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Hajjari MM, Golmakani MT, Sharif N. Electrospun zein/C-phycocyanin composite: Simulation, characterization and therapeutic application. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Kselíková V, Husarčíková K, Mojzeš P, Zachleder V, Bišová K. Cultivation of the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Desmodesmus quadricauda in highly deuterated media: Balancing the light intensity. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:960862. [PMID: 36131720 PMCID: PMC9483122 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.960862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of organic deuterated compounds in microalgal systems represents a cheaper and more versatile alternative to more complicated chemical synthesis. In the present study, we investigate the autotrophic growth of two microalgae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Desmodesmus quadricauda, in medium containing high doses of deuterated water, D2O. The growth of such cultures was evaluated in the context of the intensity of incident light, since light is a critical factor in the management of autotrophic algal cultures. Deuteration increases the light sensitivity of both model organisms, resulting in increased levels of singlet oxygen and poorer photosynthetic performance. Our results also show a slowdown in growth and cell division processes with increasing D2O concentrations. At the same time, impaired cell division leads to cell enlargement and accumulation of highly deuterated compounds, especially energy-storing molecules. Thus, considering the specifics of highly deuterated cultures and using the growth conditions proposed in this study, it is possible to obtain highly deuterated algal biomass, which could be a valuable source of deuterated organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kselíková
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Kamila Husarčíková
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Peter Mojzeš
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vilém Zachleder
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Bišová
- Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kateřina Bišová,
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Kamo T, Eki T, Hirose Y. Pressurized Liquid Extraction of a Phycocyanobilin Chromophore and Its Reconstitution with a Cyanobacteriochrome Photosensor for Efficient Isotopic Labeling. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:334-347. [PMID: 33386854 PMCID: PMC8112840 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Linear tetrapyrrole compounds (bilins) are chromophores of the phytochrome and cyanobacteriochrome classes of photosensors and light-harvesting phycobiliproteins. Various spectroscopic techniques, such as resonance Raman, Fourier transform-infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance, have been used to elucidate the structures underlying their remarkable spectral diversity, in which the signals are experimentally assigned to specific structures using isotopically labeled bilin. However, current methods for isotopic labeling of bilins require specialized expertise, time-consuming procedures and/or expensive reagents. To address these shortcomings, we established a method for pressurized liquid extraction of phycocyanobilin (PCB) from the phycobiliprotein powder Lina Blue and also the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis). PCB was efficiently cleaved in ethanol with three extractions (5 min each) under nitrogen at 125�C and 100 bars. A prewash at 75�C was effective for removing cellular pigments of Synechocystis without PCB cleavage. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry suggested that PCB was cleaved in the C3-E (majority) and C3-Z (partial) configurations. 15N- and 13C/15N-labeled PCBs were prepared from Synechocystis cells grown with NaH13CO3 and/or Na15NO3, the concentrations of which were optimized based on cell growth and pigmentation. Extracted PCB was reconstituted with a recombinant apoprotein of the cyanobacteriochrome-class photosensor RcaE. Yield of the photoactive holoprotein was improved by optimization of the expression conditions and cell disruption in the presence of Tween 20. Our method can be applied for the isotopic labeling of other PCB-binding proteins and for the commercial production of non-labeled PCB for food, cosmetic and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanari Kamo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Eki
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580 Japan
| | - Yuu Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku, Toyohashi, Aichi, 441-8580 Japan
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Groves BR, Cameron TS, Thompson A. Deuteration and tautomeric reactivity of the 1-methyl functionality of free-base dipyrrins. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:7925-7935. [PMID: 28901368 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01278k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective reactivity of the 1-methyl group of free-base dipyrrins is explored, including discussion of tautomerism to provide exocyclic alkenyl reactivity. Deuterium is installed so as to generate dipyrrins substituted with deuterated methyl groups. Furthermore, the 1-methyl group reacts to become involved in C-C bonds involving only sp3-hybridised carbon atoms. The isolation of an elusive framework featuring a dipyrrin substituted with a pyrrole in a non-vinylogous fashion is also reported. The use of asymmetric dipyrrins featuring an electron-withdrawing group on one of the pyrrolic units results in regioselective reaction of the alpha-methyl group distal to the electron-withdrawing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Zachleder V, Vítová M, Hlavová M, Moudříková Š, Mojzeš P, Heumann H, Becher JR, Bišová K. Stable isotope compounds - production, detection, and application. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:784-797. [PMID: 29355599 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stable isotopes are used in wide fields of application from natural tracers in biology, geology and archeology through studies of metabolic fluxes to their application as tracers in quantitative proteomics and structural biology. We review the use of stable isotopes of biogenic elements (H, C, N, O, S, Mg, Se) with the emphasis on hydrogen and its heavy isotope deuterium. We will discuss the limitations of enriching various compounds in stable isotopes when produced in living organisms. Finally, we overview methods for measuring stable isotopes, focusing on methods for detection in single cells in situ and their exploitation in modern biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilém Zachleder
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Milada Vítová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Hlavová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Moudříková
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Mojzeš
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Kateřina Bišová
- Institute of Microbiology, CAS, Centre Algatech, Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, CZ-379 81 Třeboň, Czech Republic.
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Csatorday K, Maccoll R, Berns DS. Accumulation of protoporphyrin IX and Zn protoporphyrin IX in Cyanidium caldarium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 78:1700-2. [PMID: 16592992 PMCID: PMC319200 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.78.3.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo fluorescence studies of Cyanidium caldarium mutants grown in the dark in dextrose-containing media have shown that these organisms accumulate protoporphyrin IX. In the dark the accumulated protoporphyrin IX is gradually turned into a metalloporphyrin, Zn protoporphyrin. In the light, in the chlorophyll-lacking mutant GGB, both compounds are degraded and phycobiliproteins are formed. These results implicate protoporphyrin IX in situ as the general precursor to tetrapyrrole pigments and Zn protoporphyrin IX as a possible intermediate or regulator in the biosynthesis of phycobilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Csatorday
- Division of Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201
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Michalski TJ, Hunt JE, Bowman MK, Smith U, Bardeen K, Gest H, Norris JR, Katz JJ. Bacteriopheophytin g: Properties and some speculations on a possible primary role for bacteriochlorophylls b and g in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 84:2570-4. [PMID: 16593826 PMCID: PMC304699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.9.2570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriopheophytin g and small amounts of bacteriochlorophyll g have been obtained in high purity from the recently discovered photosynthetic bacterium Heliobacterium chlorum. Preparative methods and precautions in handling these sensitive compounds are described. The compounds have been characterized by californium-252 plasma desorption mass spectrometry, HPLC, visible absorption, and electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Our results agree with the structure of bacteriochlorophyll g advanced by H. Brockmann and A. Lipinski [(1983) Arch. Microbiol. 136, 17-19], with the exception that we find the esterifying alcohol to be farnesol and not geranylgeraniol as originally suggested. Zero field splitting parameters of triplet state bacteriopheophytin g and the ESR properties of the cation free radical of bacteriochlorophyll g are reported. The photoisomerization of the subject compounds has been studied. Bacteriopheophytin g undergoes photo-isomerization in white light to pheophytin a with a half-time of approximately 42 min. We suggest that all of the chlorophylls are biosynthesized from a common intermediate containing an ethylidine group, [unk]CH-CH(3), such as is present in bacteriochlorophylls b and g.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Michalski
- Chemistry Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439
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van Thor JJ, Mackeen M, Kuprov I, Dwek RA, Wormald MR. Chromophore structure in the photocycle of the cyanobacterial phytochrome Cph1. Biophys J 2006; 91:1811-22. [PMID: 16751241 PMCID: PMC1544288 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.084335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromophore conformations of the red and far red light induced product states "Pfr" and "Pr" of the N-terminal photoreceptor domain Cph1-N515 from Synechocystis 6803 have been investigated by NMR spectroscopy, using specific 13C isotope substitutions in the chromophore. 13C-NMR spectroscopy in the Pfr and Pr states indicated reversible chemical shift differences predominantly of the C(4) carbon in ring A of the phycocyanobilin chromophore, in contrast to differences of C15 and C5, which were much less pronounced. Ab initio calculations of the isotropic shielding and optical transition energies identify a region for C4-C5-C6-N2 dihedral angle changes where deshielding of C4 is correlated with red-shifted absorption. These could occur during thermal reactions on microsecond and millisecond timescales after excitation of Pr which are associated with red-shifted absorption. A reaction pathway involving a hula-twist at C5 could satisfy the observed NMR and visible absorption changes. Alternatively, C15 Z-E photoisomerization, although expected to lead to a small change of the chemical shift of C15, in addition to changes of the C4-C5-C6-N2 dihedral angle could be consistent with visible absorption changes and the chemical shift difference at C4. NMR spectroscopy of a 13C-labeled chromopeptide provided indication for broadening due to conformational exchange reactions in the intact photoreceptor domain, which is more pronounced for the C- and D-rings of the chromophore. This broadening was also evident in the F2 hydrogen dimension from heteronuclear 1H-13C HSQC spectroscopy, which did not detect resonances for the 13C5-H, 13C10-H, and 13C15-H hydrogen atoms whereas strong signals were detected for the (13)C-labeled chromopeptide. The most pronounced 13C-chemical shift difference between chromopeptide and intact receptor domain was that of the 13C4-resonance, which could be consistent with an increased conformational energy of the C4-C5-C6-N2 dihedral angle in the intact protein in the Pr state. Nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy experiments of the 13C-labeled chromopeptide, where chromophore-protein interactions are expected to be reduced, were consistent with a ZZZssa conformation, which has also been found for the biliverdin chromophore in the x-ray structure of a fragment of Deinococcus radiodurans bacteriophytochrome in the Pr form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J van Thor
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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Imai S, Akita K, Tomotake M, Sawada H. Identification of two novel pigment precursors and a reddish-purple pigment involved in the blue-green discoloration of onion and garlic. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:843-7. [PMID: 16448192 DOI: 10.1021/jf0519818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
By using a model reaction system representing blue-green discoloration that occurs when purees of onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) are mixed, we isolated two pigment precursors (PPs) and a reddish-purple pigment (PUR-1) and determined their chemical structures. PPs were isolated from a heat-treated solution containing color developer (CD) and either l-valine or l-alanine, and their structures were determined as 2-(3,4-dimethylpyrrolyl)-3-methylbutanoic acid (PP-Val), and 2-(3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrolyl) propanoic acid (PP-Ala), respectively. Next, PUR-1 was isolated from a heat-treated solution containing PP-Val and allicin, and its structure was determined as (1E)-1-(1-((1S)-1-carboxy-2-methylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-prop-1-enylene-3-(1-((1S)-1-carboxy-2-methylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-ylidenium). The structure of PUR-1 suggested that PP molecules containing a 3,4-dimethyl pyrrole ring had been cross-linked by an allyl group of allicin to form conjugated pigments. While PUR-1 is a dipyrrole compound exhibiting a reddish-purple color, a color shift toward blue to green can be expected as the cross-linking reaction continues to form, for example, tri- or tetrapyrrole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Imai
- Somatech Center, House Foods Corporation, 1-4 Takanodai, Yotsukaido, Chiba 284-0033, Japan.
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Knipp B, Kneip K, Matysik J, Gärtner W, Hildebrandt P, Braslavsky SE, Schaffner K. Regioselective Deuteration and Resonance Raman Spectroscopic Characterization of Biliverdin and Phycocyanobilin. Chemistry 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.19970030307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Knipp B, Müller M, Metzler-Nolte N, Balaban TS, Braslavsky SE, Schaffner K. NMR Verification of Helical Conformations of Phycocyanobilin in Organic Solvents. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19980810509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Chronakis IS. Gelation of edible blue-green algae protein isolate (Spirulina platensis Strain Pacifica): thermal transitions, rheological properties, and molecular forces involved. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2001; 49:888-898. [PMID: 11262046 DOI: 10.1021/jf0005059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteins isolated from blue-green algae Spirulina platensis strain Pacifica were characterized by visible absorption, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), viscometry, and dynamic oscillatory rheological measurements. Unique thermal unfolding, denaturation, aggregation, and gelation of the algal protein isolate are presented. DSC analysis showed that thermal transitions occur at about 67 and 109 degrees C at neutral pH. Calcium chloride stabilized the quaternary structure against denaturation and shifted the transitions at higher temperatures. Viscometric studies of Spirulina protein isolate as a function of temperature showed that the onset of the viscosity increase is closely related to the dissociation-denaturation process. Lower viscosities were observed for the protein solutions dissolved at pH 9 due to an increased protein solubility. Solutions of Spirulina protein isolate form elastic gels during heating to 90 degrees C. Subsequent cooling at ambient temperatures caused a further pronounced increase in the elastic moduli and network elasticity. Spirulina protein isolate has good gelling properties with fairly low minimum critical gelling concentrations of about 1.5 and 2.5 wt % in 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7, and with 0.02 M CaCl(2) in the same buffer, respectively. It is suggested that mainly the interactions of exposed hydrophobic regions generate the molecular association, initial aggregation, and gelation of the protein isolate during the thermal treatment. Hydrogen bonds reinforce the network rigidity of the protein on cooling and further stabilize the structure of Spirulina protein gels but alone are not sufficient to form a network structure. Intermolecular sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds were found to play a minor role for the network strength of Spirulina protein gels but affect the elasticity of the structures formed. Both time and temperature at isothermal heat-induced gelation within 40-80 degrees C affect substantially the network formation and the development of elastic modulus of Spirulina protein gels. This is also attributed to the strong temperature dependence of hydrophobic interactions. The aggregation, denaturation, and gelation properties of Spirulina algal protein isolate are likely to be controlled from protein-protein complexes rather than individual protein molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Chronakis
- Physical Chemistry 1, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Beale S, Cornejo J. Biosynthesis of phycobilins. 15,16-Dihydrobiliverdin IX alpha is a partially reduced intermediate in the formation of phycobilins from biliverdin IX alpha. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Beale S, Cornejo J. Biosynthesis of phycobilins. 3(Z)-phycoerythrobilin and 3(Z)-phycocyanobilin are intermediates in the formation of 3(E)-phycocyanobilin from biliverdin IX alpha. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Arciero DM, Dallas JL, Glazer AN. In vitro attachment of bilins to apophycocyanin. II. Determination of the structures of tryptic bilin peptides derived from the phycocyanobilin adduct. J Biol Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)81366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Falk H, Zrunek U. Beiträge zur Chemie der Pyrrolpigmente, 51. Mitt.: Phytochrommodellstudien: Zur Deprotonierung von 3,4-Dihydropyrromethenonen und 2,3-Dihydrobilatrienen-abc. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00799035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gossauer A. Studies on the stereochemistry of biliprotein chromophores and related model compounds. Tetrahedron 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Doukas AG, Stefancic V, Buchert J, Alfano R, Zilinskas BA. EXCITON ANNIHILATION IN THE ISOLATED PHYCOBILIPROTEINS FROM THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA NOSTOC SP. USING PICOSECOND ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Doukas AG, Stefancic V, Buchert J, Alfano R, Zilinskas BA. EXCITON ANNIHILATION IN THE ISOLATED PHYCOBILIPROTEINS FROM THE BLUE-GREEN ALGA NOSTOC SP. USING PICOSECOND ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Krauss C, Scheer H. STUDIES ON PLANT BILE PIGMENTS—9. PHOTOOXIDATION OF A-DIHYDROBILINDIONE AS PHYTOCHROME MODEL IN ACID MEDIUM. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Krauss C, Scheer H. STUDIES ON PLANT BILE PIGMENTS—9. PHOTOOXIDATION OF A-DIHYDROBILINDIONE AS PHYTOCHROME MODEL IN ACID MEDIUM. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gossauer A, Hinze RP, Kutschan R. Synthesen von Gallenfarbstoffen, XI1) Totalsynthese und Zuordnung der relativen Konfiguration zweier epimerer Methanol-Addukte des Phycocyanobilin-dimethylesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19811140113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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McDonagh AF, Palma LA. Preparation and properties of crystalline biliverdin IX alpha. Simple methods for preparing isomerically homogeneous biliverdin and [14C[biliverdin by using 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. Biochem J 1980; 189:193-208. [PMID: 7458909 PMCID: PMC1161990 DOI: 10.1042/bj1890193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous isomerically pure biliverdin IX alpha is readily prepared in more than 70% yield by dehydrogenation of bilirubin with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in dimethyl sulphoxide under carefully controlled conditions. Crystalline biliverdin IX alpha and amorphous [14C]biliverdin can be obtained similarly in more than 40+ yield. The pure crystalline pigment was characterized by elemental analysis, methylation, chemical and enzymic reduction to bilirubin, i.r.- and u.v.-visible-absorption spectroscopy, n.m.r. spectroscopy and field-desorption mass spectrometry, and its solubility was determined. Under certain conditions, dehydrogenation, gave biliverdin contaminated with III alpha and XIII alpha isomers as a result of disproporationation of bilirubin. Formation of non-IX alpha isomers depends on the concentrations of the reagents and the order in which they are mixed, and occurs under neutral anaerobic conditions. Free-radical reactions probably are responsible, suggesting that the first step in the deydrogenation of bilirubin with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone in dimethyl sulphoxide is formation of a bilirubin cation radical, rather than hydride ion abstraction.
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26
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O'Carra P, Murphy RF, Killilea SD. The native forms of the phycobilin chromophores of algal biliproteins. A clarification. Biochem J 1980; 187:303-9. [PMID: 7396851 PMCID: PMC1161794 DOI: 10.1042/bj1870303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pigments released from phycoerythrins and phycocyanins by treatment with hot methanol are currently regarded as equivalent to the native chromophores phycoerythrobilin and phycocyanobilin. However, evidence presented here confirms the original view of O'Carra & O'hEocha [(1966 Phytochemistry 5, 993-997] that these methanol-released pigments are artefacts differing in their chromophoric conjugated systems from the native protein-bound prosthetic groups. By contrast, the native spectral properties are retained in pigments released by careful acid treatment of the biliproteins and these acid-released phycobilins, rather than the methanol-released pigments, are therefore regarded as the protein-free forms of the native chromophores. The conclusion reached by Chapman, Cole & Siegelman [(1968) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 89, 3643-3645], that all the algal biliproteins contain only phycoerythrobilin and phycocyanobilin, is shown to be incorrect. The identification of a urobilinoid chromophore, phycourobilin, accompanying phycoerythrobilin in B- and R- phycoerythrins is confirmed and supported by more extensive evidence. The cryptomonad phycocyanins are shown to contain a phycobilin chromophore accompanying phycocyanobilin. This further phycobilin has the spectral properties of the class of bilins known as violins and the provisional name "cryptoviolin" is proposed pending elucidation of its structure.
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Killilea SD, O'Carra P, Murphy RF. Structures and apoprotein linkages of phycoerythrobilin and phycocyanobilin. Biochem J 1980; 187:311-20. [PMID: 7396852 PMCID: PMC1161795 DOI: 10.1042/bj1870311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Phycoerythrobilin and phycocyanobilin are covalently attached to the apoproteins of phycoerythrins and phycocyanins. One linkage consists of an ester bond between the hydroxy group of a serine residue and the propionate side chain on one of the inner pyrrole rings (probably ring C). The other linkage is a labile thioether bond between a cysteine residue and the two-carbon side chain on pyrrole ring A. This side chain and both of the alpha-positions of the ring A are in the reduced state. This constitutes an important structural revision, since, in the structures currently accepted for the phycobilins, the two-carbon side chain on ring A is depicted as an ethylidene grouping and this has been regarded not only as a very characteristic feature of the phycobilins, but also as a probable structural feature of the chromophore of phytochrome, largely on the basis of other analogies with the phycobilins. The ethylidene-containing structures apply instead to artefact forms of the pigments released from the apoproteins by treatment with hot methanol. Cleavage of the ring-A linkage involves an elimination reaction releasing the cysteine residue and generating a double bond in the ring-A side chain. During cleavage in methanol the direction of the elimination is towards the ring, generating the ethylidene double bond. Since this is linked to the conjugated system, the methanol-released pigments differ spectrally from the native phycobilins. During acid-catalysed release of the pigments, the elimination apparently goes in the opposite direction, generating a double bond at the outer position of the side chain. Since this double bond is not linked to the conjugated system, the acid-released pigments remain spectrally identical with their protein-bound counterparts.
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Brown A, Offner G, Ehrhardt M, Troxler R. Phycobilin-apoprotein linkages in the alpha and beta subunits of phycocyanin from the unicellular rhodophyte, Cyanidium caldarium. Amino acid sequences of 35S-labeled chromopeptides. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)36018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Troxler RF, Kelly P, Brown SB. Phycocyanobilin synthesis in the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. Biochem J 1978; 172:569-76. [PMID: 687359 PMCID: PMC1185732 DOI: 10.1042/bj1720569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Light is required for synthesis of the accessory photosynethetic pigment phycocyanin in cells of the unicellular rhodophyte Cyanidium caldarium. Phycocyanin is a conjugated protein composed of polypeptide subunits to which the light-absorbing bile pigment chromophore phycocyanobilin is covalently attached. Dark-grown cells of C. caldarium are unable to make phycocyanin, but when incubated in the dark with 5-aminolaevulinate the cells synthesize and excrete a protein-free phycobilin (algal bile pigment) into the suspending medium. The electronic absorption spectrum, electron impact mass spectrum, chromatographic properties and imide products obtained after chronic acid degradation of the excreted phycobilin were identical with those of phycocyanobilin cleaved from phycocyanin in boiling methanol. This establishes the structural identity between the excreted phycobilin, which is the end product of bile-pigment synthesis in vivo, and the chromophore cleaved from phycocyanin in boiling methanol. The significance of the structure of the excreted phycobilin with respect to the events surrounding the assembly of the phycocyanin molecule in vivo is discussed.
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Troxler RF, Brown AS, Köst HP. Quantitative degradation of radiolabeled phycobiliproteins. Chromic acid degradation of C-phycocyanin. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1978; 87:181-9. [PMID: 668687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1978.tb12365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Wallin R, Selset R, Sletten K. Characterization of chromophoric peptides from C-phycocyanin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1978; 81:1319-28. [PMID: 96831 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(78)91280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Köst HP, Rüdiger W, Chapman DJ. Über die Bindungen zwischen Chromophor und Protein in Biliproteiden, I. Abbauversuche und Spektraluntersuchungen an Biliproteiden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.197519750906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Brown AS, Foster JA, Voynow PV, Franzblau C, Troxler RF. Allophycocyanin from the filamentous cyanophyte, Phormidium luridum. Biochemistry 1975; 14:3581-8. [PMID: 809053 DOI: 10.1021/bi00687a011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Allophycocyanin from the filamentous cyanophyte, Phormidium luridum, was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange chromatography on brushite columns. The specific absorption coefficient (E 0.1% 1cm) of purified allophycocyanin was 6.1 in distilled water and 7.3 in 0.05 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7). Absorption maxima of allophycocyanin occurred at 650, 618 (shoulder), 350, and 275 nm. Circular dichroic spectra displayed positive ellipticity bands at 655 and 625 nm, and a major negative ellipticity band at 340 nm. Computer analysis of the circular dichroic spectrum of allophycocyanin from 207 to 243 nm indicated that the secondary structure contained 60% alpha helix and 40% beta form. The estimated molecular weight of allophycocyanin on Sephadex G-200 columns at pH 7.0 was 155,000. Electrophoretic examination of allophycocyanin on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels revealed two subunits, alpha and beta, with apparent molecular weights of 17,300 and 19,000, respectively. Densitometric analysis of unstained gels at 600 nm indicated that one phycocyanobilin chromophore was associated with each subunit. Treatment of allophycocyanin with 12% formic acid or 8 M urea and subsequent removal of the denaturant yielded a derivative with spectroscopic characteristics similar to phycocyanin. Subsequent incubation in phosphate buffer (pH 7), but not in acetate buffer (pH 5) or in water, was accompanied by a progressive reappearance of absorption maxima at 650 and 618 nm (shoulder), and positive ellipticity bands at 655 and 617 nm. Automated sequence analysis of allophycocyanin (a) showed that the sequence of amino acids at the amino terminus of the alpha and beta subunits is different, (b) showed that the subunits occur in a ratio of 1:1, and (c) demonstrated sequence homology at the amino terminus of allophycocyanin, phycocyanin, and phycoerythrin.
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Troxler RF, Brown AS. Metabolism of L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid in the alga Cyanidium caldarium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 366:341-9. [PMID: 4425658 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gossauer A, Hirsch W. Synthesen von Gallenfarbstoffen, IV1) Totalsynthese des racemischen Phycocyanobilins (Phycobiliverdins) sowie eines “Homophycobiliverdins”2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.197419740913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Byfield PG, Zuber H. Chromophore-containing peptide sequences in C-phycocyanin from Mastigocladus laminosus. FEBS Lett 1972; 28:36-40. [PMID: 4630459 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(72)80671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Troxler RF. Synthesis of bile pigments in plants. Formation of carbon monoxide and phycocyanobilin in wild-type and mutant strains of the alga, Cyanidium caldarium. Biochemistry 1972; 11:4235-42. [PMID: 5079896 DOI: 10.1021/bi00773a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kobayashi Y, Siegelman HW, Hirs CH. C-phycocyanin from Phormidium luridum. Isolation of subunits. Arch Biochem Biophys 1972; 152:187-98. [PMID: 4627355 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(72)90207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Chapman DJ, Budzikiewicz H, Siegelman HW. The structure of mesobilirhodin. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:876-8. [PMID: 5076308 DOI: 10.1007/bf01924915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bennett A, Bogorad L. Properties of subunits and aggregates of blue-green algal biliproteins. Biochemistry 1971; 10:3625-34. [PMID: 5004410 DOI: 10.1021/bi00795a022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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VERNOTTE C. SEPARATION ET CARACTERISATION SPECTROSCOPIQUE DU MONOMERE ET DES POLYMERES DE LA C. PHYCOCYANINE. Photochem Photobiol 1971. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1971.tb06160.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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