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Zhu J, Gilbert RG. Starch molecular structure and diabetes. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 344:122525. [PMID: 39218548 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Starch is a primary source of food energy for human beings. Its chain-length distribution (CLD) is a major structural feature influencing physiologically-important properties, such as digestibility and palatability, of starch-containing foods. Diabetes, which is of epidemic proportions in many countries, is related to the rate of starch digestion in foods. Isoforms of three biosynthesis enzymes, starch synthase, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes, control the CLDs of starch, which can be measured by methods such as size-exclusion chromatography and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Fitting observed CLDs to biosynthesis-based models based on the ratios of the activities of those isoforms yields biosynthesis-related parameters describing CLD features. This review examines CLD measurement, fitting CLDs to models, relations between CLDs, the occurrence and management of diabetes, and how plant breeders can develop varieties to optimize digestibility and palatability together, to develop starch-based foods with both a lower risk of diabetes and acceptable taste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province 225009, China; The University of Queensland, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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2
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Zhou Y, Cheng Z, Jiang S, Cen J, Yuan S, Yu C, Huo S, Zhang N, Wu D, Shu X. Inactivation of SSIIIa enhances the RS content through altering starch structure and accumulating C18:2 in japonica rice. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 318:121141. [PMID: 37479448 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
SSIIIa was the key gene responsible for RS formation in rice endosperm. The higher RS content in ssIIIa mutant has been proposed to be majorly due to the increased amylose-lipid complexes (RS5). However, the formation of RS5 elicited by ssIIIa mutation and the importance of RS5 for total RS content in rice are still unclear. With japonica ssIIIa loss-of-function mutants created by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, the effects of SSIIIa mutation on RS5 were furtherly evaluated through investigating the transcriptome and metabolites. Inactivation of SSIIIa caused significant enhancement in amylose and RS content but without depletion in starch reserves. SSIIIa mutation modulated the genes involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms and the redistribution of substances, led to accumulated protein, glucose, fructose, and C18:2. Besides the increased amylose content and altered amylopectin structure, the increased C18:2 contributed greatly to the enhancement in RS content in japonica ssIIIa mutants through complexing with amylose to form RS5, while the existence of lipid counted against the enhancement of RS content in indica rice. RS5 showed discrepant contributions for the total RS in rice with different genetic background. Inactivation of SSIIIa has great potential in improving RS5 content in japonica rice without great yield loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Zhenfeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Jinxi Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Siyuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Shaojie Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Dianxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiaoli Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Key Lab of the Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China; Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
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3
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Nakamura Y. A model for the reproduction of amylopectin cluster by coordinated actions of starch branching enzyme isoforms. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023:10.1007/s11103-023-01352-6. [PMID: 37294528 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01352-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin is a highly branched glucan which accounts for approximately 65-85% of starch in most plant tissues. It is crucially important to understand the biosynthetic process of this glucan in regulating the structure and functional properties of starch granules. Currently, the most accepted ideas of structural feature and biosynthesis of amylopectin are that amylopectin is composed of a branched element called "cluster" and that the essential process of amylopectin biosynthesis is to reproduce a new cluster from the existing cluster. The present paper proposes a model explaining the whole process of amylopectin biosynthesis as to how the new cluster is reproduced by concerted actions of multiple isoforms of starch biosynthetic enzymes, particularly by combinations of distinct roles of starch branching enzyme (BE) isoforms. This model proposes for the first time the molecular mechanism as to how the formation of a new cluster is initiated, and the reason why BEI can play a major role in this step. This is because BEI has a rather broad chain-length preference compared to BEIIb, because a low preference of BEI for the substrate chain-length is advantageous for branching a couple of elongated chains that are not synchronously formed and thus these chains having varied lengths could be safely attacked by this isoform. On the contrary, it is unlikely that BEIIb is involved in this reaction because it can react to only short chains having degree of polymerization of 12-14. BEIIa is possibly able to complement the role of BEI to some extent, because BEIIa can attack basically short chains but its chain-length preference is lower compared with BEIIb. The model implies that the first branches mainly formed by BEI to construct the amorphous lamellae whereas the second branches predominantly formed by BEIIb are located mainly in the crystalline lamellae. This paper provides new insights into the roles of BEI, BEIIb, and BEIIa in amylopectin biosynthesis in cereal endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies Co., Ltd, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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4
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Zhu J, Bai Y, Gilbert RG. Effects of the Molecular Structure of Starch in Foods on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112263. [PMID: 37297507 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch provides approximately half of humans' food energy, and its structural features influence human health. The most important structural feature is the chain length distribution (CLD), which affects properties such as the digestibility of starch-containing foods. The rate of digestion of such foods has a strong correlation with the prevalence and treatment of diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Starch CLDs can be divided into multiple regions of degrees of polymerization, wherein the CLD in a given region is predominantly, but not exclusively, formed by a particular set of starch biosynthesis enzymes: starch synthases, starch branching enzymes and debranching enzymes. Biosynthesis-based models have been developed relating the ratios of the various enzyme activities in each set to the CLD component produced by that set. Fitting the observed CLDs to these models yields a small number of biosynthesis-related parameters, which, taken together, describe the entire CLD. This review highlights how CLDs can be measured and how the model-based parameters obtained from fitting these distributions are related to the properties of starch-based foods significant for health, and it considers how this knowledge could be used to develop plant varieties to provide foods with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yeming Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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5
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Ying Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Tappiban P, Zhang Z, Dai G, Deng G, Bao J, Xu F. Identification of a new allele of soluble starch synthase IIIa involved in the elongation of amylopectin long chains in a chalky rice mutant. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 328:111567. [PMID: 36526029 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A chalky endosperm mutant (GM03) induced from an indica rice GLA4 was used to investigate the functional gene in starch biosynthesis. Bulked segregant analysis and sanger sequencing determined that a novel mutation in soluble starch synthase IIIa (SSIIIa) is responsible for the chalky phenotype in GM03. Complementary test by transforming the active SSIIIa gene driven by its native promoter to GM03 recovered the phenotype to its wildtype. The expression of SSIIIa was significantly decreased, while SSIIIa protein was not detected in GM03. The mutation of SSIIIa led to increased expression of most of starch synthesis related genes and elevated the levels of most of proteins in GM03. The CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used for targeted disruption of SSIIIa, and the mutant lines exhibited chalky endosperm which phenocopied the GM03. Additionally, the starch fine structure in the knockout mutant lines ss3a-1 and ss3a-2 was similar with the GM03, which showed increased amylose content, higher proportions of B1 and B2 chains, much lower proportions of B3 chains and decreased degree of crystallinity, leading to altered thermal properties with lower gelatinization temperature and enthalpy. Collectively, these results suggested that SSIIIa plays an important role in starch synthesis by elongating amylopectin long chains in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Ying
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Yaqi Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Piengtawan Tappiban
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Gaoxing Dai
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Guofu Deng
- Rice Research Institute, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Crofts N, Domon A, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Itoh A, Noge K, Fujita N. Starch synthases SSIIa and GBSSI control starch structure but do not determine starch granule morphology in the absence of SSIIIa and SSIVb. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:379-398. [PMID: 34671919 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High levels of two major starch synthases, SSIIa and GBSSI, in ss3a ss4b double mutant rice alter the starch structure but fail to recover the polygonal starch granule morphology. The endosperm starch granule is polygonal in wild-type rice but spherical in double mutant japonica rice lacking genes encoding two of the five major Starch synthase (SS) isozymes expressed in endosperm, SSIIIa and SSIVb. Japonica rice naturally has low levels of SSIIa and Granule-bound SSI (GBSSI). Therefore, introduction of active SSIIa allele and/or high-expressing GBSSI allele from indica rice into the japonica rice mutant lacking SS isozymes can help elucidate the compensatory roles of SS isozymes in starch biosynthesis. In this study, we crossed the ss3a ss4a double mutant japonica rice with the indica rice to generate three new rice lines with high and/or low SSIIa and GBSSI levels, and examined their starch structure, physicochemical properties, and levels of other starch biosynthetic enzymes. Lines with high SSIIa levels showed more SSI and SSIIa bound to starch granule, reduced levels of short amylopectin chains (7 ≤ DP ≤ 12), increased levels of amylopectin chains with DP > 13, and consequently higher gelatinization temperature. Lines with high GBSSI levels showed an increase in amylose content. The ADP-glucose content of the crude extract was high in lines with low or high SSIIa and low GBSSI levels, but was low in lines with high GBSSI. Addition of high SSIIa and GBSSI altered the starch structure and physicochemical properties but did not affect the starch granule morphology, confirming that SSIIIa and SSIVb are key enzymes affecting starch granule morphology in rice. The relationship among SS isozymes and its effect on the amount of substrate (ADP-glucose) is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Asaka Domon
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ayaka Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Koji Noge
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, Japan.
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7
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Nakamura Y, Kainuma K. On the cluster structure of amylopectin. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:291-306. [PMID: 34599732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two opposing models for the amylopectin structure are historically and comprehensively reviewed, which leads us to a better understanding of the specific fine structure of amylopectin. Amylopectin is a highly branched glucan which accounts for approximately 65-85 of starch in most plant tissues. However, its fine structure is still not fully understood due to the limitations of current methodologies. Since the 1940 s, many scientists have attempted to elucidate the distinct structure of amylopectin. One of the most accepted concepts is that amylopectin has a structural element known as "cluster", in which neighboring side chains with a degree of polymerization of ≥ 10 in the region of their non-branched segments form double helices. The double helical structures are arranged in inter- and intra-clusters and are the origin of the distinct physicochemical and crystalline properties of starch granules. Several models of the cluster structure have been proposed by starch scientists worldwide during the progress of analytical methods, whereas no direct evidence so far has been provided. Recently, Bertoft and colleagues proposed a new model designated as "the building block and backbone (BB) model". The BB model sharply contrasts with the cluster model in that the structural element for the BB model is the building block, and that long chains are separately synthesized and positioned from short chains constituting the building block. In the present paper, we conduct the historical review of the cluster concept detailing how and when the concept was established based on experimental results by many scientists. Then, differences between the two opposing concepts are explained and both models are critically discussed, particularly from the point of view of the biochemical regulation of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-city, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan.
| | - Keiji Kainuma
- Science Academy of Tsukuba, 2-20-3 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0032, Japan
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8
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Zhang H, Xu H, Jiang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Wang F, Zhu Y. Genetic Control and High Temperature Effects on Starch Biosynthesis and Grain Quality in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:757997. [PMID: 34975940 PMCID: PMC8718882 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.757997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Grain quality is one of the key targets to be improved for rice breeders and covers cooking, eating, nutritional, appearance, milling, and sensory properties. Cooking and eating quality are mostly of concern to consumers and mainly determined by starch structure and composition. Although many starch synthesis enzymes have been identified and starch synthesis system has been established for a long time, novel functions of some starch synthesis genes have continually been found, and many important regulatory factors for seed development and grain quality control have recently been identified. Here, we summarize the progress in this field as comprehensively as possible and hopefully reveal some underlying molecular mechanisms controlling eating quality in rice. The regulatory network of amylose content (AC) determination is emphasized, as AC is the most important index for rice eating quality (REQ). Moreover, the regulatory mechanism of REQ, especially AC influenced by high temperature which is concerned as a most harmful environmental factor during grain filling is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, China
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9
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Zhu J, Zhang CQ, Xu J, Gilbert RG, Liu Q. Identification of Structure-Controlling Rice Biosynthesis Enzymes. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2148-2159. [PMID: 33914519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The main enzymes controlling the chain-length distributions (CLDs) of starches are starch synthases (SSs), starch branching enzymes (SBEs), and debranching enzymes (DBEs), which have various isoforms, denoted as SSI, SSII-1, etc. Different isozymes dominate the CLD in different ranges of degrees of polymerization (DPs). Models have been developed for the CLDs in terms of the activities of isoforms of these enzymes, in terms of two parameters: βi, which is the ratio of the activity of SBE to that of SS in set i, and hi, which is the relative activity of SS in that set. These provide good fits to data but without specifying which isozymes are in set i. Here, CLDs for amylopectin and amylose synthesis in rice endosperm are explored. Molecular weight distributions of the different chains formed in 87 rice varieties were obtained using size-exclusion chromatography following enzymatic debranching (converting a complex branched macromolecule to linear polymers), and fitted by the biosynthesis-based models. The mutants of each isoform among tested rice varieties were identified by amino-acid mutations in coding sequences based on the extraction and analysis of whole gene sequences. The significant differences between mutant groups of different isoforms indicate that SSI, SSII-3, SSIII-1, SSIII-2, and SBEI as well as GBSSI (an isozyme of granule-bound starch synthase) belong to the enzymes sets that control amylose biosynthesis. Further, GBSSI is in the enzyme sets that control amylopectin chains. This enables specification of all isozymes and the DP range, which they dominate, over the entire DP range. As the CLD controls many functional properties of rice, this can help breeders target and develop improved rice species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jianlong Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 9 100081, China
| | - Robert G Gilbert
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Qiaoquan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
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10
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Effect of biochar on rice starch properties and starch-related gene expression and enzyme activities. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16917. [PMID: 33037302 PMCID: PMC7547735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the effects of biochar on starch properties and the activities of enzymes and expression levels of genes related to starch in two Japonica rice cultivars. The two rice varieties were subjected to five biochar treatments (0, control; and 5, 10, 20, and 40 t/hm2). In both rice varieties, the content of apparent amylose and resistant starch were lower in biochar treatments than in the control. The proportion of fa chains was higher and that of fb3 chain was lower in the biochar treatments than in the control. Starch viscosity and cooking taste quality were improved by the biochar treatments. In both rice varieties, the activity of granule-bound starch synthase was significantly decreased by biochar treatments, and the activities of soluble starch synthase, starch branching enzyme, and starch debranching enzyme were significantly increased. The transcript levels of genes encoding starch synthases and starch branching enzymes were significantly increased by biochar treatments. We conclude that biochar at a dose of 5-10 t/hm2 can regulate the activity of starch-related enzymes, and this affects the type, content, and fine structure of starch. Therefore, the addition of biochar to soil can improve the viscosity and taste quality of rice starch.
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11
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Luo J, Butardo VM, Yang Q, Konik-Rose C, Colgrave ML, Millar A, Jobling SA, Li Z. The impact of the indica rice SSIIa allele on the apparent high amylose starch from rice grain with downregulated japonica SBEIIb. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:2961-2974. [PMID: 32651668 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-020-03649-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Catalytically active indica SSIIa allele in high amylose rice with down-regulated japonica SBEIIb can increase starch content and modify the starch structure and properties without changing its amylose content. Rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes with inactive starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) with recessive variants of starch branching enzyme IIb (SBEIIb) exhibit a range of alterations in grain phenotype, starch granule morphology, starch granule bound proteins, starch structure, and functional properties. However, the interactions between the two enzymes have not been thoroughly investigated yet. We analysed recombinant rice lines having down-regulated SBEIIb expression (SBEIIbDR) with either indica or japonica type SSIIa (SSIIaind or SSIIajap). In SBEIIbDR rice starch granules, the increased abundance of two protein bands (SSI and SSIIa) was found with eight additional protein bands not generally associated with starch granules. The amount of SSIIa was higher in SSIIaindSBEIIbDR than SSIIajapSBEIIbDR, which indicated that indica type SSIIa, possibly in the monomer form, was extensively involved in starch biosynthesis in the SBEIIbDR endosperm. Furthermore, SSIIaindSBEIIbDR grains had higher total starch content and higher starch swelling power than SSIIajapSBEIIbDR lines, but the amylopectin gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy and the apparent amylose content remained similar. In summary, this work suggests that SSIIaind can partly compensate for the alteration of starch synthesis resulting from the SBEIIb down-regulation in japonica background without reducing its amylose content. The study provides insight into the starch structural and textural improvements of high amylose starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixun Luo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Vito M Butardo
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Qiang Yang
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | | | | | - Anthony Millar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - Stephen A Jobling
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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12
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Morita R, Crofts N, Shibatani N, Miura S, Hosaka Y, Oitome NF, Ikeda KI, Fujita N, Fukayama H. CO2-Responsive CCT Protein Stimulates the Ectopic Expression of Particular Starch Biosynthesis-Related Enzymes, Which Markedly Change the Structure of Starch in the Leaf Sheaths of Rice. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:961-972. [PMID: 30690625 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
CO2-responsive CCT protein (CRCT) is suggested to be a positive regulator of starch biosynthesis in the leaf sheaths of rice, regulating the expression levels of starch biosynthesis-related genes. In this study, the effects of CRCT expression levels on the expression of starch biosynthesis-related enzymes and the quality of starch were studied. Using native-PAGE/activity staining and immunoblotting, we found that the protein levels of starch synthase I, branching enzyme I, branching enzyme IIa, isoamylase 1 and phosphorylase 1 were largely correlated with the CRCT expression levels in the leaf sheaths of CRCT transgenic lines. In contrast, the CRCT expression levels largely did not affect the expression levels and/or activities of starch biosynthesis-related enzymes in the leaf blades and endosperm tissues. The analysis of the chain-length distribution of starch in the leaf sheaths showed that short chains with a degree of polymerization from 5 to 14 were increased in the overexpression lines but decreased in the knockdown lines. The amylose content of starch in the leaf sheath was greatly increased in the overexpression lines. In contrast, the molecular weight of the amylopectin of starch in the leaf sheath of overexpression lines did not change compared with those of the non-transgenic rice. These results suggest that CRCT can control the quality and the quantity of starch in the leaf sheath by regulating the expression of particular starch biosynthesis-related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Morita
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibatani
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Satoko Miura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Hosaka
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Stress Cytology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefecture University, Akita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukayama
- Laboratory of Tropical Crop Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory; Tennoh, Katagami, Akita Japan
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences; Akita Prefectural University; Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita Japan
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14
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Crofts N, Sugimoto K, Oitome NF, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Differences in specificity and compensatory functions among three major starch synthases determine the structure of amylopectin in rice endosperm. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 94:399-417. [PMID: 28466433 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The lengths of amylopectin-branched chains are precise and influence the physicochemical properties of starch, which determine starch functionality. Three major isozymes of starch synthases (SSs), SSI, SSII(a), and SSIII(a), are primarily responsible for amylopectin chain elongation in the storage tissues of plants. To date, the majority of reported rice mutants were generated using japonica cultivars, which have almost inactive SSIIa. Although three SSs share some overlapping chain length preferences, whether they complement each other remains unknown due to the absence of suitable genetic combinations of materials. In this study, rice ss1/SS2a/SS3a and SS1/SS2a/ss3a were newly generated, and the chain length distribution patterns of all the possible combinations of presence and absence of SSI, SSIIa, and SSIIIa activities were compared. This study demonstrated that SSIIa can complement most SSI functions that use glucan chains with DP 6-7 to generate DP 8-12 chains but cannot fully compensate for the elongation of DP 16-19 chains. This suggests that SSIIa preferentially elongates outer but not inner chains of amylopectin. In addition, the results revealed that neither SSI nor SSIIIa compensate for SSIIa. Neither SSI nor SSIIa compensate for elongation of DP >30 by SSIIIa. SSIIa could not resolve the pleiotropic increase of SSI caused by the absence of SSIIIa; instead, SSIIa further elongated those branches elongated by SSI. These results revealed compensatory differences among three major SS isozymes responsible for lengths of amylopectin branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (N.C.), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Sugimoto
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tenno, Katagami City, Akita, 010-0101, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Shimoshinjo Nakano Kaidobata-Nishi, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
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15
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Peymanpour G, Marcone M, Ragaee S, Tetlow I, Lane CC, Seetharaman K, Bertoft E. On the molecular structure of the amylopectin fraction isolated from “high-amylose” ae maize starches. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:768-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Crofts N, Abe N, Oitome NF, Matsushima R, Hayashi M, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ, Nakamura Y, Fujita N. Amylopectin biosynthetic enzymes from developing rice seed form enzymatically active protein complexes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4469-82. [PMID: 25979995 PMCID: PMC4507757 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Amylopectin is a highly branched, organized cluster of glucose polymers, and the major component of rice starch. Synthesis of amylopectin requires fine co-ordination between elongation of glucose polymers by soluble starch synthases (SSs), generation of branches by branching enzymes (BEs), and removal of misplaced branches by debranching enzymes (DBEs). Among the various isozymes having a role in amylopectin biosynthesis, limited numbers of SS and BE isozymes have been demonstrated to interact via protein-protein interactions in maize and wheat amyloplasts. This study investigated whether protein-protein interactions are also found in rice endosperm, as well as exploring differences between species. Gel permeation chromatography of developing rice endosperm extracts revealed that all 10 starch biosynthetic enzymes analysed were present at larger molecular weights than their respective monomeric sizes. SSIIa, SSIIIa, SSIVb, BEI, BEIIb, and PUL co-eluted at mass sizes >700kDa, and SSI, SSIIa, BEIIb, ISA1, PUL, and Pho1 co-eluted at 200-400kDa. Zymogram analyses showed that SSI, SSIIIa, BEI, BEIIa, BEIIb, ISA1, PUL, and Pho1 eluted in high molecular weight fractions were active. Comprehensive co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed associations of SSs-BEs, and, among BE isozymes, BEIIa-Pho1, and pullulanase-type DBE-BEI interactions. Blue-native-PAGE zymogram analyses confirmed the glucan-synthesizing activity of protein complexes. These results suggest that some rice starch biosynthetic isozymes are physically associated with each other and form active protein complexes. Detailed analyses of these complexes will shed light on the mechanisms controlling the unique branch and cluster structure of amylopectin, and the physicochemical properties of starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Natsuko Abe
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko F Oitome
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ryo Matsushima
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resources, Okayama University, Chuo 2-20-1, Kurashiki city, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
| | - Mari Hayashi
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita city, Akita 010-0195, Japan
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17
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Branching patterns in leaf starches from Arabidopsis mutants deficient in diverse starch synthases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 401:96-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Zhu F, Bertoft E, Källman A, Myers AM, Seetharaman K. Molecular structure of starches from maize mutants deficient in starch synthase III. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9899-907. [PMID: 23967805 DOI: 10.1021/jf402090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular structures of starches from dull1 maize mutants deficient in starch synthase III (SSIII) with a common genetic background (W64A) were characterized and compared with the wild type. Amylose content with altered structure was higher in the nonwaxy mutants (25.4-30.2%) compared to the wild type maize (21.5%) as revealed by gel permeation chromatography. Superlong chains of the amylopectin component were found in all nonwaxy samples. Unit chain length distribution of amylopectins and their φ,β-limit dextrins (reflecting amylopectin internal structure) from dull1 mutants were also characterized by anion-exchange chromatography after debranching. Deficiency of SSIII led to an increased amount of short chains (DP ≤36 in amylopectin), whereas the content of long chains decreased from 8.4% to between 3.1 and 3.7% in both amylopectin and φ,β-limit dextrins. Moreover, both the external and internal chain lengths decreased, suggesting a difference in their cluster structures. Whereas the molar ratio of A:B-chains was similar in all samples (1.1-1.2), some ratios of chain categories were affected by the absence of SSIII, notably the ratio of "fingerprint" A-chains to "clustered" A-chains. This study highlighted the relationship between SSIII and the internal molecular structure of maize starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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19
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Kong X, Sun X, Xu F, Umemoto T, Chen H, Bao J. Morphological and physicochemical properties of two starch mutants induced from a high amylose indica rice by gamma irradiation. STARCH-STARKE 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201300024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Kong
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province and Chinese Ministry of Agriculture; Zhejiang University; Hua Jiachi Campus Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province and Chinese Ministry of Agriculture; Zhejiang University; Hua Jiachi Campus Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Feifei Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province and Chinese Ministry of Agriculture; Zhejiang University; Hua Jiachi Campus Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Takayuki Umemoto
- Crop Breeding Research Division; NARO Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center; Hitsujigaoka Toyohira Sapporo Japan
| | - Hao Chen
- Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy; Chendu P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province and Chinese Ministry of Agriculture; Zhejiang University; Hua Jiachi Campus Hangzhou P. R. China
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bertoft
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. Phone: (519) 824-4120, ext. 58054. Fax: (519) 824-6631. E-mail:
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21
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Hanashiro I, Sakaguchi I, Yamashita H. Branched Structures of Rice Amylose Examined by Differential Fluorescence Detection of Side-chain Distribution. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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22
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Fujita N, Hanashiro I, Toyosawa Y, Nakamura Y. Functional Study of Rice Starch Synthase I (SSI) by Using Double Mutant with Lowered Activities of SSI and Isoamylase1. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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23
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Brust H, Orzechowski S, Fettke J, Steup M. Starch Synthesizing Reactions and Paths: in vitro and in vivo Studies. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2013. [DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2012_018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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24
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Structure of building blocks in amylopectins. Carbohydr Res 2012; 361:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Fujita N, Hanashiro I, Suzuki S, Higuchi T, Toyosawa Y, Utsumi Y, Itoh R, Aihara S, Nakamura Y. Elongated phytoglycogen chain length in transgenic rice endosperm expressing active starch synthase IIa affects the altered solubility and crystallinity of the storage α-glucan. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5859-72. [PMID: 23048127 PMCID: PMC3467298 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the solubility, crystallinity, and length of the unit chains of plant storage α-glucan was investigated by manipulating the chain length of α-glucans accumulated in a rice mutant. Transgenic lines were produced by introducing a cDNA for starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) from an indica cultivar (SSIIa (I), coding for active SSIIa) into an isoamylase1 (ISA1)-deficient mutant (isa1) that was derived from a japonica cultivar (bearing inactive SSIIa proteins). The water-soluble fraction accounted for >95% of the total α-glucan in the isa1 mutant, whereas it was only 35-70% in the transgenic SSIIa (I)/isa1 lines. Thus, the α-glucans from the SSIIa (I)/isa1 lines were fractionated into soluble and insoluble fractions prior to the following characterizations. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a weak B-type crystallinity for the α-glucans of the insoluble fraction, while no crystallinity was confirmed for α-glucans in isa1. Concerning the degree of polymerization (DP) ≤30, the chain lengths of these α-glucans differed significantly in the order of SSIIa (I)/isa1 insoluble > SSIIa (I)/isa1 soluble > α-glucans in isa1. The amount of long chains with DP ≥33 was higher in the insoluble fraction α-glucans than in the other two α-glucans. No difference was observed in the chain length distributions of the β-amylase limit dextrins among these α-glucans. These results suggest that in the SSIIa (I)/isa1 transgenic lines, the unit chains of α-glucans were elongated by SSIIa(I), whereas the expression of SSIIa(I) did not affect the branch positions. Thus, the observed insolubility and crystallinity of the insoluble fraction can be attributed to the elongated length of the outer chains due to SSIIa(I).
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, Akita City, Akita, 010-0195 Japan.
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26
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Crofts N, Abe K, Aihara S, Itoh R, Nakamura Y, Itoh K, Fujita N. Lack of starch synthase IIIa and high expression of granule-bound starch synthase I synergistically increase the apparent amylose content in rice endosperm. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 193-194:62-69. [PMID: 22794919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice endosperm starch is composed of 0-30% linear amylose, which is entirely synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI: encoded by Waxy, Wx). The remainder consists of branched amylopectin and is elongated by multiple starch synthases (SS) including SSI, IIa and IIIa. Typical japonica rice lacks active SSIIa and contains a low expressing Wx(b) causing a low amylose content (ca. 20%). WAB2-3 (SS3a/Wx(a)) lines generated by the introduction of a dominant indica Wx(a) into a japonica waxy mutant (SS3a/wx) exhibit elevated GBSSI and amylose content (ca. 25%). The japonica ss3a mutant (ss3a/Wx(b)) shows a high amylose content (ca. 30%), decreased long chains of amylopectin and increased GBSSI levels. To investigate the functional relationship between the ss3a and Wx(a) genes, the ss3a/Wx(a) line was generated by crossing ss3a/Wx(b) with SS3a/Wx(a), and the starch properties of this line were examined. The results show that the apparent amylose content of the ss3a/Wx(a) line was increased (41.3%) compared to the parental lines. However, the GBSSI quantity did not increase compared to the SS3a/Wx(a) line. The amylopectin branch structures were similar to the ss3a/Wx(b) mutant. Therefore, Wx(a) and ss3a synergistically increase the apparent amylose content in rice endosperm, and the possible reasons for this increase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Crofts
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Katsumi Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Satomi Aihara
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Rumiko Itoh
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan. i---love--
| | - Yasunori Nakamura
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Kimiko Itoh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan; Center for Transdisciplinary Research Institute, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
| | - Naoko Fujita
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-Nishi, Nakano Shimoshinjo, Akita City, Akita 010-0195, Japan.
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27
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Regina A, Blazek J, Gilbert E, Flanagan BM, Gidley MJ, Cavanagh C, Ral JP, Larroque O, Bird AR, Li Z, Morell MK. Differential effects of genetically distinct mechanisms of elevating amylose on barley starch characteristics. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 89:979-91. [PMID: 24750889 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between starch structure and functionality are important in underpinning the industrial and nutritional utilisation of starches. In this work, the relationships between the biosynthesis, structure, molecular organisation and functionality have been examined using a series of defined genotypes in barley with low (<20%), standard (20-30%), elevated (30-50%) and high (>50%) amylose starches. A range of techniques have been employed to determine starch physical features, higher order structure and functionality. The two genetic mechanisms for generating high amylose contents (down-regulation of branching enzymes and starch synthases, respectively) yielded starches with very different amylopectin structures but similar gelatinisation and viscosity properties driven by reduced granular order and increased amylose content. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to elucidate the relationships between genotypes and starch molecular structure and functionality. Parameters associated with granule order (PC1) accounted for a large percentage of the variance (57%) and were closely related to amylose content. Parameters associated with amylopectin fine structure accounted for 18% of the variance but were less closely aligned to functionality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Regina
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jaroslav Blazek
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Elliot Gilbert
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Bernadine M Flanagan
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Colin Cavanagh
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anthony R Bird
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, Kintore Avenue, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zhongyi Li
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Matthew K Morell
- CSIRO Food Futures National Research Flagship, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia; CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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