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Miranda FC, Oliveira KSGC, Tardioli PW, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Guimarães JR. Insights on the role of blocking agent on the properties of the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus immobilized on heterofunctional support for hydroesterification reactions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133555. [PMID: 38960240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Here, we report a study of the effect of the blocking agent on the properties of the lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLL) immobilized on a heterofunctional support (Purolite C18-ethylnediamina (EDA)- vinyl sulfone (VS)-TLL-blocking agent) in different reactions. The performance of the biocatalysts was compared to those immobilized on standard hydrophobic support (Purolite C18-TLL) and the commercial one (TLL-IM). The nature of the blocking agent (Cys, Gly and Asp) altered the enzyme features. TLL-IM always gave a comparatively worse performance, with its specificity for the oil being very different to the Purolite biocatalysts. Under optimized conditions, Purolite C18-TLL yielded 97 % of hydrolysis conversion after 4 h using a water/waste cooking soybean oil (WCSO) mass ratio of 4.3, biocatalyst load of 6.5 wt% and a temperature of 44.2 °C (without buffer or emulsification agent). In esterification reactions of the purified free fatty acids (FFAs) obtained from WCSO, the best TLL biocatalysts depended on the utilized alcohol: linear amyl alcohol was preferred by Purolite C18-TLL and Purolite C18-EDA-VS-TLL-Gly, while higher activity was achieved utilizing isoamyl alcohol as nucleophile by Purolite C18-EDA-VS-TLL-Cys, Purolite C18-EDA-VS-TLL-Asp and IM-TLL as catalysts. All the results indicate the influence of the blocking step on the final biocatalyst features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Cardoso Miranda
- Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. Benedito Pereira dos Santos, 1303, Itajubá, Minas Gerais 37500-903, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Waldir Tardioli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of the South of Minas Gerais, Av. Maria da Conceição Santos, 900, 37560-260 Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Department of biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry (ICP-CSIC), Campus UAM -CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Renato Guimarães
- Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. Benedito Pereira dos Santos, 1303, Itajubá, Minas Gerais 37500-903, Brazil.
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2
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Molecular Recognition of Surface Trans-Sialidases in Extracellular Vesicles of the Parasite Trypanosoma cruzi Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137193. [PMID: 35806197 PMCID: PMC9266976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-sialidases (TS) are important constitutive macromolecules of the secretome present on the surface of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) that play a central role as a virulence factor in Chagas disease. These enzymes have been related to infectivity, escape from immune surveillance and pathogenesis exhibited by this protozoan parasite. In this work, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based single molecule-force spectroscopy is implemented as a suitable technique for the detection and location of functional TS on the surface of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by tissue-culture cell-derived trypomastigotes (Ex-TcT). For that purpose, AFM cantilevers with functionalized tips bearing the anti-TS monoclonal antibody mAb 39 as a sense biomolecule are engineered using a covalent chemical ligation based on vinyl sulfonate click chemistry; a reliable, simple and efficient methodology for the molecular recognition of TS using the antibody-antigen interaction. Measurements of the breakdown forces between anti-TS mAb 39 antibodies and EVs performed to elucidate adhesion and forces involved in the recognition events demonstrate that EVs isolated from tissue-culture cell-derived trypomastigotes of T. cruzi are enriched in TS. Additionally, a mapping of the TS binding sites with submicrometer-scale resolution is provided. This work represents the first AFM-based molecular recognition study of Ex-TcT using an antibody-tethered AFM probe.
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3
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The combination of covalent and ionic exchange immobilizations enables the coimmobilization on vinyl sulfone activated supports and the reuse of the most stable immobilized enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 199:51-60. [PMID: 34973984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The coimmobilization of lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (RML) and Candida antarctica (CALB) has been intended using agarose beads activated with divinyl sulfone. CALB could be immobilized on this support, while RML was not. However, RML was ionically exchanged on this support blocked with ethylendiamine. Therefore, both enzymes could be coimmobilized on the same particle, CALB covalently using the vinyl sulfone groups, and RML via anionic exchange on the aminated blocked support. However, immobilized RML was far less stable than immobilized CALB. To avoid the discarding of CALB (that maintained 90% of the initial activity after RML inactivation), a strategy was developed. Inactivated RML was desorbed from the support using ammonium sulfate and 1% Triton X-100 at pH 7.0. That way, 5 cycles of RML thermal inactivation, discharge of the inactivated enzyme and re-immobilization of a fresh sample of RML could be performed. In the last cycle, immobilized CALB activity was still over 90% of the initial one. Thus, the strategy permits that enzymes can be coimmobilized on vinyl sulfone supports even if one of them cannot be immobilized on it, and also permits the reuse of the most stable enzyme (if it is irreversibly attached to the support).
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4
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Reche-Perez FJ, Plesselova S, De Los Reyes-Berbel E, Ortega-Muñoz M, Lopez-Jaramillo FJ, Hernandez-Mateo F, Santoyo-Gonzalez F, Salto-Gonzalez R, Giron-Gonzalez MD. Single chain variable fragment fused to maltose binding protein: a modular nanocarrier platform for the targeted delivery of antitumorals. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1728-1738. [PMID: 33432316 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01903h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of the specific binding properties of monoclonal antibody fragments such as single-chain variable fragments (ScFv) for the selective delivery of antitumor therapeutics for cancer cells is attractive due to their smaller size, low immunogenicity, and low-cost production. Although covalent strategies for the preparation of such ScFv-based therapeutic conjugates are prevalent, this approach is not straightforward, as it requires prior chemical activation and/or modification of both the ScFv and the therapeutics for the application of robust chemistries. A non-covalent alternative based on ScFv fused to maltose-binding protein (MBP) acting as a binding adapter is proposed for active targeted delivery. MBP-ScFv proves to be a valuable modular platform to synergistically bind maltose-derivatized therapeutic cargos through the MBP, while preserving the targeting competences provided by the ScFv. The methodology has been tested by using a mutated maltose-binding protein (MBP I334W) with an enhanced affinity toward maltose and an ScFv coding sequence toward the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Non-covalent binding complexes of the resulting MBP-ScFv fusion protein with diverse maltosylated therapeutic cargos (a near-infrared dye, a maltosylated supramolecular β-cyclodextrin container for doxorubicin, and non-viral polyplex gene vector) were easily prepared and characterized. In vitro and in vivo assays using cell lines that express or not the HER2 epitope, and mice xenografts of HER2 expressing cells demonstrated the capability and versatility of MBP-ScFv for diagnosis, imaging, and drug and plasmid active targeted tumor delivery. Remarkably, the modularity of the MBP-ScFv platform allows the flexible interchange of both the cargos and the coding sequence for the ScFv, allowing ad hoc solutions in targeting delivery without any further optimization since the MBP acts as a pivotal element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Reche-Perez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
| | - Simona Plesselova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
| | - Eduardo De Los Reyes-Berbel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Biotechnology Institute, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
| | - Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Lopez-Jaramillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Biotechnology Institute, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Hernandez-Mateo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Biotechnology Institute, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Santoyo-Gonzalez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Sciences, Biotechnology Institute, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Salto-Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
| | - Maria D Giron-Gonzalez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain. and Unit of Excellence in Chemistry Applied to Biomedicine and the Environment of the University of Granada, Spain
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5
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Miyabe H. Aryne-Mediated Synthesis of Oxygen Heterocycles and Application to Cysteine-Selective Trapping. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-20-934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Becaro AA, Mendes AA, Adriano WS, Lopes LA, Vanzolini KL, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Tardioli PW, Cass QB, Giordano RDLC. Immobilization and stabilization of d-hydantoinase from Vigna angularis and its use in the production of N-carbamoyl-d-phenylglycine. Improvement of the reaction yield by allowing chemical racemization of the substrate. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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7
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Sappia LD, Piccinini E, von Binderling C, Knoll W, Marmisollé W, Azzaroni O. PEDOT-polyamine composite films for bioelectrochemical platforms - flexible and easy to derivatize. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110575. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Miyabe H, Yoshioka E, Minato I, Takashima H. Synthesis of Oxygen-Heterocycles Having Linker Components for Trapping Cysteine Derivatives. HETEROCYCLES 2020. [DOI: 10.3987/com-19-s(f)21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Dal Magro L, Kornecki JF, Klein MP, Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Optimized immobilization of polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger following different protocols: Improved stability and activity under drastic conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:234-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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10
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Leng J, Alharbi NS, Qin HL. Construction of α-(Hetero)aryl Ethenesulfonyl Fluorides for SuFEx Click Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures; and; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; 430070 Wuhan Hubei Province People's Republic of China
| | - Njud S. Alharbi
- Biotechnology Research group; Deportment of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures; and; School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science; Wuhan University of Technology; 430070 Wuhan Hubei Province People's Republic of China
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11
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Rodrigues RC, Virgen-Ortíz JJ, dos Santos JC, Berenguer-Murcia Á, Alcantara AR, Barbosa O, Ortiz C, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Immobilization of lipases on hydrophobic supports: immobilization mechanism, advantages, problems, and solutions. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:746-770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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de Andrades D, Graebin NG, Ayub MAZ, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rodrigues RC. Preparation of immobilized/stabilized biocatalysts of β-glucosidases from different sources: Importance of the support active groups and the immobilization protocol. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2890. [PMID: 31374157 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
β-Glucosidases from two different commercial preparations, Pectinex Ultra SP-L and Celluclast® 1.5L, were immobilized on divinylsulfone (DVS) supports at pH 5.0, 7.0, 9.0, and 10. In addition, the biocatalysts were also immobilized in agarose beads activated by glyoxyl, and epoxide as reagent groups. The best immobilization results were observed using higher pH values on DVS-agarose, and for Celluclast® 1.5L, good results were also obtained using the glyoxil-agarose immobilization. The biocatalyst obtained using Pectinex Ultra SP-L showed the highest thermal stability, at 65°C, and an operational stability of 67% of activity after 10 reuses cycles when immobilized on DVS-agarose immobilized at pH 10 and blocked with ethylenediamine. The β-glucosidase from Celluclast® 1.5L produced best results when immobilized on DVS-agarose immobilized at pH 9 and blocked with glycine, reaching 7.76-fold higher thermal stability compared to its free form and maintaining 76% of its activity after 10 successive cycles. The new biocatalysts obtained by these protocols showed reduction of glucose inhibition of enzymes, demonstrating the influence of immobilization protocols, pH, and blocking agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra de Andrades
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natália G Graebin
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marco A Z Ayub
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael C Rodrigues
- Biotechnology, Bioprocess, and Biocatalysis Group, Food Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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13
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Pinheiro BB, Rios NS, Rodríguez Aguado E, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Freire TM, Fechine PB, dos Santos JC, Gonçalves LR. Chitosan activated with divinyl sulfone: a new heterofunctional support for enzyme immobilization. Application in the immobilization of lipase B from Candida antarctica. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 130:798-809. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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David AHG, García-Cerezo P, Campaña AG, Santoyo-González F, Blanco V. [2]Rotaxane End-Capping Synthesis by Click Michael-Type Addition to the Vinyl Sulfonyl Group. Chemistry 2019; 25:6170-6179. [PMID: 30762912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the application of the click Michael-type addition reaction to vinyl sulfone or vinyl sulfonate groups in the synthesis of rotaxanes through the threading-and-capping method. This methodology has proven to be efficient and versatile as it allowed the preparation of rotaxanes using template approaches based on different noncovalent interactions (i.e., donor-acceptor π-π interactions or hydrogen bonding) in yields of generally 60-80 % and up to 91 % aided by the mild conditions required (room temperature or 0 °C and a mild base such as Et3 N or 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine (DMAP)). Furthermore, the use of vinyl sulfonate moieties, which are suitable motifs for coupling-and-decoupling (CAD) chemistry, implies another advantage because it allows the controlled chemical disassembly of the rotaxanes into their components through nucleophilic substitution of the sulfonates resulting from the capping step with a thiol under mild conditions (Cs2 CO3 and room temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H G David
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Cerezo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Araceli G Campaña
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Santoyo-González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Avda. Fuente Nueva, S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain
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15
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Ortega-Muñoz M, Vargas-Navarro P, Hernandez-Mateo F, Salinas-Castillo A, Capitan-Vallvey LF, Plesselova S, Salto-Gonzalez R, Giron-Gonzalez MD, Lopez-Jaramillo FJ, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. Acid anhydride coated carbon nanodots: activated platforms for engineering clicked (bio)nanoconstructs. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7850-7856. [PMID: 30964133 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr09459d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Activated carbon nanodots functionalized with acid anhydride groups (AA-CNDs) are prepared by one-pot water-free green thermolysis of citric acid. As a proof of concept of their capabilities as appealing and versatile platforms for accessing engineering nanoconstructs, the as-prepared AA-CNDs have been reacted to yield clickable CNDs. Their click bioconjugation with relevant recognizable complementary clickable sugars has led to multivalent CND-based glyconanoparticles that are non-toxic and biorecognizable. The accessibility and intrinsic reactivity of AA-CNDs expand the current toolbox of covalent surface grafting methodologies and provide a wide range of potential applications for engineering (bio)nanoconstructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biotechnology Institute, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Fuentenueva sn, University of Granada, 18071-Granada, Spain.
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16
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Fu D, Liu Y, Shen A, Xiao Y, Yu L, Liang X. Preparation of glutathione-functionalized zwitterionic silica material for efficient enrichment of sialylated N-glycopeptides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4131-4140. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Ramírez-Andersen HS, Behrens C, Buchardt J, Fels JJ, Folkesson CG, Jianhe C, Nørskov-Lauritsen L, Nielsen PF, Reslow M, Rischel C, Su J, Thygesen P, Wiberg C, Zhao X, Wenjuan X, Johansen NL. Long-Acting Human Growth Hormone Analogue by Noncovalent Albumin Binding. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3129-3143. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jens Buchardt
- Novo Nordisk A/S Global Research, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | | | - Chen Jianhe
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | - Per F. Nielsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S Global Research, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Mats Reslow
- Novo Nordisk A/S Global Research, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Jing Su
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peter Thygesen
- Novo Nordisk A/S Global Research, DK-2760 Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Xin Zhao
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xia Wenjuan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, 20 Life Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
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18
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Zaak H, Sassi M, Fernandez-Lafuente R. A new heterofunctional amino-vinyl sulfone support to immobilize enzymes: Application to the stabilization of β-galactosidase from A spergillus oryzae. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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19
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Zhao Y, Lai YL, Du KS, Lin DZ, Huang JM. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Sulfonylation of Cinnamic Acids with Aromatic Sulfonylhydrazides to Vinyl Sulfones. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9655-9661. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Yin-Long Lai
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Ke-Si Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Dian-Zhao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional
Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, China
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20
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Ariyasu S, Hayashi H, Xing B, Chiba S. Site-Specific Dual Functionalization of Cysteine Residue in Peptides and Proteins with 2-Azidoacrylates. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:897-902. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Ariyasu
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Hirohito Hayashi
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Bengang Xing
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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21
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Cruz CM, Ortega-Muñoz M, López-Jaramillo FJ, Hernández-Mateo F, Blanco V, Santoyo-González F. Vinyl Sulfonates: A Click Function for Coupling-and-Decoupling Chemistry and their Applications. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Cruz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Mariano Ortega-Muñoz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | | | - Fernando Hernández-Mateo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Victor Blanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad de Granada; 18071 Granada Spain
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22
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Albuquerque TL, Rueda N, dos Santos JC, Barbosa O, Ortiz C, Binay B, Özdemir E, Gonçalves LR, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Easy stabilization of interfacially activated lipases using heterofunctional divinyl sulfone activated-octyl agarose beads. Modulation of the immobilized enzymes by altering their nanoenvironment. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Santos-Moriano P, Monsalve-Ledesma L, Ortega-Muñoz M, Fernandez-Arrojo L, Ballesteros AO, Santoyo-Gonzalez F, Plou FJ. Vinyl sulfone-activated silica for efficient covalent immobilization of alkaline unstable enzymes: application to levansucrase for fructooligosaccharide synthesis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vinyl sulfone-silica was efficient to covalently immobilize levansucrase at neutral pH. LEV-VS showed altered selectivity towards FOS and good operational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - F. J. Plou
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica
- CSIC
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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24
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Hernandez Armada D, Santos JT, Richards MR, Cairo CW. Protecting group-free immobilization of glycans for affinity chromatography using glycosylsulfonohydrazide donors. Carbohydr Res 2015; 417:109-16. [PMID: 26454791 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A variety of applications in glycobiology exploit affinity chromatography through the immobilization of glycans to a solid support. Although several strategies are known, they may provide certain advantages or disadvantages in how the sugar is attached to the affinity matrix. Additionally, the products of some methods may be hard to characterize chemically due to non-specific reactions. The lack of specificity in standard immobilization reactions makes affinity chromatography with expensive oligosaccharides challenging. As a result, methods for specific and efficient immobilization of oligosaccharides remain of interest. Herein, we present a method for the immobilization of saccharides using N'-glycosylsulfonohydrazide (GSH) carbohydrate donors. We have compared GSH immobilization to known strategies, including the use of divinyl sulfone (DVS) and cyanuric chloride (CC), for the generation of affinity matrices. We compared immobilization methods by determining their immobilization efficiency, based on a comparison of the mass of immobilized carbohydrate and the concentration of active binding sites (determined using lectins). Our results indicate that immobilization using GSH donors can provide comparable amounts of carbohydrate epitopes on solid support while consuming almost half of the material required for DVS immobilization. The lectin binding capacity observed for these two methods suggests that GSH immobilization is more efficient. We propose that this method of oligosaccharide immobilization will be an important tool for glycobiologists working with precious glycan samples purified from biological sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hernandez Armada
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Jobette T Santos
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michele R Richards
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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25
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Iodine-promoted decarboxylative C–S cross-coupling of cinnamic acids with sodium benzene sulfinates. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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27
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dos Santos JC, Rueda N, Barbosa O, Millán-Linares MDC, Pedroche J, del Mar Yuste M, Gonçalves LR, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Bovine trypsin immobilization on agarose activated with divinylsulfone: Improved activity and stability via multipoint covalent attachment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Bello C, Wang S, Meng L, Moremen KW, Becker CFW. A PEGylated photocleavable auxiliary mediates the sequential enzymatic glycosylation and native chemical ligation of peptides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:7711-5. [PMID: 25980981 PMCID: PMC4524672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research aimed at understanding the specific role of glycosylation patterns in protein function would greatly benefit from additional approaches allowing direct access to homogeneous glycoproteins. Herein the development and application of an efficient approach for the synthesis of complex homogenously glycosylated peptides based on a multifunctional photocleavable auxiliary is described. The presence of a PEG polymer within the auxiliary enables sequential enzymatic glycosylation and straightforward isolation in excellent yields. The auxiliary-modified peptides can be directly used in native chemical ligations with peptide thioesters easily obtained by direct hydrazinolysis of the respective glycosylated peptidyl resins and subsequent oxidation. The ligated glycopeptides can be smoothly deprotected by UV irradiation. We apply this approach to the preparation of variants of the epithelial tumor marker MUC1 carrying one or more Tn, T, or sialyl-T antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bello
- Fakultät Chemie, Institut für Biologische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna (Austria)
| | - Shuo Wang
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (USA)
| | - Lu Meng
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (USA)
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens (USA)
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Fakultät Chemie, Institut für Biologische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna (Austria).
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29
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dos Santos JC, Rueda N, Torres R, Barbosa O, Gonçalves LR, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Evaluation of divinylsulfone activated agarose to immobilize lipases and to tune their catalytic properties. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Koniev O, Wagner A. Developments and recent advancements in the field of endogenous amino acid selective bond forming reactions for bioconjugation. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5495-551. [PMID: 26000775 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00048c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation methodologies have proven to play a central enabling role in the recent development of biotherapeutics and chemical biology approaches. Recent endeavours in these fields shed light on unprecedented chemical challenges to attain bioselectivity, biocompatibility, and biostability required by modern applications. In this review the current developments in various techniques of selective bond forming reactions of proteins and peptides were highlighted. The utility of each endogenous amino acid-selective conjugation methodology in the fields of biology and protein science has been surveyed with emphasis on the most relevant among reported transformations; selectivity and practical use have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Koniev
- Laboratory of Functional Chemo-Systems (UMR 7199), Labex Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France.
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31
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Bello C, Wang S, Meng L, Moremen KW, Becker CFW. Ein PEGyliertes, lichtspaltbares Auxiliar für die sequenzielle enzymatische Glykosylierung und native chemische Ligation von Peptiden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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32
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Wang H, Cheng F, Li M, Peng W, Qu J. Reactivity and kinetics of vinyl sulfone-functionalized self-assembled monolayers for bioactive ligand immobilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:3413-3421. [PMID: 25736428 DOI: 10.1021/la504087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new vinyl sulfone (VS) disulfide, 1,2-bis(11-(vinyl sulfonyl)undecyl)disulfane, was synthesized to enable the preparation of VS-presenting self-assembled monolayers (VS SAMs) on Au substrates. The VS SAMs were used as a model system to assess the reaction kinetics of bioactive ligands, i.e., glutathione (GSH), N-(5-amino-1-carboxypentyl)iminodiacetic acid (ab-NTA), and mannose, toward the VS groups on the SAM surface. The VS SAMs and the ligand immobilization were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle goniometry, and protein-binding experiments using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Kinetic studies showed that the surface VS groups undergo pseudo-first-order reactions with various ligands, with the observed rate constant being 0.057 min(-1) for GSH at pH 7.5, 0.011 min(-1) for ab-NTA at pH 8.5, and 0.009 min(-1) for mannose at pH 10.5. This work advanced our understanding of the reactivity of VS-bearing functional surfaces and further demonstrated the versatile potential of VS chemistry to prepare ligand-immobilized bioactive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wei Peng
- §School of Physics and Optoelectronic Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China
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33
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dos Santos JCS, Rueda N, Sanchez A, Villalonga R, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Versatility of divinylsulfone supports permits the tuning of CALB properties during its immobilization. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03798k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Properties of CALB has been modulated by immobilization on divinylsulfone (DVS) activated agarose beads under different conditions (pH 5–10).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazzoly Rueda
- Departamento de Biocatálisis
- Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC
- ICP-CSIC
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Alfredo Sanchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Complutense University of Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Complutense University of Madrid
- 28040 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Luciana R. B. Gonçalves
- Departamento de Engenharia Química
- Universidade Federal do Ceará
- Campus do Pici
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
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34
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dos Santos JCS, Rueda N, Barbosa O, Fernández-Sánchez JF, Medina-Castillo AL, Ramón-Márquez T, Arias-Martos MC, Millán-Linares MC, Pedroche J, Yust MDM, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Characterization of supports activated with divinyl sulfone as a tool to immobilize and stabilize enzymes via multipoint covalent attachment. Application to chymotrypsin. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16926c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
DVS supports are very suitable to stabilize enzymes via multipoint covalent attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazzoly Rueda
- ICP-CSIC
- Departamento de Biocatálisis
- Instituto de Catálisis-CSIC
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Oveimar Barbosa
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad del Tolima
- Ibagué
- Colombia
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35
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Rokade BV, Prabhu KR. Copper-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Sulfonylation of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8110-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501314y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji V. Rokade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India
| | - Kandikere Ramaiah Prabhu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India
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36
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Bello C, Farbiarz K, Möller JF, Becker CFW, Schwientek T. A quantitative and site-specific chemoenzymatic glycosylation approach for PEGylated MUC1 peptides. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc52641k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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37
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del Castillo T, Marales-Sanfrutos J, Santoyo-González F, Magez S, Lopez-Jaramillo FJ, Garcia-Salcedo JA. Monovinyl sulfone β-cyclodextrin. A flexible drug carrier system. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:383-9. [PMID: 24339407 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins have been conjugated to target various receptors and have also been functionalized with carbohydrates for targeting specific organs. However, this approach is based on a rigid design that implies the ad hoc synthesis of each cyclodextrin-targeting agent conjugate. We hypothesized that: 1)a modular design that decouples the carrier function from the targeting function leads to a flexible system, 2) combining the reactivity of the vinyl sulfone group toward biomolecules that act as targeting agents with the ability of cyclodextrin to form complexes with a wide range of drugs may yield a versatile system that allows the targeting of different organs with different drugs, and 3) the higher reactivity of histidine residues toward the vinyl sulfone group can be exploited to couple the cyclodextrin to the targeting system with a degree of regioselectivity. As a proof of concept, we synthesized a monovinyl sulfone β-cyclodextrin (module responsible for the payload), which, after coupling to recombinant antibody fragments raised against Trypanosoma brucei (module responsible for targeting) and loading with nitrofurazone (module responsible for therapeutic action) resulted in an effective delivery system that targets the surface of the parasites and shows trypanocidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa del Castillo
- Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Instituto de Investigaciones Biosanitarias de Granada, FIBAO, Granada (Spain); Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, CSIC, Granada (Spain)
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38
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Megia-Fernandez A, de la Torre-Gonzalez D, Parada-Aliste J, Lopez-Jaramillo FJ, Hernandez-Mateo F, Santoyo-Gonzalez F. Masked Thiol Sugars: Chemical Behavior and Synthetic Applications ofS-Glycopyranosyl-N-monoalkyl Dithiocarbamates. Chem Asian J 2013; 9:620-31. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201301270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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39
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Zhou J, Chen P, Deng C, Meng F, Cheng R, Zhong Z. A Simple and Versatile Synthetic Strategy to Functional Polypeptides via Vinyl Sulfone-Substituted l-Cysteine N-Carboxyanhydride. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4014669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianren Zhou
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Ru Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, and
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application,
College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s
Republic of China
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