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Allen RJ, Mathew B, Rice KG. PEG-Peptide Inhibition of Scavenger Receptor Uptake of Nanoparticles by the Liver. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3881-3891. [PMID: 30052459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated polylysine peptides represent a new class of scavenger receptor inhibitors that may find utility at inhibiting DNA nanoparticle uptake by Kupffer cells in the liver. PEG-peptides inhibit scavenger receptors in the liver by a novel mechanism involving in situ formation of albumin nanoparticles. The present study developed a new in vivo assay used to explore the structure-activity-relationships of PEG-peptides to find potent scavenger receptor inhibitors. Radio-iodinated PEG-peptides were dosed i.v. in mice and shown to saturate liver uptake in a dose-dependent fashion. The inhibition potency (IC50) was dependent on both the length of a polylysine repeat and PEG molecular weight. PEG30kda-Cys-Tyr-Lys25 was confirmed to be a high molecular weight (33.5 kDa) scavenger receptor inhibitor with an IC50 of 18 μM. Incorporation of multiple Leu residues improved potency, allowing a decrease in PEG MW and Lys repeat, resulting in PEG5kda-Cys-Tyr-Lys-(Leu-Lys4)3-Leu-Lys that inhibited scavenger receptors with an IC50 = 20 μM. A further decrease in PEG MW to 2 kDa increased potency further, resulting in a low molecular weight (4403 g/mol) PEG-peptide with an IC50 of 3 μM. Optimized low molecular weight PEG-peptides also demonstrated potency when inhibiting the uptake of radio-iodinated DNA nanoparticles by the liver. This study demonstrates an approach to discover low molecular weight PEG-peptides that serve as potent scavenger receptor inhibitors to block nanoparticle uptake by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rondine J Allen
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Basil Mathew
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Kevin G Rice
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , University of Iowa , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
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Asialoglycoprotein receptor mediated hepatocyte targeting — Strategies and applications. J Control Release 2015; 203:126-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Ryu DW, Kim HA, Kim S, Lee M. VEGF receptor binding peptide-linked amphiphilic peptide with arginines and valines for endothelial cell-specific gene delivery. J Drug Target 2012; 20:574-81. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.697166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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4
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Shukla SC, Singh A, Pandey AK, Mishra A. Review on production and medical applications of ɛ-polylysine. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric E. Simanek
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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Kichler A, Frisch B, Souza DLD, Schuber F. Receptor-Mediated Gene Delivery with Non-Viral DNA Carriers. J Liposome Res 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/08982100009031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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7
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Plourde R, Merwin JR, Ernst MF, Robinson BS, Suchoski JL, Spitalny GL, Findeis MA, Carmichael EP. Acyclovir–Glycoprotein conjugates are potent inhibitors of hepatitis B virus replication. Drug Deliv 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10717549509031362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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8
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Yan H, Tram K. Glycotargeting to improve cellular delivery efficiency of nucleic acids. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:107-23. [PMID: 17268860 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-006-9023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids bearing glycans of various structures have been under vigorous investigation in the past decade. The carbohydrate moieties of such complexes can serve as recognition sites for carbohydrate-binding proteins-lectins-and initiate receptor-mediated endocytosis. Therefore, carbohydrates can enhance cell targeting and internalization of nucleic acids that are associated with them and thus improve the bioavailability of nucleic acids as therapeutic agents. This review summarizes nucleic acid glycosylation in nature and approaches for the preparation of both non-covalently associated and covalently-linked carbohydrate-nucleic acid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 500 Glenridge Ave., St. Catharines, ON, Canada.
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9
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Guo Y, Sun Y, Gu J, Xu Y. Capillary electrophoresis analysis of poly(ethylene glycol) and ligand-modified polylysine gene delivery vectors. Anal Biochem 2007; 363:204-9. [PMID: 17328860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymers including polylysine (PLL) and polyethylenimine are being widely tested as gene delivery vectors in various gene therapy applications. In many cases, the polymers were further modified by hydrophilic polymer grafting or ligand conjugation, which had been shown to greatly affect the vector stability, delivery efficiency and specificity. The characterization of modified polycation is particularly critical for quality control and vector development. Here several different separation modes using capillary electrophoresis for the analytical characterization of the modified polymers are described. PLL molecules were grafted with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain or conjugated with epidermal growth factor and analyzed under various analytical conditions. Poly(N,N'-dimethylacrylamide)-coated capillary was used to analyze the modified PLL to reduce the interaction between the samples and the capillary wall. PLLs containing different numbers of conjugated ligands were well separated with the coating method but, for PLL-g-PEG, the separation was poor under the same conditions. A method using low buffer pH and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose additive was developed. These methods are useful to characterize various polycations and important for the quality control and application of potential gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
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Peng DJ, Sun J, Wang YZ, Tian J, Zhang YH, Noteborn MHM, Qu S. Inhibition of hepatocarcinoma by systemic delivery of Apoptin gene via the hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 14:66-73. [PMID: 16874360 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Specificity is a prerequisite for systemic gene therapy of hepatocarcinoma. In vitro, the tumor-specific viral death effector Apoptin selectively induces apoptosis in malignant hepatic cells. Intratumoral treatment of xenografted subcutaneous hepatomas with Apoptin results in tumor regression. Here, we report a systemic delivery vehicle containing the Apoptin gene linked to asialoglycoprotein (Asor), which targets asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) present only on the surface of hepatocytes. In vitro, the protein-DNA complex Asor-Apoptin induced apoptosis in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells but not in normal L-02 hepatocytes. Non-hepatocyte-derived tumorigenic human A549 cells lacking the membrane ASGPR were not affected by Asor-Apoptin. In vivo systemic delivery of Asor-Apoptin via the tail vein into mice bearing in situ hepatocarcinoma resulted in specific and efficient distribution of Apoptin in both hepatocarcinoma cells and normal hepatocytes. Five days after injection of Asor-Apoptin, the in situ hepatocarcinomas showed significant signs of regression, whereas the surrounding normal hepatocytes did not. Systemically delivered Asor-LacZ expressing non-apoptotic LacZ gene did not inhibit tumor growth. Our data reveal that systemic delivery of Asor-Apoptin specifically induces apoptosis in malignant hepatocytes and thus constitutes a powerful and safe therapeutics against hepatocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-J Peng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Gilot D, Miramon ML, Benvegnu T, Ferrieres V, Loreal O, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Plusquellec D, Loyer P. Cationic lipids derived from glycine betaine promote efficient and non-toxic gene transfection in cultured hepatocytes. J Gene Med 2002; 4:415-27. [PMID: 12124984 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low efficiency and toxicity of transfection in a primary culture of hepatocytes using cationic lipids remains a limiting step to the study of gene function and the setting up of non-viral gene therapy. METHODS A novel class of cationic lipids (GBs) derived from natural glycine betaine compounds covalently linked to acyl chains by enzymatically hydrolysable peptide and ester bonds, a structure designed to reduce cytotoxicity, was used to improve transfection efficiency in a primary culture of rat hepatocytes. The relationship between lipid structure, lipoplex formulation and transfection efficiency was studied using six GBs (12-14-16, 22-24-26) varying in their spacer and acyl chains. RESULTS GB12, characterized by short [(CH(2))(10)] acyl chains and spacer, allowed plasmid uptake in all cells and reporter gene expression in up to 40% of hepatocytes with a low cytotoxicity, a much higher efficiency compared with transfections using other reagents including Fugene6 and Lipofectin. We also showed that numerous cells accumulated high amounts of plasmids demonstrating that GB12 promoted a very efficient DNA transfer through plasma membrane leading to an increase in nuclear plasmid translocation, allowing a much higher gene expression. Moreover, GB12-transfected hepatocytes survived to injection in normal livers and were found to express the LacZ reporter gene. CONCLUSIONS The non-toxic GB12 formulation is a powerful vehicle for plasmid delivery in cultured hepatocytes with relevance in liver gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gilot
- Hôpital Pontchaillou, Régulation des Equilibres fonctionnels du foie Normal et Pathologique, INSERM U522, Avenue de la Bataille Flandre/Dunkerque, 35033 Rennes, France.
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13
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Abstract
Cell-specific DNA delivery offers a great potential for targeted gene therapy. Toward this end, we have synthesized a series of compounds carrying galactose residues as a targeting ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptors of hepatocytes and primary amine groups as a functional domain for DNA binding. Biological activity of these galactosyl compounds in DNA delivery was evaluated in HepG2 and BL-6 cells and compared with respect to the number of galactose residues as well as primary amine groups in each molecule. Transfection experiments using a firefly luciferase gene as a reporter revealed that compounds with multivalent binding properties were more active in DNA delivery. An optimal transfection activity in HepG2 cells requires seven primary amine groups and a minimum of two galactose residues in each molecule. The transfection activity of compounds carrying multi-galactose residues can be inhibited by asialofetuin, a natural substrate for asialoglycoprotein receptors of hepatocytes, suggesting that gene transfer by these galactosyl compounds is asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated. These results provide direct evidence in support of our new strategy for the use of small and synthetic compounds for cell specific and targeted gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Watanabe Y, Liu X, Shibuya I, Akaike T. Functional evaluation of poly-(N-p-vinylbenzyl-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-[1-4]-D-gluconamide)(PVLA) as a liver specific carrier. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2001; 11:833-48. [PMID: 11211095 DOI: 10.1163/156856200744048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocytes express the specific C-type lectin, asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) receptor, on the surface to remove the ligand-bearing proteins from circulation. The specific expression and ligand specificity are thought to be the ideal characters for the target of drug or gene delivery. Various galactose-bearing molecules were synthesized for this purpose. However, the biological or functional interaction of these molecules with the ASGP receptor still remains to be elucidated. In this study. we evaluated the functional ability of synthetic galactose polymer ligand, poly-(N-p-vinylbenzyl-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-[1-4]-D-gluconamide) (PVLA), to interact with recombinant ASGP receptors using mouse ASGP receptor (mouse hepatic lectin; MHL) gene-transfected CHO cells. PVLA-coated beads bound to and were endocytosed by the whole (MHL-1/-2) ASGP receptor-expressing CHO cells like hepatocytes while PVMA (poly-(N-p-vinylbenzyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-[1-4]-D-gluconamide) did not. Interestingly, PVLA-coated beads were also endocytosed by either MHL-1 or MHL-2 alone expressing cells, which are known to be incapable of endocytosing natural ligands. In addition, the endocytosis of PVLA-coated beads by MHL-expressing CHO cells or primary hepatocytes was inhibited only by soluble PVLA but not by the same galactose molecular concentration of soluble asialofetuin. Furthermore, PVLA-coated beads were endocytosed by primary hepatocyte to a significantly higher degree than asialofetuin-coated beads in vitro. These results suggest that PVLA has higher affinity to the ASGP receptor than the natural ligands in blood. Consistently, it was demonstrated that intravenously injected FITC-labeled PVLA but not PVMA drastically accumulated in parenchymal cells of the liver in vivo. Taken together, PVLA exhibiting higher affinity with hepatocytes than natural ligands is thought to be an attractive and practical carrier-ligand for liver targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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Medina-Kauwe LK, Kasahara N, Kedes L. 3PO, a novel nonviral gene delivery system using engineered Ad5 penton proteins. Gene Ther 2001; 8:795-803. [PMID: 11420644 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2000] [Accepted: 01/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the development of 3PO, a nonviral, protein-based gene delivery vector which utilizes the highly evolved cell-binding, cell-entry and intracellular transport functions of the adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) capsid penton protein. A penton fusion protein containing a polylysine sequence was produced by recombinant methods and tested for gene delivery capability. As the protein itself is known to bind integrins through a conserved consensus motif, the penton inherently possesses the ability to bind and enter cells through receptor-mediated internalization. The ability to lyse the cellular endosome encapsulating internalized receptors is also attributed to the penton. The recombinant protein gains the additional function of DNA binding and transport with the appendage of a polylysine motif. This protein retains the ability to form pentamers and mediates delivery of a reporter gene to cultured cells. Interference by oligopeptides bearing the integrin binding motif suggests that delivery is mediated specifically through integrin receptor binding and internalization. The addition of protamine to penton-DNA complexes allows gene delivery in the presence of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Medina-Kauwe
- Institute for Genetic Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Shibuya I, Akaike T, Watanabe Y. Design of a temporally and spatially controlled drug delivery system for the treatment of liver diseases in mice. Hepatology 2000; 32:1300-8. [PMID: 11093737 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.20523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Strict regulation of the distribution and degradation kinetics is the ultimate aim of drug delivery system. Regulation of drug delivery would increase the therapeutic efficacy and decrease the potential side effects. We encapsulated and used Z-Asp, a caspase inhibitor in poly-N-p-vinylbenzyl-D-lactonamide (PVLA) coated-poly (L-lactic acid) (PLA)-nanospheres in a mouse model of acute hepatitis. These nanospheres were internalized and accumulated in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Encapsulation significantly extended the intracellular retention time of the content in hepatocytes, which increased the bioavailability of the caspase inhibitor. In addition, the therapeutic effect was temporally controllable in vivo by modifying the component of the nanospheres. A cocktail of nanospheres with diverse degradation kinetics showed persistent therapeutic effects in acute hepatitis, and only nanospheres that targeted hepatocytes and controlled degradation rescued mice from lethal hepatic injury. This temporally and spatially controlled drug delivery system could be used in various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Shibuya
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
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Collard WT, Evers DL, McKenzie DL, Rice KG. Synthesis of homogeneous glycopeptides and their utility as DNA condensing agents. Carbohydr Res 2000; 323:176-84. [PMID: 10782299 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(99)00245-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two glycopeptides were synthesized by attaching purified glycosylamines (N-glycans) to a 20 amino acid peptide. Triantennary and Man9 Boc-tyrosinamide N-glycans were treated with trifluoroacetic acid to remove the Boc group and expose a tyrosinamide amine. The amine group was coupled with iodoacetic acid to produce N-iodoacetyl-oligosaccharides. These were reacted with the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine-containing peptide (CWK18), resulting in the formation of glycopeptides in good yield that were characterized by 1H NMR and ESIMS. Both glycopeptides were able to bind to plasmid DNA and form DNA condensates of approximately 110 nm mean diameter with zeta potential of +31 mV. The resulting homogeneous glycopeptide DNA condensates will be valuable as receptor-mediated gene-delivery agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Collard
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, USA
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Walton CM, Wu CH, Wu GY. A DNA delivery system containing listeriolysin O results in enhanced hepatocyte-directed gene expression. World J Gastroenterol 1999; 5:465-469. [PMID: 11819493 PMCID: PMC4688787 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v5.i6.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine whether incorporation of the pH-dependent ba cterial toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) into the DNA carrier system could increase the endosomal escape of internalized DNA and result gene expression.
METHODS: A multi-component delivery system was prepared consist ing of asialoglycoprotein (ASG), poly L-lysine (PL), and LLO. Two marker genes, luciferase and β-galactosidase in plasmids were complexed and administered in vitro to Huh7[ASG receptor (+)] and SK Hep1 [ASG rece ptor(-)] cells. Purity, hemolytic activity, gene expression, specificity, and toxicity were evaluated.
RESULTS: An LLO-containing conjugate retained cell-targeting specificity and membranolytic activity. In ASG receptor (+) cells, luciferas e gene expression was enhanced by more than 7-fold over that of conjugates with out the incorporation of listeriolysin O. No significant expression occurred in ASG receptor (-) cells. Enhancement of β-galactosidase gene expression was less, but still significantly increased over controls. There was no detectable toxicity at concentrations shown to be effective in transfection studies.
CONCLUSIONS: ASOR-PL can be coupled to LLO using disulfide bonds, and successfully target and increase the gene expression of foreign DNA.
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McKenzie DL, Collard WT, Rice KG. Comparative gene transfer efficiency of low molecular weight polylysine DNA-condensing peptides. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 1999; 54:311-8. [PMID: 10532236 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.1999.00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In a previous report (M.S. Wadhwa et al. (1997) Bioconjugate Chem. 8, 81-88), we synthesized a panel of polylysine-containing peptides and determined that a minimal repeating lysine chain of 18 residues followed by a tryptophan and an alkylated cysteine residue (AlkCWK18) resulted in the formation of optimal size (78 nm diameter) plasmid DNA condensates that mediated efficient in vitro gene transfer. Shorter polylysine chains produced larger DNA condensates and mediated much lower gene expression while longer lysine chains were equivalent to AlkCWK18. Surprisingly, AlkCWK18 (molecular weight 2672) was a much better gene transfer agent than commercially available low molecular weight polylysine (molecular weight 1000-4000), despite its similar molecular weight. Possible explanations were that the cysteine or tryptophan residue in AlkCWK18 contributed to the DNA binding and the formation of small condensates or that the homogeneity of AlkCWK18 relative to low molecular weight polylysine facilitated optimal condensation. To test these hypotheses, the present study prepared AlkCYK18 and K20 and used these to form DNA condensates and conduct in vitro gene transfer. The results established that DNA condensates prepared with either AlkCYK18 or K20 possessed identical particle size and mediated in vitro gene transfer efficiencies that were indistinguishable from AlkCWK18 DNA condensates, eliminating the possibility of contributions from cysteine or tryptophan. However, a detailed chromatographic and electrospray mass spectrometry analysis of low molecular weight polylysine revealed it to possess a much lower than anticipated average chain length of dp 6. Thus, the short chain length of low molecular weight polylysine explains its inability to form small DNA condensates and mediate efficient gene transfer relative to AlkCWK18 DNA condensates. These experiments further emphasize the need to develop homogenous low molecular weight carrier molecules for nonviral gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L McKenzie
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-1065, USA
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Raizada MK, Katovich MJ, Wang H, Berecek KH, Gelband CH. Is antisense gene therapy a step in the right direction in the control of hypertension? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:H423-32. [PMID: 10444465 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.2.h423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kwoh DY, Coffin CC, Lollo CP, Jovenal J, Banaszczyk MG, Mullen P, Phillips A, Amini A, Fabrycki J, Bartholomew RM, Brostoff SW, Carlo DJ. Stabilization of poly-L-lysine/DNA polyplexes for in vivo gene delivery to the liver. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1444:171-90. [PMID: 10023051 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(98)00274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We are developing a self-assembling non-viral in vivo gene delivery vehicle based on poly-l-lysine and plasmid DNA. We have characterized poly-l-lysines of different chain lengths for DNA condensation and strength of DNA binding. Poly-l-lysine chains >20 residues bound DNA efficiently in physiological saline, while shorter chains did not. Attachment of asialoorosomucoid to PLL increased the PLL chain length required for efficient DNA binding in saline and for efficient DNA condensation. By electron microscopy, poly-l-lysine/DNA polyplexes appeared as toroids 25-50 nm in diameter or rods 40-80 nm long; conjugation of asialoorosomucoid to the polylysine component increased the size of resulting polyplexes to 50-90 nm. In water, poly-l-lysine and asialoorosomucoid-PLL polyplexes have effective diameters of 46 and 87.6 nm, respectively. Polyplexes containing only poly-l-lysine and DNA aggregated in physiological saline at all charge ratios and aggregated at neutral charge ratios in water. Attachment of asialoorosomucoid lessened, but did not eliminate, the aggregation of PLL polyplexes, and did not result in efficient delivery of polyplexes to hepatocytes. Conjugation of polyethylene glycol to poly-l-lysine sterically stabilized resulting polyplexes at neutral charge ratios by shielding the surfaces. For efficient in vivo gene delivery, polyplexes will need to be sterically stabilized to prevent aggregation and interaction with serum components.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Kwoh
- Gene Therapy Department, The Immune Response Corporation, 5935 Darwin Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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Receptor Mediated Gene Transfer. Gene Ther 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7011-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Uike H, Sakakibara R, Iwanaga K, Ide M, Ishiguro M. Efficiency of targeted gene delivery of ligand-poly-L-lysine hybrids with different crosslinks. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62:1247-8. [PMID: 9692211 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hybrids of a ligand protein crosslinked to a DNA binding protein have been developed as gene delivery vehicles mediated by receptors. To identify the effect of the crosslinks between the ligand and DNA binding protein on gene expression caused by an internalized hybrid-DNA complex, we prepared two kinds of transferrin-poly-L-lysine (TF-PL) hybrids: one was crosslinked by probably cleavable disulfide bonds (TF-ss-PL) and the other was linked by a probably uncleavable Schiff's base (TF-Schiff-PL). The binding affinity of the hybrids to HeLa cells was not different. However, the expression of a reporter gene (for luciferase) bound to these hybrids in HeLa cells transfected with TF-Schiff-PL was greater than that of TF-ss-PL.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Uike
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The 5'-nontranslated region (NTR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) contains important elements that control HCV translation. The aim of this study was to determine whether antisense oligonucleotides against the NTR of the HCV genome can be targeted to inhibit HCV gene expression. METHODS Antisense oligonucleotides directed against a sequence in the internal ribosomal binding site of the NTR (anti-III) and a portion of the NTR overlapping the core protein translational start site of HCV (anti-IV) were prepared. In transient transfections of a plasmid containing a luciferase gene immediately downstream from an HCV NTR insert, oligonucleotides anti-III and anti-IV in the form of asialoglycoprotein-polylysine complexes were administered to Huh7 cells, and luciferase activity generated by cytomegalovirus (CMV) HCVluc was measured. RESULTS Anti-III inhibited luciferase activity by 75% and 99% at 0.01 mumol/L and 0.1 mumol/L, respectively. Similarly, anti-IV inhibited luciferase activity 88% and 99% at 0.01 mumol/L and 0.1 mumol/L, respectively. In cell lines stably transfected with CMV HCVluc plasmid, complexed anti-III inhibited luciferase activity in Huh7 cells by 20% at 10 mumol/L and 85% at 60 mumol/L, and was competable by an excess of asialoglycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS Antisense oligonucleotides that bind to the NTR of HCV can be targeted by receptor-mediated endocytosis, and they specifically inhibit HCV-directed protein synthesis under intracellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, USA.
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Hansma HG, Golan R, Hsieh W, Lollo CP, Mullen-Ley P, Kwoh D. DNA condensation for gene therapy as monitored by atomic force microscopy. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:2481-7. [PMID: 9580703 PMCID: PMC147577 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.10.2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to assay the extent of DNA condensation in approximately 100 different complexes of DNA with polylysine (PL) or PL covalently attached to the glycoproteins asialoorosomucoid (AsOR) or orosomucoid (OR). The best condensation of DNA was obtained with 10 kDa PL covalently attached to AsOR, at a lysine:nucleotide (Lys:nt) ratio of 5:1 or higher. These conditions produce large numbers of toroids and short rods with contour lengths of 300-400 nm. Some DNA condensation into shortened thickened structures was seen with 10 kDa PL attached to AsOR at Lys:nt ratios of 1.6:1 and 3:1. Some DNA condensation was also seen with 4 kDa PL at Lys:nt ratios of 3:1 and higher. Little DNA condensation was seen with PL alone or with PL convalently attached to OR at Lys:nt ratios up to 6:1. AsOR-PL enhanced gene expression in the mouse liver approximately 10- to 50-fold as compared with PL alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Hansma
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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26
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Abstract
A major advantage of synthetic peptide-based DNA delivery systems is its flexibility. By design, the composition of the final complex can be easily modified in response to experimental results in vitro and in vivo to take advantage of specific peptide sequences to overcome extra- and intracellular barriers to gene delivery. The extreme heterogeneity which greatly complicates both the kinetics of DNA-poly(L-lysine) interaction and the thermodynamic stability of the final DNA complexes is avoided. Other unique features include the absence of biohazards related to the viral genome as well as the production of the viral vector and the absence of limitations on the size of the therapeutic genes that can be inserted in the recombinant viral vector. In principle, if the gene can be cloned into an expression plasmid, it can be delivered as a synthetic DNA complex. Since these synthetic delivery systems are composed of small peptides which may be poorly antigenic, they hold the promise of repeated gene administration, a highly desirable feature which will be important for gene targeting in vivo to endothelial cells, monocytes, hepatocytes and tumor cells.
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27
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Abstract
Receptor-mediated gene transfer is a promising gene delivery technique. It employs a DNA-binding polycation, such as polylysine, to compact plasmid DNA to a size that can be taken up by cells (<100-200 nm). To allow internalization by receptor-mediated endocytosis, cell binding ligands, such as asialoglycoproteins or galactose for hepatocytes, anti-CD3 and anti-CD5 for T-cells, and transferrin, have been covalently attached to polylysine. Intracellular barriers for successful gene transfer include release of DNA complexes from endosomes or lysosomes, nuclear import of DNA complexes, and disassembly of the DNA-polylysine particles. Release of particles from internal vesicles has been achieved by the addition of lysosomotropic agents or glycerol to the transfection medium, or by the incorporation of endosomolytic compounds, such as viruses or membrane active peptides. This technique has already been used to transfect certain organs in vivo, including liver and lung.
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28
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Agellon LB. Partial transfection of liver with a synthetic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase transgene is sufficient to stimulate the reduction of cholesterol in the plasma of hypercholesterolemic mice. Biochem Cell Biol 1997. [DOI: 10.1139/o97-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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29
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Fominaya J, Wels W. Target cell-specific DNA transfer mediated by a chimeric multidomain protein. Novel non-viral gene delivery system. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:10560-8. [PMID: 8631856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.18.10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the multidomain structure of the bacterial Pseudomonas exotoxin A, a recombinant fusion protein was constructed which serves as a target cell-specific carrier for the transfer of DNA via receptor-mediated endocytosis. The protein consists of three functional domains: 1) an ErbB-2 -specific single chain antibody confers target cell specificity, 2) the exotoxin A translocation domain facilitates endosome escape, and 3) a DNA binding domain derived from the yeast GAL4 protein enable sequence-specific high affinity binding to DNA. Carrier protein purified from bacterial lysates displayed both ErbB-2-specific and DNA sequence-specific binding in vitro. Complexes which formed spontaneously by the interaction of the fusion protein with a luciferase reporter gene construct carrying a GAL4-specific recognition sequence, after condensation of the DNA and compensation of excess negative charge with poly-L-lysine were able to transfect ErbB-2-expressing cells in vitro in a cell-specific manner. Transient expression of the luciferase gene driven by the SV40 early promoter was observed and correlates with the amount of carrier protein in the complex. Truncated forms of the carrier protein lacking either the cell recognition domain or the translocation domain failed to facilitate efficient DNA transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fominaya
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Tumor Biology Center, Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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30
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Bartholomew RM, Carmichael EP, Findeis MA, Wu CH, Wu GY. Targeted delivery of antisense DNA in woodchuck hepatitis virus-infected woodchucks. J Viral Hepat 1995; 2:273-8. [PMID: 8732172 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.1995.tb00041.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An asialoglycoprotein-based DNA delivery system containing an antisense oligo DNA against the polyadenylation region and adjacent upstream sequences of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) was prepared. Experimental woodchucks were inoculated neonatally with the woodchuck virus 23 weeks before initiating the study, and all animals subsequently developed hepatitis as evidenced by the presence of measurable levels of circulating viral DNA. Animals were injected intravenously (i.v.) with asialoorosomucoid (AsOR)-poly-L-lysine complexes containing 0.1 mg kg-1 antisense DNA for five consecutive days. Levels of surface antigen did not differ substantially between treated and control animals. However, intravenous administration of complexed antisense DNA significantly decreased viraemia, as shown by a five- to 10-fold decrease in circulating viral DNA 25 days post treatment. The decline lasted for at least 2 weeks, after which there was a gradual increase in DNA levels. Antisense DNA alone or a complex containing a random oligo DNA of the same size and linkage failed to have any significant effect on viral DNA levels. We conclude that antisense oligo DNA can be targeted to the liver in vivo, resulting in a substantial and prolonged decrease in viral DNA levels in WHV-infected woodchucks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Bartholomew
- Department of Gene Therapy, TargeTech, Inc./The Immune Response Corporation, Carlsbad, CA, USA
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31
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Merwin JR, Carmichael EP, Noell GS, DeRome ME, Thomas WL, Robert N, Spitalny G, Chiou HC. CD5-mediated specific delivery of DNA to T lymphocytes: compartmentalization augmented by adenovirus. J Immunol Methods 1995; 186:257-66. [PMID: 7594625 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(95)00150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Specific DNA delivery has been achieved via interactions between an asialoorosomucoid-polylysine conjugate and the asialoglycoprotein receptor. We have now extended this technology to another cell type. In order to achieve DNA delivery uniquely to T cells, we have employed an antibody-polylysine conjugate which binds and is internalized via CD5. Binding analyses of the T101 monoclonal antibody to Jurkat cells and freshly isolated human peripheral T lymphocytes were performed and Scatchard plots revealed Kd values of 1.4 and 1.2 pM, respectively. To introduce DNA into the T cell, a complex of T101-polylysine and the luciferase plasmid was formed (T101-PL-DNA). 125I-labeled antibody alone or T101-PL-DNA complexes were both shown to internalize. Subcellular fractionation indicated that the complex remained in the endosomal compartment of the cell for up to 90 min. However, with the addition of adenovirus particles, there was a decrease of labeled complex in the endosomal fraction over time suggesting it was no longer 'tethered' to the endosome vesicle. In vitro transfections confirmed this result showing the addition of adenovirus particles during incubation resulted in increased expression of the luciferase protein. Without adenovirus, there was limited expression of the transduced gene. These data revealed that T101 can deliver DNA via an antibody-PL conjugate. The addition of adenovirus allowed the DNA to escape the endosome enabling expression of the reporter gene.
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32
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Ding ZM, Cristiano RJ, Roth JA, Takacs B, Kuo MT. Malarial circumsporozoite protein is a novel gene delivery vehicle to primary hepatocyte cultures and cultured cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:3667-76. [PMID: 7533154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.8.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report we describe a novel gene delivery system using malaria circumsporozoite (CS) protein as a specific ligand. The CS protein covers the entire surface of sporozoites of malaria parasites. Previous studies have demonstrated that intravenously injected CS protein binds specifically to the basolateral surface of hepatocytes within minutes, indicating the high hepatocyte specificity of CS protein. This characteristic of CS protein prompted us to explore the possibility of using this protein as a liver-specific ligand for hepatic gene delivery vehicle. As an initial step, we investigated the efficacy of CS protein-mediated gene transfer into primary hepatocytes as well as established cell lines. Recombinant CS proteins were chemically conjugated to poly(L-lysine). The CS conjugates were complexed with recombinant plasmid DNA carrying a reporter gene. When the DNA complex was used to transfect primary hepatocytes, a very low level of expression of the reporter gene was observed. The level of expression was greatly enhanced when the cells were cotransfected with adenovirus, which presumably releases the internalized DNA from endosomal entrapment. The CS-mediated gene transfer into the cells required region II+, an evolutionarily conserved amino acid sequence conferring the binding of CS protein to its receptor. CS protein also efficiently mediated gene transfer into a number of cell lines, i.e. HepG2, HeLa, NIH3T3, and K562, but not HL-60, which contains low levels of receptor. Thus, the CS conjugate can be used to deliver DNA into many different cultured cells. Most importantly, the CS conjugate has a potential to be further developed into a liver-specific gene delivery vehicle in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Ding
- Department of Molecular Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030
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33
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Chiou HC, Tangco MV, Levine SM, Robertson D, Kormis K, Wu CH, Wu GY. Enhanced resistance to nuclease degradation of nucleic acids complexed to asialoglycoprotein-polylysine carriers. Nucleic Acids Res 1994; 22:5439-46. [PMID: 7816636 PMCID: PMC332094 DOI: 10.1093/nar/22.24.5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown targeting of DNA to hepatocytes using an asialoorosomucoid-polylysine (AsOR-PL) carrier system. The AsOR-PL conjugate condenses DNA and facilitates entry via specific receptor-ligand interactions. In these studies, our objective was to determine if AsOR-PL conjugates protect bound DNA from nuclease attack. Double-stranded plasmid or single-stranded oligonucleotide DNA, alone or bound to conjugate, was incubated under conditions mimicking those encountered during in vitro and in vivo transfections. The results showed that complexed DNA was effectively protected from degradation by serum nucleases. Degradation of single-stranded oligonucleotides was inhibited 3- to 6-fold in serum during 5 hours of incubation. For complexed plasmids, greater than 90% remained full-length during 1.5 and 3 hour incubations in serum or culture medium containing 10% serum, respectively. Uncomplexed plasmid was completely degraded after 15 minutes in serum or 60 minutes in medium. In cell lysates, the conjugate was not effective in inhibiting endonuclease activity; plasmids were readily converted from supercoiled to open circular and linear forms. However, the resultant nicked forms were substantially protected from further degradation during one hour of incubation compared to plasmid alone. Under all conditions complexed DNA did not readily dissociate from the conjugate. Overall, for both single and double-stranded DNA, AsOR-PL conjugates conferred substantial protection from nuclease degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Chiou
- Gene Therapy Group, TargeTech Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92008
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