitions as intermediate steps in the formation of molecularly engineered protein fibers. Commun Biol 2018; 1:86. [PMID: 30271967 PMCID: PMC6123624 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0090-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A central concept in molecular bioscience is how structure formation at different length scales is achieved. Here we use spider silk protein as a model to design new recombinant proteins that assemble into fibers. We made proteins with a three-block architecture with folded globular domains at each terminus of a truncated repetitive silk sequence. Aqueous solutions of these engineered proteins undergo liquid-liquid phase separation as an essential pre-assembly step before fibers can form by drawing in air. We show that two different forms of phase separation occur depending on solution conditions, but only one form leads to fiber assembly. Structural variants with one-block or two-block architectures do not lead to fibers. Fibers show strong adhesion to surfaces and self-fusing properties when placed into contact with each other. Our results show a link between protein architecture and phase separation behavior suggesting a general approach for understanding protein assembly from dilute solutions into functional structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - A Sesilja Aranko
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Laura Lemetti
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zoran Cenev
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Salla Virtanen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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38
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Yang J, Xiong L, Li M, Sun Q. Chitosan-Sodium Phytate Films with a Strong Water Barrier and Antimicrobial Properties Produced via One-Step-Consecutive-Stripping and Layer-by-Layer-Casting Technologies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6104-6115. [PMID: 29856622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of sustainable functional materials requires the development of materials based on renewable resources and efficient fabrication methods. Here, we first fabricated chitosan-sodium phytate films via one-step-stripping and layer-by-layer-casting technologies. The proposed film-fabrication methods are general, facile, environmentally benign, cost-effective, and easy to scale up. The resultant one-step-stripped film was thin (9 ± 1 μm), soft, transparent, and strong, whereas the thickness of the layer-by-layer-cast film was 70 ± 3 μm. FTIR analysis of the films indicated the formation of interactions between the phosphoric groups in sodium phytate and the amino groups in chitosan. More importantly, the water-vapor-permeability values of the one-step-stripped and cast films were 4-5 orders of magnitude lower than chitosan films reported before. Layer-by-layer-cast films in particular exhibited high tensile strength (49.21 ± 1.12 MPa) and were more than three times stronger than other polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Both types of films remained stable in an acidic environment. Furthermore, the layer-by-layer-assembled films presented greater antimicrobial activity than the stripped films. The developed chitosan-sodium phytate films can enhance several biomedical and environmental applications, such as packaging, drug delivery, diagnostics, microfluidics, and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Qingdao Agricultural University , 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang District, Qingdao , Shandong Province 266109 , China
| | - Liu Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Qingdao Agricultural University , 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang District, Qingdao , Shandong Province 266109 , China
| | - Man Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Qingdao Agricultural University , 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang District, Qingdao , Shandong Province 266109 , China
| | - Qingjie Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Qingdao Agricultural University , 700 Changcheng Road , Chengyang District, Qingdao , Shandong Province 266109 , China
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39
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Plappert SF, Quraishi S, Pircher N, Mikkonen KS, Veigel S, Klinger KM, Potthast A, Rosenau T, Liebner FW. Transparent, Flexible, and Strong 2,3-Dialdehyde Cellulose Films with High Oxygen Barrier Properties. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2969-2978. [PMID: 29757619 PMCID: PMC6041771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
2,3-Dialdehyde
cellulose (DAC) of a high degree of oxidation (92%
relative to AGU units) prepared by oxidation of microcrystalline cellulose
with sodium periodate (48 °C, 19 h) is soluble in hot water.
Solution casting, slow air drying, hot pressing, and reinforcement
by cellulose nanocrystals afforded films (∼100 μm thickness)
that feature intriguing properties: they have very smooth surfaces
(SEM), are highly flexible, and have good light transmittance for
both the visible and near-infrared range (89–91%), high tensile
strength (81–122 MPa), and modulus of elasticity (3.4–4.0
GPa) depending on hydration state and respective water content. The
extraordinarily low oxygen permeation of <0.005 cm3 μm
m–2 day–1 kPa–1 (50% RH) and <0.03 cm3 μm m–2 day–1 kPa–1 (80% RH) can be
regarded as a particularly interesting feature of DAC films. The unusually
high initial contact angle of about 67° revealed a rather low
hydrophilicity compared to other oxidatively modified or unmodified
cellulosic materials which is most likely the result of inter- and
intramolecular hemiacetal and hemialdal formation during drying and
pressing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kirsi S Mikkonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 27, Helsinki , Finland
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40
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Wu H, Williams GR, Wu J, Wu J, Niu S, Li H, Wang H, Zhu L. Regenerated chitin fibers reinforced with bacterial cellulose nanocrystals as suture biomaterials. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 180:304-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Mohammadi P, Toivonen MS, Ikkala O, Wagermaier W, Linder MB. Aligning cellulose nanofibril dispersions for tougher fibers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11860. [PMID: 28928371 PMCID: PMC5605715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanocomposite materials made from cellulose show a great potential as future high-performance and sustainable materials. We show how high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibrils can be efficiently aligned in extrusion to fibers, leading to increased modulus of toughness (area under the stress-strain curve), Young’s modulus, and yield strength by increasing the extrusion capillary length, decreasing its diameter, and increasing the flow rate. The materials showed significant property combinations, manifesting as high modulus of toughness (~28–31 MJ/m3) vs. high stiffness (~19–20 GPa), and vs. high yield strength (~130–150 MPa). Wide angle X-ray scattering confirmed that the enhanced mechanical properties directly correlated with increased alignment. The achieved moduli of toughness are approximately double or more when compared to values reported in the literature for corresponding strength and stiffness. Our results highlight a possibly general pathway that can be integrated to gel-spinning process, suggesting the hypothesis that that high stiffness, strength and toughness can be achieved simultaneously, if the alignment is induced while the CNF are in the free-flowing state during the extrusion step by shear at relatively low concentration and in pure water, after which they can be coagulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pezhman Mohammadi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matti S Toivonen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Wolfgang Wagermaier
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, D-14424, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, FI-16100, Espoo, Finland.
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42
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Chu G, Vilensky R, Vasilyev G, Deng S, Qu D, Xu Y, Zussman E. Structural Transition in Liquid Crystal Bubbles Generated from Fluidic Nanocellulose Colloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Rita Vilensky
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Gleb Vasilyev
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Shengwei Deng
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
| | - Dan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry; Jilin University; 2699 Qianjin Street Changchun 130012 China
| | - Eyal Zussman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa 32000 Israel
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43
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Yao J, Chen S, Chen Y, Wang B, Pei Q, Wang H. Macrofibers with High Mechanical Performance Based on Aligned Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20330-20339. [PMID: 28045246 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofibers represent an emerging class of highly crystalline bionanofibers with high intrinsic mechanical properties. The remarkable nanofibers with oriented structure and strong interfibrillar interactions can realize high-performance materials. In this study, we demonstrated that macrofibers based on aligned BC nanofibers could be prepared by wet spinning and drawing procedures. The relationship between process conditions, structure, and mechanical properties of macrofibers were investigated. The obtained macrofibers exhibited Young's modulus of 16.4 GPa and tensile strength of 248.6 MPa under the optimum process conditions, in which nanofibers displayed a high degree of alignment. Furthermore, we enhanced the interfacial interactions between nanofibers and obtained better mechanical performance by multivalent ion cross-linking. After exchanging the monovalent Na+ by Fe3+, the dried macrofiber reached Young's modulus of 22.9 GPa and tensile strength of 357.5 MPa. Particularly, the resulting macrofibers still maintained good mechanical properties with Young's modulus of 15.9 GPa and tensile strength of 262.2 MPa in the wet condition. This research provided a good method to fabricate macrofibers from BC nanofibers with good properties by continuous wet-spinning process. These macrofibers can be easily functionalized and have promising potential applications in smart textiles, biosensor, and structural reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Baoxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
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44
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Chu G, Vilensky R, Vasilyev G, Deng S, Qu D, Xu Y, Zussman E. Structural Transition in Liquid Crystal Bubbles Generated from Fluidic Nanocellulose Colloids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8751-8755. [PMID: 28570772 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The structural transition in micrometer-sized liquid crystal bubbles (LCBs) derived from rod-like cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was studied. The CNC-based LCBs were suspended in nematic or chiral nematic liquid-crystalline CNCs, which generated topological defects and distinct birefringent textures around them. The ordering and structure of the LCBs shifted from a nematic to chiral nematic arrangement as water evaporation progressed. These packed LCBs exhibited a specific photonic cross-communication property that is due to a combination of Bragg reflection and bubble curvature and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Rita Vilensky
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Gleb Vasilyev
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Shengwei Deng
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Dan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Eyal Zussman
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
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45
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Uetani K, Okada T, Oyama HT. In-Plane Anisotropic Thermally Conductive Nanopapers by Drawing Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogels. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:345-349. [PMID: 35610858 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We developed flexible polymeric "heat-guiding materials" by simply drawing bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogels to align the cellulose nanofibers and form "nanopapers" with anisotropic thermal conductivity. The in-plane anisotropy of thermal conductivity between the drawn and transverse directions increased as the draw ratio increased. For the drawn BC nanopapers, the coefficient of thermal expansion was found to be inversely correlated with the thermal diffusivity. We fabricated a planar spiral sheet by assembling the drawn BC strips to visualize the "heat flux controllability". The coexistence of heat-diffusing and heat-insulating capacities within the single nanopaper plane could help to cool future thin electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Uetani
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Takumi Okada
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hideko T. Oyama
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
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46
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Hiratani T, Hamad WY, MacLachlan MJ. Transparent Depolarizing Organic and Inorganic Films for Optics and Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606083. [PMID: 28128872 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of novel organic and inorganic depolarizing films derived from quasinematic cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) organization is demonstrated. These films convert linearly polarized and circularly polarized light into unpolarized light over the entire visible region. Patterning of the quasinematic CNCs on top of a chiral nematic film gives latent images that are revealed only upon observation through the circularly polarizing filters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hiratani
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Wadood Y Hamad
- FPInnovations, 2665 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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47
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Dai L, Long Z, Chen J, An X, Cheng D, Khan A, Ni Y. Robust Guar Gum/Cellulose Nanofibrils Multilayer Films with Good Barrier Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5477-5485. [PMID: 28102068 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of sustainable functional materials requires development of materials based on renewable resources and efficient fabrication methods. Hereby, we fabricated all-polysaccharides multilayer films using cationic guar gum (CGG) and anionic cellulose nanofibrils (i.e., TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils, TOCNs) through a layer-by-layer casting method. This technique is based on alternate depositions of oppositely charged water-based CGG and TOCNs onto laminated films. The resultant polyelectrolyte multilayer films were transparent, ductile, and strong. More importantly, the self-standing films exhibited excellent gas (water vapor and oxygen) and oil barrier performances. Another outstanding feature of these resultant films was their resistance to various organic solvents including methanol, acetone, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and tetrahydrofuran (THF). The proposed film fabrication process is environmentally benign, cost-effective, and easy to scale-up. The developed CGG/TOCNs multilayer films can be used as a renewable material for industrial applications such as packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Zhu Long
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xingye An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science & Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Avik Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Yonghao Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick , Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
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48
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Liu P, Guo X, Nan F, Duan Y, Zhang J. Modifying Mechanical, Optical Properties and Thermal Processability of Iridescent Cellulose Nanocrystal Films Using Ionic Liquid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3085-3092. [PMID: 28026934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Iridescent films formed from the self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are brittle and difficult to handle or integrate within an industrial process. Here we present a simple approach to prepare iridescent CNC films with tunable pliability and coloration through the addition of ionic liquids (ILs) of 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) as plasticizers. By using the undried CNC film as a filter membrane and ILs solution as a leaching liquid, it was found that the filtration process made ILs uniformly interpenetrate into CNC film due to the strong ionic interaction between CNC and AmimCl. Unexpectedly, the filtration process also gave rise to partial desulfurization of CNC film, which is conducive to the improvement of thermal stability. Benefiting from the improved thermal stability and the dissolving capacity of AmimCl for cellulose at high temperature, the incorporated ILs enable the cholesteric CNC film to be further toughened via a hot-pressing treatment. This study demonstrates that ionic liquids have great potential to modify the mechanical, optical properties as well as the thermal stability of iridescent CNC films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Fuchun Nan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yongxin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science & Technology , Qingdao 266042, China
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49
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Lin YC, Chen HL, Hashimoto T, Chen SA. Mechanism of Hierarchical Structure Formation of Polymer/Nanoparticle Hybrids. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiao Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental
and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Lung Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental
and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Takeji Hashimoto
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental
and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-6501, Japan
| | - Show-An Chen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Frontier Research Center on Fundamental
and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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50
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Dhar P, Kumar A, Katiyar V. Magnetic Cellulose Nanocrystal Based Anisotropic Polylactic Acid Nanocomposite Films: Influence on Electrical, Magnetic, Thermal, and Mechanical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18393-18409. [PMID: 27331248 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a single-step co-precipitation method for the fabrication of magnetic cellulose nanocrystals (MGCNCs) with high iron oxide nanoparticle content (∼51 wt % loading) adsorbed onto cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopic studies confirmed that the hydroxyl groups on the surface of CNCs (derived from the bamboo pulp) acted as anchor points for the adsorption of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The fabricated MGCNCs have a high magnetic moment, which is utilized to orient the magnetoresponsive nanofillers in parallel or perpendicular orientations inside the polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. Magnetic-field-assisted directional alignment of MGCNCs led to the incorporation of anisotropic mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties in the fabricated PLA-MGCNC nanocomposites. Thermomechanical studies showed significant improvement in the elastic modulus and glass-transition temperature for the magnetically oriented samples. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD studies confirmed that the alignment of MGCNCs led to the improvement in the percentage crystallinity and, with the absence of the cold-crystallization phenomenon, finds a potential application in polymer processing in the presence of magnetic field. The tensile strength and percentage elongation for the parallel-oriented samples improved by ∼70 and 240%, respectively, and for perpendicular-oriented samples, by ∼58 and 172%, respectively, in comparison to the unoriented samples. Furthermore, its anisotropically induced electrical and magnetic properties are desirable for fabricating self-biased electronics products. We also demonstrate that the fabricated anisotropic PLA-MGCNC nanocomposites could be laminated into films with the incorporation of directionally tunable mechanical properties. Therefore, the current study provides a novel noninvasive approach of orienting nontoxic bioderived CNCs in the presence of low magnetic fields, with potential applications in the manufacturing of three-dimensional composites with microstructural features comparable to biological materials for high-performance engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prodyut Dhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vimal Katiyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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