1
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Glassman PM. Development of a predictive algorithm for the efficacy of half-life extension strategies. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124382. [PMID: 38917959 PMCID: PMC11389361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
A challenge in development of peptide and protein therapeutics is rapid elimination from the body, necessitating frequent dosing that may lead to toxicities and/or poor patient compliance. To solve this issue, there has been great investment into half-life extension of rapidly eliminated drugs using approaches such as albumin binding, fusion to albumin or Fc, or conjugation to polyethylene glycol. Despite clinical successes of half-life extension products, no clear relationship has been drawn between properties of drugs and the pharmacokinetic parameters of their half-life extended analogues. In this study, non-compartmentally derived pharmacokinetic parameters (half-life, clearance, volume of distribution) were collected for 186 half-life extended drugs and their unmodified parent molecules. Statistical testing and regression analysis was performed to evaluate relationships between pharmacokinetic parameters and a matrix of variables. Multivariate linear regression models were developed for each of the three pharmacokinetic parameters and model predictions were in good agreement with observed data with r2 values for each parameter being: half-life: 0.879, clearance: 0.820, volume of distribution: 0.937. Significant predictors for each parameter included the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameter of the parent drug and descriptors related to molecular weight. This model represents a useful tool for prediction of the potential benefits of half-life extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N. Broad Street, 559B Pharmacy and Allied Health Building, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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2
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Clarke EC. Considerations for Glycoprotein Production. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2762:329-351. [PMID: 38315375 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3666-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
This chapter is intended to provide insights for researchers aiming to choose an appropriate expression system for the production of recombinant glycoproteins. Producing glycoproteins is complex, as glycosylation patterns are determined by the availability and abundance of specific enzymes rather than a direct genetic blueprint. Furthermore, the cell systems often employed for protein production are evolutionarily distinct, leading to significantly different glycosylation when utilized for glycoprotein production. The selection of an appropriate production system depends on the intended applications and desired characteristics of the protein. Whether the goal is to produce glycoproteins mimicking native conditions or to intentionally alter glycan structures for specific purposes, such as enhancing immunogenicity in vaccines, understanding glycosylation present in the different systems and in different growth conditions is essential. This chapter will cover Escherichia coli, baculovirus/insect cell systems, Pichia pastoris, as well as different mammalian cell culture systems including Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human endothelial kidney (HEK) cell lines, and baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Clarke
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
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3
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Hauptstein N, Pouyan P, Wittwer K, Cinar G, Scherf-Clavel O, Raschig M, Licha K, Lühmann T, Nischang I, Schubert US, Pfaller CK, Haag R, Meinel L. Polymer selection impacts the pharmaceutical profile of site-specifically conjugated Interferon-α2a. J Control Release 2022; 348:881-892. [PMID: 35764249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to biologics is a successful strategy to favorably impact the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of the resulting bioconjugate. We compare bioconjugates synthesized by strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) using PEG and linear polyglycerol (LPG) of about 20 kDa or 40 kDa, respectively, with an azido functionalized human Interferon-α2a (IFN-α2a) mutant. Site-specific PEGylation and LPGylation resulted in IFN-α2a bioconjugates with improved in vitro potency compared to commercial Pegasys. LPGylated bioconjugates had faster disposition kinetics despite comparable hydrodynamic radii to their PEGylated analogues. Overall exposure of the PEGylated IFN-α2a with a 40 kDa polymer exceeded Pegasys, which, in return, was similar to the 40 kDa LPGylated conjugates. The study points to an expanded polymer design space through which the selected polymer class may result in a different distribution of the studied bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paria Pouyan
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Wittwer
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Gizem Cinar
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Scherf-Clavel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Raschig
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kai Licha
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian K Pfaller
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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4
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Hauptstein N, Meinel L, Lühmann T. Bioconjugation strategies and clinical implications of Interferon-bioconjugates. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 172:157-167. [PMID: 35149191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFN) are immunomodulating, antiviral and antiproliferative cytokines for treatment of multiple indications, including cancer, hepatitis, and autoimmune disease. The first IFNs were discovered in 1957, first approved in 1986, and are nowadays listed in the WHO model list of essential Medicines. Three classes of IFNs are known; IFN-α2a and IFN-β belonging to type-I IFNs, IFN-γ a type-II IFN approved for some hereditary diseases and IFN-λs, which form the newest class of type-III IFNs. IFN-λs were discovered in the last decade with fascinating yet under discovered pharmaceutical potential. This article reviews available IFN drugs, their field and route of application, while also outlining available and future strategies for bioconjugation to further optimize pharmaceutical and clinical performances of all three available IFN classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Hauptstein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074, Würzburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-Based Infection Research (HIRI), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), DE-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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5
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Stevens CA, Kaur K, Klok HA. Self-assembly of protein-polymer conjugates for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:447-460. [PMID: 33984408 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-polymer conjugates are a class of molecules that combine the stability of polymers with the diversity, specificity, and functionality of biomolecules. These bioconjugates can result in hybrid materials that display properties not found in their individual components and can be particularly relevant for drug delivery applications. Engineering amphiphilicity into these bioconjugate materials can lead to phase separation and the assembly of high-order structures. The assembly, termed self-assembly, of these hierarchical structures entails multiple levels of organization: at each level, new properties emerge, which are, in turn, influenced by lower levels. Here, we provide a critical review of protein-polymer conjugate self-assembly and how these materials can be used for therapeutic applications and drug delivery. In addition, we discuss central bioconjugate design questions and propose future perspectives for the field of protein-polymer conjugate self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Stevens
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kuljeet Kaur
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Mo S, Gu L, Xu W, Liu J, Ding D, Wang Z, Yang J, Kong L, Zhao Y. Bifunctional macromolecule activating both OX40 and interferon-α signaling displays potent therapeutic effects in mouse HBV and tumor models. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107099. [PMID: 33091819 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Combinatory enhancement of innate and adaptive immune responses is a promising strategy in immunotherapeutic drug development. Bifunctional macromolecules that simultaneously target two mechanisms may provide additional advantages over the combination of targeting two single pathways. Interferon alpha (IFNα) has been used clinically against viral infection such as the chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (CHB) as well as some types of cancers. OX40 is a costimulatory immune checkpoint molecule involved in the activation of T lymphocytes. To test whether simultaneously activating IFNα and OX40 signaling pathway could produce a synergistic therapeutic effect on CHB and tumors, we designed a bifunctional fusion protein composed of a mouse OX40 agonistic monoclonal antibody (OX86) and a mouse IFNα4, joined by a flexible (GGGGS)3 linker. This fusion protein, termed OX86-IFN, can activate both IFNα and OX40. We demonstrated that OX86-IFN could effectively activate T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of mice. Furthermore, we showed that OX86-IFN had superior therapeutic effect to monotherapies in HBV hydrodynamic transfection and syngeneic tumor models. Collectively, our data suggests that simultaneously targeting interferon and OX40 signaling pathways by bifunctional molecule OX86-IFN elicits potent antiviral and antitumor activities, which could provide a new strategy in developing therapeutic agents against viral infection and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifu Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China; Nanjing U-Mab Biopharma Co., Ltd, 699-8 Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Liyun Gu
- Nanjing U-Mab Biopharma Co., Ltd, 699-8 Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Wei Xu
- Nanjing U-Mab Biopharma Co., Ltd, 699-8 Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Dong Ding
- Nanjing U-Mab Biopharma Co., Ltd, 699-8 Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Nanjing U-Mab Biopharma Co., Ltd, 699-8 Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Nanjing U-Mab Biopharma Co., Ltd, 699-8 Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Nanjing U-Mab Biopharma Co., Ltd, 699-8 Xuanwu Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, PR China.
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7
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8
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Draper SRE, Ashton DS, Conover BM, Carter AJ, Stern KL, Xiao Q, Price JL. PEGylation near a Patch of Nonpolar Surface Residues Increases the Conformational Stability of the WW Domain. J Org Chem 2020; 85:1725-1730. [PMID: 31749365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins have one or more surface-exposed patches of nonpolar residues; our observations here suggest that PEGylation near such locations might be a useful strategy for increasing protein conformational stability. Specifically, we show that conjugating a PEG-azide to a propargyloxyphenylalanine via the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition can increase the conformational stability of the WW domain due to a favorable synergistic effect that depends on the hydrophobicity of a nearby patch of nonpolar surface residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R E Draper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
| | - Dallin S Ashton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
| | - Benjamin M Conover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
| | - Anthony J Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
| | - Kimberlee L Stern
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
| | - Qiang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
| | - Joshua L Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah 84602 , United States
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9
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Xiao Q, Draper SRE, Smith MS, Brown N, Pugmire NAB, Ashton DS, Carter AJ, Lawrence EEK, Price JL. Influence of PEGylation on the Strength of Protein Surface Salt Bridges. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1652-1659. [PMID: 31188563 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) is a well-known strategy for extending the serum half-life of protein drugs and for increasing their resistance to proteolysis and aggregation. We previously showed that PEGylation can increase protein conformational stability; the extent of PEG-based stabilization depends on the PEGylation site, the structure of the PEG-protein linker, and the ability of PEG to release water molecules from the surrounding protein surface to the bulk solvent. The strength of a noncovalent interaction within a protein depends strongly on its microenvironment, with salt-bridge and hydrogen-bond strength increasing in nonpolar versus aqueous environments. Accordingly, we wondered whether partial desolvation by PEG of the surrounding protein surface might result in measurable increases in the strength of a salt bridge near a PEGylation site. Here we explore this possibility using triple-mutant box analysis to assess the impact of PEGylation on the strength of nearby salt bridges at specific locations within three peptide model systems. The results indicate that PEG can increase the nearby salt-bridge strength, though this effect is not universal, and its precise structural prerequisites are not a simple function of secondary structural context, of the orientation and distance between the PEGylation site and salt bridge, or of salt-bridge residue identity. We obtained high-resolution X-ray diffraction data for a PEGylated peptide in which PEG enhances the strength of a nearby salt bridge. Comparing the electron density map of this PEGylated peptide versus that of its non-PEGylated counterpart provides evidence of localized protein surface desolvation as a mechanism for PEG-based salt-bridge stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Steven R. E. Draper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mason S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Nathaniel Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Natalie A. B. Pugmire
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Dallin S. Ashton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Anthony J. Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Eliza E. K. Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Joshua L. Price
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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10
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Alinodehi NN, Sadeh S, Nezamiha FK, Keramati M, Hasanzadeh M, Mianroodi RA. Evaluation of Activity Kinetic Parameters of SK319cys, As a New Cysteine Variant of Streptokinase: A Comparative Study. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:76-83. [PMID: 30734674 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190208155808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the extensive use of streptokinase in thrombolytic therapy, its administration may have some shortcomings like allergic reactions and relatively low half life. Specific PEGylation on cysteine at desired sites of streptokinase may alleviate these deficiencies and improve the quality of treatment. OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to create a new cystein variant of streptokinase and compare its activity with formerly mutated SK263cys, SK45cys and intact streptokinase (Ski) to introduce superior candidates for specific PEGylation. METHOD In silico study was carried out to select appropriate amino acid for cysteine substitution and accordingly mutagenesis was carried out by SOEing PCR. The mutated gene was cloned in E. coli, expressed, and purified by affinity chromatography. Activity of the purified proteins was assayed and kinetic parameters of enzymatic reaction were analyzed. RESULTS According to in silico data, Arginine319 was selected for substitution with cysteine. SK319cys was achieved with 98% purity after cloning, expression and purification. It was shown that the enzymatic efficiency of SK319Cys and SK263cys was increased 18 and 21%, respectively, when compared to SKi (79.4 and 81.3 vs. 67.1µM-1min-1), while SK45cys showed 7% activity decrease (62.47µM-1min-1) compared to SKi. According to time-based activity assay, SK319Cys and SK263cys exhibited higher activity at lower substrate concentrations (100 and 200 µM), but at higher concentrations of substrate (400 and 800 µM), the proteins showed a very close trend of activity. CONCLUSION SK319cys, as the new cysteine variant of streptokinase, together with SK263cys and SK45cys can be considered as appropriate molecules for specific PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges N Alinodehi
- R&D Department, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sanaz Sadeh
- R&D Department, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Farahnaz K Nezamiha
- R&D Department, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Malihe Keramati
- R&D Department, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hasanzadeh
- R&D Department, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza A Mianroodi
- R&D Department, Research and Production Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
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11
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Peciak K, Laurine E, Tommasi R, Choi JW, Brocchini S. Site-selective protein conjugation at histidine. Chem Sci 2019; 10:427-439. [PMID: 30809337 PMCID: PMC6354831 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-selective conjugation generally requires both (i) molecular engineering of the protein of interest to introduce a conjugation site at a defined location and (ii) a site-specific conjugation technology. Three N-terminal interferon α2-a (IFN) variants with truncated histidine tags were prepared and conjugation was examined using a bis-alkylation reagent, PEG(10kDa)-mono-sulfone 3. A histidine tag comprised of two histidines separated by a glycine (His2-tag) underwent PEGylation. Two more IFN variants were then prepared with the His2-tag engineered at different locations in IFN. Another IFN variant was prepared with the His-tag introduced in an α-helix, and required three contiguous histidines to ensure that two histidine residues in the correct conformation would be available for conjugation. Since histidine is a natural amino acid, routine methods of site-directed mutagenesis were used to generate the IFN variants from E. coli in soluble form at titres comparable to native IFN. PEGylation conversions ranged from 28-39%. A single step purification process gave essentially the pure PEG-IFN variant (>97% by RP-HPLC) in high recovery with isolated yields ranging from 21-33%. The level of retained bioactivity was strongly dependent on the site of PEG conjugation. The highest biological activity of 74% was retained for the PEG10-106(HGHG)-IFN variant which is unprecedented for a PEGylated IFN. The His2-tag at 106(HGHG)-IFN is engineered at the flexible loop most distant from IFN interaction with its dimeric receptor. The biological activity for the PEG10-5(HGH)-IFN variant was determined to be 17% which is comparable to other PEGylated IFN conjugates achieved at or near the N-terminus that have been previously described. The lowest retained activity (10%) was reported for PEG10-120(HHH)-IFN which was prepared as a negative control targeting a IFN site thought to be involved in receptor binding. The presence of two histidines as a His2-tag to generate a site-selective target for bis-alkylating PEGylation is a feasible approach for achieving site-selective PEGylation. The use of a His2-tag to strategically engineer a conjugation site in a protein location can result in maximising the retention of the biological activity following protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Peciak
- UCL School of Pharmacy , University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square , London , WC1N 1AX , UK .
- Abzena , Babraham Research Campus, Babraham , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | | | - Rita Tommasi
- Abzena , Babraham Research Campus, Babraham , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Ji-Won Choi
- Abzena , Babraham Research Campus, Babraham , Cambridge CB22 3AT , UK
| | - Steve Brocchini
- UCL School of Pharmacy , University College London , 29-39 Brunswick Square , London , WC1N 1AX , UK .
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12
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Imada T, Moriya K, Uchiyama M, Inukai N, Hitotsuyanagi M, Masuda A, Suzuki T, Ayukawa S, Tagawa YI, Dohmae N, Kohara M, Yamamura M, Kiga D. A Highly Bioactive Lys-Deficient IFN Leads to a Site-Specific Di-PEGylated IFN with Equivalent Bioactivity to That of Unmodified IFN-α2b. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2537-2546. [PMID: 30277749 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although conjugation with polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) improves the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins, it drastically decreases their bioactivity. Site-specific PEGylation counters the reduction in bioactivity, but developing PEGylated proteins with equivalent bioactivity to that of their unmodified counterparts remains challenging. This study aimed to generate PEGylated proteins with equivalent bioactivity to that of unmodified counterparts. Using interferon (IFN) as a model protein, a highly bioactive Lys-deficient protein variant generated using our unique directed evolution methods enables the design of a site-specific di-PEGylated protein. Antiviral activity of our di-PEGylated IFN was similar to that of unmodified IFN-α2b. The di-PEGylated IFN exhibited 3.0-fold greater antiviral activity than that of a commercial PEGylated IFN. Moreover, our di-PEGylated IFN showed higher in vitro and in vivo stability than those of unmodified IFN-α2b. Hence, we propose that highly bioactive Lys-deficient proteins solve the limitation of conventional PEGylation with respect to the reduction in bioactivity of PEGylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Akiko Masuda
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shotaro Ayukawa
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan
| | | | - Naoshi Dohmae
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | | | - Daisuke Kiga
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan
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13
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Fettis MM, Hudalla GA. Engineering Reactive Oxygen Species-Resistant Galectin-1 Dimers with Enhanced Lectin Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2489-2496. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M. Fettis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Gregory A. Hudalla
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Wu
- Department of Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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15
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Wilding KM, Smith AK, Wilkerson JW, Bush DB, Knotts TA, Bundy BC. The Locational Impact of Site-Specific PEGylation: Streamlined Screening with Cell-Free Protein Expression and Coarse-Grain Simulation. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:510-521. [PMID: 29295615 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to improve protein stability and therapeutic efficacy, the optimal location for attaching PEG onto proteins is not well understood. Here, we present a cell-free protein synthesis-based screening platform that facilitates site-specific PEGylation and efficient evaluation of PEG attachment efficiency, thermal stability, and activity for different variants of PEGylated T4 lysozyme, including a di-PEGylated variant. We also report developing a computationally efficient coarse-grain simulation model as a potential tool to narrow experimental screening candidates. We use this simulation method as a novel tool to evaluate the locational impact of PEGylation. Using this screen, we also evaluated the predictive impact of PEGylation site solvent accessibility, conjugation site structure, PEG size, and double PEGylation. Our findings indicate that PEGylation efficiency, protein stability, and protein activity varied considerably with PEGylation site, variations that were not well predicted by common PEGylation guidelines. Overall our results suggest current guidelines are insufficiently predictive, highlighting the need for experimental and simulation screening systems such as the one presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Wilding
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Addison K. Smith
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Joshua W. Wilkerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Derek B. Bush
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Thomas A. Knotts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Bradley C. Bundy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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16
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Xu L, Zhang C, Wang Q, Guo F, Li Z, Liu Y, Su Z. Oxidized catechol-derived poly (ethylene glycol) for thiol-specific conjugation. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Sajjadi SM, Rahimi H, Mohammadi S, Faranoush M, Mirzahoseini H, Toogeh G. In silico designing of a new cysteine analogue of hirudin variant 3 for site specific PEGylation. Res Pharm Sci 2017; 12:60-66. [PMID: 28255315 PMCID: PMC5333481 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.199048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hirudin is an anticoagulant agent of the salivary glands of the medicinal leech. Recombinant hirudin (r-Hir) displays certain drawbacks including bleeding and immunogenicity. To solve these problems, cysteine-specific PEGylation has been proposed as a successful technique. However, proper selection of the appropriate cysteine residue for substitution is a critical step. This study has, for the first time, used a computational approach aimed at identifying a single potential PEGylation site for replacement by cysteine residue in the hirudin variant 3 (HV3). Homology modeling (HM) was performed using MODELLER. All non-cysteine residues of the HV3 were replaced with the cysteine. The best model was selected based on the results of discrete optimized protein energy score, PROCHECK software, and Verify3D. The receptor binding was investigated using protein-protein docking by ClusPro web tool which was then visualized using LigPlot+ software and PyMOL. Finally, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) using ClustalW software and disulfide bond prediction were performed. According to the results of HM and docking, Q33C, which was located on the surface of the protein, was the best site for PEGylation. Furthermore, MSA showed that Q33 was not a conserved residue and LigPlot+ software showed that it is not involved in the hirudin-thrombin binding pocket. Moreover, prediction softwares established that it is not involved in disulfide bond formation. In this study, for the first time, the utility of the in silico approach for creating a cysteine analogue of HV3 was introduced. Our study demonstrated that the substitution of Q33 by cysteine probably has no effect on the biological activity of the HV3. However, experimental analyses are required to confirm the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mehdi Sajjadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, I.R. Iran
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Molecular Medicine Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Faranoush
- Rasoul Akram Medical Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Hasan Mirzahoseini
- Biotechnology Group, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Gholamreza Toogeh
- Thrombosis and Homeostasis Research Center, Imam Khomeni Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
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18
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Jia H, Guo Y, Song X, Shao C, Wu J, Ma J, Shi M, Miao Y, Li R, Wang D, Tian Z, Xiao W. Elimination of N-glycosylation by site mutation further prolongs the half-life of IFN-α/Fc fusion proteins expressed in Pichia pastoris. Microb Cell Fact 2016; 15:209. [PMID: 27927205 PMCID: PMC5142404 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon (IFN)-α has been commonly used as an antiviral drug worldwide; however, its short half-life in circulation due to its low molecular weight and sensitivity to proteases impacts its efficacy and patient compliance. Results In this study, we present an IgG1 Fc fusion strategy to improve the circulation half-life of IFN-α. Three different forms of IgG1 Fc fragments, including the wild type, aglycosylated homodimer and aglycosylated single chain, were each fused with IFN-α and designated as IFN-α/Fc-WT, IFN-α/Fc-MD, and IFN-α/Fc-SC, respectively. The recombinant proteins were expressed in Pichia pastoris and tested using antiviral and pharmacokinetic assays in comparison with the commercial pegylated-IFN-α (PEG-IFN-α). The in vitro study demonstrated that IFN-α/Fc-SC has the highest antiviral activity, while IFN-α/Fc-WT and IFN-α/Fc-MD exhibited antiviral activities comparable to that of PEG-IFN-α. The in vivo pharmacokinetic assay showed that both IFN-α/Fc-WT and IFN-α/Fc-MD have a longer half-life than PEG-IFN-α in SD rats, but IFN-α/Fc-SC has the shortest half-life among them. Importantly, the circulating half-life of 68.3 h for IFN-α/Fc-MD was significantly longer than those of 38.2 h for IFN-α/Fc-WT and 22.2 h for PEG-IFN-α. Conclusions The results demonstrate that the elimination of N-glycosylation by mutation of putative N-glycosylation site further prolongs the half-life of the IFN-α/Fc fusion protein and could present an alternative strategy for extending the half-life of low-molecular-weight proteins expressed by P. pastoris for in vivo studies as well as for future clinical applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0601-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jia
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yugang Guo
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Xiaoping Song
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, China
| | - Changsheng Shao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajia Ma
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mingyang Shi
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yuhui Miao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Li
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Weihua Xiao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs, Anhui Province, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Anhui Engineering Research Center of Recombinant Protein Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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19
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Mills BJ, Laurence Chadwick JS. Effects of localized interactions and surface properties on stability of protein-based therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 70:609-624. [PMID: 27861887 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protein-based therapeutics garner significant attention because of exquisite specificity and limited side effects and are now being used to accomplish targeted delivery of small-molecule drugs. This review identifies and highlights individual chemical attributes and categorizes how site-specific changes affect protein stability based on published high-resolution molecular analyses. KEY FINDINGS Because it is challenging to determine the mechanisms by which the stability of large, complex molecules is altered and data are sparse, smaller, therapeutic proteins (insulin, erythropoietin, interferons) are examined alongside antibody data. Integrating this large pool of information with the limited available studies on antibodies reveals common mechanisms by which specific alterations affect protein structure and stability. SUMMARY Physical and chemical stability of therapeutic proteins and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) is of critical importance because insufficient stability prevents molecules from making it to market. Individual moieties on/near the surface of proteins have substantial influence on structure and stability. Seemingly small, superficial modification may have far-reaching consequences on structure, conformational dynamics, and solubility of the protein, and hence physical stability of the molecule. Chemical modifications, whether spontaneous (e.g. oxidation, deamidation) or intentional, as with ADCs, may adversely impact stability by disrupting local surface properties or higher order protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jennifer S Laurence Chadwick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,BioAnalytix Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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20
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Spolaore B, Raboni S, Satwekar AA, Grigoletto A, Mero A, Montagner IM, Rosato A, Pasut G, Fontana A. Site-Specific Transglutaminase-Mediated Conjugation of Interferon α-2b at Glutamine or Lysine Residues. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2695-2706. [PMID: 27731976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon α (IFN α) subtypes are important protein drugs that have been used to treat infectious diseases and cancers. Here, we studied the reactivity of IFN α-2b to microbial transglutaminase (TGase) with the aim of obtaining a site-specific conjugation of this protein drug. Interestingly, TGase allowed the production of two monoderivatized isomers of IFN with high yields. Characterization by mass spectrometry of the two conjugates indicated that they are exclusively modified at the level of Gln101 if the protein is reacted in the presence of an amino-containing ligand (i.e., dansylcadaverine) or at the level of Lys164 if a glutamine-containing molecule is used (i.e., carbobenzoxy-l-glutaminyl-glycine, ZQG). We explained the extraordinary specificity of the TGase-mediated reaction on the basis of the conformational features of IFN. Indeed, among the 10 Lys and 12 Gln residues of the protein, only Gln101 and Lys164 are located in highly flexible protein regions. The TGase-mediated derivatization of IFN was then applied to the production of IFN derivatives conjugated to a 20 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG), using PEG-NH2 for Gln101 derivatization and PEG modified with ZQG for Lys164 derivatization. The two mono-PEGylated isomers of IFN were obtained in good yields, purified, and characterized in terms of protein conformation, antiviral activity, and pharmacokinetics. Both conjugates maintained a native-like secondary structure, as indicated by far-UV circular dichroism spectra. Importantly, they disclosed good in vitro antiviral activity retention (about only 1.6- to 1.8-fold lower than that of IFN) and half-lives longer (about 5-fold) than that of IFN after intravenous administration to rats. Overall, these results provide evidence that TGase can be used for the development of site-specific derivatives of IFN α-2b possessing interesting antiviral and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Spolaore
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via Francesco Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy.,CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua , viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Samanta Raboni
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via Francesco Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Abhijeet A Satwekar
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua , viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Antonella Grigoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via Francesco Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Mero
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via Francesco Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Rosato
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS , via Gattamelata 64, I-35128 Padua, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padua , via Nicolò Giustiniani 2, 35124 Padua, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua , via Francesco Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS , via Gattamelata 64, I-35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua , viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
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21
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Wei Y, Zhuo R, Jiang X. Separation of polyethylene glycols and maleimide-terminated polyethylene glycols by reversed-phase liquid chromatography under critical conditions. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4305-4313. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Renxi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Xulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry; Wuhan University; Wuhan P. R. China
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22
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Nanda P, JagadeeshBabu PE, Gupta P, Prasad AG. Development of a Spectrophotometric Biphasic Assay for the Estimation of mPEG-maleimide in Thiol PEGylation Reaction Mixtures. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2016.1204604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Nanda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Karnataka, India
| | - P. E. JagadeeshBabu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Karnataka, India
| | - Purva Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aprameya Ganesh Prasad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Karnataka, India
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23
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Abstract
During the last decades increasing attention has been paid to peptides as potential therapeutics. However, clinical applications of peptide drugs suffer from susceptibility to degradation, rather short circulation half-life, limited ability to cross physiological barriers and potential immunogenicity. These challenges can be addressed by using polymeric materials as peptide delivery systems, owing to their versatile structures and properties. A number of polymer-based vehicles have been developed to stabilize the peptides and to control their release rates. Unfortunately, no single polymer or formulation strategy has been considered ideal for all types of peptide drugs. In this review, currently used and potential polymer-based systems for the peptide delivery will be discussed.
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24
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Grigoletto A, Mero A, Zanusso I, Schiavon O, Pasut G. Chemical and Enzymatic Site Specific PEGylation of hGH: The Stability and in vivo Activity of PEG-N-Terminal-hGH and PEG-Gln141-hGH Conjugates. Macromol Biosci 2015; 16:50-6. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201500282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Grigoletto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; Via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Anna Mero
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; Via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Ilenia Zanusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; Via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Oddone Schiavon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; Via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padua Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; Via F. Marzolo 5 35131 Padua Italy
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS; 35131 Padua Italy
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25
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Abstract
PEGylation is the covalent conjugation of PEG to therapeutic molecules. Protein PEGylation is a clinically proven approach for extending the circulation half-life and reducing the immunogenicity of protein therapeutics. Most clinically used PEGylated proteins are heterogeneous mixtures of PEG positional isomers conjugated to different residues on the protein main chain. Current research is focused to reduce product heterogeneity and to preserve bioactivity. Recent advances and possible future directions in PEGylation are described in this review. So far protein PEGylation has yielded more than 10 marketed products and in view of the lack of equally successful alternatives to extend the circulation half-life of proteins, PEGylation will still play a major role in drug delivery for many years to come.
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26
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Development of next generation of therapeutic IFN-α2b via genetic code expansion. Acta Biomater 2015; 19:100-11. [PMID: 25769229 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the aim to overcome the heterogeneity associated with marketed IFN-α2b PEGylates and optimize the size of the PEG moiety and the site of PEGylation, we develop a viable and facile platform through genetic code expansion for PEGylation of IFN-α2b at any chosen site(s). This approach includes site-specific incorporation of an azide-bearing amino acid into IFN-α2b followed by orthogonal and stoichiometric conjugation of a variety of PEGs via a copper-free click reaction. By this approach, only the chosen site(s) within IFN-α2b is consistently PEGylated under mild conditions, leading to a single and homogenous conjugate. Furthermore, it makes the structure-activity relationship study of IFN-α2b possible by which the opposite effects of PEGylation on the biological and pharmacological properties are optimized. Upon re-examination of the PEGylated IFN-α2b isomers carrying different sizes of PEG at different sites, we find mono-PEGylates at H34, A74 and E107 with a 20-, 10- and 10-kDa PEG moiety, respectively, have both higher biological activities and better PK profiles than others. These might represent the direction for development of the next generation of PEGylated IFN-α2b.
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27
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Zhao W, Liu F, Chen Y, Bai J, Gao W. Synthesis of well-defined protein–polymer conjugates for biomedicine. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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28
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Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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29
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Leder L. Site-specific protein labeling in the pharmaceutical industry: experiences from novartis drug discovery. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1266:7-27. [PMID: 25560065 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2272-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified proteins play an important role in several fields of pharmaceutical R&D, starting from various activities in drug discovery all the way down to biopharmaceuticals with improved properties such as antibody-drug conjugates. In the first part of the present chapter the significance and use of labeled proteins in biophysical methods, biochemical and cellular assays, in vivo imaging, and biopharmaceuticals is reviewed in general. In this context, the most relevant methods for site-specific modification of proteins and their application are also described. In the second part of the chapter, in-house (Novartis) results and experience with different techniques for selective protein labeling are discussed, with a focus on chemical or enzymatic (Avi-tag) biotinylation of proteins and their application in biophysical and biochemical assays. It can be concluded that while modern methods of site-specific protein labeling offer new possibilities for pharmaceutical R&D, classical methods are still the mainstay mainly due to being well established. However, site-specific protein labeling is expected to increase in importance, in particular for antibody-drug conjugates and other chemically modified biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Leder
- Center for Proteomic Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, 4056, Basel, Switzerland,
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30
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Sun Z, Tong G, Kim TH, Ma N, Niu G, Cao F, Chen X. PEGylated exendin-4, a modified GLP-1 analog exhibits more potent cardioprotection than its unmodified parent molecule on a dose to dose basis in a murine model of myocardial infarction. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:240-50. [PMID: 25553112 PMCID: PMC4279188 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A Site-specifically PEGylated exendin-4 (denoted as PEG-Ex4) is an exendin-4 (denoted as Ex4) analog we developed by site-specific PEGylation of exendin-4 with a high molecular weight trimeric poly(ethylene glycol) (tPEG). It has been shown to possess prolonged half-life in vivo with similar receptor binding affinity compared to unmodified exendin-4 by our previous work. This study is sought to test whether PEG-Ex4 is suitable for treating myocardial infarction (MI). In the MI model, PEG-Ex4 was administered every 3 days while equivalent amount of Ex4 was administered every 3 days or twice daily. Animal survival rate, heart function, remodeling and neoangiogenesis were evaluated and compared. Tube formation was examined in endothelial cells. In addition, Western blotting and histology were performed to determine the markers of cardiac hypertrophy and angiogenesis and to explore the possible molecular mechanism involved. PEG-Ex4 and Ex4 showed comparable binding affinity to GLP-1 receptor. In MI mice, PEG-Ex4 given at 3 days interval achieved similar extent of protection as Ex4 given twice daily, while Ex4 given at 3 days interval failed to produce protection. PEG-Ex4 elevated endothelial tube formation in vitro and capillary density in the border area of MI. PEG-Ex4 increased Akt activity and VEGF production in a GLP-1R dependent manner in endothelial cells and antagonism of GLP-1R, Akt or VEGF abolished the protection of PEG-Ex4 in the MI model. PEG-Ex4 is a potent long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of chronic heart disease. Its protection might be attributed to enhanced angiogenesis mediated by the activation of Akt and VEGF.
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Lawrence PB, Gavrilov Y, Matthews SS, Langlois MI, Shental-Bechor D, Greenblatt HM, Pandey BK, Smith MS, Paxman R, Torgerson CD, Merrell JP, Ritz CC, Prigozhin MB, Levy Y, Price JL. Criteria for Selecting PEGylation Sites on Proteins for Higher Thermodynamic and Proteolytic Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17547-60. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5095183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul B. Lawrence
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Yulian Gavrilov
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sam S. Matthews
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Minnie I. Langlois
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Dalit Shental-Bechor
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Harry M. Greenblatt
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Brijesh K. Pandey
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Mason S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Ryan Paxman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Chad D. Torgerson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jacob P. Merrell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Cameron C. Ritz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Maxim B. Prigozhin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yaakov Levy
- Department
of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joshua L. Price
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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Pandey BK, Smith MS, Price JL. Cys(i)-Lys(i+3)-Lys(i+4) triad: a general approach for PEG-based stabilization of α-helical proteins. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:4643-7. [PMID: 25387132 DOI: 10.1021/bm501546k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is an important strategy for enhancing the pharmacokinetic properties of protein drugs. Modern chemoselective reactions now enable specific placement of a single PEG at any site on a protein surface. However, few rational structure-based guidelines exist for selecting optimal PEGylation sites. Here, we explore the impact of PEGylation on the conformational stability of α-helices using an α-helical coiled coil as a model system. We find that maleimide-based PEGylation of a solvent-exposed i position Cys can stabilize coiled-coil quaternary structure when Lys residues occupy both the i + 3 and i + 4 positions, due to favorable interactions between the PEG-maleimide and the Lys residues. Applying this Cys(i)-Lys(i+3)-Lys(i+4) triad to a solvent-exposed position within the C-terminal helix of the villin headpiece domain leads to similar PEG-based increases in conformational stability, highlighting the possibility of using the Cys(i)-Lys(i+3)-Lys(i+4) triad as a general strategy for PEG-based stabilization of helical proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brijesh K Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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33
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Tan H, Zhao L, Liu W, Ren L, Xu S, Chen L, Li W. Synthesis of thermo-responsive polymer–protein conjugates through disulfide bonding. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06813k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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34
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Badescu G, Bryant P, Swierkosz J, Khayrzad F, Pawlisz E, Farys M, Cong Y, Muroni M, Rumpf N, Brocchini S, Godwin A. A new reagent for stable thiol-specific conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:460-9. [PMID: 24512057 DOI: 10.1021/bc400245v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many clinically used protein therapeutics are modified to increase their efficacy. Example modifications include the conjugation of cytotoxic drugs to monoclonal antibodies or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to proteins and peptides. Monothiol-specific conjugation can be efficient and is often accomplished using maleimide-based reagents. However, maleimide derived conjugates are known to be susceptible to exchange reactions with endogenous proteins. To address this limitation in stability, we have developed PEG-mono-sulfone 3, which is a latently reactive, monothiol selective conjugation reagent. Comparative reactions with PEG-maleimide and other common thiol-selective PEGylation reagents including vinyl sulfone, acrylate, and halo-acetamides show that PEG-mono-sulfone 3 undergoes more efficient conjugation under mild reaction conditions. Due to the latent reactivity of PEG-mono-sulfone 3, its reactivity can be tailored and, once conjugated, the electron-withdrawing ketone is easily reduced under mild conditions to prevent undesirable deconjugation and exchange reactions from occurring. We describe a comparative stability study demonstrating a PEG-maleimide conjugate to be more labile to deconjugation than the corresponding conjugate obtained using PEG-mono-sulfone 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Badescu
- PolyTherics Ltd, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre , 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, U.K
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35
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Lee JI, Eisenberg SP, Rosendahl MS, Chlipala EA, Brown JD, Doherty DH, Cox GN. Site-specific PEGylation enhances the pharmacokinetic properties and antitumor activity of interferon beta-1b. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:769-77. [PMID: 23962003 PMCID: PMC3868373 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon beta (IFN-β) is widely used to ameliorate disease progression in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. IFN-β has a short half-life in humans, necessitating frequent administration for optimum effectiveness. Covalent modification of IFN-β with polyethylene glycol (PEG) improves the pharmacokinetic properties of the protein, but can adversely affect the protein's in vitro bioactivity. Random modification of lysine residues in IFN-β with amine-reactive PEGs decreased the in vitro bioactivity of the protein 50-fold, presumably due to modification of lysine residues near critical receptor binding sites. PEGylated IFN-β proteins that retained high in vitro bioactivity could be obtained by selective modification of the N-terminus of the protein with PEG. Here we use site-specific PEGylation technology (targeted attachment of a cysteine-reactive-PEG to an engineered cysteine residue in IFN-β) to identify several additional amino acid positions where PEG can be attached to IFN-β without appreciable loss of in vitro bioactivity. Unexpectedly, we found that most of the PEG-IFN-β analogs showed 11- to 78-fold improved in vitro bioactivities relative to their unPEGylated parent proteins and to IFN-β-1b. In vivo studies showed that a lead PEG-IFN-β protein had improved pharmacokinetic properties compared to IFN-β and was significantly more effective than IFN-β at inhibiting growth of a human tumor xenograft in athymic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji I Lee
- 1 Bolder BioTechnology, Inc. , Boulder, Colorado
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37
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Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNα/β) are cytokines with a broad spectrum of antitumor activities including antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunostimulatory effects, and are potentially useful in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and other cancers. To improve antitumor potency and diminish the systemic side effects of IFN, we recently developed anti-CD20-IFNα fusion proteins with in vitro and in vivo efficacy against both mouse and human lymphomas expressing CD20. As IFNβ binds more tightly to the IFNα/β receptor (IFNAR) and has more potent antitumor activities, we have now constructed an anti-CD20 fusion protein with murine IFNβ (mIFNβ). Anti-CD20-mIFNβ was more potent than recombinant mIFNβ and anti-CD20-mIFNα in inhibiting the proliferation of a mouse B-cell lymphoma expressing human CD20 (38C13-huCD20). Growth inhibition was accompanied by caspase-independent apoptosis and DNA fragmentation. The efficacy of anti-CD20-mIFNβ required the physical linkage of mIFNβ to anti-CD20 antibody. Importantly, anti-CD20-mIFNβ was active against tumor cells expressing low levels of IFNAR (38C13-huCD20 IFNAR). In vivo, established 38C13-huCD20 tumors were largely insensitive to rituximab or a nontargeted mIFNβ fusion protein, yet treatment with anti-CD20-mIFNβ eradicated 83% of tumors. Anti-CD20-mIFNβ was also more potent in vivo against 38C13-huCD20 than anti-CD20-mIFNα, curing 75% versus 25% of tumors (P=0.001). Importantly, although anti-CD20-mIFNα could not eradicate 38C13-huCD20 IFNAR tumors, anti-CD20-mIFNβ treatment prolonged survival (P=0.0003), and some animals remained tumor-free. Thus, antibody fusion proteins targeting mIFNβ to tumors show promise as therapeutic agents, especially for use against tumors resistant to the effects of mIFNα.
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38
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Tian S, Li Q, Yao W, Xu C. Construction and characterization of a potent, long-lasting recombinant human serum albumin-interferon α1 fusion protein expressed in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 90:124-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Site-Specific PEGylation of Therapeutic Proteins via Optimization of Both Accessible Reactive Amino Acid Residues and PEG Derivatives. BioDrugs 2012; 26:209-15. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03261880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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40
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Meng W, Guo X, Qin M, Pan H, Cao Y, Wang W. Mechanistic insights into the stabilization of srcSH3 by PEGylation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16133-16140. [PMID: 23106398 DOI: 10.1021/la303466w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein PEGylation (attaching PEG chains to proteins) has been widely used in pharmaceuticals and nanotechnology. Although it is widely known that PEGylation can increase the thermodynamic stability of proteins, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this Article, we studied the effect of PEGylation on the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of a protein, SH3. We show that the thermodynamic stability of SH3 is enhanced upon PEGylation, mainly due to the slowing of the unfolding rate. Moreover, PEGylation can decrease the solvent-accessible surface area of SH3, leading to an increase of the m-value (the change in free energy with respect to denaturant concentration, which is a measure of the transition cooperativity between corresponding states). Such an effect also causes an enhancement of the thermodynamic stability. We quantitatively measured how the physical properties of PEG, such as the molecular weight and the number of PEGylation sites, affect the stabilization effect. We found that the stabilization effect is largely dependent on the number of PEGylation sites but only has a weak correlation with the molecular weight of the attached PEG. These experimental findings inspire us to derive a physical model based on excluded volume effect, which can satisfactorily describe all experimental observations. This model allows quantitatively calculating the free energy change upon PEGylation based on the change of water excluded zone on the protein surface. Although it is still unknown whether such a mechanism can be extended to other proteins, our work represents a key step toward the understanding of the nature of protein stabilization upon PEGylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, People's Republic of China
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41
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Kim TH, Jiang HH, Lim SM, Youn YS, Choi KY, Lee S, Chen X, Byun Y, Lee KC. Site-specific PEGylated Exendin-4 modified with a high molecular weight trimeric PEG reduces steric hindrance and increases type 2 antidiabetic therapeutic effects. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2214-20. [PMID: 23116483 DOI: 10.1021/bc300265n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to optimize an Exendin-4 (Ex4-Cys) site-specific PEGylation method with a high-molecular-weight trimeric PEG. Here, we describe the preparation of C-terminal specific PEGylated Ex4-Cys (C40-tPEG-Ex4-Cys), which was performed using cysteine and amine residue specific coupling reactions between Ex4-Cys and activated trimeric PEG. The C40-PEG-Ex4-Cys was obtained at high yields (~83%) and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The receptor binding affinity of C40-PEG(5K)-Ex4-Cys was 3.5-fold higher than that of N-terminal PEGylated Ex4-Cys (N(ter)-PEG(5K)-Ex4-Cys), and receptor binding by the trimeric PEG (tPEG; 23, 50 kDa) adduct was much higher than that of branched PEG (20 kDa). Furthermore, C40-tPEG(50K)-Ex4-Cys was found to have greater blood circulating t(1/2) and AUC(inf) values than native Ex4-Cys by 7.53- and 45.61-fold, respectively. Accordingly, its hypoglycemic duration was much greater at 59.2 h than that of native Ex4-Cys at 7.3 h, with a dose of 25 nM/kg. The results of this study show that C-terminal specific PEGylation using trimeric PEG is effective when applied to Ex4-Cys and suggest that C40-tPEG(50K)-Ex4-Cys has considerable potential as a type 2 antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, SungKyunKwan University, 300 Chonchon-dong, Suwon City 440-746, Korea
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42
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Khalili H, Godwin A, Choi JW, Lever R, Brocchini S. Comparative binding of disulfide-bridged PEG-Fabs. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2262-77. [PMID: 22994419 DOI: 10.1021/bc300372r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein PEGylation is the most clinically validated method to improve the efficacy of protein-based medicines. Antibody fragments such as Fabs display rapid clearance from blood circulation and therefore are good candidates for PEGylation. We have developed PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1 that can selectively alkylate both sulfurs derived from a native disulfide. Using PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1, conjugation of PEG specifically targets the disulfide distal to the binding region of the Fab (Scheme 2 ). PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1 (10-40 kDa) were used to generate the corresponding PEG-mono-sulfones 2 that underwent essentially quantitative conjugation to give the PEG-Fab product 4. Four Fabs were PEGylated: Fab(beva), Fab'(beva), Fab(rani), and Fab(trast). Proteolytic digestion of bevacizumab with papain gave Fab(beva), while digestion of bevacizumab with IdeS gave F(ab')(2-beva), which after reaction with DTT and PEG-mono-sulfone 2 gave PEG(2)-Fab'(beva). Ranibizumab, which is a clinically used Fab, was directly PEGylated to give PEG-Fab(rani). Trastuzumab was proteolytically digested with papain, and its corresponding Fab was PEGylated to give PEG-Fab(trast). Purification of the PEGylated Fabs was accomplished by a single ion exchange chromatography step to give pure PEG-Fab products as determined by silver-stained SDS-PAGE. No loss of PEG was detected post conjugation. A comparative binding study by SPR using Biacore with low ligand immobilization density was conducted using (i) VEGF(165) for the bevacizumab and ranibizumab derived products or (ii) HER2 for the trastuzumab derived products. VEGF(165) is a dimeric ligand with two binding sites for bevacizumab. HER2 has one domain for the binding of trastuzumab. Binding studies with PEG-Fab(beva) indicated that the apparent affinity was 2-fold less compared to the unPEGylated Fab(beva). Binding properties of the PEG-Fab(beva) products appeared to be independent of PEG molecular weight. Site-specific conjugation of two PEG molecules gave PEG(2×20)-Fab'(beva), whose apparent binding affinity was similar to that observed for PEG-Fab(beva) derivatives. The k(d) values were similar to those of the unPEGylated Fab(beva); hence, once bound, PEG-Fab(beva) remained bound to the same degree as Fab(beva). Biacore analysis indicated that both Fab(rani) and PEG(20)-Fab(rani) did not dissociate from the immobilized VEGF at 25 °C, but ELISA using immobilized VEGF showed 2-fold less apparent binding affinity for PEG(20)-Fab(rani) compared to the unPEGylated Fab(rani). Additionally, the apparent binding affinities for trastuzumab and Fab(trast) were comparable by both Biacore and ELISA. Biacore results suggested that trastuzumab had a slower association rate compared to Fab(trast); however, both molecules displayed the same apparent binding affinity. This could have been due to enhanced rebinding effects of trastuzumab, as it is a bivalent molecule. Analogous to PEG-Fab(beva) products, PEG(20)-Fab(trast) displayed 2-fold lower binding compared to Fab(trast) when evaluated by ELISA. The variations in the apparent affinity for the PEGylated Fab variants were all related to the differences in the association rates (k(a)) rather than the dissociation rates (k(d)). We have shown that (i) Fabs are well-matched for site-specific PEGylation with our bis-alkylation PEG reagents, (ii) PEGylated Fabs display only a 2-fold reduction in apparent affinity without any change in the dissociation rate, and (iii) the apparent binding rates and affinities remain constant as the PEG molecular weight is varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Khalili
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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43
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Zhang C, Yang XL, Yuan YH, Pu J, Liao F. Site-specific PEGylation of therapeutic proteins via optimization of both accessible reactive amino acid residues and PEG derivatives. BioDrugs 2012. [PMID: 22721556 DOI: 10.2165/11633350-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Modification of accessible amino acid residues with poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG] is a widely used technique for formulating therapeutic proteins. In practice, site-specific PEGylation of all selected/engineered accessible nonessential reactive residues of therapeutic proteins with common activated PEG derivatives is a promising strategy to concomitantly improve pharmacokinetics, allow retention of activity, alleviate immunogenicity, and avoid modification isomers. Specifically, through molecular engineering of a therapeutic protein, accessible essential residues reactive to an activated PEG derivative are substituted with unreactive residues provided that protein activity is retained, and a limited number of accessible nonessential reactive residues with optimized distributions are selected/introduced. Subsequently, all accessible nonessential reactive residues are completely PEGylated with the activated PEG derivative in great excess. Branched PEG derivatives containing new PEG chains with negligible metabolic toxicity are more desirable for site-specific PEGylation. Accordingly, for the successful formulation of therapeutic proteins, optimization of the number and distributions of accessible nonessential reactive residues via molecular engineering can be integrated with the design of large-sized PEG derivatives to achieve site-specific PEGylation of all selected/engineered accessible reactive residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhang
- Unit for Analytical Probes and Protein Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics of the Education Ministry, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, China
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44
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Danial M, van Dulmen THH, Aleksandrowicz J, Pötgens AJG, Klok HA. Site-Specific PEGylation of HR2 Peptides: Effects of PEG Conjugation Position and Chain Length on HIV-1 Membrane Fusion Inhibition and Proteolytic Degradation. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1648-60. [DOI: 10.1021/bc3002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Danial
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences
et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tim H. H. van Dulmen
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences
et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Harm-Anton Klok
- École
Polytechnique Fédérale
de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences
et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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45
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Duppatla V, Gjorgjevikj M, Schmitz W, Kottmair M, Mueller TD, Sebald W. Enzymatic deglutathionylation to generate interleukin-4 cysteine muteins with free thiol. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1396-405. [PMID: 22681442 DOI: 10.1021/bc2004389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a prototypical regulator protein of the immune system that is crucial for the pathogenesis and maintenance of asthma and other atopic diseases. It, together with IL-13, uses the IL-4 receptor α chain (IL-4Rα) to signal into immune and other cells. An IL-4 mutein acting as a dual IL-4/IL-13 receptor antagonist is in clinical development. Here, it is described how IL-4 muteins containing a single engineered cysteine with a free thiol can be prepared and used for site-specific chemical modification. The muteins were initially expressed in E. coli, refolded, and purified, but not in a fully reduced nonconjugated form. Attempts to reduce the cysteine chemically failed because the native disulfide bonds of IL-4 were also reduced under similar conditions. Therefore, an enzymatic procedure was developed to reduce glutathionylated IL-4 cysteine muteins employing glutaredoxin and reduced glutathione. Cysteine muteins engineered at four different positions around the IL-4Rα binding site were enzymatically reduced at different rates. All muteins were prepared with free thiol in reasonable yield and were modified by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) or maleimido-PEG. The effect on IL-4Rα binding of cysteine substitution and of the site-specific modification by glutathione, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), or a branched 2.36 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanadham Duppatla
- Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften (Biozentrum) der Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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46
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Mattos A, de Jager-Krikken A, de Haan M, Beljaars L, Poelstra K. PEGylation of interleukin-10 improves the pharmacokinetic profile and enhances the antifibrotic effectivity in CCl₄-induced fibrogenesis in mice. J Control Release 2012; 162:84-91. [PMID: 22659050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis represents a scar formation process as a response to chronic injury and a major cause of death worldwide. To date, no drug is available for this condition. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has potent anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties but its short half-life in the circulation hampers its clinical use. Our aim was therefore to modify IL-10 with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to prolong its circulation time and enhance its effectivity. IL-10 was modified with 5 or 20 kDa PEG. The biological activity was preserved after PEGylation as assessed by inhibition of TNF-α production by macrophages. In vivo, during CCl(4)-induced fibrogenesis in mice, both 5PEG-IL-10 and 20PEG-IL-10 showed a longer circulation time compared to IL-10, which was associated with a significant increased liver accumulation. Immunohistochemical analysis of fibrotic livers of mice receiving treatment with IL-10 or its PEGylated forms, revealed a decrease in markers reflecting HSC and KC activation induced by 5PEG-IL10. Transcription levels of IL-6 were decreased upon treatment with IL-10 and both PEGylated forms, whereas IL-1β levels were only down-regulated by 5PEGIL-10 and 20PEGIL-10. We conclude that PEGylation of IL-10 is a good strategy to attenuate liver fibrosis and that 5PEGIL-10 is the most effective conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Mattos
- Dept. of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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47
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Improving the stability of the EC1 domain of E-cadherin by thiol alkylation of the cysteine residue. Int J Pharm 2012; 431:16-25. [PMID: 22531851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to improve chemical and physical stability of the EC1 protein derived from the extracellular domain of E-cadherin. In solution, the EC1 protein has been shown to form a covalent dimer via a disulfide bond formation followed by physical aggregation and precipitation. To improve solution stability of the EC1 protein, the thiol group of the Cys13 residue in EC1 was alkylated with iodoacetate, iodoacetamide, and maleimide-PEG-5000 to produce thioether derivatives called EC1-IA, EC1-IN, and EC1-PEG. The physical and chemical stabilities of the EC1 derivatives and the parent EC1 were evaluated at various pHs (3.0, 7.0, and 9.0) and temperatures (0, 3, 70 °C). The structural characteristics of each molecule were analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy and the derivatives have similar secondary structure as the parent EC1 protein at pH 7.0. Both EC1-IN and EC1-PEG derivatives showed better chemical and physical stability profiles than did the parent EC1 at pH 7.0. EC1-PEG had the best stability profile compared to EC1-IN and EC1 in solution under various conditions.
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Cong Y, Pawlisz E, Bryant P, Balan S, Laurine E, Tommasi R, Singh R, Dubey S, Peciak K, Bird M, Sivasankar A, Swierkosz J, Muroni M, Heidelberger S, Farys M, Khayrzad F, Edwards J, Badescu G, Hodgson I, Heise C, Somavarapu S, Liddell J, Powell K, Zloh M, Choi JW, Godwin A, Brocchini S. Site-specific PEGylation at histidine tags. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:248-63. [PMID: 22243664 DOI: 10.1021/bc200530x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of protein-based medicines can be compromised by their rapid clearance from the blood circulatory system. Achieving optimal pharmacokinetics is a key requirement for the successful development of safe protein-based medicines. Protein PEGylation is a clinically proven strategy to increase the circulation half-life of protein-based medicines. One limitation of PEGylation is that there are few strategies that achieve site-specific conjugation of PEG to the protein. Here, we describe the covalent conjugation of PEG site-specifically to a polyhistidine tag (His-tag) on a protein. His-tag site-specific PEGylation was achieved with a domain antibody (dAb) that had a 6-histidine His-tag on the C-terminus (dAb-His(6)) and interferon α-2a (IFN) that had an 8-histidine His-tag on the N-terminus (His(8)-IFN). The site of PEGylation at the His-tag for both dAb-His(6)-PEG and PEG-His(8)-IFN was confirmed by digestion, chromatographic, and mass-spectral studies. A methionine was also inserted directly after the N-terminal His-tag in IFN to give His(8)Met-IFN. Cyanogen bromide digestion studies of PEG-His(8)Met-IFN were also consistent with PEGylation at the His-tag. By using increased stoichiometries of the PEGylation reagent, it was possible to conjugate two separate PEG molecules to the His-tag of both the dAb and IFN proteins. Stability studies followed by in vitro evaluation confirmed that these PEGylated proteins retained their biological activity. In vivo PK studies showed that all of the His-tag PEGylated samples displayed extended circulation half-lives. Together, our results indicate that site-specific, covalent PEG conjugation at a His-tag can be achieved and biological activity maintained with therapeutically relevant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehua Cong
- PolyTherics Ltd, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, United Kingdom
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Hu J, Sebald W. N-terminal specificity of PEGylation of human bone morphogenetic protein-2 at acidic pH. Int J Pharm 2011; 413:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gong N, Ma AN, Zhang LJ, Luo XS, Zhang YH, Xu M, Wang YX. Site-specific PEGylation of exenatide analogues markedly improved their glucoregulatory activity. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:399-412. [PMID: 21244372 PMCID: PMC3087140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exenatide is a 39-amino-acid peptide widely used to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, it has a short plasma half-life and requires a twice daily injection regime. To overcome these drawbacks we used maleimide-polyethylene glycol to induce site-specific PEGylation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The analogue PB-105 (ExC39) was produced by replacing cysteine at position 39 of exenatide to provide a free thiol group. PB-105 showed the same glucoregulatory activity as exenatide in mice. Site-specific PEGylation of PB-105 was performed to produce PB-110 (ExC39PEG5kDa), PB-106 (ExC39PEG20kDa), PB-107 (ExC39PEG30kDa) and PB-108 (ExC39PEG40kDa). Their effects on intracellular cAMP, acute glucoregulatory activity and pharmacokinetic profile were compared in mice and rats. KEY RESULTS PEGylation shifted the concentration-response curve of PB-105 to the right in a parallel, polyethylene glycol mass-dependent manner but with an inflexion point of at least 20 kDa. The activities of PB-107 and PB-108 but not PB-106 were reduced by 90% and 99%. PEGylation affected in vivo glucoregulatory activity in the same 'Inflexion-Shift' fashion at least at 20 kDa, but linearly increased plasma duration and systemic exposure without inflexion. PB-106 had a plasma t(1/2) approximately 10-fold that of PB-105, and exhibited superior glucoregulatory activity compared with PB-105 in normal and diabetic mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Site-specific PEGylation of exenatide with a permanent amide linkage affects its activity in a new type of 'Inflexion-Shift' fashion. PB-106 is a putative new analogue for treating diabetes; it possesses no loss of in vitro activity, prolonged plasma duration and superior, improved in vivo glucoregulatory activity compared with exenatide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Gong
- King's Lab, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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