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Functional and Structural Characterization of Nucleic Acid Ligands That Bind to Activated Coagulation Factor XIII. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040677. [PMID: 33578732 PMCID: PMC7916480 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) is a protransglutaminase which plays an important role in clot stabilization and composition by cross-linking the α- and γ-chains of fibrin and increasing the resistance of the clot to mechanical and proteolytic challenges. In this study, we selected six DNA aptamers specific for activated FXIII (FXIIIa) and investigated the functional characterization of FXIIIa after aptamer binding. One of these aptamers, named FA12, efficiently captures FXIIIa even in the presence of zymogenic FXIII subunits. Furthermore, this aptamer inhibits the incorporation of FXIII and α2-antiplasmin (α2AP) into fibrin(ogen) with IC50-values of 38 nM and 17 nM, respectively. In addition to FA12, also another aptamer, FA2, demonstrated significant effects in plasma-based thromboelastometry (rotational thromboelastometry analysis, ROTEM)-analysis where spiking of the aptamers into plasma decreased clot stiffness and elasticity (p < 0.0001). The structure–function correlations determined by combining modeling/docking strategies with quantitative in vitro assays revealed spatial overlap of the FA12 binding site with the binding sites of two FXIII substrates, fibrinogen and α2AP, while FA2 binding sites only overlap those of fibrinogen. Taken together, these features especially render the aptamer FA12 as an interesting candidate molecule for the development of FXIIIa-targeting therapeutic strategies and diagnostic assays.
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2
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Inhibitors of blood coagulation factor XIII. Anal Biochem 2020; 605:113708. [PMID: 32335064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood coagulation factor XIII (FXIII) plays an essential role in the stabilization of fibrin clots. This factor, belonging to the class of transglutaminases, catalyzes the final step of secondary hemostasis, i.e. the crosslinking of fibrin polymers. These crosslinks protect the clots against premature fibrinolysis. Consequently, FXIII is an interesting target for the therapeutic treatment of cardiovascular diseases. In this context, inhibitors can influence FXIII in the activation process of the enzyme itself or in its catalytic activity. To date, there is no FXIII inhibitor in medical application, but several studies have been conducted in the past. These studies provided a better understanding of FXIII and identified new lead structures for FXIII inhibitors. Next to small molecule inhibitors, the most promising candidates for the development of clinically applicable FXIII inhibitors are the peptide inhibitors tridegin and transglutaminase-inhibiting Michael acceptors (TIMAs) due to their selectivity towards activated FXIII (FXIIIa). In this review, select FXIII inhibitors and their pharmacological potential are discussed.
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3
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Characteristic fragment ions associated with dansyl cadaverine and biotin cadaverine adducts on glutamine. Anal Biochem 2020; 600:113718. [PMID: 32335065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine residues susceptible to transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking can be identified by incorporation of dansyl cadaverine or biotin cadaverine. Bacterial transglutaminase and human transglutaminase 2 were used to modify residues in beta-casein with dansyl cadaverine. Bacterial transglutaminase was used to modify residues in human butyrylcholinesterase with biotin cadaverine. Tryptic peptides were analyzed by LC-MS/MS on an Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer. Modified residues were identified in Protein Prospector searches of mass spectrometry data. The MS/MS spectra from modified casein included intense peaks at 336.2, 402.2, and 447.2 for fragments of dansyl cadaverine adducts on glutamine. The MS/MS spectra from modified butyrylcholinesterase included intense peaks at 329.2, 395.2, and 440.2 for fragments of biotin cadaverine adducts on glutamine. No evidence for transglutaminase-catalyzed adducts on glutamic acid, aspartic acid, or asparagine was found. Consistent with expectation, it was concluded that bacterial transglutaminase and human transglutaminase 2 specifically modify glutamine. The characteristic ions associated with dansyl cadaverine and biotin cadaverine adducts on glutamine are useful markers for modified peptides.
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4
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Nichols MD, Choudhary R, Kodali S, Reichert WM. Coagulation-induced resistance to fluid flow in small-diameter vascular grafts and graft mimics measured by purging pressure. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 101:1367-76. [PMID: 24591220 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the coagulation-induced resistance to flow in small-diameter nonpermeable Tygon tubes and permeable expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) vascular grafts was characterized by measuring the upstream pressure needed to purge the coagulum from the tube lumen. This purging pressure was monitored using a closed system that compressed the contents of the tubes at a constant rate. The pressure system was validated using a glycerin series with well-defined viscosities and precisely controlled reductions in cross-sectional area available for flow. This system was then used to systematically probe the upstream pressure buildup as fibrin glue, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) or whole blood coagulated in small-diameter Tygon tubing and or ePTFE grafts. The maximum purging pressures rose with increased clot maturity for fibrin glue, PRP, and whole blood in both Tygon and ePTFE tubes. Although the rapidly coagulating fibrin glue in nonpermeable Tygon tubing yielded highly consistent purging curves, the significantly longer and more variable clotting times of PRP and whole blood, and the porosity of ePTFE grafts, significantly diminished the consistency of the purging curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biomolecular and Tissue Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
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5
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Potent transglutaminase inhibitors, dithio β-aminoethyl ketones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:377-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Ozaki S, Ebisui E, Hamada K, Goto JI, Suzuki AZ, Terauchi A, Mikoshiba K. Potent transglutaminase inhibitors, aryl β-aminoethyl ketones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1141-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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7
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Murthy SNP, Lukas TJ, Jardetzky TS, Lorand L. Selectivity in the post-translational, transglutaminase-dependent acylation of lysine residues. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2654-60. [PMID: 19222223 DOI: 10.1021/bi802323z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are known to exhibit remarkable specificities not only for the Q (or Gln) sites but also for the K (or Lys) sites of proteins with which they react. To gain further insight into K-site specificity, we examined the reactions of dansyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl-GlnGlnIleVal with three chemically and structurally well-characterized proteins (bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A, bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, and chicken egg white lysozyme), as catalyzed by TG2, a biologically important post-translational enzyme. The substrates represent a total of 20 potential surface sites for acylation by the fluorescent Gln probe, yet only two of the lysine side chains reacted with TG2. While the K1 site of ribonuclease and the K15 site of the trypsin inhibitor could be readily acylated by the enzyme, none of the lysines in lysozyme were modified. The findings lead us to suggest that the selection of lysine residues by TG2 is not encoded in the primary amino acid sequence surrounding the target side chain but depends primarily on its being positioned in an accessible segment of the protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Prasanna Murthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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8
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Jeitner TM, Muma NA, Battaile KP, Cooper AJ. Transglutaminase activation in neurodegenerative diseases. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009; 4:449-467. [PMID: 20161049 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The following review examines the role of calcium in promoting the in vitro and in vivo activation of transglutaminases in neurodegenerative disorders. Diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease exhibit increased transglutaminase activity and rises in intracellular calcium concentrations, which may be related. The aberrant activation of transglutaminase by calcium is thought to give rise to a variety of pathological moieties in these diseases, and the inhibition has been shown to have therapeutic benefit in animal and cellular models of neurodegeneration. Given the potential clinical relevance of transglutaminase inhibitors, we have also reviewed the recent development of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Jeitner
- Applied Bench Core, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 502, Mineola, NY 11501, USA Tel.: +1 516 663 3455
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9
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Pardin C, Pelletier JN, Lubell WD, Keillor JW. Cinnamoyl Inhibitors of Tissue Transglutaminase. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5766-75. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8004843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Pardin
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Joelle N. Pelletier
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - William D. Lubell
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey W. Keillor
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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10
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Hu BH, Jones MR, Messersmith PB. Method for screening and MALDI-TOF MS sequencing of encoded combinatorial libraries. Anal Chem 2007; 79:7275-85. [PMID: 17713965 PMCID: PMC2586901 DOI: 10.1021/ac070418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new method for encoded synthesis, efficient on-resin screening, and rapid unambiguous sequencing of combinatorial peptide libraries. An improved binary tag system for encoding peptide libraries during synthesis was designed to facilitate unequivocal assignment of isobaric residues by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The improved method for encoded library synthesis was combined with a new versatile on-resin screening strategy that permitted multiple stages and types of screening to be employed successively on one library under mild conditions. The new method facilitated a combinatorial study of transglutaminase (TGase) enzyme substrate peptides, revealing new details of the effect of amino acid composition on TGase substrates. The approach was first demonstrated for an encoded library (130,321 compounds) of lysine pentapeptide substrates of TGase, synthesized using the "split-mix" method. The library was reacted on-resin with TGase enzyme and a soluble desthiobiotin labeled glutamine substrate. Initial screening was performed by adsorbing streptavidin-coated magnetic microparticles onto library beads, followed by magnetic separation. The differential binding affinities of desthiobiotin and biotin for streptavidin were exploited to release the magnetic microparticles and regenerate the desthiobiotin-labeled resin beads for further screening by flow-cytometry-based automated bead sorting, resulting in 345 beads that were sequenced by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. A second library consisted of encoded glutamine hexapeptide substrates, which was reacted on-resin with TGase enzyme and a soluble desthiobiotin-labeled cadaverine. Two-stage screening identified 267 glutamine peptides as TGase-reactive, of which 21 were further analyzed by solution-phase enzyme kinetics. Kinetic results indicated that the peptide PQQQYV from the library has a 68-fold greater substrate specificity than the best known glutamine substrate QQIV. The new encoding and screening strategies described here are expected to be broadly applicable to synthesis and screening of combinatorial peptide libraries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phillip B. Messersmith
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (847)467-5273., Fax: (847)491-4928. E-mail:
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11
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Kostanova EA, Rozenfel’d MA, Revina TA, Valueva TA. Protein inhibitors of fibrin stabilizing factor FXIII. BIOL BULL+ 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s106235900703003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Wang JS, Zhao MM, Yang XQ, Jiang YM, Chun C. Gelation behavior of wheat gluten by heat treatment followed by transglutaminase cross-linking reaction. Food Hydrocoll 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Folk JE. Mechanism and basis for specificity of transglutaminase-catalyzed epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl) lysine bond formation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 54:1-56. [PMID: 6133417 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122990.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Iismaa SE, Holman S, Wouters MA, Lorand L, Graham RM, Husain A. Evolutionary specialization of a tryptophan indole group for transition-state stabilization by eukaryotic transglutaminases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:12636-41. [PMID: 14566064 PMCID: PMC240670 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1635052100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent posttranslational protein modifications by eukaryotic transglutaminases proceed by a kinetic pathway of acylation and deacylation. Ammonia is released as the acylenzyme is formed, whereas the cross-linked product is released later in the deacylation step. Superposition of the active sites of transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) and the structurally related cysteine protease, papain, indicates that in the formation of tetrahedral intermediates, the backbone nitrogen of the catalytic Cys-277 and the N1 nitrogen of Trp-241 of TG2 could contribute to transition-state stabilization. The importance of this Trp-241 side chain was demonstrated by examining the kinetics of dansylcadaverine incorporation into a model peptide. Although substitution of the Trp-241 side chain with Ala or Gly had only a small effect on the Michaelis constant Km (1.5-fold increase), it caused a >300-fold lowering of the catalytic rate constant kcat. The wild-type and mutant TG2-catalyzed release of ammonia showed kinetics similar to the kinetics for the formation of cross-linked product, indicating that transition-state stabilization in the acylation step was rate-limiting. In papain, a Gln residue is at the position of TG2-Trp-241. The conservation of Trp-241 in all eukaryotic transglutaminases and the finding that W241Q-TG2 had a much lower kcat than wild-type enzyme suggest evolutionary specialization in the use of the indole group. This notion is further supported by the observation that transition-state-stabilizing side chains of Tyr and His that operate in some serine and metalloproteases only partially substituted for Trp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri E Iismaa
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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16
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Abstract
A two-step method was developed to homogeneously insert carbonic anhydrase (CA, E.C. 4.2.1.1) into Michael-adduct-based coatings. CA was first covalently coupled to an N-vinylformamide-based water-soluble polymer. Unlike native CA, the resulting polymer/CA system could be dispersed within a film matrix. The enzyme-containing coating (ECC) hydrolyzes p-nitrophenyl propionate in buffered media at high rates retaining approximately 7% apparent activity. In comparison, other two-step techniques for the chemical coupling of CA to the coating surface were less efficient and led to coatings with significantly less activity. A three-step immobilization process coupling the enzyme to the surface of a partially hydrolyzed coating also raised retention of activity after coating synthesis. CA-ECC is stable under ambient conditions retaining 45% activity after 90 days of storage at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine F Drevon
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 1249 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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17
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de Macédo P, Marrano C, Keillor JW. Synthesis of dipeptide-bound epoxides and alpha,beta-unsaturated amides as potential irreversible transglutaminase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2002; 10:355-60. [PMID: 11741784 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00292-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of 24 novel peptides as potential irreversible inactivators of transglutaminase (TGase). These peptides were designed to resemble Cbz-L-Gln-Gly, known to be a good TGase substrate, and to include either alpha,beta-unsaturated amide groups or the corresponding epoxide groups. The side chain length of the amino acid residue bearing the inhibitor group was also varied in order to permit investigation of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre de Macédo
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, Québec, Canada
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Laszlo Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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19
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Takeuchi Y, Birckbichler PJ, Patterson MK, Lee KN. Putative nucleotide binding sites of guinea pig liver transglutaminase. FEBS Lett 2001; 307:177-80. [PMID: 1353729 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three peptides corresponding to glycine-rich internal sequences of the guinea pig liver transglutaminase molecule were synthesized. These were peptide 1 (amino acid residues 520-544), peptide 2 (amino acid residues 345-367) and peptide 3 (amino acid residues 45-69). All of the synthetic peptides demonstrated significant binding ability for both ATP and GTP. Peptide 1 was the best protector of transglutaminase activity from both ATP and GTP inhibition, while peptides 2 and 3 protected the activity only from GTP inhibition. The data shown here lead us to propose putative binding site(s) for ATP and GTP guinea pig liver transglutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takeuchi
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Inc., Biomedical Division, Ardmore, OK 73402
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20
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Marrano C, de Macédo P, Gagnon P, Lapierre D, Gravel C, Keillor JW. Synthesis and evaluation of novel dipeptide-bound 1,2,4-thiadiazoles as irreversible inhibitors of guinea pig liver transglutaminase. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3231-41. [PMID: 11711299 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00228-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis and evaluation of 14 novel peptides as potential irreversible inactivators of guinea pig liver transglutaminase (TGase). These peptides were designed to resemble Cbz-L-Gln-Gly, known to be a good TGase substrate, and to include a 1,2,4-thiadiazole group. The side chain length of the amino acid residue bearing the inhibitor group was also varied in order to permit investigation of this effect. Their inactivation rate constants were measured using a direct continuous spectrophotometric method and were found to vary between 0.330 to 0.89 microM(-1) min(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Marrano
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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21
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Jeitner TM, Fuchsbauer HL, Blass JP, Cooper AJ. A Sensitive Fluorometric Assay for Tissue Transglutaminase. Anal Biochem 2001; 292:198-206. [PMID: 11355851 DOI: 10.1006/abio.2001.5040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have devised a highly sensitive fluorometric well plate assay for tissue transglutaminase that is suitable for multiple kinetic analyses/high-throughput screening of chemical inventories for inhibitors of this enzyme. The procedure measures the rate of fluorescence enhancement (lambda(exc) 260 nm, lambda(em) 538 nm) when 1-N-(carbobenzoxy-l-glutaminylglycyl)-5-N-(5'N'N'-dimethylaminonaphthalenesulfonyl)diamidopentane (glutaminyl substrate) is cross-linked to dansyl cadaverine (amine substrate). The assay procedure can be used to measure the activity of as little as 60 microU of purified guinea pig liver tissue transglutaminase (4.2 ng or 54 fmol of enzyme).
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Jeitner
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, 10021, USA.
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22
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Murthy SN, Wilson JH, Lukas TJ, Veklich Y, Weisel JW, Lorand L. Transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking of the Aalpha and gamma constituent chains in fibrinogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:44-8. [PMID: 10618368 PMCID: PMC26613 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/1999] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on transglutaminases usually focus on the polymerization of protein substrates by intermolecular N(epsilon)(gamma-glutamyl)lysine bridges, without considering the possibility that the monomeric protein units, themselves, could also become crosslinked internally. Both types of crosslinks are produced in the reaction of fibrinogen with red cell transglutaminase. We isolated the transglutaminase-modified, mostly monomeric form (92-96%) of fibrinogen with a N(epsilon)(gamma-glutamyl)lysine content of approximately 1.6 moles/mole of fibrinogen. The preparation was fully clottable by thrombin, but the rates of release of fibrinopeptides and clotting times were delayed compared with control. Hybrid Aalpha.gamma type of crosslinking, the hallmark of the reaction of the transglutaminase with fibrinogen, occurred by bridging the Aalpha(408-421) chain segment of the protein to that of gamma(392-406). Rotary shadowed electron microscope images showed many monomers to be bent, and the crosslinks seemed to bind the otherwise flexible alphaC domain closer to the backbone of fibrinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Murthy
- Department of Cell Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
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23
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Lorand L. Sol Sherry Lecture in Thrombosis : research on clot stabilization provides clues for improving thrombolytic therapies. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20:2-9. [PMID: 10634794 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.20.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Lorand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA.
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Abstract
The origins of clot rheological behavior associated with network morphology and factor XIIIa-induced cross-linking were studied in fibrin clots. Network morphology was manipulated by varying the concentrations of fibrinogen, thrombin, and calcium ion, and cross-linking was controlled by a synthetic, active-center inhibitor of FXIIIa. Quantitative measurements of network features (fiber lengths, fiber diameters, and fiber and branching densities) were made by analyzing computerized three-dimensional models constructed from stereo pairs of scanning electron micrographs. Large fiber diameters and lengths were established only when branching was minimal, and increases in fiber length were generally associated with increases in fiber diameter. Junctions at which three fibers joined were the dominant branchpoint type. Viscoelastic properties of the clots were measured with a rheometer and were correlated with structural features of the networks. At constant fibrinogen but varying thrombin and calcium concentrations, maximal rigidities were established in samples (both cross-linked and noncross-linked) which displayed a balance between large fiber sizes and great branching. Clot rigidity was also enhanced by increasing fiber and branchpoint densities at greater fibrinogen concentrations. Network morphology is only minimally altered by the FXIIIa-catalyzed cross-linking reaction, which seems to augment clot rigidity most likely by the stiffening of existing fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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25
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Ryan EA, Mockros LF, Stern AM, Lorand L. Influence of a natural and a synthetic inhibitor of factor XIIIa on fibrin clot rheology. Biophys J 1999; 77:2827-36. [PMID: 10545380 PMCID: PMC1300554 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the origins of greater clot rigidity associated with FXIIIa-dependent cross-linking. Fibrin clots were examined in which cross-linking was controlled through the use of two inhibitors: a highly specific active-center-directed synthetic inhibitor of FXIIIa, 1,3-dimethyl-4,5-diphenyl-2[2(oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium trifluoromethylsulfonate, and a patient-derived immunoglobulin directed mainly against the thrombin-activated catalytic A subunits of thrombin-activated FXIII. Cross-linked fibrin chains were identified and quantified by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunostaining with antibodies specific for the alpha- and gamma-chains of fibrin. Gamma-dimers, gamma-multimers, alpha(n)-polymers, and alpha(p)gamma(q)-hybrids were detected. The synthetic inhibitor was highly effective in preventing the production of all cross-linked species. In contrast, the autoimmune antibody of the patient caused primarily an inhibition of alpha-chain cross-linking. Clot rigidities (storage moduli, G') were measured with a cone and plate rheometer and correlated with the distributions of the various cross-linked species found in the clots. Our findings indicate that the FXIIIa-induced dimeric cross-linking of gamma-chains by itself is not sufficient to stiffen the fibrin networks. Instead, the augmentation of clot rigidity was more strongly correlated with the formation of gamma-multimers, alpha(n)-polymers, and alpha(p)gamma(q)-hybrid cross-links. A mechanism is proposed to explain how these cross-linked species may enhance clot rigidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Ryan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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26
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Moraczewska J, Wawro B, Seguro K, Strzelecka-Golaszewska H. Divalent cation-, nucleotide-, and polymerization-dependent changes in the conformation of subdomain 2 of actin. Biophys J 1999; 77:373-85. [PMID: 10388764 PMCID: PMC1300336 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)76896-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational changes in subdomain 2 of actin were investigated using fluorescence probes dansyl cadaverine (DC) or dansyl ethylenediamine (DED) covalently attached to Gln41. Examination of changes in the fluorescence emission spectra as a function of time during Ca2+/Mg2+ and ATP/ADP exchange at the high-affinity site for divalent cation-nucleotide complex in G-actin confirmed a profound influence of the type of nucleotide but failed to detect a significant cation-dependent difference in the environment of Gln41. No significant difference between Ca- and Mg-actin was also seen in the magnitude of the fluorescence changes resulting from the polymerization of these two actin forms. Evidence is presented that earlier reported cation-dependent differences in the conformation of the loop 38-52 may be related to time-dependent changes in the conformation of subdomain 2 in DED- or DC-labeled G-actin, accelerated by substitution of Mg2+ for Ca2+ in CaATP-G-actin and, in particular, by conversion of MgATP- into MgADP-G-actin. These spontaneous changes are associated with a denaturation-driven release of the bound nucleotide that is promoted by two effects of DED or DC labeling: lowered affinity of actin for nucleotide and acceleration of ATP hydrolysis on MgATP-G-actin that converts it into a less stable MgADP form. Evidence is presented that the changes in the environment of Gln41 accompanying actin polymerization result in part from the release of Pi after the hydrolysis of ATP on the polymer. A similarity of this change to that accompanying replacement of the bound ATP with ADP in G-actin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moraczewska
- Department of Muscle Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, PL-02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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27
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Staab JF, Bradway SD, Fidel PL, Sundstrom P. Adhesive and mammalian transglutaminase substrate properties of Candida albicans Hwp1. Science 1999; 283:1535-8. [PMID: 10066176 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5407.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of candidiasis involves invasion of host tissues by filamentous forms of the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. Morphology-specific gene products may confer proinvasive properties. A hypha-specific surface protein, Hwp1, with similarities to mammalian small proline-rich proteins was shown to serve as a substrate for mammalian transglutaminases. Candida albicans strains lacking Hwp1 were unable to form stable attachments to human buccal epithelial cells and had a reduced capacity to cause systemic candidiasis in mice. This represents a paradigm for microbial adhesion that implicates essential host enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Staab
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Ohio State University, 333 West Tenth Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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28
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29
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Valnickova Z, Enghild JJ. Human procarboxypeptidase U, or thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor, is a substrate for transglutaminases. Evidence for transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-linking to fibrin. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:27220-4. [PMID: 9765243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.42.27220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Procarboxypeptidase U (EC 3.4.17.20) (pro-CpU), also known as plasma procarboxypeptidase B and thrombin-activable fibrinolysis inhibitor, is a human plasma protein that has been implicated in the regulation of fibrinolysis. In this study, we show that pro-CpU serves as a substrate for transglutaminases. Both factor XIIIa and tissue transglutaminase catalyzed the polymerization of pro-CpU and the cross-linking to fibrin as well as the incorporation of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl cadaverine (dansylcadaverine), [14C]putrescine, and dansyl-PGGQQIV. These findings show that pro-CpU contains both amine acceptor (Gln) and amine donor (Lys) residues. The amine acceptor residues were identified as Gln2, Gln5, and Gln292, suggesting that both the activation peptide and the mature enzyme participate in the cross-linking reaction. These observations imply that transglutaminases may mediate covalent binding of pro-CpU to other proteins and cell surfaces in vivo. In particular, factor XIIIa may cross-link pro-CpU to fibrin during the latter part of the coagulation cascade, thereby helping protect the newly formed fibrin clot from premature plasmin degradation. Moreover, the cross-linking may facilitate the activation of pro-CpU, stabilize the enzymatic activity, and protect the active enzyme from further degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Valnickova
- Duke University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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30
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Clément S, Velasco PT, Murthy SN, Wilson JH, Lukas TJ, Goldman RD, Lorand L. The intermediate filament protein, vimentin, in the lens is a target for cross-linking by transglutaminase. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:7604-9. [PMID: 9516464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.13.7604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mere addition of Ca2+ to a lens cortical homogenate (bovine) generates a series of products composed of a variety of high molecular weight vimentin species. The Ca2+-induced cross-linking of this cytoskeletal element seems to be mediated by the intrinsic transglutaminase of lens, because the reaction could be blocked at the monomeric state of vimentin by the inclusion of small synthetic substrates of the enzyme dansylcadaverine or dansyl-epsilon-aminocaproyl-Gln-Gln-Ile-Val. These compounds are known to compete against the Gln or Lys functionalities of proteins that would participate in forming the Nepsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine protein-to-protein cross-links. The cytosolic transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions could be reproduced with purified bovine lens vimentin and also with recombinant human vimentin preparations. Employing the latter system, we have titrated the transglutaminase-reactive sites of vimentin and, by sequencing the dansyl-tracer-labeled segments of the protein, we have shown that residues Gln453 and Gln460 served as acceptor functionalities and Lys97, Lys104, Lys294, and Lys439 as electron donor functionalities in vimentin. The transglutaminase-dependent reaction of this intermediate filament protein might influence the shape and plasticity of the fiber cells, and the enzyme-catalyzed cross-linking of vimentin, in conjunction with other lens constituents, may contribute to the process of cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Clément
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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31
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Parameswaran KN, Cheng XF, Chen EC, Velasco PT, Wilson JH, Lorand L. Hydrolysis of gamma:epsilon isopeptides by cytosolic transglutaminases and by coagulation factor XIIIa. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:10311-7. [PMID: 9092583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.15.10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links, connecting various peptide chain segments, are frequently the major products in transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions. We have now investigated the effectiveness of these enzymes for hydrolyzing the gamma:epsilon linkage. Branched compounds were synthesized, in which the backbone on the gamma-side of the cross-bridge was labeled with a fluorophor (5-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl or 2-aminobenzoyl) attached through an epsilon-aminocaproyl linker in the N-terminal position, and the other branch of the bridge was constructed with Lys methylamide or diaminopentane blocked by 2,4-dinitrophenyl at the Nalpha position. Hydrolysis of the cross-link could be followed in these internally quenched substrates by an increase in fluorescence. In addition to the thrombin and Ca2+-activated human coagulation Factor XIIIa, cytosolic transglutaminases from human red cells and from guinea pig liver were tested. All three enzymes were found to display good isopeptidase activities, with Km values of 10(-4) to 10(-5) M. Inhibitors of transamidation were effective in blocking the hydrolysis by the enzymes, indicating that expression of isopeptidase activity did not require unusual protein conformations. We suggest that transglutaminases may play a dynamic role in biology not only by promoting the formation but also the breaking of Nepsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Parameswaran
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and the Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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32
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Katritzky AR, Oniciu DC, Ghiviriga I. Benzotriazole-Assisted Synthesis ofN-(α-Cyanoalkyl)sulfonamides. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919708004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Moraczewska J, Strzelecka-Gołaszewska H, Moens PD, dos Remedios CG. Structural changes in subdomain 2 of G-actin observed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Biochem J 1996; 317 ( Pt 2):605-11. [PMID: 8713092 PMCID: PMC1217529 DOI: 10.1042/bj3170605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of DNase I binding to Ca-ATP-G-actin and of Ca2+/Mg2+ and ATP/ADP exchange on the conformation of G-actin were investigated by measuring the fluorescence of dansyl cadaverine (DC) conjugated to Gln41 in subdomain 2 of the protein. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between this probe and N-[4-(dimethylamino)-3,5-dinitrophenyl]maleimide (DDPM) attached to Cys374 in subdomain 1 was also measured. Contrary to an earlier report [dos Remedios, Kiessling and Hambly (1994) in Synchrotron Radiation in the Biosciences (Chance, B., Deisenhofer, J., Ebashi, S., Goodhead, D. T., Helliwell, J. R., Huxley, H. E., Iizuka, T., Kirz, J., Mitsui, T., Rubenstein, E. et al., eds.), pp. 418-425, Oxford University Press, Oxford], the distance between these probes did not change significantly when DNase I was bound to actin. A small but reproducible increase in the quantum yield and a blue shift of the DC fluorescence maximum were observed when bound Ca2+ was replaced by Mg2+. A large increase (about 70%) in the quantum yield and an approx. 12 nm blue shift of the emission spectrum occurred when ATP in Mg-G-actin was replaced by ADP. These changes were not accompanied by any significant change in the FRET distance between the dansyl donor and DDPM acceptor probes. A substantial change in the fluorescence of DC-actin was observed after proteolytic removal of the last three residues of actin, in accordance with earlier evidence suggesting that there is a conformational coupling between subdomain 2 and the C-terminal segment in subdomain 1 of actin. The results are discussed in relation to recently published data obtained with another fluorescent probe and to earlier observations based on limited cleavage using proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moraczewska
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Sydney, Australia
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34
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Samokhin GP, Lorand L. Contact with the N termini in the central E domain enhances the reactivities of the distal D domains of fibrin to factor XIIIa. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:21827-32. [PMID: 7665605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.37.21827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of Factor XIIIa with fibrin is the last enzyme-catalyzed step on the coagulation cascade, leading to the formation of a normal blood clot. The finding that fibrin is preferred by the cross-linking enzyme about 10-fold over the circulating fibrinogen suggests the operation of a unique substrate-level control for the orderly functioning of the physiological process in the forward direction. An important task is to elucidate the molecular mechanism for the transmission of the signal generated by the thrombin-catalyzed cleavage in the central E domain of fibrin to the distant Factor XIIIa-reactive glutamine residues. By focusing on the substrate sites present in gamma chain remnants of D type domains of fibrinogen and by employing the approach of fragment complementation with the regulatory E domain, which represents the thrombin-modified portion of fibrin, we have now succeeded in reconstructing in solution the phenomenon of kinetic enhancement for the reaction with Factor XIIIa. Two D type preparations (truncated fibrinogen, approximately 250 kDa and D', approximately 105 kDa) were obtained by digestion of human fibrinogen with endo Lys-C. Neither product could be cross-linked by Factor XIIIa, but as shown by the incorporation of dansylcadaverine, both were acceptor substrates for the enzyme. The plasmin-derived D (approximately 105-kDa) product, however, could be cross-linked into DD dimers. In all cases, the admixture of E fragments exerted a remarkable boosting effect on the reactions with Factor XIIIa. Even with native fibrinogen as substrate, cross-linking of gamma chains was enhanced in the presence of E. Nondenaturing electrophoresis was used to demonstrate the complex forming potential of E fragments with fibrinogen, truncated fibrinogen, D', or D. The GPRP tetrapeptide mimic of the GPRV N-terminal sequence of the alpha chains in the E fragments, abolished both complex formation and the kinetic boosting effect of E on the reactions of substrates with Factor XIIIa. Thus, the N-terminal alpha chain sequences seem to act as organizing templates for spatially orienting the D domains, probably during the protofibrillar assembly of the fibrin units, for favorable reaction with Factor XIIIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Samokhin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611-3008, USA
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35
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Trejo-Skalli AV, Velasco PT, Murthy SN, Lorand L, Goldman RD. Association of a transglutaminase-related antigen with intermediate filaments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:8940-4. [PMID: 7568048 PMCID: PMC41083 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.19.8940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A mouse monoclonal antibody, G92.1.2, raised against guinea pig liver transglutaminase (TGase) recognizes an antigen present in primary mouse dermal fibroblasts. A filamentous pattern, bearing remarkable similarity to the vimentin intermediate filament (IF) network, is seen when these cells are fixed and processed for indirect immunofluorescence with the antibody. Double-label immunofluorescence reveals that the antigen reacting with the antibody colocalizes precisely with vimentin IF and that this colocalization is retained after the treatment of fibroblasts with colchicine, which induces a redistribution of the majority of IFs into perinuclear aggregates. These morphological observations are further supported by the finding that the protein reacting with G92.1.2 is retained in IF-enriched cytoskeletal preparations made by using nonionic detergent-containing high ionic strength solutions. Western blots of the IF fraction show that G92.1.2 recognizes a major band of approximately 280 kDa and does not cross react with vimentin. Furthermore, when the antibody is microinjected into live dermal fibroblasts, it causes a collapse of the vimentin IF network in the majority of injected cells. The results suggest that a form of TGase, or a TGase-related antigen, is closely associated with the vimentin IF network of primary cultures of mouse dermal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Trejo-Skalli
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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36
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Takagi J, Aoyama T, Ueki S, Ohba H, Saito Y, Lorand L. Identification of Factor-XIIIa-Reactive Glutaminyl Residues in the Propolypeptide of Bovine von Willebrand Factor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.773zz.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Nadeau OW, Carlson GM. Zero length conformation-dependent cross-linking of phosphorylase kinase subunits by transglutaminase. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)43933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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38
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Ho GJ, Gregory EJ, Smirnova IV, Zoubine MN, Festoff BW. Cross-linking of beta-amyloid protein precursor catalyzed by tissue transglutaminase. FEBS Lett 1994; 349:151-4. [PMID: 7913896 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)00663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive dementia, cortical atrophy with synaptic loss, and the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques containing beta-amyloid. The beta-amyloid protein precursor (beta-APP), may normally be involved in cell adhesion related to synaptic maintenance. Loss of synapses correlates with dementia, suggesting that synaptic deficits may underlie the disease. Synapse stability may depend on the action of tissue transglutaminase (tTG), an enzyme capable of crosslinking large, multi-domain extracellular glycoproteins, that is active and present at synapses. We now show that beta-APP is a substrate for tTG in vitro that results in dimers and multimers by silver staining and immunoblotting. This novel post-translational modification suggests further roles for beta-APP in synaptic function as well as in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Ho
- Neurobiology Research Laboratory (151R), VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128
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39
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Bendixen E, Borth W, Harpel P. Transglutaminases catalyze cross-linking of plasminogen to fibronectin and human endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)80634-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Beninati S, Abbruzzese A, Cardinali M. Differences in the post-translational modification of proteins by polyamines between weakly and highly metastatic B16 melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 1993; 53:792-7. [PMID: 8095490 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910530515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The identification of (gamma-glutamyl)polyamines in proteolytic digest of proteins from the cytosolic and particulate fractions of B16-F10 and B16-F10Lr6 cell lines, originating from a spontaneous tumor in C57BL/6 mice, indicates that polyamines are incorporated into melanoma cell proteins by transglutaminases (TGases-EC 2.3.2.13). The levels of spermidine-derived protein cross-links were found to be inversely related with the metastatic potential of the 2 melanoma lines. Characterization of TGase activity in the 2 tumor cell lines showed 3 types of enzyme. The soluble cellular TGase activity (TGase C) was higher, and increased more, during the growth of the least metastasizing clone B16-F10Lr6 than in the B16-F10 line, which is the most metastasizing. Consistently, N1,N8-bis(gamma-glutamyl) spermidine, which is responsible for protein cross-link formation, was present in greater amount in B16-F10Lr6 cells. The enhancement by theophylline of soluble-TGase activity and spermidine-dependent protein cross-links of B16-F10 cells reduced, with linear dose dependence, the ability of these cells to penetrate through human fibronectin-coated membrane in an in vitro assay of invasiveness. Our data confirm and extend earlier observations indicating that the propensity of a tumor to metastasize can be indirectly related to intracellular levels of TGase activity, and provide the basis for some speculation concerning the role of polyamines as modifiers of murine melanoma cell proteins in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beninati
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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41
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Wilson J, Rickles FR, Armstrong PB, Lorand L. N epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine crosslinks in the blood clot of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 188:655-61. [PMID: 1445311 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)91106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clots were allowed to form in samples of whole blood taken from the American horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, in the absence and presence of dansylcadaverine (16), and were analyzed for their contents of N epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine and gamma-glutamyl-dansylcadaverine. Clots obtained without dansylcadaverine yielded significant amounts of N epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine product. Clots formed in the presence of dansylcadaverine yielded only gamma-glutamyl-dansylcadaverine. Formation of these products reflects on the activity of transglutaminase released from the blood cells during coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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42
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Lee KN, Maxwell MD, Patterson MK, Birckbichler PJ, Conway E. Identification of transglutaminase substrates in HT29 colon cancer cells: use of 5-(biotinamido)pentylamine as a transglutaminase-specific probe. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 1992; 1136:12-6. [PMID: 1353685 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(92)90078-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A biotinamine probe, 5-(biotinamido)pentylamine, was used for biotin-labeling of proteins in HT29 colon cancer cell extracts by endogenous transglutaminase activity. The biotin-labeled protein substrates were isolated and recovered by avidin-affinity chromatography. The proteins were separated using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, electroblotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane, visualized using Coomassie blue, cut out, and sequenced. Amino acid sequence data identified human fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase A, an intracellular protein, as a substrate for cellular transglutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Lee
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Biomedical Division, Ardmore, OK 73402
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43
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Klein JD, Guzman E, Kuehn GD. Purification and partial characterization of transglutaminase from Physarum polycephalum. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2599-605. [PMID: 1348244 PMCID: PMC205899 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.8.2599-2605.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An intracellular form of calcium ion-dependent transglutaminase (R-glutaminylpeptide:amine gamma-glutaminyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.13) was purified 818-fold to apparent homogeneity from acetone powder preparations of spherules of the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum. The enzyme was purified by combined methods of precipitation with 15% (wt/vol) polyethylene glycol, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and isoelectric focusing in a pH 5 to 7 gradient. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 6.1. The molecular mass of the denatured enzyme was estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 39.6 kDa. A molecular weight of 77,000 was found by gel filtration of the native enzyme on a Superose 12 fast protein liquid chromatography column, indicating that the native functional protein is a dimer. The purified transglutaminase catalyzed the incorporation of [14C]putrescine into protein substrates including casein, N,N'-dimethylcasein, actin purified from P. polycephalum, and actin purified from bovine muscle. Actin was the preferred substrate for the enzyme, both as a purified protein and in crude extracts prepared from P. polycephalum. With N,N'-dimethylcasein as the amine acceptor substrate, [14C]putrescine, [14C]spermidine, and [14C]spermine were all effective amine donor substrates with Km values of 49, 21.4, and 31.7 microM, respectively. All three of these polyamines demonstrated strong substrate inhibition of the enzyme activity between 100 and 200 microM. Upon starvation induced by depletion of a carbon source for growth, the specific activity of this enzyme increased sixfold during the differentiation of P. polycephalum microplasmodia to spherules. This suggests a role for transglutaminase in the construction of spherules, which have the capacity to survive starvation and dessication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Klein
- Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003-0001
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44
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Fink ML, Shao YY, Kersh GJ. A fluorometric, high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for transglutaminase activity. Anal Biochem 1992; 201:270-6. [PMID: 1352948 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A fluorometric, high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for transglutaminase activity is described. The method uses the small synthetic peptide benzyloxycarbonyl-L-glutaminylglycine and the fluorescent amine monodansylcadaverine as substrates. Very small amounts of substrates and enzyme are required for this assay. The reaction product is separated from substrates on a reversed-phase, C-18 column, using an isocratic elution solvent consisting of 50% methanol in water, and is detected fluorometrically with didansylcadaverine as standard. A detection limit of 31 pmol of product per injection was measured. An apparent Km of 34.7 +/- 2.4 mM was determined for the peptide substrate with purified guinea pig liver enzyme. Using this assay, a series of alkyl aldehydes was shown to inhibit transglutaminase. Modification of this assay using either gradient or isocratic elution with various proportions of acetonitrile (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid)/water (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) afforded assays for a series of glutamine-containing peptides including substance P, alpha-endorphin, and two small, synthetic peptides. The assay is suitable for measurement of transglutaminase activity with purified enzyme or with crude preparations. This method provides a sensitive, quantitative assay for the determination of substrate and inhibitor properties of small peptides toward transglutaminases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Fink
- Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798
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Pliura DH, Bonaventura BJ, Pauls HW, Killackey JF, Krantz A. Irreversible inhibition of transglutaminases by sulfonium methylketones: optimization of specificity and potency with omega-aminoacyl spacers. JOURNAL OF ENZYME INHIBITION 1992; 6:181-94. [PMID: 1284955 DOI: 10.3109/14756369209020168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonium methylketones, of structure Cbz-Phe-NH(CH2)nCOCH2S+ (CH3)2, n > 2, are specific and potent inactivators of transglutaminases. The length of the -(CH2)n-spacer moiety, n = 1-5, is a critical determinant for both the specificity and potency of the inactivator. The dipeptidyl analog Cbz-Phe-Gly-(CH2)nS+ (CH3)2, n = 1, is a more powerful inactivator of the thiol proteinase cathepsin B, k/K > 3 x 10(5) M-1 min-1, than of transglutaminases, ki(app)/Ki(app) < 1.5 x 10(4) M-1 min-1. In contrast, the gamma-aminobutyryl analog, n = 3, is a very potent transglutaminase inactivator with ki(app)/Ki(app) = 3.1 x 10(6) M-1 min-1, but does not inactivate cathepsin B. In cell studies, the gamma-aminobutyryl and epsilon-aminohexyl analogs inhibited the transglutaminase-mediated process of ionophore-induced cross-linked envelope formation by human malignant keratinocytes and the order of potency was related to that found for enzyme inhibition. The sulfonium methylketones, in equilibrium with the resonance stabilized ylides, are chemically inert towards glutathione under ambient conditions demonstrating the potential utility of this novel class of transglutaminase inhibitors for the study of enzyme inhibition in cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Pliura
- Syntex Research, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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Rao UR, Mehta K, Subrahmanyam D, Vickery AC. Brugia malayi and Acanthocheilonema viteae: antifilarial activity of transglutaminase inhibitors in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35:2219-24. [PMID: 1687106 PMCID: PMC245363 DOI: 10.1128/aac.35.11.2219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The possible involvement of transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions in survival of adult worms, microfilariae (mf), and infective larvae of the filarial parasite Brugia malayi was studied in vitro by using the specific pseudosubstrate monodansylcadaverine (MDC) and the active-site inhibitors cystamine or iodoacetamide. These inhibitors significantly inhibited parasite mobility in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibition was associated with irreversible biochemical lesions followed by filarial death. A structurally related, inactive analog of MDC, dimethyldansylcadaverine, did not affect the mobility or survival of the parasites. Adult worms failed to release mf when they were incubated in the presence of MDC or cystamine, and this inhibitory effect on mf release was concentration dependent. Similar embryostatic and macrofilaricidal effects of MDC were observed in Acanthocheilonema viteae adult worms. These studies suggest that transglutaminase-catalyzed reactions may play an important role in the growth, development, and survival of filarial parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- U R Rao
- College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa 33612
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Borth W, Chang V, Bishop P, Harpel P. Lipoprotein (a) is a substrate for factor XIIIa and tissue transglutaminase. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)55248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Menter DG, Patton JT, Updyke TV, Kerbel RS, Maamer M, McIntire LV, Nicolson GL. Transglutaminase stabilizes melanoma adhesion under laminar flow. CELL BIOPHYSICS 1991; 18:123-43. [PMID: 1726525 DOI: 10.1007/bf02989810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To resist substantial wall shear stress (WSS) exerted by flowing blood, metastatic melanoma cells can form adhesive contacts with subendothelial extracellular matrix proteins, such as fibronectin (FN). Such contacts may be stabilized by transglutaminase catalyzed-cross-linkage of cell focal adhesion proteins. We analyzed human melanoma cell adhesion under flow by decreasing the flow (WSS) of melanoma cell suspensions and allowing them to adhere to immobilized wheat germ agglutinin or FN. At the wall shear adhesion threshold (WSAT), cell adherence was rapid with no rolling. Following cell adherence, we increased the flow and determined the wall shear detachment threshold (WSDeT). Cells spread and remained adherent on immobilized FN at high WSDeTs (greater than or equal to 32.5 dynes/cm2). The high resistance of adherent cells to shear forces suggested that transglutaminase-mediated crosslinking might be involved. Transglutaminase inhibitors monodansylcadaverine and INO-3178 decreased WSAT, and at low concentrations completely inhibited tumor cell spreading and promoted detachment at low WSDeTs (0.67 dynes/cm2). In static adhesion assays, transglutaminase inhibitors decreased cell adhesion to immobilized-FN in a dose-dependent manner and prevented the formation of crosslinked 125I-FN complex that failed to enter a SDS-polyacrylamide gradient gel. The data suggest that transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking, particularly in the presence of WSS, may be important in stabilizing cellular adhesive contacts during adhesion to immobilized-FN.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Menter
- Department of Tumor Biology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Labeling of epsilon-lysine crosslinking sites in proteins with peptide substrates of factor XIIIa and transglutaminase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:8472-5. [PMID: 1978326 PMCID: PMC54978 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.21.8472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides patterned on the N-terminal sequence of fibronectin were synthesized and tested for amine acceptor qualities in reactions with dansylcadaverine catalyzed either by coagulation factor XIIIa or intracellular transglutaminase (protein-glutamine:amine gamma-glutamyltransferase, EC 2.3.2.13). On the basis of inverse half-saturations of the enzymes, the order of acceptor substrate affinity for factor XIIIa was pEAQQIV much greater than Boc-AQQIV greater than Boc-QQIV, and for transglutaminase, Boc-QQIV greater than Boc-AQQIV greater than pEAQQIV (amino acid residues are shown in one-letter code; pE, pyroglutamic acid; Boc, tert-butyloxycarbonyl). Sequence analysis of dansylcadaverine-substituted pEAQQIV indicated that the first of the two adjacent glutamine residues was the target of enzymatic modification. Boc-QIV showed no substrate activity with either enzyme. Crosslinking of crystallins in Ca2(+)-treated rabbit lens homogenate was readily inhibited by Boc-QQIV, Boc-AQQIV, and pEAQQIV, as was the formation of alpha-chain polymers in human fibrin by pEAQQIV in the presence of human factor XIIIa. SDS/PAGE analysis suggested that the inhibitory peptides selectively blocked the electron donor functionalities in these enzymatic crosslinking reactions.
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Velasco PT, Murthy P, Goll DE, Lorand L. Cross-linking and proteolysis in Ca2(+)-treated lens homogenates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1040:187-91. [PMID: 1976020 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(90)90074-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
It was previously shown (Lorand et al. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 1525) that treatment of lens homogenate with Ca2+ produces two sets of changes which are catalyzed by intrinsic enzymes of the lens and which can be readily seen by alterations in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profiles of proteins. With the aid of differential inhibitors of the two reactions (e.g., dansylcadaverine and leupeptin) it was possible to distinguish the transglutaminase-dependent cross-linking of proteins from the proteolytic degradative phenomena. We have now shown that the proteins which are affected by the two processes can be compartmentalized differentially by centrifuging the lens homogenate after exposure to Ca2+. The dimeric and oligomeric beta-crystallin products of transglutaminase-mediated cross-linking are most clearly visible in the soluble supernatant, whereas the proteolytically susceptible proteins--possibly structural in nature, including vimentin--are predominantly present in the pellet. We have found a compound, 2-[3-(diallylamino)propionyl]benzothiophene, which, by virtue of acting as a noncompetitive inhibitor of transglutaminase as well as of calpains I and II, effectively blocked both the cross-linking seen in the supernatant and the proteolysis seen in the pellet fraction, though perhaps with somewhat different sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Velasco
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3500
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