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Johnson CW, Ohashi M, Tang Y. How Fungi Biosynthesize 3-Nitropropanoic Acid: The Simplest yet Lethal Mycotoxin. Org Lett 2024; 26:3158-3163. [PMID: 38588324 PMCID: PMC11390343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
We uncovered the biosynthetic pathway of the lethal mycotoxin 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA) from koji mold Aspergillus oryzae. The biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of 3-NPA, which encodes an amine oxidase and a decarboxylase, is conserved in many fungi used in food processing, although most of the strains have not been reported to produce 3-NPA. Our discovery will lead to efforts that improve the safety profiles of these indispensable microorganisms in making food, alcoholic beverages, and seasoning.
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Fu N, Becker T, Brandt W, Kunert M, Burse A, Boland W. Involvement of CYP347W1 in neurotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid-based chemical defense in mustard leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:453-466. [PMID: 34235855 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chrysomelina beetlesstore 3-nitropropionic acid in form of a pretoxin, isoxazolin-5-one glucoside-conjugated ester, to protect themselves against predators. Here we identified a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP347W1, to be involved in the production of the 3-nitropropionic acid moiety of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside ester. Knocking down CYP347W1 led to a significant depletion in the concentration of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside ester and an increase in the concentration of the isoxazolin-5-one glucoside in the larval hemolymph. Enzyme assays with the heterologously expressed CYP347W1 showed free β-alanine was not the direct substrate. Homology modeling indicated that β-alanine-CoA ester can fit into CYP347W1's active site. Furthermore, we proved that Phaedon cochleariae eggs are not able to de novo synthesize 3-NPA, although both isoxazolin-5-one glucoside and its 3-NPA-conjugated ester are present in the eggs. These results provide direct evidence for the involvement of CYP347W1 in the biosynthesis of a P. cochleariae chemical defense compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxia Fu
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resource Utilization, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tobias Becker
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Antje Burse
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medical Technology and Biotechnology, Ernst Abbe Hochschule Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Waldman AJ, Ng TL, Wang P, Balskus EP. Heteroatom-Heteroatom Bond Formation in Natural Product Biosynthesis. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5784-5863. [PMID: 28375000 PMCID: PMC5534343 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural products that contain functional groups with heteroatom-heteroatom linkages (X-X, where X = N, O, S, and P) are a small yet intriguing group of metabolites. The reactivity and diversity of these structural motifs has captured the interest of synthetic and biological chemists alike. Functional groups containing X-X bonds are found in all major classes of natural products and often impart significant biological activity. This review presents our current understanding of the biosynthetic logic and enzymatic chemistry involved in the construction of X-X bond containing functional groups within natural products. Elucidating and characterizing biosynthetic pathways that generate X-X bonds could both provide tools for biocatalysis and synthetic biology, as well as guide efforts to uncover new natural products containing these structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham J. Waldman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Tai L. Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
| | - Emily P. Balskus
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States
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Becker T, Pasteels J, Weigel C, Dahse HM, Voigt K, Boland W. A tale of four kingdoms – isoxazolin-5-one- and 3-nitropropanoic acid-derived natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:343-360. [DOI: 10.1039/c6np00122j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence, structural diversity, (bio-)synthesis, properties and detoxification mechanisms of isoxazolinone- and 3-nitropropanoic acid-derived natural compounds are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Becker
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Jena
- Germany
| | - Jacques Pasteels
- Department of Biology
- Université Libre de Bruxelles
- Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Christiane Weigel
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- Hans Knoell Institute
- Jena
- Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Dahse
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- Hans Knoell Institute
- Jena
- Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
- Hans Knoell Institute
- Jena
- Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Jena
- Germany
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Becker T, Ploss K, Boland W. Biosynthesis of isoxazolin-5-one and 3-nitropropanoic acid containing glucosides in juvenile Chrysomelina. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6274-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00899b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of isoxazolin-5-one glucoside and 3-nitropropanoate esters as hemolymph defenses in leaf beetle larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Becker
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Bioorganic Chemistry
- Jena
- Germany
| | - Kerstin Ploss
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Bioorganic Chemistry
- Jena
- Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Bioorganic Chemistry
- Jena
- Germany
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Jirošová A, Majer P, Jančařík A, Dolejšová K, Tykva R, Šobotník J, Jiroš P, Hanus R. Sphinganine-Like Biogenesis of (E)-1-Nitropentadec-1-ene in Termite Soldiers of the GenusProrhinotermes. Chembiochem 2014; 15:533-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Francis K, Smitherman C, Nishino SF, Spain JC, Gadda G. The biochemistry of the metabolic poison propionate 3-nitronate and its conjugate acid, 3-nitropropionate. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:759-68. [PMID: 23893873 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitropropionate (3-NPA) is a nitro aliphatic compound found in numerous plants and fungi. The nitro compound exists in equilibrium with its conjugate base, propionate 3-nitronate (P3N) and has a pKa approaching the physiological range of 9.1. Since 1920, more than 30 species of plant and fungi have been identified as producing 3-NPA as a means of defense from herbivores. Glycoside products containing moieties of 3-NPA found in parts of the plants most accessible to herbivores can be easily hydrolyzed to free 3-NPA by bacterial enzymes in the gut of animals. In addition to providing a defense mechanism, the nitro compound is an intermediate in the nitrification process of leguminous plants. The synthesis of 3-NPA in these plants and fungi is poorly understood. P3N, which readily forms from 3-NPA at physiological pH, is a potent inhibitor of the key enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase in humans and livestock causes neurotoxicity and in some cases death. Several enzymes catalyze the oxidation of 3-NPA or P3N; all contain a noncovalently bound flavin cofactor and are found in the organisms that produce 3-NPA. With k(cat)/K(m) values of >10(6) M(-1) s(-1), nitronate monooxygenases can quickly and efficiently oxidize P3N to malonic semialdehyde as a means of protecting the organism from killing itself. Although it was discovered almost a century ago, the biochemistry and physiological role of 3-NPA/P3N are just emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA, USA
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Adhihetty PJ, Beal MF. Creatine and its potential therapeutic value for targeting cellular energy impairment in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuromolecular Med 2008; 10:275-90. [PMID: 19005780 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-008-8053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates bioenergetic dysfunction and mitochondrial impairment contribute either directly and/or indirectly to the pathogenesis of numerous neurodegenerative disorders. Treatment paradigms aimed at ameliorating this cellular energy deficit and/or improving mitochondrial function in these neurodegenerative disorders may prove to be useful as a therapeutic intervention. Creatine is a molecule that is produced both endogenously, and acquired exogenously through diet, and is an extremely important molecule that participates in buffering intracellular energy stores. Once creatine is transported into cells, creatine kinase catalyzes the reversible transphosphorylation of creatine via ATP to enhance the phosphocreatine energy pool. Creatine kinase enzymes are located at strategic intracellular sites to couple areas of high energy expenditure to the efficient regeneration of ATP. Thus, the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system plays an integral role in energy buffering and overall cellular bioenergetics. Originally, exogenous creatine supplementation was widely used only as an ergogenic aid to increase the phosphocreatine pool within muscle to bolster athletic performance. However, the potential therapeutic value of creatine supplementation has recently been investigated with respect to various neurodegenerative disorders that have been associated with bioenergetic deficits as playing a role in disease etiology and/or progression which include; Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington's disease. This review discusses the contribution of mitochondria and bioenergetics to the progression of these neurodegenerative diseases and investigates the potential neuroprotective value of creatine supplementation in each of these neurological diseases. In summary, current literature suggests that exogenous creatine supplementation is most efficacious as a treatment paradigm in Huntington's and Parkinson's disease but appears to be less effective for ALS and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Adhihetty
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made in identifying neuroprotective agents and their translation to patients with neurological disorders. While the direct causative pathways of neurodegeneration remain unclear, they are under great clinical and experimental investigation. There are a number of interrelated pathogenic mechanisms triggering molecular events that lead to neuronal death. One putative mechanism reported to play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases is impaired energy metabolism. If reduced energy stores play a role in neuronal loss, then therapeutic strategies that buffer intracellular energy levels may prevent or impede the neurodegenerative process. Recent studies suggest that impaired energy production promotes neurological disease onset and progression. Sustained ATP levels are critical to cellular homeostasis and may have both direct and indirect influence on pathogenic mechanisms associated with neurological disorders. Creatine is a critical component in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, and its administration has been reported to be neuroprotective in a wide number of both acute and chronic experimental models of neurological disease. In the context of this chapter, we will review the experimental evidence for creatine supplementation as a neurotherapeutic strategy in patients with neurological disorders, including Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in ischemic stroke, brain and spinal cord trauma, and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Winkler
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI) Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Ryu H, Rosas HD, Hersch SM, Ferrante RJ. The therapeutic role of creatine in Huntington's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 108:193-207. [PMID: 16055197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant and fatal neurological disorder characterized by a clinical triad of progressive choreiform movements, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive decline. HD is caused by an expanded trinucleotide CAG repeat in the gene coding for the protein huntingtin. No proven treatment to prevent the onset or to delay the progression of HD currently exists. While a direct causative pathway from the gene mutation to the selective neostriatal neurodegeneration remains unclear, it has been hypothesized that interactions of the mutant huntingtin protein or its fragments may result in a number of interrelated pathogenic mechanisms triggering a cascade of molecular events that lead to the untimely neuronal death observed in HD. One putative pathological mechanism reported to play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of HD is mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent reduction of cellular energy. Indeed, if mitochondrial impairment and reduced energy stores play roles in the neuronal loss in HD, then a therapeutic strategy that buffers intracellular energy levels may ameliorate the neurodegenerative process. Sustained ATP levels may have both direct and indirect importance in ameliorating the severity of many of the pathogenic mechanisms associated with HD. Creatine, a guanidino compound produced endogenously and acquired exogenously through diet, is a critical component in maintaining much needed cellular energy. As such, creatine is one of a number of ergogens that may provide a relatively safe and immediately available therapeutic strategy to HD patients that may be the cornerstone of a combined treatment necessary to delay the relentless progression of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Ryu
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit and Translational Therapeutics Laboratory, Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Bedford VA Medical Center, MA 01730, USA
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Burdock GA, Carabin IG, Soni MG. Safety assessment of β-nitropropionic acid: a monograph in support of an acceptable daily intake in humans. Food Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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