1
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Xiong M, Kong C, Yang Z, Yang T. Superhalogens inside fullerenes X@C 2n (X = BO 2, BeF 3; 2 n = 60, 70). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:21282-21289. [PMID: 39078036 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The exploration of endohedral fullerenes has garnered significant attention recently due to their distinctive chemical, electrochemical, and optoelectronic properties. Charge transfer, which usually occurs from encapsulated species to fullerenes, importantly affects the structures and properties of endohedral fullerenes. In this study, we theoretically investigated endohedral superhalogen fullerenes X@C2n (X = BO2, BeF3; 2n = 60, 70), in which the charge is reversely transferred from the fullerene to the superhalogen, by using density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Both natural population analysis and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules confirm about one electron transfer from the fullerene to the superhalogen, resulting in the formal valence state of X-@C2n+. Energy decomposition analysis on the interaction between the superhalogen and fullerene revealed that electrostatic energy contributes predominantly to the total interaction energy. These endohedral superhalogen fullerenes with cationic fullerenes were predicted to be able to serve as building blocks for one dimensional fullerene-based nanowires when combined with endohedral alkali-metallofullerenes with anionic fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chuncai Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zhimao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shaanxi, China.
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2
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
- Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia
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3
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Buchachenko AL. Compressed Molecules and Enzymes. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793122010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Griesbeck AG, Bozkus S. Spin Photochemistry: Electron Spin Multiplicity as a Tool for Reactivity and Selectivity Control. Chimia (Aarau) 2021; 75:868-872. [PMID: 34728014 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2021.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin chemistry involving small organic molecules without heavy atoms is highly sensitive to spin-orbit-coupling (SOC) modulating biradical conformation as well as hyperfine coupling (HFC) modulating magnetic isotope interactions. Several easily available reaction properties such as chemo-, regio-, and diastereoselectivity as well as quantum yields serve as analytical tools to follow intersystem crossing (ISC) dynamics and allow titrating spin selectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel G Griesbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Greinstr. 4, University of Cologne, 50939 Köln-Cologne, Germany;,
| | - Seyma Bozkus
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Greinstr. 4, University of Cologne, 50939 Köln-Cologne, Germany
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5
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Bacanu GR, Jafari T, Aouane M, Rantaharju J, Walkey M, Hoffman G, Shugai A, Nagel U, Jiménez-Ruiz M, Horsewill AJ, Rols S, Rõõm T, Whitby RJ, Levitt MH. Experimental determination of the interaction potential between a helium atom and the interior surface of a C 60 fullerene molecule. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:144302. [PMID: 34654304 DOI: 10.1063/5.0066817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between atoms and molecules may be described by a potential energy function of the nuclear coordinates. Nonbonded interactions between neutral atoms or molecules are dominated by repulsive forces at a short range and attractive dispersion forces at a medium range. Experimental data on the detailed interaction potentials for nonbonded interatomic and intermolecular forces are scarce. Here, we use terahertz spectroscopy and inelastic neutron scattering to determine the potential energy function for the nonbonded interaction between single He atoms and encapsulating C60 fullerene cages in the helium endofullerenes 3He@C60 and 4He@C60, synthesized by molecular surgery techniques. The experimentally derived potential is compared to estimates from quantum chemistry calculations and from sums of empirical two-body potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Razvan Bacanu
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tanzeeha Jafari
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | | | - Jyrki Rantaharju
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Walkey
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Hoffman
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Shugai
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Urmas Nagel
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | | | - Anthony J Horsewill
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Stéphane Rols
- Institut Laue-Langevin, BP 156, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Toomas Rõõm
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Richard J Whitby
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Li W, Wang C, Wang T. Molecular structures and magnetic properties of endohedral metallofullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10317-10326. [PMID: 34542549 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04218a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes have fascinating core-shell structures, with metal atoms or metal clusters encaged in fullerene cages, and they display various chemical, optical and magnetic properties derived from different types of fullerene cages and metal moieties. Fullerene cages can act as carriers to stabilize unusual cluster moieties. Many bizarre species that are hard to produce via synthetic methods survive well under the protection of a fullerene cage, making metallofullerenes ideal platforms for generating new clusters and bonds. Fullerene cages can also be carriers to hold active unpaired electrons. Some metallofullerenes possess electron spin and show intriguing magnetic properties, making them applicable for use in quantum computing, high density information storage and magnetoreception systems. The exploration of new metallofullerenes is still ongoing, while function-oriented studies are also promoted for the future application of metallofullerenes. Herein, we highlight the recent progress in the synthesis, electron spin characteristics and magnetic properties of metallofullerenes. Discussions and an outlook on the future development of metallofullerenes are also stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing 100190, China.
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7
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Sathyamurthy N. Atoms and molecules confined inside C60. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-021-00003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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8
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Abstract
Hydrogen molecules exist in the form of two distinct isomers that can be interconverted by physical catalysis. These ortho and para forms have different thermodynamical properties. Over the last century, the catalysts developed to convert hydrogen from one form to another, in laboratories and industries, were magnetic and the interpretations relied on magnetic dipolar interactions. The variety concentration of a sample and the conversion rates induced by a catalytic action were mostly measured by thermal methods related to the diffusion of the o-p reaction heat. At the turning of the new century, the nature of the studied catalysts and the type of measures and motivations completely changed. Catalysts investigated now are non-magnetic and new spectroscopic measurements have been developed. After a fast survey of the past studies, the review details the spectroscopic methods, emphasizing their originalities, performances and refinements: how Infra-Red measurements characterize the catalytic sites and follow the conversion in real-time, Ultra-Violet irradiations explore the electronic nature of the reaction and hyper-frequencies driving the nuclear spins. The new catalysts, metallic or insulating, are detailed to display the operating electronic structure. New electromagnetic mechanisms, involving energy and momenta transfers, are discovered providing a classification frame for the newly observed reactions.
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9
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Hashikawa Y, Murata Y. H2O/Olefinic-π Interaction inside a Carbon Nanocage. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12928-12938. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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10
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Zhu GZ, Liu Y, Hashikawa Y, Zhang QF, Murata Y, Wang LS. Probing the interaction between the encapsulated water molecule and the fullerene cages in H 2O@C 60- and H 2O@C 59N . Chem Sci 2018; 9:5666-5671. [PMID: 30062000 PMCID: PMC6050629 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01031e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a high-resolution photoelectron imaging study of cryogenically-cooled H2O@C60- and H2O@C59N- endohedral fullerene anions. The electron affinity (EA) of H2O@C60 is measured to be 2.6923 ± 0.0008 eV, which is 0.0088 eV higher than the EA of C60, while the EA of H2O@C59N is measured to be 3.0058 eV ± 0.0007 eV, which is 0.0092 eV lower than the EA of C59N. The opposite shifts are found to be due to the different electrostatic interactions between the encapsulated water molecule and the fullerene cages in the two systems. There is a net coulombic attraction between the guest and host in H2O@C60-, but a repulsive interaction in H2O@C59N-. We have also observed low-frequency features in the photoelectron spectra tentatively attributed to the hindered rotational excitations of the encapsulated H2O molecule, providing further insights into the guest-host interactions in H2O@C60- and H2O@C59N-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Zhu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , USA .
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , USA .
| | - Yoshifumi Hashikawa
- Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Qian-Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , USA .
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research , Kyoto University , Uji , Kyoto 611-0011 , Japan
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , USA .
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11
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Expeditious Preparation of Open-Cage Fullerenes by Rhodium(I)-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Diynes and C60
: An Experimental and Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2018; 24:10653-10661. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Kawatsu T, Tachikawa M. Quantum fluctuations of a fullerene cage modulate its internal magnetic environment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1673-1684. [PMID: 29264598 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06401b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of quantum fluctuations on the magnetic environment inside a C60 fullerene cage, we have calculated the nuclear magnetic shielding constant of protons in H2@C60 and HD@C60 systems by on-the-fly ab initio path integral simulation, including both thermal and nuclear quantum effects. The most dominant upfield from an isolated hydrogen molecule occurs due to the diamagnetic current of the C60 cage, which is partly cancelled by the paramagnetic current, where the paramagnetic contribution is enlarged by the zero-point vibrational fluctuation of the C60 carbon backbone structure via a widely distributed HOMO-LUMO gap. This quantum modulation mechanism of the nuclear magnetic shielding constant is newly proposed. Because this quantum effect is independent of the difference between H2 and HD, the H2/HD isotope shift occurs in spite of the C60 cage. The nuclear magnetic constants computed for H2@C60 and HD@C60 are 32.047 and 32.081 ppm, respectively, which are in reasonable agreement with the corresponding values of 32.19 and 32.23 ppm estimated from the experimental values of the chemical shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kawatsu
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
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13
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Yasujiro Murata. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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15
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Zhao R, Yuan K, Zhao S, Zhao X, Ehara M. Quantum Chemical Insight into La 2C 96: Metal Carbide Fullerene La 2C 2@C 94 versus Dimetallofullerene La 2@C 96. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:11883-11890. [PMID: 28933834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A family of dilanthanum-containing endohedral metallofullerene La2C2n (n = 46-51) was synthesized recently. In the present work, a systematical investigation on La2C96 series including the carbide clusterfullerene form La2C2@C94 and the conventional dimetallofullerene form La2@C96 was implemented by density functional theory, combined with statistical mechanics. Three isomers, i.e., La2@D2(191838)-C96, La2C2@Cs(153479)-C94, and La2C2@C1(153491)-C94 were disclosed to be thermodynamically stable at the temperature region of endohedral metallofullerene formation. La2@D2(191838)-C96 is the prevailing isomer at low temperature, while La2C2@Cs(153479)-C94 and La2C2@C1(153491)-C94 are the most and second-most abundant isomers at high temperature. Interestingly, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of La2C2@C1(153491)-C94 is distributed on one pole of the cage, and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of this isomer is mainly located on the equator of the cage, which can facilitate synthesis of regioselective derivatives. This work will provide useful information for further experimental identification and application of La2C96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruisheng Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science & School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China.,Institute for Molecular Science , Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kun Yuan
- Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science & School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shengdun Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science & School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics, School of Science & School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, China.,Institute for Molecular Science , Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ehara
- Institute for Molecular Science , Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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16
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Morinaka Y, Zhang R, Sato S, Nikawa H, Kato T, Furukawa K, Yamada M, Maeda Y, Murata M, Wakamiya A, Nagase S, Akasaka T, Murata Y. Fullerene C70
as a Nanoflask that Reveals the Chemical Reactivity of Atomic Nitrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6488-6491. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Morinaka
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Satoru Sato
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Hidefumi Nikawa
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Centre for Instrumental Analysis; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Michihisa Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University; 34-4 Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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17
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Morinaka Y, Zhang R, Sato S, Nikawa H, Kato T, Furukawa K, Yamada M, Maeda Y, Murata M, Wakamiya A, Nagase S, Akasaka T, Murata Y. Fullerene C70
as a Nanoflask that Reveals the Chemical Reactivity of Atomic Nitrogen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Morinaka
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Satoru Sato
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Hidefumi Nikawa
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Tatsuhisa Kato
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences; Kyoto University; Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Centre for Instrumental Analysis; Niigata University; Nishi-ku Niigata 950-2181 Japan
| | - Michio Yamada
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Michihisa Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry; Kyoto University; 34-4 Takano-Nishihiraki-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8103 Japan
| | - Takeshi Akasaka
- Life Science Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Gakugei University; Koganei Tokyo 184-8501 Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Uji Kyoto 611-0011 Japan
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18
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Rahman A, Rahman AK, Tomalia DA. Engineering dendrimers to produce dendrimer dipole excitation based terahertz radiation sources suitable for spectrometry, molecular and biomedical imaging. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2017; 2:127-134. [PMID: 32260656 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00010c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two critical nanoscale design parameters (CNDPs); namely, surface chemistry and interior compositions of poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers were systematically engineered to produce unique hyperpolarizable, electro-optical substrates. These electro-optically active dendritic films were demonstrated to produce high quality, continuous wave terahertz radiation when exposed to a suitable pump laser that could be used for spectrometry and molecular imaging. These dendrimer based dipole excitation (DDE) terahertz sources were used to construct a working spectrometer suitable for many practical applications including THz imaging and analysis of encapsulated hydrogen species in fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Rahman
- Applied Research and Photonics, Harrisburg, PA 17111, USA
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19
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Terenzi C, Bouguet-Bonnet S, Canet D. Direct 1H NMR evidence of spin-rotation coupling as a source of para → ortho-H 2 conversion in diamagnetic solvents. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:154203. [PMID: 28433034 DOI: 10.1063/1.4980079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
At ambient temperature, conversion from 100% enriched para-hydrogen (p-H2; singlet state) to ortho-hydrogen (o-H2; triplet state) leads necessarily to the thermodynamic equilibrium proportions: 75% of o-H2 and 25% of p-H2. When p-H2 is dissolved in a diamagnetic organic solvent, conversion is very slow and can be considered as arising from nuclear spin relaxation phenomena. A first relaxation mechanism, specific to the singlet state and involving a combination of auto-correlation and cross correlation spectral densities, can be retained: randomly fluctuating magnetic fields due to inter-molecular dipolar interactions. We demonstrate here that (i) this dipolar mechanism is not sufficient for accounting for the para→ortho conversion rate, (ii) spin-rotation interaction, an intra-molecular mechanism, behaves similarly to random-field interaction and, thus, may be involved in the singlet relaxation rate. Also, as the para→ortho conversion is monitored by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of dissolved o-H2 (p-H2 is NMR-silent), one has to account for H2 exchange between the liquid phase and the gas phase within the NMR tube, as well as for dissolution effects. Experimental evidence of the above statements is brought here in the case of two organic solvents: acetone-d6 and carbon disulfide. The observed temperature dependence of the para→ortho conversion rate shows that spin-rotation can be the dominant contribution to the p-H2 relaxation rate in the absence of tangible dipolar interactions. Our findings shed new light on the "mysterious" mechanism of the para→ortho conversion which has been searched for several decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Terenzi
- Université de Lorraine, CRM2, UMR 7036, Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy F-54506, France
| | | | - Daniel Canet
- Université de Lorraine, IJB, FR 2843, Vandæuvre-lès-Nancy F-54506, France
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20
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Ilisca E, Ghiglieno F. Electronuclear paths in the nuclear conversion of molecular hydrogen in silicon. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Chambers MB, Kurtz DA, Pitman CL, Brennaman MK, Miller AJM. Efficient Photochemical Dihydrogen Generation Initiated by a Bimetallic Self-Quenching Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:13509-13512. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Daniel A. Kurtz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Catherine L. Pitman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Alexander J. M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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22
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Mamone S, Johnson MR, Ollivier J, Rols S, Levitt MH, Horsewill AJ. Symmetry-breaking in the H2@C60 endofullerene revealed by inelastic neutron scattering at low temperature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:1998-2005. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fine structure of the rotational ground state of molecular ortho-hydrogen confined inside the fullerene cage C60 is investigated by inelastic neutron scattering (INS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mamone
- School of Physics and Astronomy
- University of Nottingham
- NG7 2RD Nottingham
- UK
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23
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Feng Y, Wang T, Li Y, Li J, Wu J, Wu B, Jiang L, Wang C. Steering Metallofullerene Electron Spin in Porous Metal–Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15055-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongjian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure
and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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24
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On novel magnetic probe for fullerene characterization: Theoretical studies on NMR parameters of free and confined in fullerenes HD and H 2 molecules. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 62:26-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Wu B, Wang T, Feng Y, Zhang Z, Jiang L, Wang C. Molecular magnetic switch for a metallofullerene. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6468. [PMID: 25732144 PMCID: PMC4366484 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The endohedral fullerenes lead to well-protected internal species by the fullerene cages, and even highly reactive radicals can be stabilized. However, the manipulation of the magnetic properties of these radicals from outside remains challenging. Here we report a system of a paramagnetic metallofullerene Sc3C2@C80 connected to a nitroxide radical, to achieve the remote control of the magnetic properties of the metallofullerene. The remote nitroxide group serves as a magnetic switch for the electronic spin resonance (ESR) signals of Sc3C2@C80 via spin–spin interactions. Briefly, the nitroxide radical group can ‘switch off’ the ESR signals of the Sc3C2@C80 moiety. Moreover, the strength of spin–spin interactions between Sc3C2@C80 and the nitroxide group can be manipulated by changing the distance between these two spin centres. In addition, the ESR signals of the Sc3C2@C80 moiety can be switched on at low temperatures through weakened spin–lattice interactions. Endohedral fullerenes are known to stabilize reactive radicals; however, the external magnetic manipulation of these species’ remains challenging. Here, the authors link a nitroxide radical to a paramagnetic fullerene system and are able to alter the spin behaviour of the fullerene via spin–spin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Taishan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yongqiang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zhuxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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26
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Felker PM. Fully quantal calculation of H2 translation-rotation states in the (p-H2)2@51264 clathrate hydrate inclusion compound. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:184305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4901057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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García G, Atilhan M, Aparicio S. A theoretical study on ionic liquid endohedral C540 fullerene. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the confinement of ionic liquid (choline benzoate) cluster inside C540 fullerene has been studied through both molecular dynamic and density functional theory simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio García
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Mert Atilhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha, Qatar
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28
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Quinones M, Zhang Y, Riascos P, Hwang HM, Aker WG, He X, Gao R. Effects of light energy and reducing agents on C60-mediated photosensitizing reactions. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:374-9. [PMID: 24188530 DOI: 10.1111/php.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Many biomolecules contain photoactive reducing agents, such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and 6-thioguanine (6-TG) incorporated into DNA through drug metabolism. These reducing agents may produce reactive oxygen species under UVA irradiation or act as electron donors in various media. The interactions of C60 fullerenes with biological reductants and light energy, especially via the Type-I electron-transfer mechanism, are not fully understood although these factors are often involved in toxicity assessments. The two reductants employed in this work were NADH for aqueous solutions and 6-TG for organic solvents. Using steady-state photolysis and electrochemical techniques, we showed that under visible light irradiation, the presence of reducing agents enhanced C60 -mediated Type-I reactions that generate superoxide anion (O2(.-)) at the expense of singlet oxygen ((1)O2) production. The quantum yield of O2(.-) production upon visible light irradiation of C60 is estimated below 0.2 in dipolar aprotic media, indicating that the majority of triplet C60 deactivate via Type-II pathway. Upon UVA irradiation, however, both C60 and NADH undergo photochemical reactions to produce O2(.-), which could lead to a possible synergistic toxicity effects. C60 photosensitization via Type-I pathway is not observed in the absence of reducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quinones
- Chemistry and Physics Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY
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29
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Maroto EE, Izquierdo M, Murata M, Filippone S, Komatsu K, Murata Y, Martín N. Catalytic stereodivergent functionalization of H2@C60. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 50:740-2. [PMID: 24287734 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46999a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A complete stereocontrol of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of N-metalated azomethine ylides onto endohedral fullerene H2@C60 is reported for the first time. The stereodivergent synthesis of either the cis or the trans endohedral cycloadduct is achieved with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique E Maroto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad Universitaria, s/n 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Garbuio L, Li Y, Antonello S, Gascón JA, Lawler RG, Lei X, Murata Y, Turro NJ, Maran F. Interaction of H2@C60and Nitroxide through Conformationally Constrained Peptide Bridges. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:439-47. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Garbuio
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York NY
| | | | - José A. Gascón
- Department of Chemistry; University of Connecticut; Storrs CT
| | | | - Xuegong Lei
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Institute for Chemical Research; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | | | - Flavio Maran
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova Italy
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31
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Li Y, Lei X, Chen JYC, Murata Y, Turro NJ, Lawler RG. Paramagnet Enhanced Nuclear Spin Relaxation in H 2O@Open-C 60 and H 2@Open-C 60. Org Lett 2013; 15:4746-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol402111x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States, and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Xuegong Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States, and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Judy Y. C. Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States, and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States, and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nicholas J. Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States, and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Ronald G. Lawler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States, Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States, and Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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32
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Mamone S, Concistrè M, Heinmaa I, Carravetta M, Kuprov I, Wall G, Denning M, Lei X, Chen JYC, Li Y, Murata Y, Turro NJ, Levitt MH. Nuclear magnetic resonance of hydrogen molecules trapped inside C70 fullerene cages. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:3121-30. [PMID: 23788291 PMCID: PMC4068279 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a solid-state NMR study of H2 molecules confined inside the cavity of C70 fullerene cages over a wide range of temperatures (300 K to 4 K). The proton NMR spectra are consistent with a model in which the dipole-dipole coupling between the ortho-H2 protons is averaged over the rotational/translational states of the confined quantum rotor, with an additional chemical shift anisotropy δ(H)(CSA)=10.1 ppm induced by the carbon cage. The magnitude of the chemical shift anisotropy is consistent with DFT estimates of the chemical shielding tensor field within the cage. The experimental NMR data indicate that the ground state of endohedral ortho-H2 in C70 is doubly degenerate and polarized transverse to the principal axis of the cage. The NMR spectra indicate significant magnetic alignment of the C70 long axes along the magnetic field, at temperatures below ~10 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mamone
- School of Chemistry, Southampton University, Southampton SO17 1BJ (United Kingdom).
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33
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Levitt MH. Spectroscopy of light-molecule endofullerenes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120429. [PMID: 23918717 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular endofullerenes are supramolecular systems consisting of fullerene cages encapsulating small molecules. Although most early examples consist of encapsulated metal clusters, recently developed synthetic routes have provided endofullerenes with non-metallic guest molecules in high purity and macroscopic quantities. The encapsulated light molecule behaves as a confined quantum rotor, displaying rotational quantization as well as translational quantization, and a rich coupling between the translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Furthermore, many encapsulated molecules display spin isomerism. Spectroscopies such as inelastic neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy may be used to obtain information on the quantized energy level structure and spin isomerism of the guest molecules. It is also possible to study the influence of the guest molecules on the cages, and to explore the communication between the guest molecules and the molecular environment outside the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm H Levitt
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
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34
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Rastrelli F, Frezzato D, Lawler RG, Li Y, Turro NJ, Bagno A. Predicting the paramagnet-enhanced NMR relaxation of H₂ encapsulated in endofullerene nitroxides by density-functional theory calculations. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20110634. [PMID: 23918714 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the structure and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic properties of some dihydrogen endofullerene nitroxides by means of density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Quantum versus classical roto-translational dynamics of H₂ have been characterized and compared. Geometrical parameters and hyperfine couplings calculated by DFT have been input to the Solomon-Bloembergen equations to predict the enhancement of the NMR longitudinal relaxation of H₂ due to coupling with the unpaired electron. Estimating the rotational correlation time via computed molecular volumes leads to a fair agreement with experiment for the simplest derivative; the estimate is considerably improved by recourse to the calculation of the diffusion tensor. For the other more flexible congeners, the agreement is less good, which may be due to an insufficient sampling of the conformational space. In all cases, relaxation by Fermi contact and Curie mechanisms is predicted to be negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Rastrelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Padova, via Marzolo, 35131 Padova, Italy
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35
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Filidou V, Mamone S, Simmons S, Karlen SD, Anderson HL, Kay CWM, Bagno A, Rastrelli F, Murata Y, Komatsu K, Lei X, Li Y, Turro NJ, Levitt MH, Morton JJL. Probing the C₆₀ triplet state coupling to nuclear spins inside and out. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20120475. [PMID: 23918718 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The photoexcitation of functionalized fullerenes to their paramagnetic triplet electronic state can be studied by pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, whereas the interactions of this state with the surrounding nuclear spins can be observed by a related technique: electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR). In this study, we present EPR and ENDOR studies on a functionalized exohedral fullerene system, dimethyl[9-hydro (C60-Ih)[5,6]fulleren-1(9H)-yl]phosphonate (DMHFP), where the triplet electron spin has been used to hyperpolarize, couple and measure two nuclear spins. We go on to discuss the extension of these methods to study a new class of endohedral fullerenes filled with small molecules, such as H₂@C₆₀, and we relate the results to density functional calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Filidou
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
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36
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Chen JYC, Li Y, Frunzi M, Lei X, Murata Y, Lawler RG, Turro NJ. Nuclear spin isomers of guest molecules in H₂@C₆₀, H₂O@C₆₀ and other endofullerenes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20110628. [PMID: 23918710 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic studies of recently synthesized endofullerenes, in which H₂, H₂O and other atoms and small molecules are trapped in cages of carbon atoms, have shown that although the trapped molecules interact relatively weakly with the internal environment they are nevertheless susceptible to appropriately applied external perturbations. These properties have been exploited to isolate and study samples of H₂ in C₆₀ and other fullerenes that are highly enriched in the para spin isomer. Several strategies for spin-isomer enrichment, potential extensions to other endofullerenes and possible applications of these materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Y-C Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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37
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Rõõm T, Peedu L, Ge M, Hüvonen D, Nagel U, Ye S, Xu M, Bačić Z, Mamone S, Levitt MH, Carravetta M, Chen JYC, Lei X, Turro NJ, Murata Y, Komatsu K. Infrared spectroscopy of small-molecule endofullerenes. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2013; 371:20110631. [PMID: 23918713 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is one of the few molecules that has been incarcerated in the molecular cage of C₆₀ to form the endohedral supramolecular complex H₂@C₆₀. In this confinement, hydrogen acquires new properties. Its translation motion, within the C₆₀ cavity, becomes quantized, is correlated with its rotation and breaks inversion symmetry that induces infrared (IR) activity of H₂. We apply IR spectroscopy to study the dynamics of hydrogen isotopologues H₂, D₂ and HD incarcerated in C₆₀. The translation and rotation modes appear as side bands to the hydrogen vibration mode in the mid-IR part of the absorption spectrum. Because of the large mass difference of hydrogen and C₆₀ and the high symmetry of C₆₀ the problem is almost identical to a vibrating rotor moving in a three-dimensional spherical potential. We derive potential, rotation, vibration and dipole moment parameters from the analysis of the IR absorption spectra. Our results were used to derive the parameters of a pairwise additive five-dimensional potential energy surface for H₂@C₆₀. The same parameters were used to predict H₂ energies inside C₇₀. We compare the predicted energies and the low-temperature IR absorption spectra of H₂@C₇₀.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rõõm
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
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38
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Xu B, Chen X. Electrical-driven transport of endohedral fullerene encapsulating a single water molecule. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:156103. [PMID: 25167287 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.156103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulating a single water molecule inside an endohedral fullerene provides an opportunity for manipulating the H2O@C60 through the encapsulated polar H2O molecule. Using molecular dynamic simulations, we propose a strategy of electrical-driven transport of H2O@C60 inside a channel, underpinned by the unique behavior of a water molecule free from a hydrogen-bonding environment. When an external electrical field is applied along the channel's axial direction, steady-state transport of H2O@C60 can be reached. The transport direction and rate depend on the applied electrical intensity as well as the polar orientation of the encapsulated H2O molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxing Xu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia Nanomechanics Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia Nanomechanics Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA and SV Lab, International Center for Applied Mechanics, School of Aerospace, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
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39
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Felker PM. Nuclear-orbital/configuration-interaction study of coupled translation-rotation states in (H2)2@C70. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:044309. [PMID: 23387586 DOI: 10.1063/1.4776262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantal translation-rotation states of two endohedral H(2) moieties in C(70) are computed by means of a nuclear-orbital/configuration-interaction method. H(2) "nuclear orbitals" are calculated as the translation-rotation eigenfunctions of one H(2) molecule interacting with C(70) and the mean field of the second H(2) molecule. Configurations are constructed as symmetrized bilinear products of these orbitals. These configurations are employed as the basis in which the matrix of the translation-rotation Hamiltonian of the cluster is computed and diagonalized. We show that this scheme allows for an efficient means to calculate the Hamiltonian matrix elements. We show that the configuration basis states represent excellent first approximations to the eigenstates of the species. Finally, we present results pertaining to the (H(2))(2)@C(70) low-energy translation-rotation level structure that can be understood in terms of a small number of H(2) excitation types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Felker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA.
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Farimani AB, Wu Y, Aluru NR. Rotational motion of a single water molecule in a buckyball. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:17993-8000. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53277a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Garbuio L, Antonello S, Guryanov I, Li Y, Ruzzi M, Turro NJ, Maran F. Effect of Orientation of the Peptide-Bridge Dipole Moment on the Properties of Fullerene–Peptide–Radical Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10628-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303696s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Garbuio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova,
Italy
| | - Sabrina Antonello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova,
Italy
| | - Ivan Guryanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova,
Italy
| | - Yongjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| | - Marco Ruzzi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova,
Italy
| | - Nicholas J. Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| | - Flavio Maran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova,
Italy
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42
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Li Y, Chen JYC, Lei X, Lawler RG, Murata Y, Komatsu K, Turro NJ. Comparison of Nuclear Spin Relaxation of H2O@C60 and H2@C60 and Their Nitroxide Derivatives. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1165-1168. [PMID: 26288052 DOI: 10.1021/jz3002794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of H2O@C60 makes possible the study of magnetic interactions of an isolated water molecule in a geometrically well-defined hydrophobic environment. Comparisons are made between the T1 values of H2O@C60 and the previously studied H2@C60 and their nitroxide derivatives. The value of T1 is approximately six times longer for H2O@C60 than for H2@C60 at room temperature, is independent of solvent viscosity or polarity, and increases monotonically with decreasing temperature, implying that T1 is dominated by the spin-rotation interaction. Paramagnetic nitroxides, either attached covalently to the C60 cage or added to the medium, produce strikingly similar T1 enhancements for H2O@C60 and H2@C60 that are consistent with through-space interaction between the internal nuclear spins and the external electron spin. This indicates that it should be possible to apply to the endo-H2O molecule the same methodologies for manipulating the ortho and para spin isomers that have proven successful for H2@C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Li
- †Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Judy Y-C Chen
- †Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xuegong Lei
- †Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ronald G Lawler
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- §Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Komatsu
- ∥Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Fukui University of Technology, Gakuen, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Nicholas J Turro
- †Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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43
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Li Y, Chen JYC, Lei X, Lawler RG, Murata Y, Komatsu K, Turro NJ. Comparison of Nuclear Spin Relaxation of H2O@C60 and H2@C60 and Their Nitroxide Derivatives. J Phys Chem Lett 2012. [PMID: 26288052 DOI: 10.1021/jz100645w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of H2O@C60 makes possible the study of magnetic interactions of an isolated water molecule in a geometrically well-defined hydrophobic environment. Comparisons are made between the T1 values of H2O@C60 and the previously studied H2@C60 and their nitroxide derivatives. The value of T1 is approximately six times longer for H2O@C60 than for H2@C60 at room temperature, is independent of solvent viscosity or polarity, and increases monotonically with decreasing temperature, implying that T1 is dominated by the spin-rotation interaction. Paramagnetic nitroxides, either attached covalently to the C60 cage or added to the medium, produce strikingly similar T1 enhancements for H2O@C60 and H2@C60 that are consistent with through-space interaction between the internal nuclear spins and the external electron spin. This indicates that it should be possible to apply to the endo-H2O molecule the same methodologies for manipulating the ortho and para spin isomers that have proven successful for H2@C60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Li
- †Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Judy Y-C Chen
- †Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Xuegong Lei
- †Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ronald G Lawler
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yasujiro Murata
- §Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Koichi Komatsu
- ∥Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Fukui University of Technology, Gakuen, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Nicholas J Turro
- †Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Ge M, Nagel U, Hüvonen D, Rõõm T, Mamone S, Levitt MH, Carravetta M, Murata Y, Komatsu K, Lei X, Turro NJ. Infrared spectroscopy of endohedral HD and D2 in C60. J Chem Phys 2012; 135:114511. [PMID: 21950875 DOI: 10.1063/1.3637948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the dynamics of two hydrogen isotopomers, D(2) and HD, trapped in the molecular cages of a fullerene C(60) molecule. We measured the infrared spectra and analyzed them using a spherical potential for a vibrating rotor. The potential, vibration-rotation Hamiltonian, and dipole moment parameters are compared with previously studied H(2)@C(60) parameters [M. Ge, U. Nagel, D. Hüvonen, T. Rõõm, S. Mamone, M. H. Levitt, M. Carravetta, Y. Murata, K. Komatsu, J. Y.-C. Chen, and N. J. Turro, J. Chem. Phys. 134, 054507 (2011)]. The isotropic part of the potential is similar for all three isotopomers. In HD@C(60), we observe mixing of the rotational states and an interference effect of the dipole moment terms due to the displacement of the HD rotation center from the fullerene cage center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ge
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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Dabbagh HA, Zamani M, Farrokhpour H. DFT investigation of endohedral boron oxide nanocapsules: Encapsulation of He, Ne, Ar, H, N, and Cl atoms. Chem Phys 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2011.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Dendrimer based terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and applications in molecular characterization. J Mol Struct 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Turro NJ. Fun with photons, reactive intermediates, and friends. Skating on the edge of the paradigms of physical organic chemistry, organic supramolecular photochemistry, and spin chemistry. J Org Chem 2011; 76:9863-90. [PMID: 22074596 DOI: 10.1021/jo201786a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective presents a review and survey of the science and philosophy of my research career over the past five decades at Columbia as a physical organic chemist and photochemist. I explore the role of paradigms, structure, and geometric thinking in my own cognitive and intellectual development. The Perspective describes my investigations of high energy content molecules in electronically excited states and the development of electronic spin and supramolecular photochemistry chemistry. Current research dealing with the nuclear spin chemistry of H(2) incarcerated in buckyballs is illustrated. In the second part of this Perspective, I recount a personal role of the philosophy and history of science and the scientific communities' use of paradigms in their every day research and intellectual activities. Examples are given of the crucial role of geometry and structure in the rapid development of organic chemistry and physical organic chemistry over the past century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Turro
- Chemistry Department, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA.
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48
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Frunzi M, Jockusch S, Chen JYC, Krick Calderon RM, Lei X, Murata Y, Komatsu K, Guldi DM, Lawler RG, Turro NJ. A photochemical on-off switch for tuning the equilibrium mixture of H2 nuclear spin isomers as a function of temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:14232-5. [PMID: 21842909 DOI: 10.1021/ja206383n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The photochemical interconversion of the two allotropes of the hydrogen molecule [para-H(2) (pH(2)) and ortho-H(2) (oH(2))] incarcerated inside the fullerene C(70) (pH(2)@C(70) and oH(2)@C(70), respectively) is reported. Photoexcitation of H(2)@C(70) generates a fullerene triplet state that serves as a spin catalyst for pH(2)/oH(2) conversion. This method provides a means of changing the pH(2)/oH(2) ratio inside C(70) by simply irradiating H(2)@C(70) at different temperatures, since the equilibrium ratio is temperature-dependent and the electronic triplet state of the fullerene produced by absorption of the photon serves as an "on-off" spin catalyst. However, under comparable conditions, no photolytic pH(2)/oH(2) interconversion was observed for H(2)@C(60), which was rationalized by the significantly shorter triplet lifetime of H(2)@C(60) relative to H(2)@C(70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Frunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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Jiménez-Osés G, García JI, Corzana F, Elguero J. Accurate Calculation of Chemical Shifts in Highly Dynamic H2@C60 through an Integrated Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Dynamics Scheme. Org Lett 2011; 13:2528-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2004116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - José I. García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Serrano 117, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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50
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Mamone S, Chen JYC, Bhattacharyya R, Levitt MH, Lawler RG, Horsewill AJ, Rõõm T, Bačić Z, Turro NJ. Theory and spectroscopy of an incarcerated quantum rotor: The infrared spectroscopy, inelastic neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance of H2@C60 at cryogenic temperature. Coord Chem Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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