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Dennis EA. Liberating Chiral Lipid Mediators, Inflammatory Enzymes, and LIPID MAPS from Biological Grease. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24431-24448. [PMID: 27555328 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.x116.723791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1970, it was well accepted that the central role of lipids was in energy storage and metabolism, and it was assumed that amphipathic lipids simply served a passive structural role as the backbone of biological membranes. As a result, the scientific community was focused on nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates as information-containing molecules. It took considerable effort until scientists accepted that lipids also "encode" specific and unique biological information and play a central role in cell signaling. Along with this realization came the recognition that the enzymes that act on lipid substrates residing in or on membranes and micelles must also have important signaling roles, spurring curiosity into their potentially unique modes of action differing from those acting on water-soluble substrates. This led to the creation of the concept of "surface dilution kinetics" for describing the mechanism of enzymes acting on lipid substrates, as well as the demonstration that lipid enzymes such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) contain allosteric activator sites for specific phospholipids as well as for membranes. As our understanding of phospholipases advanced, so did the understanding that many of the lipids released by these enzymes are chiral information-containing signaling molecules; for example, PLA2 regulates the generation of precursors for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids and other bioactive lipid mediators of inflammation and resolution underlying disease progression. The creation of the LIPID MAPS initiative in 2003 and the ensuing development of the lipidomics field have revealed that lipid metabolites are central to human metabolism. Today lipids are recognized as key mediators of health and disease as we enter a new era of biomarkers and personalized medicine. This article is my personal "reflection" on these scientific advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Dennis
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0601.
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2
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Abstract
The physico-chemical properties of short-chain phosphatidylcholine are reviewed to the extent that its biological activity as a mild detergent can be rationalized. Long-chain diacylphosphatidylcholines are typical membrane phospholipids that form preferentially smectic lamellar phases (bilayers) when dispersed in water. In contrast, the preferred phase of the short-chain analogues dispersed in excess water is the micellar phase. The preferred conformation and the dynamics of short-chain phosphatidylcholines in the monomeric and micellar state present in H(2)O are discussed. The motionally averaged conformation of short-chain phosphatidylcholines is then compared to the single-crystal structures of membrane lipids. The main conclusion emerging is that in terms of preferred conformation and motional averaging short-chain phosphatidylcholines closely resemble their long-chain analogues. The dispersing power of short-chain phospholipids is emphasized in the second part of the review. Evidence is presented to show that this class of compounds is superior to most other detergents used in the solubilization of membrane proteins and the reconstitution of the solubilized proteins to artificial membrane systems (proteoliposomes). The prominent feature of the solubilization/reconstitution of integral membrane proteins by short-chain PC is the retention of the native protein structure and hence the protein function. Due to their special detergent-like properties, short-chain PC lend themselves very well not only to membrane solubilization but also to the purification of integral membrane proteins. The retention of the native protein structure in the solubilized state, i.e. in mixed micelles consisting of the integral membrane protein, intrinsic membrane lipids and short-chain PC, is rationalized. It is hypothesized that short-chain PC interacts primarily with the lipid bilayer of a membrane and very little if at all with the membrane proteins. In this way, the membrane protein remains associated with its preferred intrinsic membrane lipids and retains its native structure and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hauser
- Institute of Biochemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Centre, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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3
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Ishikawa S, Neya S, Funasaki N. Conformation-Dependent Binding of Diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine by Cyclodextrins As Revealed by Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9729066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Ishikawa
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Saburo Neya
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Noriaki Funasaki
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Davis LL, Maglio JJ, Horwitz J. Phospholipase D hydrolyzes short-chain analogs of phosphatidylcholine in the absence of detergent. Lipids 1998; 33:223-7. [PMID: 9507245 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase D is an important enzyme in signal transduction in neuronal tissue. A variety of assays have been used to measure phospholipase D activity in vitro. The most typical measure of phospholipase D activity is the production of phosphatidylethanol in the presence of ethanol. Phosphatidylethanol is a product of transphosphatidylation activity that is considered a unique property of phospholipase D. To support transphosphatidylation activity, high concentrations of ethanol may be required. Furthermore, most assays in the literature utilize a detergent. These extreme conditions, detergent and ethanol, may alter phospholipase D and hinder the study of its regulation. In this manuscript we describe an assay that eliminates these potentially confounding conditions. It utilizes high specific activity [3H]butanol as a nucleophilic receptor. This eliminates the need for high concentrations of alcohol. The substrate is an analog of phosphatidylcholine that contains short-chain fatty acids, 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Phospholipase D readily hydrolyzes this substrate in the absence of detergent. This novel assay should be useful in the further characterization of phospholipase D.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Davis
- MCP Hahnemann School of Medicine, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19129, USA
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5
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Greathouse DV, Hinton JF, Kim KS, Koeppe RE. Gramicidin A/short-chain phospholipid dispersions: chain length dependence of gramicidin conformation and lipid organization. Biochemistry 1994; 33:4291-9. [PMID: 7512381 DOI: 10.1021/bi00180a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Gramicidin-lipid interactions were investigated using diacylphosphatidylcholines that contained two identical acyl chains of varying length, between 6 and 14 carbons. The gramicidin A (gA) conformation was monitored by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography, and the lipid organization was investigated using 31P and 1H NMR spectroscopy and negative-stain electron microscopy. Diacylphosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids with chain lengths between 4 and 8 carbons have been previously shown to have a micellar organization in aqueous solution [Lin, T.-L., et al. (1986) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 3499-3507]. CD spectra of aqueous gA/lipid dispersions, at a ratio of 1:28, demonstrated that the channel conformation of gA can be readily obtained when the acyl chain length is > or = 10, but not when the chain length is < or = 7. Size-exclusion chromatography revealed that the fraction of gA that could easily be dissociated into monomers in the dispersions increased with increasing acyl chain length, in agreement with the CD results. For a chain length of 8, the results were intermediate. The formation of the channel structure was found to depend on the "solvent-history", the temperature, the gA and lipid concentrations, the gA:lipid ratio, and consequently on the method of sample preparation. 1H and 31P NMR results suggest that codispersed gA increases the size of dioctanoyl-PC aggregates, but not of dihexanoyl-PC micelles. Negative-stain electron microscopy directly supports these findings. Dihexanoyl-PC (28 mM) was able to solubilize 1 mM gA in H2O, but the gA was not in the "channel" conformation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Greathouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville 72701
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6
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Scott DL, Sigler PB. Structure and catalytic mechanism of secretory phospholipases A2. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1994; 45:53-88. [PMID: 8154374 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D L Scott
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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7
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Abstract
Phospholipases are enzymes that hydrolyze specific portions of phospholipid molecules. Their role in the digestion of exogenous phospholipids and as the active principle in snake and bee venoms has long been appreciated. Interest has increased in phospholipases recently because of new data implicating them in the inflammatory response. The ability of phospholipases to hydrolyze bacterial phospholipids has also received considerable attention. These new data have brought pertinence to studies of the physicochemical nature of potential substrates that greatly influence enzyme activity. Interest in the regulation of enzyme activity, both by physiological and pharmacological means, has increased as the importance of the phospholipases in response to various stimuli has become better appreciated. Finally, considerable interest has focused on the role of the phospholipases in response to hormones in a variety of cell systems. Data pertinent to all of these areas of interest will be discussed in this review with a view toward stimulating those with an interest in gastrointestinal physiology to apply them to their own areas of research in the gastrointestinal tract or liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Mansbach
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis
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Hazlett TL, Deems RA, Dennis EA. Activation, aggregation, inhibition and the mechanism of phospholipase A2. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 279:49-64. [PMID: 2096700 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0651-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T L Hazlett
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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Abstract
A nondestructive method has been developed for rapid analysis of lipid content of membrane extracts based on high field proton NMR spectroscopy. Lipid extraction is done by stepwise sonication of purified membranes into chloroform:methanol:water mixtures, and 1H spectra are recorded at 35 degrees C on final preparations consisting of at least 1 mg dried lipid solubilized in 2:1 CD3OD:CDCl3. Spectral peaks of lipid mixtures are assigned to lipid classes using a data base of standard lipid characteristic resonances derived from purified single membrane lipids and known mixtures of them. Peak intensities of characteristic peaks yield ratios of various lipids such as cholesterol:phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine:phosphatidylethanolamine, degree of unsaturation, average acyl chain length, total glycerol lipid content, and presence or absence of particular lipids, such as glycolipids or lysolipids. This procedure of membrane lipid analysis has been verified using known mixtures of purified standard lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Sparling
- Biology Department, Center for Cancer and Development, California State University, Northridge 91330
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10
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Jackowski S, Rock CO. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phospholipase C activity by phosphatidic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989; 268:516-24. [PMID: 2536532 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(89)90318-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid was a potent activator of the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-P2) phospholipase C activity associated with human platelet membranes. Lysophosphatidic acid was half as active as phosphatidic acid, and shortening the fatty acid chain reduced the effectiveness of the corresponding phosphatidic acid. Compounds lacking either the phosphate group (diacylglycerol or phorbol ester) or the fatty acid (glycerol phosphate) were not activators. When the negative charge was contributed by a carboxyl group (fatty acid or phosphatidylserine), stimulation of phospholipase C was weak but detectable. Structural analogs of phosphatidic acid (lipopolysaccharide, lipid A, and 2,3-diacylglucosamine 1-phosphate) were less effective but also enhanced PtdIns-P2 hydrolysis. Phosphatidic acid potentiated the activation of phospholipase C by alpha-thrombin, chelators, and guanine nucleotides. Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and PtdIns-P2 were also effective activators of PtdIns-P2 degradation. Other phospholipids were without effect. The production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol via the activation of phospholipase C provides a rationale for the cellular responses evoked by phosphatidic acid and the ability of this phospholipid to potentiate and initiate hormonal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jackowski
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101
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11
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Bianco ID, Maggio B. Interactions of neutral and anionic glycosphingolipids with dilauroylphosphatidylcholine and dilauroylphosphatidic acid in mixed monolayers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0166-6622(89)80023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Barlow PN, Lister MD, Sigler PB, Dennis EA. Probing the role of substrate conformation in phospholipase A2 action on aggregated phospholipids using constrained phosphatidylcholine analogues. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37655-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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Lin G, Noel J, Loffredo W, Stable HZ, Tsai MD. Use of short-chain cyclopentano-phosphatidylcholines to probe the mode of activation of phospholipase A2 from bovine pancreas and bee venom. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)37693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Thuren T. A model for the molecular mechanism of interfacial activation of phospholipase A2 supporting the substrate theory. FEBS Lett 1988; 229:95-9. [PMID: 3345843 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80805-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes occurring in the activity of porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2 upon formation of mixed micelles of sodium cholate and the fluorescent phosphocholines 1,2-di[6-(pyren-1-yl)butanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 1-[6-(pyren-1-yl)butanoyl]-2-[6-(pyren-1-yl)hexanoyl]- sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine were studied. A 2-fold enhancement was observed in the activity of phospholipase A2 towards both pyrene phospholipids upon exceeding the critical micellar concentration of the system. Changes in the pyrene excimer/monomer fluorescence emission intensity ratio coincide with the enhancement of phospholipase A2 activity at the critical micellar concentration. Due to the different effects of micellization on the alignment of the pyrene in the two fluorescent probes conformational changes could be assessed. A model describing possible conformations of these pyrene phospholipid molecules below and above the critical micellar concentration is presented and correlated with the interfacial activation of phospholipase A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Thuren
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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16
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17
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Huang C, Mason JT. Structure and properties of mixed-chain phospholipid assemblies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 864:423-70. [PMID: 3539195 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(86)90005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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18
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Abstract
Phospholipids comprise the major component that defines biological membranes. Yet these amphiphilic molecules exist as liquid crystals when they are dispersed in water. Surfactants which form micelles in aqueous solution are quite useful in solubilizing the phospholipids by converting them into mixed micelles. Phospholipids containing short-chain fatty acids have also been chemically synthesized and these form micelles themselves without added surfactants. Below their cmc, monomers of these synthetic phospholipids can be co-micellized with surfactants. The solubilization of natural phospholipids and the micellization of synthetic phospholipids as well as their co-micellization by surfactants will be discussed. Emphasis will be placed on nonionic surfactants where the formation of micelles and mixed micelles with phospholipids has been well studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093
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19
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Lombardo D, Fanni T, Plückthun A, Dennis EA. Rate-determining step in phospholipase A2 mechanism. 18O isotope exchange determined by 13C NMR. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Plückthun A, DeBony J, Fanni T, Dennis EA. Conformation of fatty acyl chains in alpha- and beta-phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine derivatives in sonicated vesicles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 856:144-54. [PMID: 3955032 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and dimethylated derivatives constitute important intermediates in the conversion of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC) in eucaryote membranes. 1H-NMR techniques were utilized to examine the conformation of the region of the fatty acyl chains that is close to the polar group in the series of alpha-phospholipids: PE, N-methyl-PE, N,N-dimethyl-PE, and PC. The same series of polar groups, but on phospholipid containing sn-1 and/or sn-3 fatty acyl chains (beta-phospholipids) were also examined. All of the phospholipids were in the form of small sonicated vesicles which are widely utilized as membrane models. The alpha-methylene group of the sn-1 and sn-2 fatty acyl chains of the alpha-phospholipids give rise to separate signals due to the non-equivalency of these chains with respect to the glycerol phosphate backbone on all alpha-phospholipids tested. Additionally, differences in the environment of the PC molecules as well as N-methyl-PE, and N,N-dimethyl-PE, but not PE itself on the inside and outside of the vesicles are reflected in the chemical shift of the alpha-methylene protons. On the other hand, all of the beta-phospholipids (including beta-PE) were found to reflect the inside/outside packing differences in their alpha-methylene groups. The bilayer packing does not induce any nonequivalence in the chemically equivalent acyl chains. In mixed micelles with detergents, beta-phospholipids showed one alpha-CH2 signal for all phospholipids. These results are consistent with a common conformational arrangement for the fatty acyl chains in all alpha-phospholipids that have been investigated no matter what aggregated form. The conformational arrangement in the beta-phospholipids is different, but again is similar for all of the compounds tested in various aggregated forms.
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21
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Strenk LM, Westerman PW, Doane JW. A model of orientational ordering in phosphatidylcholine bilayers based on conformational analysis of the glycerol backbone region. Biophys J 1985; 48:765-73. [PMID: 4074836 PMCID: PMC1329401 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(85)83834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular and conformational ordering in aqueous multilamellar suspensions of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) have been examined by deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H NMR) in the liquid crystalline (L alpha) phase. Motionally averaged quadrupolar splittings vQ from six sites in the vicinity of the glycerol backbone have been analyzed by a molecular frame and order matrix approach in which the usual assumption of a freely-rotating molecule is not invoked. By assuming a relatively rigid glycerol backbone region, the six vQ values are found to be consistent with a conformation of the glycerol backbone that is almost identical to that of one of the two structures in crystalline DMPC dihydrate (Pearson, R. H., and I. Pascher, 1979, Nature (Lond.) 281: 499-501). The orientation of the most-ordered axis of the DMPC molecule is found to be tilted at an angle of 27 +/- 2 degrees with respect to the long axis of the sn-1 chain in its extended all trans conformation. The ordering of the most ordered molecular axis with respect to the bilayer normal is expressed by an order parameter of Szz approximately equal to 0.6 +/- 0.1, consistent with values in analogous thermotropic liquid crystals.
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22
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el-Sayed MY, Roberts MF. Charged detergents enhance the activity of phospholipase C (Bacillus cereus) towards micellar short-chain phosphatidylcholine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 831:133-41. [PMID: 3929839 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3) (Bacillus cereus) activity toward diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine is increased 50-100% by low concentrations of both positively and negatively charged detergents. Zwitterionic and nonionic detergents have no such activating effect. This charged detergent activation requires an interface, since comparable detergent concentrations have no effect on the hydrolysis rate of monomeric dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine. From NMR and diacylglycerol solubility studies it is suggested that activation results from detergent interacting with diacylglycerol to accelerate product release from the enzyme.
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23
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Mena PL, Djerassi C. Synthesis of 5,9-hexacosadienoic acid phospholipids. 11. Phospholipid studies of marine organisms. Chem Phys Lipids 1985; 37:257-70. [PMID: 2864143 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(85)90014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of phosphatidylcholines (PC), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and phosphatidylserines (PS) containing two acyl chains of the naturally occurring sponge fatty acid (5Z,9Z)-5,9-hexacosadienoic acid as well as its hitherto unknown geometrical isomers is described. The PCs were prepared by deacylation of natural lecithins, followed by reacylation with fatty acid anhydrides. The synthesis of mixed-acid PCs is also reported: a diacyl product was converted to the lyso-PC by treatment with phospholipase A2 and subsequent acylation of the secondary hydroxyl group to give the desired mixed-acid PCs. The PEs and the PSs were prepared from the corresponding PCs by enzymatic transphosphatidylation catalyzed by phospholipase D. Structural assignments of the compounds were confirmed by spectroscopy (1H-NMR and MS). Ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry provided molecular ion and significant fragment peaks for PCs and PEs.
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DeBose CD, Burns RA, Donovan JM, Roberts MF. Methyl branching in short-chain lecithins: are both chains important for effective phospholipase A2 activity? Biochemistry 1985; 24:1298-306. [PMID: 3986178 DOI: 10.1021/bi00327a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several seven-carbon fatty acyl lecithins with varied acyl chain branching have been synthesized and characterized as potential phospholipase A2 substrates. Micellar bis(4,4-dimethylpentanoyl) phosphatidylcholine, bis(5-methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine, bis(3-methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine, and bis(2-methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine are poor substrates for phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja). These branched lecithins also inhibit the hydrolysis of diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine by the enzyme with Ki values comparable to or smaller than the apparent Km of the linear compound. The terminally branched lecithins are excellent substrates for another surface-active hydrolytic enzyme, phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus. When only one acyl chain bears a methyl group, the hybrid lecithins 1-heptanoyl-2-(2-methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholine and 1-(3-methylhexanoyl)-2-heptanoylphosphatidylcholine are substrates comparable to diheptanoylphosphatidylcholine. Analysis of micellar structure and dynamics by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, quasi-elastic light scattering, and comparison of critical micellar concentrations indicates little significant difference in the conformation and dynamics of these seven-carbon fatty acyl lecithin micelles, even when the methyl groups are adjacent to the carbonyls. Phospholipase A2 UV difference spectra induced by phospholipid binding imply different enzyme conformations or aggregation states caused by linear-chain and asymmetric-chain lipids compared to bis(methylhexanoyl)phosphatidylcholines. The differences in hydrolytic activity of phospholipase A2 against the branched-chain micellar lecithins can then be attributed to an enzyme-lipid interaction at the active site. The species with both fatty acyl chains branched bind to phospholipase A2 but are not turned over rapidly. Since poor enzymatic activity only occurs for lecithins with both chains methylated, the interaction of both chains with the enzyme must be important for catalytic efficiency.
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25
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Serrallach EN, Dijkman R, de Haas GH, Shipley GG. Structure and thermotropic properties of 1,3-dipalmitoyl-glycero-2-phosphocholine. J Mol Biol 1983; 170:155-74. [PMID: 6631959 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(83)80231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The structure and thermotropic properties of hydrated 1,3-dipalmitoyl-glycero-2-phosphocholine (beta-DPPC) have been studied by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. After prolonged storage at -3 degrees C, differential scanning calorimetry heating scans exhibit endothermic transitions at 27 degrees C and 37 degrees C, with transition enthalpies, delta H = 9.1 and 10.5 kcal/mol beta-DPPC, respectively (1 cal = 4.184 J). Upon cooling, the high temperature transition is completely reversible, whereas the low temperature transition is not. Prolonged incubation of hydrated beta-DPPC at low temperatures is necessary in order to regain the full enthalpy of the low temperature transition, indicating metastability of the low temperature form. X-ray diffraction studies indicate three different lamellar phases upon heating equilibrated beta-DPPC from -3 degrees C: (1) below 18 degrees C, a hydrated (14 mol water/mol beta-DPPC) "crystalline" bilayer phase, Lc, with an ordered hydrocarbon chain-packing mode and a bilayer periodicity d = 58 A; (2) between 30 degrees C and 35 degrees C, a hydrated (22 mol water/mol beta-DPPC) gel phase, L beta, with hexagonal chain-packing and d = 47 A; hydrocarbon chain interdigitation in this phase is suggested by the small bilayer periodicity, a sharp, symmetric wide-angle reflection at 1/4.2 A-1, an area per mol beta-DPPC at the interface of approximately 80 A2, electron density profiles and structure factor calculations using strip electron density models; (3) above 37 degrees C, a highly hydrated (48 mol water/mol beta-DPPC) liquid crystalline bilayer phase, L alpha, with d = 65 A. Previous nuclear magnetic resonance and neutron diffraction studies have suggested that in beta-DPPC the glycerol backbone adopts an orientation parallel to the bilayer surface, in contrast to its usual perpendicular orientation in alpha-DPPC. This conformation presumably results in an increased intramolecular chain separation, with consequent changes in the molecular packing, hydration and thermotropic behavior of beta-DPPC, compared to its positional isomer alpha-DPPC.
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van Eijk JH, Verheij HM, Dijkman R, de Haas GH. Interaction of phospholipase A2 from Naja melanoleuca snake venom with monomeric substrate analogs. Activation of the enzyme by protein-protein or lipid-protein interactions? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1983; 132:183-8. [PMID: 6840082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1983.tb07345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Unlike porcine pancreatic phospholipase A2, the enzyme from Naja melanoleuca does not display biphasic kinetic behaviour at substrate concentrations around the critical micelle concentration. This snake venom enzyme was further investigated by direct binding studies using n-tridecylphosphocholine. Binding of this substrate analog to the enzyme was monitored by using equilibrium gel filtration, equilibrium dialysis and ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. It is concluded that, in the presence of submicellar concentrations of n-tridecylphosphocholine, a lipid-protein complex is formed consisting of about 4 protein and 36 lipid molecules. Ca2+ ions are required for the formation of this complex. A model is proposed which describes the formation of this type of complex. These lipid-protein aggregates are held responsible for the non-hyperbolic kinetic behaviour of the snake venom enzyme towards monomeric substrates.
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Dickens BF, Ramesha CS, Thompson GA. Quantification of phospholipid molecular species by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of deuterated samples. Anal Biochem 1982; 127:37-48. [PMID: 6819785 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(82)90141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Forsee WT, Springfield JD, Schutzbach JS. Effect of phospholipids on alpha-1,2-mannosidase activity. J Biol Chem 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)33971-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Slotboom A, Verheij H, DeHaas G. Chapter 10 On the mechanism of phospholipase A2. NEW COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Kensil CR, Dennis EA. Alkaline hydrolysis of phospholipids in model membranes and the dependence on their state of aggregation. Biochemistry 1981; 20:6079-85. [PMID: 7197987 DOI: 10.1021/bi00524a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Hauser H, Pascher I, Pearson RH, Sundell S. Preferred conformation and molecular packing of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1981; 650:21-51. [PMID: 7020761 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(81)90007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 670] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Dennis EA, Darke PL, Deems RA, Kensil CR, Plückthun A. Cobra venom phospholipase A2: a review of its action toward lipid/water interfaces. Mol Cell Biochem 1981; 36:37-45. [PMID: 7242529 DOI: 10.1007/bf02354830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the mechanism of action of phospholipase A2 from cobra venom (Naja naja naja) toward the lipid/water interface. Particular points of interest include dramatic changes in the enzyme activity if the physical state of its substrate is altered and the activation of the enzyme by phosphorylcholine containing lipids. The experimental findings include the following: Micellar substrates are hydrolyzed faster by the enzyme than various bilayer forms of substrate aggregation. The activity of the enzyme toward short chain phospholipids increases suddenly above their critical micelle concentrations. An abrupt change in susceptibility to the enzyme is observed at the thermotropic phase transition of phospholipid vesicles. The enzyme shows the kinetic phenomena of surface dilution and activation by certain lipids, which suggest a two-step mechanism of action. A model is discussed which accommodates the present data both for the action of this enzyme at various lipid/water interfaces as well as its interaction with synthetic monomeric ligands and substrates.
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Physical characterization and lipase susceptibility of short chain lecithin/triglyceride mixed micelles. Potential lipoprotein models. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)69674-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Verheij HM, Slotboom AJ, de Haas GH. Structure and function of phospholipase A2. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1981; 91:91-203. [PMID: 7031820 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-10961-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Asakura T, Ando I. N.m.r. study of egg yolk lecithin in aromatic solvents. Magnetic nonequivalence in the methylene protons of the fatty acyl chains. POLYMER 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(80)90135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Goormaghtigh E, Chatelain P, Caspers J, Ruysschaert JM. Evidence of a complex between adriamycin derivatives and cardiolipin: possible role in cardiotoxicity. Biochem Pharmacol 1980; 29:3003-10. [PMID: 7458950 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Burns RA, Roberts MF. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of short-chain lecithins. Motional and conformational characteristics of micellar and monomeric phospholipid. Biochemistry 1980; 19:3100-6. [PMID: 6893160 DOI: 10.1021/bi00554a041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Carman G, Dowhan W. Phosphatidylserine synthase from Escherichia coli. The role of Triton X-100 in catalysis. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)86903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Action of cobra venom phospholipase A2 on the gel and liquid crystalline states of dimyristoyl and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine vesicles. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)50489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Saccomani G, Chang HH, Spisni A, Helander HF, Spitzer HL, Sachs G. Effect of phospholipase A2 on purified gastric vesicles. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1979; 11:429-44. [PMID: 44534 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipid and fatty acid composition and role of phospholipids in enzyme and transport function of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase vesicles was studied using phospholipase A2 (bee venom). The composition (%) was phosphatidyl-choline (PC) 33%; sphingomyelin (sph) 25%; phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) 22%; phosphatidylserine (PS) 11%; and phosphatidylinositol (PI) 8%. The fatty acid composition showed a high degree of unsaturation. In both fresh and lyophilized preparations, even with prolonged incubation, only 50% of phospholipids were hydrolyzed, but the amount of PE and PS disappearing was increased following lyophilization. There was a marked decrease in K+-ATPase activity (75%) but essentially no loss of the associated K+ p-nitrophenyl phosphatase was found. ATPase activity could be largely restored by various phospholipids (PE greater than PC greater than PS). There was also an increase in Mg2+-ATPase activity, partially reversed in fresh preparations by the addition of phospholipids (PE greater than PS greater than PC). Proton transport activity of the preparation was rapidly inhibited, initially due to a large increase in the HCl permeability of the preparation. Associated with these enzymatic and functional changes, the ATP-induced conformational changes, as indicated by circular dichroism spectra were inhibited.
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Gaber BP, Yager P, Peticolas WL. Conformational nonequivalence of chains 1 and 2 of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine as observed by Raman spectroscopy. Biophys J 1978; 24:677-88. [PMID: 581650 PMCID: PMC1473503 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(78)85413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopic data indicate that the conformations of the two hydrocarbon chains of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine in aqueous dispersions of the lipid differ signficantly. The compounds 1-palmitoyl, 2-palmitoyl-d31-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine and 1-palmitoyl-d31, 2-palmitoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine were synthesized. Aqueous dispersions of these phospholipids display very similar phase behavior, with both premelting and melting transitions at nearly identical temperatures, midway between the comparable transition temperatures of undeuterated and completely deuterated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. We have monitored the state of chains 1 and 2 of these molecules simultaneously and independently by Raman spectroscopy. Raman difference spectra taken between samples of the two compounds under identical conditions show significant features. We attribute these spectral differences to nonequivalent conformations of the fatty acyl chains attached at positions 1 and 2 on the glycerol backbone. Below the pretransition the conformation of chain 2 is, on average, slightly less all-trans than is the chain at position 1. There is some evidence that the conformations of the terminal methyl group of the two chains are significantly different at low temperatures.
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Adamich M, Voss HF, Dennis EA. Cobra venom phospholipase A2 immobilized to porocus glass beads. Arch Biochem Biophys 1978; 189:417-23. [PMID: 30410 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(78)90229-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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