1
|
Ekeoma BC, Ekeoma LN, Yusuf M, Haruna A, Ikeogu CK, Merican ZMA, Kamyab H, Pham CQ, Vo DVN, Chelliapan S. Recent Advances in the Biocatalytic Mitigation of Emerging Pollutants: A Comprehensive Review. J Biotechnol 2023; 369:14-34. [PMID: 37172936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The issue of environmental pollution has been worsened by the emergence of new contaminants whose morphology is yet to be fully understood. Several techniques have been adopted to mitigate the pollution effects of these emerging contaminants, and bioremediation involving plants, microbes, or enzymes has stood out as a cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. Enzyme-mediated bioremediation is a very promising technology as it exhibits better pollutant degradation activity and generates less waste. However, this technology is subject to challenges like temperature, pH, and storage stability, in addition to recycling difficulty as it is arduous to isolate them from the reaction media. To address these challenges, the immobilization of enzymes has been successfully applied to ameliorate the activity, stability, and reusability of enzymes. Although this has significantly increased the uses of enzymes over a wide range of environmental conditions and facilitated the use of smaller bioreactors thereby saving cost, it still comes with additional costs for carriers and immobilization. Additionally, the existing immobilization methods have their individual limitations. This review provides state-of-the-art information to readers focusing on bioremediation using enzymes. Different parameters such as: the sustainability of biocatalysts, the ecotoxicological evaluation of transformation contaminants, and enzyme groups used were reviewed. The efficacy of free and immobilized enzymes, materials and methods for immobilization, bioreactors used, challenges to large-scale implementation, and future research needs were thoroughly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Chukwuemeka Ekeoma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487, USA
| | - Leonard Nnamdi Ekeoma
- Department of Pharmacy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Mohammad Yusuf
- Institute of Hydrocarbon Recovery, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak 32610, Malaysia.
| | - Abdurrashid Haruna
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, 32610, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria-Nigeria
| | | | - Zulkifli Merican Aljunid Merican
- Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, 32610, Malaysia; Institute of Contaminant Management, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, Perak, 32610, Malaysia
| | - Hesam Kamyab
- Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, UTE University, Calle Rumipamba S/N and Bourgeois, Quito, Ecuador; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600 077, India; Process Systems Engineering Centre (PROSPECT), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Cham Q Pham
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Centre of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam.
| | - Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan
- Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology & Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng CY, Wang KH, Li S, Liu DS, Yang Z. Use of tyrosinase-inorganic salt hybrid nanoflowers and tyrosinase-MOF hybrid composites for elimination of phenolic pollutants from industrial wastewaters. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 317:137933. [PMID: 36690255 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Removal of phenolic pollutants from industrial wastewaters is always an important practical problem. Use of enzymes for dephenolization provides a green solution. In this work, enzymatic methods were developed by employing mushroom tyrosinase immobilized as enzyme-Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflowers and enzyme-metal organic framework (i.e., ZIF-8 and HKUST-1) hybrid composites, which were shown to be superior to processes mediated by tyrosinase immobilized on other supports in both dephenolization efficiency and reusability. Comparatively, tyrosinase@Cu3(PO4)2 and tyrosinase@HKUST-1 were better than tyrosinase@ZIF-8 in both specific activity and dephenolization efficiency. Typical phenolic pollutants, including 3 monophenols (phenol, p-cresol, p-chlorophenol) and 3 bisphenols (BPA, BPB, BPF), can be completely eliminated within 0.5-4 h. The dephenolization order was discussed based on the enzyme's substrate specificity. The operability and reusability of these hybrid biocomposites were highly improved by entrapping into alginate gels or by incorporating with modified magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Particularly, the magnetic biocatalyst was prepared via a facile one-pot/one-step de novo synthetic strategy, optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). The as-prepared magnetic tyrosinase@mHKUST-1 retained a high dephenolization efficiency of 81% after 10 cycles and was effective for continuous dephenolization for at least 24 h. These hybrid biocomposites were also successfully applied to treatment of real industrial wastewater from a coke plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yun Feng
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Kang-Hong Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Dong-Shen Liu
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Removal of Selected Azo Dyes and Phenolic Compounds via Tyrosinase Immobilized Magnetic Iron Oxide Silver Nanoparticles. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
4
|
Discussions on the Properties of Emulsion Prepared by Using an Amphoteric Chitosan as an Emulsifier. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A typical emulsion contains oil and water phases, and these two phases can be combined by an emulsifier with both lipophilic and hydrophilic groups to form a mixture. If the component of water is more than oil, the mixture is termed as o/w emulsion. The water is called the continuous phase and the oil is called the dispersed phase. Oppositely, if the component of oil is more than water, the mixture is termed as w/o emulsion. The oil is called the continuous phase and the water is called the dispersed phase. Chitosan, which is biocompatible and non-toxic, was modified as an amphoteric emulsifier to replace sodium acrylates copolymer in the preparation of emulsions. Both sodium acrylates copolymer and the modified chitosan were used as emulsifiers, respectively, and the properties of moisturizing, transmittance, the number of bacteria, and emulsion stability were measured. The experimental results showed that the amount of amphoteric chitosan is less than that of sodium acrylate copolymer by 20% under a similar degree of emulsification. The measurement of spatial moisture showed the difference in equilibrium humidity was in the range of 2.05 to 2.20 gH2O/kg dry air, indicating that the moisture retention of the modified chitosan is better. In addition, the calculation of bacterial growth confirmed that the number of bacteria in the amphoteric chitosan emulsion and the sodium acrylate copolymer emulsion were 80 and 560, respectively. The emulsion stability was tested by the separation of oil and water phases in the diluted emulsion and by centrifugal accelerated sedimentation. The results showed that, for both emulsifiers, no separation of the oil and water phases occurred within one hour, and the stability of the modified chitosan emulsion was better. Therefore, the modified chitosan successfully substitutes sodium acrylates copolymer as an emulsifier in the preparation of emulsion.
Collapse
|
5
|
Iqbal MW, Riaz T, Yasmin I, Leghari AA, Amin S, Bilal M, Qi X. Chitosan‐Based Materials as Edible Coating of Cheese: A Review. STARCH-STARKE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waheed Iqbal
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
- Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences Riphah International University Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Tahreem Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Iqra Yasmin
- Center of Excellence for Olive Research and Training Barani Agricultural Research Institute Chakwal 48800 Pakistan
- Department of Food Science and Technology Government College Women University Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Ali Ahmad Leghari
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology Jiangnan University Wuxi Jiangsu 214122 China
| | - Sabahat Amin
- National Institute of Food Science & Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian 223003 China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang 212013 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gumienna M, Górna B. Antimicrobial Food Packaging with Biodegradable Polymers and Bacteriocins. Molecules 2021; 26:3735. [PMID: 34207426 PMCID: PMC8234186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in food and drink packaging result mainly from the needs and requirements of consumers, which are influenced by changing global trends. Antimicrobial and active packaging are at the forefront of current research and development for food packaging. One of the few natural polymers on the market with antimicrobial properties is biodegradable and biocompatible chitosan. It is formed as a result of chitin deacetylation. Due to these properties, the production of chitosan alone or a composite film based on chitosan is of great interest to scientists and industrialists from various fields. Chitosan films have the potential to be used as a packaging material to maintain the quality and microbiological safety of food. In addition, chitosan is widely used in antimicrobial films against a wide range of pathogenic and food spoilage microbes. Polylactic acid (PLA) is considered one of the most promising and environmentally friendly polymers due to its physical and chemical properties, including renewable, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and is considered safe (GRAS). There is great interest among scientists in the study of PLA as an alternative food packaging film with improved properties to increase its usability for food packaging applications. The aim of this review article is to draw attention to the existing possibilities of using various components in combination with chitosan, PLA, or bacteriocins to improve the properties of packaging in new food packaging technologies. Consequently, they can be a promising solution to improve the quality, delay the spoilage of packaged food, as well as increase the safety and shelf life of food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Gumienna
- Laboratory of Fermentation and Biosynthesis, Department of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland;
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ke CL, Liao YT, Lin CH. MSS2 maintains mitochondrial function and is required for chitosan resistance, invasive growth, biofilm formation and virulence in Candida albicans. Virulence 2021; 12:281-297. [PMID: 33427576 PMCID: PMC7808435 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1870082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this study, by screening a C. albicans mutant library, we first identified that the MSS2 gene, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSS2 required for mitochondrial respiration, mediates chitosan resistance. Upon treatment with 0.2% chitosan, the growth of mss2Δ strains was strikingly impaired, and MSS2 expression was significantly repressed by chitosan. Furthermore, mss2Δ strains exhibited slow growth on medium supplemented with glycerol as the sole carbon source. Similar to the chitosan-treated wild-type strain, the mss2Δ strain exhibited a significantly impaired ATP production ability. These data suggest that an antifungal mechanism of chitosan against C. albicans acts by inhibiting MSS2 gene expression, leading to repression of mitochondrial function. Normal respiratory function is suggested to be required for fungal virulence. Interestingly, the mss2Δ mutant strains exhibited significantly impaired invasive ability in vitro and ex vivo but retained normal hyphal development ability in liquid medium. Furthermore, the MSS2 deletion strains could not form robust biofilms and exhibited significantly reduced virulence. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the antifungal effect of chitosan against C. albicans is mediated via inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis. These data may provide another strategy for antifungal drug development via inhibition of fungal mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ling Ke
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Biocatalyzed Reactions towards Functional Food Components 4-Alkylcatechols and Their Analogues. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10091077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechols are antioxidants and radical scavengers with a broad medical potential. 4-Methylcatechol (1b) and 4-ethylcatechol (2b) (occurring in some traditional fermented and smoked foods) activate the cell defense against oxidative stress. We examined the biocatalyzed reactions towards 4-n-alkylcatechols with different side chains length, which is a factor important for the biological activities of catechols. 4-n-Alkylcatechols with methyl through heptyl side chains (1b–7b) were obtained in one pot by (i) oxidation of phenols 1a–7a with tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus followed by (ii) reduction of ortho-quinones (intermediates) with L-ascorbic acid sodium salt. The conversions decreased with increasing side chain length. The preparative reactions were carried out with substrates 1a–5a. The isolated yields of the purified products decreased from 59% in 2b to 10% in 5b in correlation with logP of the substrates. Homology modeling indicated that the affinities of two tyrosinase isoforms (PPO3 and PPO4) to the substrates with side chains longer than C2 decreased with increasing side chain length. This was probably due to steric limitations and to missing interactions of the extended side chains in the active sites. We envisage using the model to predict further substrates of tyrosinase and testing the products, catechols, for radical-scavenging and biological activities.
Collapse
|
9
|
Qu Y, Zhan Q, Du S, Ding Y, Fang B, Du W, Wu Q, Yu H, Li L, Huang W. Catalysis-based specific detection and inhibition of tyrosinase and their application. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:414-425. [PMID: 33133725 PMCID: PMC7591782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is an important enzyme in controlling the formation of melanin in melanosome, and plays a key role in the pigmentation of hair and skin. The abnormal expression or activation of tyrosinase is associated with several diseases such as albinism, vitiligo, melanoma and Parkinson disease. Excessive deposition of melanin could cause diseases such as freckles and brown spots in the human body, and it is also closely related to browning of fruits and vegetables and insect molting. Detecting and inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase is of extraordinary value in the progress of diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. Therefore, many selective optical detection probes and small molecular inhibitors have been developed, and have made significant contributions to the basic and clinical research on these diseases. In this paper, the detection and inhibition of tyrosinase and their application in whitening products are reviewed, with special emphasis on development of fluorescent probes and inhibitors. Hopefully, this review will help design more efficient and sensitive tyrosinase probes and inhibitors, as well as shed light on novel treatment of diseases such as melanoma. The abnormal expression or activation of tyrosinase is the pathogenesis of several diseases such as albinism, vitiligo, and melanoma. Detecting and inhibiting tyrosinase activity is of great value in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases. The detection/inhibition of tyrosinase and its application in whitening products are reviewed, with special emphasis on probes/inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunwei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Qing Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shubo Du
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Bin Fang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Du
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Haidong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, PR China.,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdel Gawad OF. Graft modification of carboxymethyl chitosan with styrene and its biological applications. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-019-0019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCh) is a water-soluble chitosan derivative and it has been widely used in biomedical applications due to its unique properties. Modification of CMCh by graft copolymerization with different monomers is done in order to enhance its applications.
Results
Graft copolymerization of styrene (S) onto CMCh using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator was successfully done with optimization of grafting parameters. The new materials were prepared in nano size. The antibacterial activities against Streptococcus pneumonia (RCMB 010010), Staphylococcus aureus (RCMB 010028) as Gram-positive and Escherichia coli (RCMB 010052) as Gram-negative bacteria and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigates (RCMB 02568), Candida albicans (RCMB 05036), Syncephalastrum racemosum (RCMB 05922), and Geotricum candidum (RCMB 05097) were examined using the diffusion agar technique. Also, the cytotoxicity effect against mammalian cell lines (MCF-7cells (human breast cancer) and HTC-116 (colon carcinoma)) was evaluated.
Conclusions
The obtained data proved that grafted carboxymethyl chitosan with styrene (CMCh-g-S) shows better antimicrobial activities, while parent carboxymethyl chitosan showed higher activity than new grafted materials. Also the nano scaled grafted CMCh showed higher activities than grafted carboxymetyl chitosan in macro scale.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zdarta J, Meyer AS, Jesionowski T, Pinelo M. Multi-faceted strategy based on enzyme immobilization with reactant adsorption and membrane technology for biocatalytic removal of pollutants: A critical review. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
12
|
Removal of Linear and Branched Alkylphenols with the Combined Use of Polyphenol Oxidase and Chitosan. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060931. [PMID: 31141977 PMCID: PMC6631719 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Removal of linear and branched alkylphenols with different alkyl chain lengths or different branchings (normal, secondary, and tertiary), some of which are suspected as endocrine disrupting chemicals, from an aqueous medium were investigated through quinone oxidation by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and subsequent quinone adsorption on chitosan beads or powders at pH 7.0 and 40 °C. PPO-catalyzed quinone oxidation increased with an increase in alkyl chain length of the alkylphenols used. Although a higher PPO dose was required for quinone oxidation of branched alkylphenols, they were completely or mostly removed by quinone adsorption on chitosan beads or powders. The apparent activity of PPO increased by a decrease in quinone concentration. On the other hand, in the homogeneous systems with solutions of chitosan and PPO at pH 6.0, longer reaction times were required to generate insoluble aggregates, and a small amount of quinone derivatives were left in the solution even under optimum conditions. These results support that the two-step reaction, that is, PPO-catalyzed quinone oxidation and subsequent quinone adsorption on chitosan beads or powders, in the heterogeneous system is a good procedure for removing linear and branched alkylphenols from aqueous medium.
Collapse
|
13
|
Shih PY, Liao YT, Tseng YK, Deng FS, Lin CH. A Potential Antifungal Effect of Chitosan Against Candida albicans Is Mediated via the Inhibition of SAGA Complex Component Expression and the Subsequent Alteration of Cell Surface Integrity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:602. [PMID: 30972050 PMCID: PMC6443709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high incidence of nosocomial Candida albicans infection, the first-line drugs for C. albicans infection have been heavily used, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains has gradually increased. Thus, a new antifungal drug or therapeutic method is needed. Chitosan, a product of chitin deacetylation, is considered to be potentially therapeutic for fungal infections because of its excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. The biocidal action of chitosan against C. albicans shows great commercial potential, but the exact mechanisms underlying its antimicrobial activity are unclear. To reveal these mechanisms, mutant library screening was performed. ADA2 gene, which encodes a histone acetylation coactivator in the SAGA complex, was identified. Transmission electronic microscopy images showed that the surface of chitosan-treated ada2Δ cells was substantially disrupted and displayed an irregular morphology. Interestingly, the cell wall of ada2Δ cells was significantly thinner than that of wild-type cells, with a thickness similar to that seen in the chitosan-treated wild-type strain. Although ADA2 is required for chitosan tolerance, expression of ADA2 and several Ada2-mediated cell wall-related genes (ALS2, PGA45, and ACE2) and efflux transporter genes (MDR1 and CDR1) were significantly inhibited by chitosan. Furthermore, GCN5 encoding a SAGA complex catalytic subunit was inhibited by chitosan, and gcn5Δ cells exhibited phenotypes comparable to those of ada2Δ cells in response to chitosan and other cell surface-disrupting agents. This study demonstrated that a potential antifungal mechanism of chitosan against C. albicans operates by inhibiting SAGA complex gene expression, which decreases the protection of the cell surface against chitosan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yu Shih
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kai Tseng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Sheng Deng
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Synthesis and characterization of chitosan-based waterborne polyurethane for textile finishes. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Javaid MA, Rizwan M, Khera RA, Zia KM, Saito K, Zuber M, Iqbal J, Langer P. Thermal degradation behavior and X-ray diffraction studies of chitosan based polyurethane bio-nanocomposites using different diisocyanates. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 117:762-772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.05.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
16
|
Sabri MA, Ibrahim TH, Khamis MI, Nancarrow P, Hassan MF. Spent caustic treatment using hydrophobic room temperatures ionic liquids. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
17
|
Antibacterial effects of amino acids-grafted water-soluble chitosan against drug-resistant bacteria. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0144-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
18
|
Kimura Y, Takahashi A, Kashiwada A, Yamada K. Removal of bisphenol A and its derivatives from aqueous medium through laccase-catalyzed treatment enhanced by addition of polyethylene glycol. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:1733-1744. [PMID: 26652753 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1130752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, enzymatic removal of bisphenol A (BPA) from the aqueous medium was investigated through the generation of water-insoluble oligomers, and this procedure was applied to removal of bisphenol derivatives. The experimental parameters, such as the temperature, pH value, enzyme concentration, and concentration and molecular weight of polyethylene glycol (PEG), were determined for the laccase-catalyzed treatment of BPA. The optimum conditions were determined to be pH 7.0 and 40°C in the absence of PEG. Water-insoluble oligomers generated under these conditions were readily removed by filtration or centrifugation. The optimum pH value was decreased to 5.0 in the presence of PEG and the laccase dose was reduced to one-fiftieth of that in the absence of PEG. This indicates that the addition of PEG protects the enzymatic activity and prevents capture of laccase molecules in the oligomers. The oligomers generated in the presence of PEG were removed from the aqueous medium by filtration with a membrane filter or by centrifugation. The oligomers were completely filtrated out with a filter paper by decreasing the pH value to 3.0. In addition, several bisphenol derivatives were also treated and subsequently removed by adjusting the laccase dose in the presence of PEG using the above procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kimura
- a Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry , College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Ayumi Takahashi
- a Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry , College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Ayumi Kashiwada
- a Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry , College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University , Chiba , Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamada
- a Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry , College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University , Chiba , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Farrán A, Cai C, Sandoval M, Xu Y, Liu J, Hernáiz MJ, Linhardt RJ. Green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry: from raw materials to fine chemicals. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6811-53. [PMID: 26121409 DOI: 10.1021/cr500719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Farrán
- †Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo Senda del Rey 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chao Cai
- ‡Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Manuel Sandoval
- §Escuela de Química, Universidad Nacional of Costa Rica, Post Office Box 86, 3000 Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Yongmei Xu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- ∥Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - María J Hernáiz
- ▽Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Pz/Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kimura Y, Takahashi A, Kashiwada A, Yamada K. Removal of bisphenol derivatives through quinone oxidation by polyphenol oxidase and subsequent quinone adsorption on chitosan in the heterogeneous system. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:2265-2277. [PMID: 25846630 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1026285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combined use of a biopolymer chitosan and an oxidoreductase polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was systematically investigated for the removal of bisphenol derivatives from aqueous medium. The process parameters, such as the pH value, temperature, and PPO concentration, were estimated to conduct the enzymatic quinone oxidation of bisphenol derivatives by as little enzyme as possible. Bisphenol derivatives effectively underwent PPO-catalysed quinone oxidation without H2O2 unlike other oxidoreductases, such as peroxidase and tyrosinase, and the optimum conditions were determined to be pH 7.0 and 40°C for bisphenol B, bisphenol E, bisphenol O, and bisphenol Z; pH 7.0 and 30°C for bisphenol C and bisphenol F; and pH 8.0 and 40°C for bisphenol T. They were completely removed through adsorption of enzymatically generated quinone derivatives on chitosan beads or chitosan powders. Quinone adsorption on chitosan beads or chitosan powders in the heterogeneous system was found to be a more effective procedure than generation of aggregates in the homogeneous system with chitosan solution. The removal time was shortened by increasing the amount of chitosan beads or decreasing the size of the chitosan powders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kimura
- a Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry , College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University , 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino, Chiba 285-8575 , Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yong SK, Shrivastava M, Srivastava P, Kunhikrishnan A, Bolan N. Environmental applications of chitosan and its derivatives. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 233:1-43. [PMID: 25367132 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10479-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan originates from the seafood processing industry and is one of the most abundant of bio-waste materials. Chitosan is a by-product of the alkaline deacetylation process of chitin. Chemically, chitosan is a polysaccharide that is soluble in acidic solution and precipitates at higher pHs. It has great potential for certain environmental applications, such as remediation of organic and inorganic contaminants, including toxic metals and dyes in soil, sediment and water, and development of contaminant sensors. Traditionally, seafood waste has been the primary source of chitin. More recently, alternative sources have emerged such as fungal mycelium, mushroom and krill wastes, and these new sources of chitin and chitosan may overcome seasonal supply limitations that have existed. The production of chitosan from the above-mentioned waste streams not only reduces waste volume, but alleviates pressure on landfills to which the waste would otherwise go. Chitosan production involves four major steps, viz., deproteination, demineralization, bleaching and deacetylation. These four processes require excessive usage of strong alkali at different stages, and drives chitosan's production cost up, potentially making the application of high-grade chitosan for commercial remediation untenable. Alternate chitosan processing techniques, such as microbial or enzymatic processes, may become more cost-effective due to lower energy consumption and waste generation. Chitosan has proved to be versatile for so many environmental applications, because it possesses certain key functional groups, including - OH and -NH2 . However, the efficacy of chitosan is diminished at low pH because of its increased solubility and instability. These deficiencies can be overcome by modifying chitosan's structure via crosslinking. Such modification not only enhances the structural stability of chitosan under low pH conditions, but also improves its physicochemical characteristics, such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, permeability, surface area and sorption capacity. Crosslinked chitosan is an excellent sorbent for trace metals especially because of the high flexibility of its structural stability. Sorption of trace metals by chitosan is selective and independent of the size and hardness of metal ions, or the physical form of chitosan (e.g., film, powder and solution). Both -OH and -NH2 groups in chitosan provide vital binding sites for complexing metal cations. At low pH, -NH3 + groups attract and coagulate negatively charged contaminants such as metal oxyanions, humic acids and dye molecules. Grafting certain functional molecules into the chitin structure improves sorption capacity and selectivity for remediating specific metal ions. For example, introducing sulfur and nitrogen donor ligands to chitosan alters the sorption preference for metals. Low molecular weight chitosan derivatives have been used to remediate metal contaminated soil and sediments. They have also been applied in permeable reactive barriers to remediate metals in soil and groundwater. Both chitosan and modified chitosan have been used to phytoremediate metals; however, the mechanisms by which they assist in mobilizing metals are not yet well understood. In addition, microbes have been used in combination with chitosan to remediate metals (e.g., Cu and Zn) in contaminated soils. Chitosan has also been used to remediate organic contaminants, such as oil-based wastewater, dyes, tannins, humic acids, phenols, bisphenoi-A, p-benzoquinone, organo-phosphorus insecticides, among others. Chitosan has also been utilized to develop optical and electrochemical sensors for in-situ detection of trace contaminants. In sensor technology, naturally-derived chitosan is used primarily as an immobilizing agent that results from its enzyme compatibility, and stabilizing effect on nanoparticles. Contaminant-sensing agents, such as enzymes, microbes and nanoparticles, have been homogeneously immobilized in chitosan gels by using coagulating (e.g., alginate, phosphate) or crosslinking agents (e.g., GA, ECH). Such immobilization maintains the stability of sensing elements in the chitosan gel phase, and prevents inactivation and loss of the sensing agent. In this review, we have shown that chitosan, an efficient by-product of a waste biomaterial, has great potential for many environmental applications. With certain limitations, chitosan and its derivatives can be used for remediating contaminated soil and wastewater. Notwithstanding, further research is needed to enhance the physicochemical properties of chitosan and mitigate its deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Kong Yong
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, 5095, Australia,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kimura Y, Gotoh A, Shinozaki F, Kashiwada A, Yamada K. Removal of naphthols and analogues by the combined use of an oxidoreductase polyphenol oxidase and a biopolymer chitosan from aqueous solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2014; 35:2910-2919. [PMID: 25189838 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.925511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the combined use of an amino group-containing polymer chitosan and an oxidoreductase polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was applied to the removal of naphthols and dihydroxynaphthalenes (DHNs) from aqueous solutions. The process parameters, such as the pH value, temperature and enzyme dose, were discussed for PPO-catalysed oxidation of 1-naphthol. The optimum conditions of enzymatic oxidation of 1-naphthol were determined to be pH 8.0 and 40 °C. Under the optimum conditions, PPO-catalysed oxidation of 1-naphthol increased with an increase in the enzyme dose. Quinone derivatives enzymatically generated were chemisorbed on chitosan beads and the initial velocity of PPO-catalysed oxidation increased with an increase in the amount of added chitosan beads. A specific initial velocity of 0.0675 μmol/U·min was obtained in the PPO concentration range below 200 U/cm³ and 1-naphthol was completely removed within 24 h by quinone adsorption on chitosan beads (0.20 cm³/cm³) at a PPO concentration of 100 U/cm³. The removal time was shortened by increasing the enzyme dose or the amount of added chitosan beads. 2-Naphthol was also completely removed at an initial concentration of 0.05 mM or less by prolonging the reaction time, since PPO-catalysed oxidation of 2-naphthol was much slower than that of 1-naphthol. In addition, this procedure was also applied to the removal of DHNs. These results revealed that the procedure constructed in this study was an effective technique to remove naphthols and DHNs from the aqueous medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Kimura
- a Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry , College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University , 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino , Chiba 275-8575 , Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu Y, Zhang B, Javvaji V, Kim E, Lee ME, Raghavan SR, Wang Q, Payne GF. Tyrosinase-mediated grafting and crosslinking of natural phenols confers functional properties to chitosan. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Influence of Position of Substituent Groups on Removal of Chlorophenols and Cresols by Horseradish Peroxidase and Determination of Optimum Conditions. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:2503-10. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
25
|
Yamada K, Inoue T, Akiba Y, Kashiwada A, Matsuda K, Hirata M. Removal ofp-Alkylphenols from Aqueous Solutions by Combined Use of Mushroom Tyrosinase and Chitosan Beads. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:2467-75. [PMID: 17031033 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic removal of p-alkylphenols from aqueous solutions was investigated through the two-step approach, the quinone conversion of p-alkylphenols with mushroom tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) and the subsequent adsorption of quinone derivatives enzymatically generated on chitosan beads at pH 7.0 and 45 degrees C as the optimum conditions. This technique is quite effective for removal of various p-alkylphenols from an aqueous solution. The % removal values of 97-100% were obtained for p-n-alkylphenols with carbon chain lengths of 5 to 9. In addition, removal of other p-alkylphenols was enhanced by increasing either the tyrosinase concentration or the amount of added chitosan beads, and their % removal values reached >93 except for 4-tert-pentylphenol. This technique was also applicable to remove 4-n-octylphenol (4NOP) and 4-n-nonylphenol (4NNP) as suspected endocrine disrupting chemicals. The reaction of quinone derivatives enzymatically generated with the chitosan's amino groups was confirmed by the appearance of peaks for UV-visible spectrum measurements of the chitosan films incubated in the p-alkylphenol and tyrosinase mixture solutions. In addition, 4-tert-pentylphenol underwent tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamada
- Department of Applied Molecular Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Removal of Linear and Branched Alkylphenols from Aqueous Solutions with Horseradish Peroxidase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 72:1368-71. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
27
|
Microbial tyrosinases: promising enzymes for pharmaceutical, food bioprocessing, and environmental industry. Biochem Res Int 2014; 2014:854687. [PMID: 24895537 PMCID: PMC4033337 DOI: 10.1155/2014/854687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a natural enzyme and is often purified to only a low degree and it is involved in a variety of functions which mainly catalyse the o-hydroxylation of monophenols into their corresponding o-diphenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinones using molecular oxygen, which then polymerizes to form brown or black pigments. The synthesis of o-diphenols is a potentially valuable catalytic ability and thus tyrosinase has attracted a lot of attention with respect to industrial applications. In environmental technology it is used for the detoxification of phenol-containing wastewaters and contaminated soils, as biosensors for phenol monitoring, and for the production of L-DOPA in pharmaceutical industries, and is also used in cosmetic and food industries as important catalytic enzyme. Melanin pigment synthesized by tyrosinase has found applications for protection against radiation cation exchangers, drug carriers, antioxidants, antiviral agents, or immunogen. The recombinant V. spinosum tryosinase protein can be used to produce tailor-made melanin and other polyphenolic materials using various phenols and catechols as starting materials. This review compiles the recent data on biochemical and molecular properties of microbial tyrosinases, underlining their importance in the industrial use of these enzymes. After that, their most promising applications in pharmaceutical, food processing, and environmental fields are presented.
Collapse
|
28
|
Lodhi G, Kim YS, Hwang JW, Kim SK, Jeon YJ, Je JY, Ahn CB, Moon SH, Jeon BT, Park PJ. Chitooligosaccharide and its derivatives: preparation and biological applications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:654913. [PMID: 24724091 PMCID: PMC3958764 DOI: 10.1155/2014/654913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chitin is a natural polysaccharide of major importance. This biopolymer is synthesized by an enormous number of living organisms; considering the amount of chitin produced annually in the world, it is the most abundant polymer after cellulose. The most important derivative of chitin is chitosan, obtained by partial deacetylation of chitin under alkaline conditions or by enzymatic hydrolysis. Chitin and chitosan are known to have important functional activities but poor solubility makes them difficult to use in food and biomedicinal applications. Chitooligosaccharides (COS) are the degraded products of chitosan or chitin prepared by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis of chitosan. The greater solubility and low viscosity of COS have attracted the interest of many researchers to utilize COS and their derivatives for various biomedical applications. In light of the recent interest in the biomedical applications of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives, this review focuses on the preparation and biological activities of chitin, chitosan, COS, and their derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Lodhi
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yon-Suk Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Kwon Kim
- Specialized Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Department of Marine Bioconvergence Science, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Je
- Department of Marine Bio-Food Sciences, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Ahn
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 550-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Moon
- Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byong-Tae Jeon
- Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Pyo-Jam Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea ; Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea ; Nokyong Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mathew TV, Kuriakose S. 4-(1-Pyrenyl)butyric acid-functionalised chitosan as a matrix for AgNP: photoresponsive and thermal properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
30
|
Xu DY, Yang Z. Cross-linked tyrosinase aggregates for elimination of phenolic compounds from wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:391-398. [PMID: 23411085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel, practical and inexpensive immobilization method has been developed for mushroom tyrosinase to be used for enzymatic treatment of phenolic wastewater. Catalyzed by the enzyme immobilized in the form of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), phenolic compounds such as phenol, p-cresol, p-chlorophenol and bisphenol A can be efficiently eliminated, with a complete conversion obtained within 0.5-3h, superior to other processes catalyzed by the same enzyme which is either free or immobilized with traditional carrier-bound immobilization methods. The effects of reaction time, pH, enzyme dosage and initial concentration of the phenol solution were examined. The sequence of dephenolization rate (p-cresol>p-chlorophenol>phenol) was in accordance with the substrate selectivity of the enzyme. The reusability of the CLEAs has been tested in a batch reactor for each phenol. In a continuous stirred tank reactor, the CLEAs encapsulated into calcium alginate gels were effective for removing phenol for at least 26h. The toxicity of the phenol-containing solution was remarkably diminished after treatment with the tyrosinase CLEAs, as demonstrated by the Hydra sinensis test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da-You Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liba BD, Kim E, Martin AN, Liu Y, Bentley WE, Payne GF. Biofabricated film with enzymatic and redox-capacitor functionalities to harvest and store electrons. Biofabrication 2013; 5:015008. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/5/1/015008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
32
|
|
33
|
Polyallylamine-conjugated thermo-responsive polymers for the rapid removal of phenolic compounds from water. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
34
|
Use of chitosan for removal of naphthols through tyrosinase-catalyzed quinone oxidation. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.36661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
35
|
Lončar N, Vujčić Z. Tentacle carrier for immobilization of potato phenoloxidase and its application for halogenophenols removal from aqueous solutions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 196:73-78. [PMID: 21924549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated compounds represent one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants, due to their widespread usage as biocides, fungicides, disinfectants, solvent and other industrial chemicals. Immobilization of a protein through coordinate bonds formed with divalent metal ions is becoming an attractive method due to its reversible nature, since the protein may be easily removed from the support matrix through interruption of the protein-metal bond hence giving inherently cleaner and cheaper technology for wastewater treatment. We have synthesized novel 'tentacle' carrier (TC) and used it for immobilization of partially purified potato polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The obtained biocatalyst TC-PPO showed pH optimum at 7.0-8.0 and temperature optimum at 25°C. Immobilized PPO shows almost 100% of activity at 0°C. TC-PPO was more resistant to the denaturation induced by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) detergent as compared to its soluble counterpart and was even slightly activated at SDS concentration of 1%. TC-PPO was tested in the batch reactor for 4-chlorophenol and 4-bromophenol removal. More than 90% removal was achieved for both halogenophenols at concentration of 100mg/L from aqueous solution. For both halogenophenols TC-PPO works with over 90% removal during first three cycles which decrease to 60% removal efficiency after six cycles each of 8h duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Lončar
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kimura Y, Yamamoto M, Shimazaki R, Kashiwada A, Matsuda K, Yamada K. Use of chitosan for removal of bisphenol a from aqueous solutions through quinone oxidation by polyphenol oxidase. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
37
|
Saitoh T, Asano K, Hiraide M. Removal of phenols in water using chitosan-conjugated thermo-responsive polymers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 185:1369-73. [PMID: 21074940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A chitosan-conjugated thermo-responsive polymer containing 15% chitosan, PNIPAAm-15CS, was used for the removal of different phenols in water. The polymer was synthesized by a 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide-mediated condensation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic acid) and chitosan in the aqueous solution (pH 6). At 30 °C, phenol, 4-methylphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, and 4-chlorophenol were converted to dark brown oxidized compounds by the tyrosinase-induced enzymatic reaction and subsequently bound to the amino moiety of PNIPAAm-15CS. In the presence of 1.0 g L(-1) PNIPAAm-15 CS and 50 k UL(-1) tyrosinase, phenols (20 mg L(-1)) decreased to undetectable levels (<0.01 mg L(-1)) within 2h. By the vigorous mixing of the solution at 40 °C, the polymer deposited and became a small coagulate that can be easily taken up from water. Accompanying the polymer deposition, the oxidized compounds were completely (>98%) removed. The proposed method was successfully applied to the removal of phenols from wastewaters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Saitoh
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Fro-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Marino SM, Fogal S, Bisaglia M, Moro S, Scartabelli G, De Gioia L, Spada A, Monzani E, Casella L, Mammi S, Bubacco L. Investigation of Streptomyces antibioticus tyrosinase reactivity toward chlorophenols. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 505:67-74. [PMID: 20875779 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase (Ty) is a copper-containing enzyme ubiquitously distributed in nature. In recent years, Ty has attracted interest as a potential detoxifying agent for xenobiotic compounds with phenolic structure. Among these, chlorophenols are particularly relevant pollutants, commonly found in waste waters. The activity of Streptomyces antibioticus tyrosinase toward isomeric monochlorophenols was studied. Tyrosinase oxidizes both 3- and 4-chlorophenol to the same product, 4-chloro-1,2-ortho-quinone, which subsequently undergoes a nucleophilic substitution reaction at the chlorine atom by excess phenol to give the corresponding phenol-quinone adduct. By contrast, 2-chlorophenol is not reactive and acts as a competitive inhibitor. Docking calculations suggest that the substrates point to one of the copper atoms of the dinuclear center (copper B) and appear to interact preferentially with one of the two coordinated oxygen atoms. The approach of the substrate toward the active site is favored by a π-stacking interaction with one of the copper-coordinated histidines (His194) and by a hydrogen bonding interaction with the O1 oxygen. With this study, we provide the first characterization of the early intermediates in the biotechnologically relevant reaction of Ty with chlorophenols. Additionally, combining experimental evidences with molecular modeling simulations, we propose a detailed reaction scheme for Ty-mediated oxidation of monochlorophenols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano M Marino
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tajdini F, Amini MA, Nafissi-Varcheh N, Faramarzi MA. Production, physiochemical and antimicrobial properties of fungal chitosan from Rhizomucor miehei and Mucor racemosus. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:180-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
40
|
GAMMARIELLO DANIELA, CONTE AMALIA, DEL NOBILE MATTEOALESSANDRO. Assessment of chitosan and extracts of lemon and sage as natural antimicrobial agents during Fior di latte cheesemaking. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0307.2010.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
41
|
Yamada K, Ikeda N, Takano Y, Kashiwada A, Matsuda K, Hirata M. Determination of optimum process parameters for peroxidase-catalysed treatment of bisphenol A and application to the removal of bisphenol derivatives. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:243-256. [PMID: 20426266 DOI: 10.1080/09593330903453228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systematic investigations were carried out to determine the optimum process parameters such as the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration, concentration and molar mass of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as an additive, pH value, temperature and enzyme dose for treatment of bisphenol A (BPA) with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The HRP-catalysed treatment of BPA was effectively enhanced by adding PEG, and BPA was completely converted into phenoxy radicals by HRP dose of 0.10 U/cm3. The optimum conditions for HRP-catalysed treatment of BPA at 0.3 mM was determined to be 0.3 mM for H2O2 and 0.10 mg/cm3 for PEG with a molar mass of 1.0 x 10(4) in a pH 6.0 buffer at 30 degrees C. Different kinds of bisphenol derivatives were completely or effectively treated by HRP under the optimum conditions determined for treatment of BPA, although the HRP dose was further increased as necessary for some of them. The aggregation of water-insoluble oligomers generated by the enzymatic radicalization and radical coupling reaction was enhanced by decreasing the pH values to 4.0 with HCl after the enzymatic treatment, and BPA and bisphenol derivatives were removed from aqueous solutions by filtering out the oligomer precipitates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamada
- Department of Applied Molar Chemistry, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, 1-2-1 Izumi-cho, Narashino, Chiba 275-8575, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tamura A, Satoh E, Kashiwada A, Matsuda K, Yamada K. Removal of alkylphenols by the combined use of tyrosinase immobilized on ion-exchange resins and chitosan beads. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
43
|
Suzuki M, Sugiyama T, Musashi E, Kobiyama Y, Kashiwada A, Matsuda K, Yamada K. Use of chitosan for removal of bisphenol A and bisphenol derivatives through tyrosinase-catalyzed quinone oxidation. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
44
|
GAMMARIELLO D, CONTE A, ATTANASIO M, DEL NOBILE M. A STUDY ON THE SYNERGY OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING AND CHITOSAN ON STRACCIATELLA SHELF LIFE. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2009.00537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
45
|
|
46
|
Noto K, Matsumoto S, Takahashi Y, Hirata M, Yamada K. Adhesion of surface-grafted low-density polyethylene plates with enzymatically modified chitosan solutions. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
47
|
Del Nobile MA, Gammariello D, Conte A, Attanasio M. A combination of chitosan, coating and modified atmosphere packaging for prolonging Fior di latte cheese shelf life. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
48
|
Increased PCP removal by Amylomyces rouxii transformants with heterologous Phanerochaete chrysosporium peroxidases supplementing their natural degradative pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 84:335-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-009-1981-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
49
|
Cai ZS, Song ZQ, Yang CS, Shang SB, Yin YB. Synthesis of 2-hydroxypropyl dimethylbenzylammoniumN,O-(2-carboxyethyl) chitosan chloride and its antibacterial activity. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
50
|
Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of quaternized N,O-(2-carboxyethyl) chitosan. Polym Bull (Berl) 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-008-0004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|