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McFarlane NR, Gui J, Oláh J, Harvey JN. Gaseous inhibition of the transsulfuration pathway by cystathionine β-synthase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16579-16588. [PMID: 38832404 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01321b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The transsulfuration pathway plays a key role in mammals for maintaining the balance between cysteine and homocysteine, whose concentrations are critical in several biochemical processes. Human cystathionine β-synthase is a heme-containing, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme found in this pathway. The heme group does not participate directly in catalysis, but has a regulatory function, whereby CO or NO binding inhibits the PLP-dependent reactions. In this study, we explore the detailed structural changes responsible for inhibition using quantum chemical calculations to validate the experimentally observed bonding patterns associated with heme CO and NO binding and molecular dynamics simulations to explore the medium-range structural changes triggered by gas binding and propagating to the PLP active site, which is more than 20 Å distant from the heme group. Our results support a previously proposed mechanical signaling model, whereby the cysteine decoordination associated with gas ligand binding leads to breaking of a hydrogen bond with an arginine residue on a neighbouring helix. In turn, this leads to a shift in position of the helix, and hence also of the PLP cofactor, ultimately disrupting a key hydrogen bond that stabilizes the PLP in its catalytically active form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R McFarlane
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f-box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jiangli Gui
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f-box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Julianna Oláh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Budapest University of Technology and Economics H-1111 Budapest, Műegyeten rakpart 3, Hungary.
| | - Jeremy N Harvey
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f-box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Hanna D, Kumar R, Banerjee R. A Metabolic Paradigm for Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling via Electron Transport Chain Plasticity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:57-67. [PMID: 35651282 PMCID: PMC9885546 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Significance: A burgeoning literature has attributed varied physiological effects to hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a product of eukaryotic sulfur amino acid metabolism. Protein persulfidation represents a major focus of studies elucidating the mechanism underlying H2S signaling. On the contrary, the capacity of H2S to induce reductive stress by targeting the electron transport chain (ETC) and signal by reprogramming redox metabolism has only recently begun to be elucidated. Recent Advances: In contrast to the nonspecific reaction of H2S with oxidized cysteines to form protein persulfides, its inhibition of complex IV represents a specific mechanism of action. Studies on the dual impact of H2S as an ETC substrate and an inhibitor have led to the exciting discovery of ETC plasticity and the use of fumarate as a terminal electron acceptor. H2S oxidation combined with complex IV targeting generates mitochondrial reductive stress, which is signaled through the metabolic network, leading to increased aerobic glycolysis, glutamine-dependent reductive carboxylation, and lipogenesis. Critical Issues: Insights into H2S-induced metabolic reprogramming are ushering in a paradigm shift for understanding the mechanism of its cellular action. It will be critical to reevaluate the physiological effects of H2S, for example, cytoprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, through the framework of metabolic reprogramming and ETC remodeling by H2S. Future Directions: The metabolic ramifications of H2S in other cellular compartments, for example, the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus, as well as the intersections between hypoxia and H2S signaling are important future directions that merit elucidation. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 57-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hanna
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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3
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Tran JU, Brown BL. Structural Basis for Allostery in PLP-dependent Enzymes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:884281. [PMID: 35547395 PMCID: PMC9081730 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.884281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes are found ubiquitously in nature and are involved in a variety of biological pathways, from natural product synthesis to amino acid and glucose metabolism. The first structure of a PLP-dependent enzyme was reported over 40 years ago, and since that time, there is a steady wealth of structural and functional information revealed for a wide array of these enzymes. A functional mechanism that is gaining more appreciation due to its relevance in drug design is that of protein allostery, where binding of a protein or ligand at a distal site influences the structure, organization, and function at the active site. Here, we present a review of current structure-based mechanisms of allostery for select members of each PLP-dependent enzyme family. Knowledge of these mechanisms may have a larger potential for identifying key similarities and differences among enzyme families that can eventually be exploited for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny U. Tran
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Breann L. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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4
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Human Cystathionine γ-Lyase Is Inhibited by s-Nitrosation: A New Crosstalk Mechanism between NO and H 2S. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10091391. [PMID: 34573023 PMCID: PMC8467691 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10091391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The ‘gasotransmitters’ hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitric oxide (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO) act as second messengers in human physiology, mediating signal transduction via interaction with or chemical modification of protein targets, thereby regulating processes such as neurotransmission, blood flow, immunomodulation, or energy metabolism. Due to their broad reactivity and potential toxicity, the biosynthesis and breakdown of H2S, NO, and CO are tightly regulated. Growing evidence highlights the active role of gasotransmitters in their mutual cross-regulation. In human physiology, the transsulfuration enzymes cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) are prominent H2S enzymatic sources. While CBS is known to be inhibited by NO and CO, little is known about CSE regulation by gasotransmitters. Herein, we investigated the effect of s-nitrosation on CSE catalytic activity. H2S production by recombinant human CSE was found to be inhibited by the physiological nitrosating agent s-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), while reduced glutathione had no effect. GSNO-induced inhibition was partially reverted by ascorbate and accompanied by the disappearance of one solvent accessible protein thiol. By combining differential derivatization procedures and mass spectrometry-based analysis with functional assays, seven out of the ten protein cysteine residues, namely Cys84, Cys109, Cys137, Cys172, Cys229, Cys307, and Cys310, were identified as targets of s-nitrosation. By generating conservative Cys-to-Ser variants of the identified s-nitrosated cysteines, Cys137 was identified as most significantly contributing to the GSNO-mediated CSE inhibition. These results highlight a new mechanism of crosstalk between gasotransmitters.
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5
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Ferric heme as a CO/NO sensor in the nuclear receptor Rev-Erbß by coupling gas binding to electron transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016717118. [PMID: 33436410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016717118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rev-Erbβ is a nuclear receptor that couples circadian rhythm, metabolism, and inflammation. Heme binding to the protein modulates its function as a repressor, its stability, its ability to bind other proteins, and its activity in gas sensing. Rev-Erbβ binds Fe3+-heme more tightly than Fe2+-heme, suggesting its activities may be regulated by the heme redox state. Yet, this critical role of heme redox chemistry in defining the protein's resting state and function is unknown. We demonstrate by electrochemical and whole-cell electron paramagnetic resonance experiments that Rev-Erbβ exists in the Fe3+ form within the cell allowing the protein to be heme replete even at low concentrations of labile heme in the nucleus. However, being in the Fe3+ redox state contradicts Rev-Erb's known function as a gas sensor, which dogma asserts must be Fe2+ This paper explains why the resting Fe3+ state is congruent both with heme binding and cellular gas sensing. We show that the binding of CO/NO elicits a striking increase in the redox potential of the Fe3+/Fe2+ couple, characteristic of an EC mechanism in which the unfavorable Electrochemical reduction of heme is coupled to the highly favorable Chemical reaction of gas binding, making the reduction spontaneous. Thus, Fe3+-Rev-Erbβ remains heme-loaded, crucial for its repressor activity, and undergoes reduction when diatomic gases are present. This work has broad implications for proteins in which ligand-triggered redox changes cause conformational changes influencing its function or interprotein interactions (e.g., between NCoR1 and Rev-Erbβ). This study opens up the possibility of CO/NO-mediated regulation of the circadian rhythm through redox changes in Rev-Erbβ.
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6
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Benchoam D, Cuevasanta E, Julió Plana L, Capece L, Banerjee R, Alvarez B. Heme-Thiolate Perturbation in Cystathionine β-Synthase by Mercury Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2192-2205. [PMID: 33521459 PMCID: PMC7841933 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is an enzyme involved in sulfur metabolism that catalyzes the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent condensation of homocysteine with serine or cysteine to form cystathionine and water or hydrogen sulfide (H2S), respectively. CBS possesses a b-type heme coordinated by histidine and cysteine. Fe(III)-CBS is inert toward exogenous ligands, while Fe(II)-CBS is reactive. Both Fe(III)- and Fe(II)-CBS are sensitive to mercury compounds. In this study, we describe the kinetics of the reactions with mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid. These reactions were multiphasic and resulted in five-coordinate CBS lacking thiolate ligation, with six-coordinate species as intermediates. Computational QM/MM studies supported the feasibility of formation of species in which the thiolate is proximal to both the iron ion and the mercury compound. The reactions of Fe(II)-CBS were faster than those of Fe(III)-CBS. The observed rate constants of the first phase increased hyperbolically with concentration of the mercury compounds, with limiting values of 0.3-0.4 s-1 for Fe(III)-CBS and 40 ± 4 s-1 for Fe(II)-CBS. The data were interpreted in terms of alternative models of conformational selection or induced fit. Exposure of Fe(III)-CBS to HgCl2 led to heme release and activity loss. Our study reveals the complexity of the interactions between mercury compounds and CBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Benchoam
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800 Uruguay
| | - Ernesto Cuevasanta
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800 Uruguay
- Unidad
de Bioquímica Analítica, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay
| | - Laia Julió Plana
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires/Instituto de Química
Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE-CONICET), C1428EGA Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires/Instituto de Química
Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE-CONICET), C1428EGA Buenos
Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department
of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan
Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo, 11400 Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, 11800 Uruguay
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7
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Bełtowski J. Synthesis, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Hydrogen Sulfide: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2007:1-8. [PMID: 31148102 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9528-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In addition to nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently emerged as the novel gasotransmitter involved in the regulation of the nervous system, cardiovascular functions, inflammatory response, gastrointestinal system, and renal function. H2S is synthesized from L-cysteine and/or L-homocysteine by cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, and cysteine aminotransferase together with 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. In addition, H2S is enzymatically metabolized in mitochondria by sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, persulfide dioxygenase, and sulfite oxidase to thiosulfate, sulfite, and sulfate which enables to regulate its level by factors such as oxygen pressure, mitochondria density, or efficacy of mitochondrial electron transport. H2S modifies protein structure and function through the so-called sulfuration or persulfidation, that is, conversion of cysteine thiol (-SH) to persulfide (-SSH) groups. This, as well as other signaling mechanisms, is partially mediated by more oxidized H2S-derived species, polysulfides (H2Sn). In addition, H2S is able to react with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species to form other signaling molecules such as thionitrous acid (HSNO), nitrosopersulfide (SSNO-), and nitroxyl (HNO). All H2S-synthesizing enzymes are expressed in the vascular wall, and H2S has been demonstrated to regulate vascular tone, endothelial barrier permeability, angiogenesis, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inflammatory reaction. H2S-modifying therapies are promising approach for diseases such as arterial hypertension, diabetic angiopathy, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Bełtowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland.
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8
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Hydrogen Sulfide Biochemistry and Interplay with Other Gaseous Mediators in Mammalian Physiology. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6290931. [PMID: 30050658 PMCID: PMC6040266 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6290931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a relevant signaling molecule in physiology, taking its seat as a bona fide gasotransmitter akin to nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). After being merely regarded as a toxic poisonous molecule, it is now recognized that mammalian cells are equipped with sophisticated enzymatic systems for H2S production and breakdown. The signaling role of H2S is mainly related to its ability to modify different protein targets, particularly by promoting persulfidation of protein cysteine residues and by interacting with metal centers, mostly hemes. H2S has been shown to regulate a myriad of cellular processes with multiple physiological consequences. As such, dysfunctional H2S metabolism is increasingly implicated in different pathologies, from cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases to cancer. As a highly diffusible reactive species, the intra- and extracellular levels of H2S have to be kept under tight control and, accordingly, regulation of H2S metabolism occurs at different levels. Interestingly, even though H2S, NO, and CO have similar modes of action and parallel regulatory targets or precisely because of that, there is increasing evidence of a crosstalk between the three gasotransmitters. Herein are reviewed the biochemistry, metabolism, and signaling function of hydrogen sulfide, as well as its interplay with the other gasotransmitters, NO and CO.
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9
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Oláh G, Módis K, Törö G, Hellmich MR, Szczesny B, Szabo C. Role of endogenous and exogenous nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide in HCT116 colon cancer cell proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 149:186-204. [PMID: 29074106 PMCID: PMC5866187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of the three gasotransmitter systems - nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) - in cancer cells has not yet been studied simultaneously in the same experimental system. We measured the expression of NO and CO and H2S generating enzymes in primary colon cancer tissues and HCT116 colon cancer cells, and evaluated the effect of their pharmacological inhibition or pharmacological donation on cell proliferation. Increased expression of iNOS, nNOS, HO-1, CBS and 3-MST was detected in colon cancer. Inhibitors of NOS, HO-1/2, CBS/CSE and 3-MST, at lower concentrations, slightly stimulated HCT116 cell proliferation, but inhibited proliferation at higher concentrations. Donors of NO, CO or H2S inhibited HCT116 proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of the cGMP/VASP pathway, Akt and p44/42 MAPK (Erk1/2) inhibited HCT116 cell proliferation. Endogenous NO and H2S biosynthesis were found to play a role in the maintenance of the activity of the cGMP/VASP pathway in HCT116 cells. We conclude that each of the three gasotransmitters play similar, bell-shaped roles in the control of HCT116 cell proliferation: endogenously produced NO, CO and H2S, at an optimal concentration, support HCT116 proliferation; inhibition of their production (which decreases gasotransmitter levels below optimal concentrations) as well as exogenous delivery of these gasotransmitters (which increases gasotransmitter levels above optimal concentrations) suppresses colon cancer cell proliferation. The current data give a mechanistic explanation for the paradoxical finding that both inhibitors and donors of NO, CO and H2S exert anticancer actions in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Oláh
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Katalin Módis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabor Törö
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Niu W, Wang J, Qian J, Wang M, Wu P, Chen F, Yan S. Allosteric control of human cystathionine β-synthase activity by a redox active disulfide bond. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2523-2533. [PMID: 29298893 PMCID: PMC5818181 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is the central enzyme in the trans-sulfuration pathway that converts homocysteine to cysteine. It is also one of the three major enzymes involved in the biogenesis of H2S. CBS is a complex protein with a modular three-domain architecture, the central domain of which contains a 272CXXC275 motif whose function has yet to be determined. In the present study, we demonstrated that the CXXC motif exists in oxidized and reduced states in the recombinant enzyme by mass spectroscopic analysis and a thiol labeling assay. The activity of reduced CBS is ∼2-3-fold greater than that of the oxidized enzyme, and substitution of either cysteine in CXXC motif leads to a loss of redox sensitivity. The Cys272-Cys275 disulfide bond in CBS has a midpoint potential of -314 mV at pH 7.4. Additionally, the CXXC motif also exists in oxidized and reduced states in HEK293 cells under oxidative and reductive conditions, and stressing these cells with DTT results in more reduced enzyme and a concomitant increase in H2S production in live HEK293 cells as determined using a H2S fluorescent probe. By contrast, incubation of cells with aminooxyacetic acid, an inhibitor of CBS and cystathionine γ-lyase, eliminated the increase of H2S production after the cells were exposed to DTT. These findings indicate that CBS is post-translationally regulated by a redox-active disulfide bond in the CXXC motif. The results also demonstrate that CBS-derived H2S production is increased in cells under reductive stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Niu
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jun Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Jing Qian
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Ping Wu
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Fei Chen
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Shasha Yan
- From the School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
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Hecker M, Wagner AH. Role of protein carbonylation in diabetes. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:29-38. [PMID: 29110177 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by, among others, elevated blood glucose levels. Hyperglycaemia as well as enhanced levels of glucose-derived reactive metabolites contribute to the development of diabetic complications partly via increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are not only part of signaling pathways themselves but also lead to carbonylation of particular amino acid side chains by direct metal-catalyzed oxidation. In addition, carbonyl groups can be introduced into proteins indirectly by non-oxidative covalent adduction of reactive carbonyl species generated by the oxidation of lipids or carbohydrates. Both direct and indirect carbonylation mechanisms may affect protein conformation, activity, and function. Herein we introduce the different mechanisms of the carbonylation reaction, discuss degradation mechanisms, and the fate of proteins modified this way and how the overall degree of carbonylation affects protein homeostasis and function differently. The role of protein carbonylation in metabolic control systems and cell signaling are also summarized. Finally, current diagnostic and antioxidant therapeutic options in diabetes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hecker
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Yuan S, Shen X, Kevil CG. Beyond a Gasotransmitter: Hydrogen Sulfide and Polysulfide in Cardiovascular Health and Immune Response. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:634-653. [PMID: 28398086 PMCID: PMC5576200 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) metabolism leads to the formation of oxidized sulfide species, including polysulfide, persulfide, and others. Evidence is emerging that many biological effects of H2S may indeed be due to polysulfide and persulfide activation of signaling pathways and reactivity with discrete small molecules. Recent Advances: Exogenous oxidized sulfide species, including polysulfides, are more reactive than H2S with a wide range of molecules. Importantly, endogenous polysulfide and persulfide formation has been reported to occur via transsulfuration enzymes, cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). CRITICAL ISSUES In light of the recent understanding of oxidized sulfide metabolite formation and reactivity, comparatively few studies have been reported comparing cellular biological and in vivo effects of H2S donors versus polysulfide and persulfide donors. Likewise, it is equally unclear when, how, and to what extent persulfide and polysulfide formation occurs in vivo under pathophysiological conditions. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Additional studies regarding persulfide and polysulfide formation and molecular reactions are needed in nearly all aspects of biology to better understand how sulfide metabolites contribute to key chemical biology reactions involved in cardiovascular health and immune responses. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 634-653.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Xinggui Shen
- 2 Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport , Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- 2 Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, LSU Health Sciences Center Shreveport , Shreveport, Louisiana
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13
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Abstract
Cytochrome bd is a unique prokaryotic respiratory terminal oxidase that does not belong to the extensively investigated family of haem-copper oxidases (HCOs). The enzyme catalyses the four-electron reduction of O2 to 2H2O, using quinols as physiological reducing substrates. The reaction is electrogenic and cytochrome bd therefore sustains bacterial energy metabolism by contributing to maintain the transmembrane proton motive force required for ATP synthesis. As compared to HCOs, cytochrome bd displays several distinctive features in terms of (i) metal composition (it lacks Cu and harbours a d-type haem in addition to two haems b), (ii) overall three-dimensional structure, that only recently has been solved, and arrangement of the redox cofactors, (iii) lesser energetic efficiency (it is not a proton pump), (iv) higher O2 affinity, (v) higher resistance to inhibitors such as cyanide, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and (vi) ability to efficiently metabolize potentially toxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Compelling evidence suggests that, beyond its bioenergetic role, cytochrome bd plays multiple functions in bacterial physiology and affords protection against oxidative and nitrosative stress. Relevant to human pathophysiology, thanks to its peculiar properties, the enzyme has been shown to promote virulence in several bacterial pathogens, being currently recognized as a target for the development of new antibiotics. This review aims to give an update on our current understanding of bd-type oxidases with a focus on their reactivity with gaseous ligands and its potential impact on bacterial physiology and human pathophysiology.
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14
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A Clinically Relevant Variant of the Human Hydrogen Sulfide-Synthesizing Enzyme Cystathionine β-Synthase: Increased CO Reactivity as a Novel Molecular Mechanism of Pathogenicity? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:8940321. [PMID: 28421128 PMCID: PMC5381205 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8940321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human disease classical homocystinuria results from mutations in the gene encoding the pyridoxal 5′-phosphate- (PLP-) dependent cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a key enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway that controls homocysteine levels, and is a major source of the signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2S). CBS activity, contributing to cellular redox homeostasis, is positively regulated by S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) but fully inhibited upon CO or NO• binding to a noncatalytic heme moiety. Despite extensive studies, the molecular basis of several pathogenic CBS mutations is not yet fully understood. Here we found that the ferrous heme of the reportedly mild p.P49L CBS variant has altered spectral properties and markedly increased affinity for CO, making the protein much more prone than wild type (WT) CBS to inactivation at physiological CO levels. The higher CO affinity could result from the slightly higher flexibility in the heme surroundings revealed by solving at 2.80-Å resolution the crystallographic structure of a truncated p.P49L. Additionally, we report that p.P49L displays impaired H2S-generating activity, fully rescued by PLP supplementation along the purification, despite a minor responsiveness to AdoMet. Altogether, the results highlight how increased propensity to CO inactivation of an otherwise WT-like variant may represent a novel pathogenic mechanism in classical homocystinuria.
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Costa EP, Façanha AR, Cruz CS, Silva JN, Machado JA, Carvalho GM, Fernandes MR, Martins R, Campos E, Romeiro NC, Githaka NW, Konnai S, Ohashi K, Vaz IS, Logullo C. A novel mechanism of functional cooperativity regulation by thiol redox status in a dimeric inorganic pyrophosphatase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:2922-2933. [PMID: 27664315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic PPases are essential metal-dependent enzymes that convert pyrophosphate into orthophosphate. This reaction is quite exergonic and provides a thermodynamic advantage for many ATP-driven biosynthetic reactions. We have previously demonstrated that cytosolic PPase from R. microplus embryos is an atypical Family I PPase. Here, we explored the functional role of the cysteine residues located at the homodimer interface, its redox sensitivity, as well as structural and kinetic parameters related to thiol redox status. METHODS In this work, we used prokaryotic expression system for recombinant protein overexpression, biochemical approaches to assess kinetic parameters, ticks embryos and computational approaches to analyze and predict critical amino acids as well as physicochemical properties at the homodimer interface. RESULTS Cysteine 339, located at the homodimer interface, was found to play an important role in stabilizing a functional cooperativity between the two catalytic sites, as indicated by kinetics and Hill coefficient analyses of the WT-rBmPPase. WT-rBmPPase activity was up-regulated by physiological antioxidant molecules such as reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid. On the other hand, hydrogen peroxide at physiological concentrations decreased the affinity of WT-rBmPPase for its substrate (PPi), probably by inducing disulfide bridge formation. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a new angle in understanding redox control by disulfide bonds formation in enzymes from hematophagous arthropods. The reversibility of the down-regulation is dependent on hydrophobic interactions at the dimer interface. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first report on a soluble PPase where dimeric cooperativity is regulated by a redox mechanism, according to cysteine redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evenilton P Costa
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - Arnoldo R Façanha
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - Criscila S Cruz
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil; Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Jhenifer N Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - Josias A Machado
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M Carvalho
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Martins
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - Eldo Campos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Nelilma C Romeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda, Laboratório Integrado de Computação Científica, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Naftaly W Githaka
- Tick Unit, International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Itabajara S Vaz
- Faculdade de Veterinária e Centro de Biotecnologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Laboratório de Biologia Tecidual e Celular and Unidade de Experimentação Animal, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil.
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16
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Vicente JB, Malagrinò F, Arese M, Forte E, Sarti P, Giuffrè A. Bioenergetic relevance of hydrogen sulfide and the interplay between gasotransmitters at human cystathionine β-synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1127-1138. [PMID: 27039165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Merely considered as a toxic gas in the past, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is currently viewed as the third 'gasotransmitter' in addition to nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), playing a key signalling role in human (patho)physiology. H2S can either act as a substrate or, similarly to CO and NO, an inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration, in the latter case by targeting cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX). The impact of H(2)S on mitochondrial energy metabolism crucially depends on the bioavailability of this gaseous molecule and its interplay with the other two gasotransmitters. The H(2)S-producing human enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), sustaining cellular bioenergetics in colorectal cancer cells, plays a role in the interplay between gasotransmitters. The enzyme was indeed recently shown to be negatively modulated by physiological concentrations of CO and NO, particularly in the presence of its allosteric activator S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet). These newly discovered regulatory mechanisms are herein reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B Vicente
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República (EAN), 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Francesca Malagrinò
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marzia Arese
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Sarti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuffrè
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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17
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Carballal S, Cuevasanta E, Yadav PK, Gherasim C, Ballou DP, Alvarez B, Banerjee R. Kinetics of Nitrite Reduction and Peroxynitrite Formation by Ferrous Heme in Human Cystathionine β-Synthase. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8004-13. [PMID: 26867575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.718734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of homocysteine with serine or with cysteine to form cystathionine and either water or hydrogen sulfide, respectively. Human CBS possesses a noncatalytic heme cofactor with cysteine and histidine as ligands, which in its oxidized state is relatively unreactive. Ferric CBS (Fe(III)-CBS) can be reduced by strong chemical and biochemical reductants to Fe(II)-CBS, which can bind carbon monoxide (CO) or nitric oxide (NO(•)), leading to inactive enzyme. Alternatively, Fe(II)-CBS can be reoxidized by O2to Fe(III)-CBS, forming superoxide radical anion (O2 (̇̄)). In this study, we describe the kinetics of nitrite (NO2 (-)) reduction by Fe(II)-CBS to form Fe(II)NO(•)-CBS. The second order rate constant for the reaction of Fe(II)-CBS with nitrite was obtained at low dithionite concentrations. Reoxidation of Fe(II)NO(•)-CBS by O2showed complex kinetic behavior and led to peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) formation, which was detected using the fluorescent probe, coumarin boronic acid. Thus, in addition to being a potential source of superoxide radical, CBS constitutes a previously unrecognized source of NO(•)and peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Carballal
- From the Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, and
| | - Ernesto Cuevasanta
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, and Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay and
| | - Pramod K Yadav
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600
| | - Carmen Gherasim
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600
| | - David P Ballou
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600
| | - Beatriz Alvarez
- Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, and Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay and
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- the Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0600
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18
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Bos EM, van Goor H, Joles JA, Whiteman M, Leuvenink HGD. Hydrogen sulfide: physiological properties and therapeutic potential in ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 172:1479-93. [PMID: 25091411 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) has become a molecule of high interest in recent years, and it is now recognized as the third gasotransmitter in addition to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. In this review, we discuss the recent literature on the physiology of endogenous and exogenous H2 S, focusing upon the protective effects of hydrogen sulfide in models of hypoxia and ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelke M Bos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Vicente JB, Colaço HG, Sarti P, Leandro P, Giuffrè A. S-Adenosyl-l-methionine Modulates CO and NO• Binding to the Human H2S-generating Enzyme Cystathionine β-Synthase. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:572-81. [PMID: 26582199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is a key enzyme in human (patho)physiology with a central role in hydrogen sulfide metabolism. The enzyme is composed of a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-binding catalytic domain, flanked by the following two domains: a heme-binding N-terminal domain and a regulatory C-terminal domain binding S-adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet). CO or NO(•) binding at the ferrous heme negatively modulates the enzyme activity. Conversely, AdoMet binding stimulates CBS activity. Here, we provide experimental evidence for a functional communication between the two domains. We report that AdoMet binding significantly enhances CBS inhibition by CO. Consistently, we observed increased affinity (∼5-fold) and faster association (∼10-fold) of CO to the ferrous heme at physiological AdoMet concentrations. NO(•) binding to reduced CBS was also enhanced by AdoMet, although to a lesser extent (∼2-fold higher affinity) as compared with CO. Importantly, CO and NO(•) binding was unchanged by AdoMet in a truncated form of CBS lacking the C-terminal regulatory domain. These unprecedented observations demonstrate that CBS activation by AdoMet puzzlingly sensitizes the enzyme toward inhibition by exogenous ligands, like CO and NO(•). This further supports the notion that CBS regulation is a complex process, involving the concerted action of multiple physiologically relevant effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B Vicente
- From the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2781-156 Oeiras, Portugal,
| | - Henrique G Colaço
- the Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paolo Sarti
- the Department of Biochemical Sciences and Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Paula Leandro
- the Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal, the Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1640-003 Lisbon, Portugal, and
| | - Alessandro Giuffrè
- the Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, I-00185 Rome, Italy
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20
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Hydrogen sulfide in pharmacology and medicine – An update. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:647-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Niu WN, Yadav PK, Adamec J, Banerjee R. S-glutathionylation enhances human cystathionine β-synthase activity under oxidative stress conditions. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:350-61. [PMID: 24893130 PMCID: PMC4307034 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting step in the two-step trans-sulfuration pathway that converts homocysteine to cysteine. It is also one of three major enzymes responsible for the biogenesis of H2S, a signaling molecule. We have previously demonstrated that CBS is activated in cells challenged by oxidative stress, but the underlying molecular mechanism of this regulation has remained unclear. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that S-glutathionylation of CBS enhances its activity ∼2-fold in vitro. Loss of this post-translational modification in the presence of dithiothreitol results in reversal to basal activity. Cys346 was identified as the site for S-glutathionylation by a combination of mass spectrometric, mutagenesis, and activity analyses. To test the physiological relevance of S-glutathionylation-dependent regulation of CBS, HEK293 cells were oxidatively challenged with peroxide, which is known to enhance the trans-sulfuration flux. Under these conditions, CBS glutathionylation levels increased and were correlated with a ∼3-fold increase in CBS activity. INNOVATION Collectively, our results reveal a novel post-translational modification of CBS, that is, glutathionylation, which functions as an allosteric activator under oxidative stress conditions permitting enhanced synthesis of both cysteine and H2S. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates a molecular mechanism for increased cysteine and therefore glutathione, synthesis via glutathionylation of CBS. They also demonstrate the potential for increased H2S production under oxidative stress conditions, particularly in tissues where CBS is a major source of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ning Niu
- 1 The Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an, China
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22
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Hellmich MR, Coletta C, Chao C, Szabo C. The therapeutic potential of cystathionine β-synthetase/hydrogen sulfide inhibition in cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:424-48. [PMID: 24730679 PMCID: PMC4307161 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Cancer represents a major socioeconomic problem; there is a significant need for novel therapeutic approaches targeting tumor-specific pathways. RECENT ADVANCES In colorectal and ovarian cancers, an increase in the intratumor production of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) plays an important role in promoting the cellular bioenergetics, proliferation, and migration of cancer cells. It also stimulates peritumor angiogenesis inhibition or genetic silencing of CBS exerts antitumor effects both in vitro and in vivo, and potentiates the antitumor efficacy of anticancer therapeutics. CRITICAL ISSUES Recently published studies are reviewed, implicating CBS overexpression and H2S overproduction in tumor cells as a tumor-growth promoting "bioenergetic fuel" and "survival factor," followed by an overview of the experimental evidence demonstrating the anticancer effect of CBS inhibition. Next, the current state of the art of pharmacological CBS inhibitors is reviewed, with special reference to the complex pharmacological actions of aminooxyacetic acid. Finally, new experimental evidence is presented to reconcile a controversy in the literature regarding the effects of H2S donor on cancer cell proliferation and survival. FUTURE DIRECTIONS From a basic science standpoint, future directions in the field include the delineation of the molecular mechanism of CBS up-regulation of cancer cells and the delineation of the interactions of H2S with other intracellular pathways of cancer cell metabolism and proliferation. From the translational science standpoint, future directions include the translation of the recently emerging roles of H2S in cancer into human diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hellmich
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Ciro Coletta
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Whiteman M, Perry A, Zhou Z, Bucci M, Papapetropoulos A, Cirino G, Wood ME. Phosphinodithioate and Phosphoramidodithioate Hydrogen Sulfide Donors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 230:337-363. [PMID: 26162843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18144-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide is rapidly emerging as a key physiological mediator and potential therapeutic tool in numerous areas such as acute and chronic inflammation, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease, diabetes, obesity and cancer. However, the vast majority of the published studies have employed crude sulfide salts such as sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S) as H2S "donors" to generate H2S. Although these salts are cheap, readily available and easy to use, H2S generated from them occurs as an instantaneous and pH-dependent dissociation, whereas endogenous H2S synthesis from the enzymes cystathionine γ-lyase, cystathionine-β-synthase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase is a slow and sustained process. Furthermore, sulfide salts are frequently used at concentrations (e.g. 100 μM to 10 mM) far in excess of the levels of H2S reported in vivo (nM to low μM). For the therapeutic potential of H2S is to be properly harnessed, pharmacological agents which generate H2S in a physiological manner and deliver physiologically relevant concentrations are needed. The phosphorodithioate GYY4137 has been proposed as "slow-release" H2S donors and has shown promising efficacy in cellular and animal model diseases such as hypertension, sepsis, atherosclerosis, neonatal lung injury and cancer. However, H2S generation from GYY4137 is inefficient necessitating its use at high concentrations/doses. However, structural modification of the phosphorodithioate core has led to compounds (e.g. AP67 and AP105) with accelerated rates of H2S generation and enhanced biological activity. In this review, the therapeutic potential and limitations of GYY4137 and related phosphorodithioate derivatives are discussed.
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Hensley K, Denton TT. Alternative functions of the brain transsulfuration pathway represent an underappreciated aspect of brain redox biochemistry with significant potential for therapeutic engagement. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:123-34. [PMID: 25463282 PMCID: PMC4280296 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Scientific appreciation for the subtlety of brain sulfur chemistry has lagged, despite understanding that the brain must maintain high glutathione (GSH) to protect against oxidative stress in tissue that has both a high rate of oxidative respiration and a high content of oxidation-prone polyunsaturated fatty acids. In fact, the brain was long thought to lack a complete transsulfuration pathway (TSP) for cysteine synthesis. It is now clear that not only does the brain possess a functional TSP, but brain TSP enzymes catalyze a rich array of alternative reactions that generate novel species including the gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and the atypical amino acid lanthionine (Lan). Moreover, TSP intermediates can be converted to unusual cyclic ketimines via transamination. Cell-penetrating derivatives of one such compound, lanthionine ketimine (LK), have potent antioxidant, neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and antineuroinflammatory actions and mitigate diverse neurodegenerative conditions in preclinical rodent models. This review will explore the source and function of alternative TSP products, and lanthionine-derived metabolites in particular. The known biological origins of lanthionine and its ketimine metabolite will be described in detail and placed in context with recent discoveries of a GSH- and LK-binding brain protein called LanCL1 that is proving essential for neuronal antioxidant defense; and a related LanCL2 homolog now implicated in immune sensing and cell fate determinations. The review will explore possible endogenous functions of lanthionine metabolites and will discuss the therapeutic potential of lanthionine ketimine derivatives for mitigating diverse neurological conditions including Alzheimer׳s disease, stroke, motor neuron disease, and glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hensley
- Department of Pathology and Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, 3000 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
| | - Travis T Denton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99201, USA.
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Módis K, Bos EM, Calzia E, van Goor H, Coletta C, Papapetropoulos A, Hellmich MR, Radermacher P, Bouillaud F, Szabo C. Regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetic function by hydrogen sulfide. Part II. Pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2123-46. [PMID: 23991749 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging work demonstrates the dual regulation of mitochondrial function by hydrogen sulfide (H2 S), including, at lower concentrations, a stimulatory effect as an electron donor, and, at higher concentrations, an inhibitory effect on cytochrome C oxidase. In the current article, we overview the pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of these processes. During cellular hypoxia/acidosis, the inhibitory effect of H2 S on complex IV is enhanced, which may shift the balance of H2 S from protective to deleterious. Several pathophysiological conditions are associated with an overproduction of H2 S (e.g. sepsis), while in other disease states H2 S levels and H2 S bioavailability are reduced and its therapeutic replacement is warranted (e.g. diabetic vascular complications). Moreover, recent studies demonstrate that colorectal cancer cells up-regulate the H2 S-producing enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), and utilize its product, H2 S, as a metabolic fuel and tumour-cell survival factor; pharmacological CBS inhibition or genetic CBS silencing suppresses cancer cell bioenergetics and suppresses cell proliferation and cell chemotaxis. In the last chapter of the current article, we overview the field of H2 S-induced therapeutic 'suspended animation', a concept in which a temporary pharmacological reduction in cell metabolism is achieved, producing a decreased oxygen demand for the experimental therapy of critical illness and/or organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Módis
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Vicente JB, Colaço HG, Mendes MIS, Sarti P, Leandro P, Giuffrè A. NO* binds human cystathionine β-synthase quickly and tightly. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8579-87. [PMID: 24515102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexa-coordinate heme in the H2S-generating human enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) acts as a redox-sensitive regulator that impairs CBS activity upon binding of NO(•) or CO at the reduced iron. Despite the proposed physiological relevance of this inhibitory mechanism, unlike CO, NO(•) was reported to bind at the CBS heme with very low affinity (Kd = 30-281 μm). This discrepancy was herein reconciled by investigating the NO(•) reactivity of recombinant human CBS by static and stopped-flow UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. We found that NO(•) binds tightly to the ferrous CBS heme, with an apparent Kd ≤ 0.23 μm. In line with this result, at 25 °C, NO(•) binds quickly to CBS (k on ∼ 8 × 10(3) m(-1) s(-1)) and dissociates slowly from the enzyme (k off ∼ 0.003 s(-1)). The observed rate constants for NO(•) binding were found to be linearly dependent on [NO(•)] up to ∼ 800 μm NO(•), and >100-fold higher than those measured for CO, indicating that the reaction is not limited by the slow dissociation of Cys-52 from the heme iron, as reported for CO. For the first time the heme of human CBS is reported to bind NO(•) quickly and tightly, providing a mechanistic basis for the in vivo regulation of the enzyme by NO(•). The novel findings reported here shed new light on CBS regulation by NO(•) and its possible (patho)physiological relevance, enforcing the growing evidence for an interplay among the gasotransmitters NO(•), CO, and H2S in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- João B Vicente
- From the Metabolism and Genetics Group, Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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Gherasim C, Yadav PK, Kabil O, Niu WN, Banerjee R. Nitrite reductase activity and inhibition of H₂S biogenesis by human cystathionine ß-synthase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85544. [PMID: 24416422 PMCID: PMC3885727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrite was recognized as a potent vasodilator >130 years and has more recently emerged as an endogenous signaling molecule and modulator of gene expression. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate nitrite metabolism is essential for its use as a potential diagnostic marker as well as therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we have identified human cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) as a new player in nitrite reduction with implications for the nitrite-dependent control of H2S production. This novel activity of CBS exploits the catalytic property of its unusual heme cofactor to reduce nitrite and generate NO. Evidence for the possible physiological relevance of this reaction is provided by the formation of ferrous-nitrosyl (FeII-NO) CBS in the presence of NADPH, the human diflavin methionine synthase reductase (MSR) and nitrite. Formation of FeII-NO CBS via its nitrite reductase activity inhibits CBS, providing an avenue for regulating biogenesis of H2S and cysteine, the limiting reagent for synthesis of glutathione, a major antioxidant. Our results also suggest a possible role for CBS in intracellular NO biogenesis particularly under hypoxic conditions. The participation of a regulatory heme cofactor in CBS in nitrite reduction is unexpected and expands the repertoire of proteins that can liberate NO from the intracellular nitrite pool. Our results reveal a potential molecular mechanism for cross-talk between nitrite, NO and H2S biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gherasim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Pramod K. Yadav
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Omer Kabil
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Wei-Ning Niu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- School of Life Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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