1
|
Mo BR, Wu JY, Yang JD, Cheng JP. Metal-Carbon Bond Heterolysis Energy Scale for Model Palladium Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39327997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Thermodynamic studies of transition-metal intermediates are crucial for understanding of metal-catalyzed transformations. Herein, a series of arylpalladium cyanomethanides were synthesized and characterized. Their palladium-carbon bond heterolysis energies (ΔGhet(Pd-C)) were determined in DMSO for the first time by equilibrium methods. ΔGhet(Pd-C) values of 7.9-19.1 kcal/mol, located between the ΔGhet(Pd-O) and ΔGhet(Pd-N) scales previously established, are much smaller than the corresponding ΔGhet(C-H)s of phenylacetonitrile (30.0 kcal/mol). Linear free energy relationship (LEFR) analysis reveals insights into the structure-property relationship and the factor dictating the thermodynamics of metalation. These ΔGhet(Pd-X)s in combination with ΔGhet(X-H)s are successfully used to diagnose the reaction feasibility and selectivity of X-H bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Rui Mo
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun-Yan Wu
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Dong Yang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jin-Pei Cheng
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang X, Chang M, Ni T, Xu X, Zong L, Li T. Construction of quaternary alkyl motifs through palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with alkenes followed by C-C bond cleavage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10958-10961. [PMID: 39258723 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03676j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction has been developed for the generation of tertiary alkylation products by reacting olefins with diversely functionalized 1,3-dicarbonyls. The reaction involves the tertiary C-H alkylation of 1,3-dicarbonyls with olefins to produce a tertiary alcohol, followed by C-C bond cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Mengfan Chang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Tongtong Ni
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Luyi Zong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
- Henan Tianguan Group Co., Ltd, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu DY, Fang DC. Theoretical Study on the Mechanism of Ru(II)-Catalyzed Intermolecular [3 + 2] Annulation between o-Toluic Acid and 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde: Octahedral vs Trigonal Bipyramidal. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39312811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Density functional theory was utilized to investigate the mechanism of Ru(II)-catalyzed aromatic C-H activation and addition of aromatic aldehydes. The proposed catalytic cycle consists of C-H bond activation, aldehyde carbonyl insertion for C-C coupling, lactonization for the formation of the final product, product separation, and catalyst recovery. Our calculations suggest that Ru(OAc)2(PCy3) (referred to as CAT) is the most favorable active catalyst, facilitating the C-H bond activation to form a five-membered ring cycloruthenium intermediate (INT2). Subsequently, the aromatic aldehyde reactant 2a enters the Ru coordination sphere, accelerating the C-C coupling and lactonization for the formation of the final product. The involvement of acetate assists in the final product separation, while INT1 re-enters the Ru coordination sphere to initiate a new catalytic cycle. Utilizing the energetic span model, the apparent activation free energy barrier was computed to be 34.3 kcal mol-1 at 443 K. Furthermore, exploration of the reaction mechanism in the absence of phosphine ligands identified Ru(OAc)2(p-cymene) as the most favorable active catalyst. The derived apparent activation free energy barrier offers a comprehensive explanation for the experimentally observed yields. Additionally, we have examined the disparities between the octahedral and trigonal bipyramidal structures of the catalysts concerning their effects on the reaction mechanisms and apparent activation free energy barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li K, Li M, Dong S, Li SL, Chen Z, Liao RZ, Yin G. Factors Affecting the Formation and Transformation of the Intermediates in Pd(II)-Catalyzed Aromatic C-H Activation: A Comprehensive Study with the Pd(II)/LA Platform. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13540-13555. [PMID: 39255243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
How the factors affecting the formation and transformation of the intermediates in Pd(II)-catalyzed aromatic C-H activation: A comprehensive study with the Pd(II)/LA platform. Using the Pd(II)/Lewis acid (LA)-catalyzed C-H activation of electron-rich acetanilides as a platform, the C-H activation intermediates, including the precomplex η2-intermediate, the agostic hydrogen intermediate, and the palladacycle compound have been well-characterized. This work presents how the catalyst source, substrate, and solvent affect the formation of the η2-intermediate and its equilibrium with the agostic hydrogen intermediate, and the transformation of the agostic hydrogen intermediate to the palladacycle compound through C-H activation. The findings disclosed above are provided as a guideline for the catalyst design of the oxidative olefination of acetanilide with dioxygen, and the catalytic efficiency matched well with the mechanistic findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Man Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuangfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Long Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Guochuan Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao Y, Li X, Zhou P, Han X, Zhang C, Liang T, Zhao S, Zhang Z. Rh-Catalyzed C-H Alkynylation of Indole Derivatives with Silver(I)-Controlled Regiodivergence. Org Lett 2024; 26:7285-7290. [PMID: 39178150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
We have disclosed silver(I)-induced switching of regioselectivity in rhodium-catalyzed C-H alkynylation of indole derivatives with the help of a pivaloyl directing group by tuning C-H metalation modes. The judicious choice of AgOAc, Ag2O, and Ag2CO3 affords an array of C2-alkynylated indoles, C4-alkynylated indoles, and C2,C4-dialkynylated indoles, respectively. The synthetic utility of the alkyne fragment is demonstrated by derivatization into valuable indole-based compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaokun Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xingchi Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Pengfei Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Xing Han
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Chenjie Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Shuangliang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yuan CK, Pan YN, Wu YF, Sun WY, Meng Z, Lu Y. Rh(III)-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-H Thiolation of 8-Methylquinolines Promoted by Benzoic Anhydride. J Org Chem 2024; 89:11975-11982. [PMID: 39163632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we developed a ligand-promoted Rh(III)-catalyzed C(sp3)-H thiolation of 8-methylquinolines. The effect of ligands on improving the activity of the catalytic centers has been studied in detail and proven to be significant. Various substituents are well tolerated under this reaction condition to provide potential precursors for organic synthesis. The mechanistic study suggests that the reaction may proceed through a five-membered rhodacycle intermediate via thiolation twice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kai Yuan
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Micro-structures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan-Nian Pan
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Micro-structures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, St Catherine's College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UJ, U.K
| | - Wei-Yin Sun
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Micro-structures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhen Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Micro-structures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ali W, Oliver GA, Werz DB, Maiti D. Pd-catalyzed regioselective activation of C(sp 2)-H and C(sp 3)-H bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024. [PMID: 39212454 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Differentiating between two highly similar C-H bonds in a given molecule remains a fundamental challenge in synthetic organic chemistry. Directing group assisted strategies for the functionalisation of proximal C-H bonds has been known for the last few decades. However, distal C-H bond functionalisation is strenuous and requires distinctly specialised techniques. In this review, we summarise the advancement in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H bond activation through various redox manifolds including Pd(0)/Pd(II), Pd(II)/Pd(IV) and Pd(II)/Pd(0). Distal C-H functionalisation, where a Pd-catalyst is directly involved in the C-H activation step, either through assistance of an external directing group or directed by an inherent functionality or functional group incorporated at the site of the Pd-C bond is covered. The purpose of this review is to portray the current state of art in Pd-catalysed distal C(sp2)-H and C(sp3)-H functionalisation reactions, their mechanism and application in the late-stage functionalisation of medicinal compounds along with highlighting its limitations, thus leaving the field open for further synthetic adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
| | - Gwyndaf A Oliver
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel B Werz
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Albertstraße 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Chang M, Ni T, Liu S, Li W, Xu X. CuBr 2-mediated dehydrogenative [4+2] annulation of 1-naphthyl-1,3-indandiones and alkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9070-9073. [PMID: 39101974 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02386b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Intermolecular annulation reactions of 1-naphthyl-1,3-indandiones with alkenes proceed efficiently in the presence of a copper catalyst to generate spirocarbocycle compounds. Various spirocyclic molecules bearing an all-carbon quaternary center could be obtained by this novel method with good yields, excellent regioselectivity, and good functional group tolerance. A radical mechanism is proposed based on the HRMS analysis results of control experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Mengfan Chang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Tongtong Ni
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Shuhan Liu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Wenguang Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cattani S, Pandit NK, Buccio M, Balestri D, Ackermann L, Cera G. Iron-Catalyzed C-H Alkylation/Ring Opening with Vinylbenzofurans Enabled by Triazoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404319. [PMID: 38785101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We report an unprecedented iron-catalyzed C-H annulation using readily available 2-vinylbenzofurans as the reaction pattern. The redox-neutral strategy, based on cheap, non-toxic, and earth-abundant iron catalysts, exploits triazole assistance to promote a cascade C-H alkylation, benzofuran ring-opening and insertion into a Fe-N bond, to form highly functionalized isoquinolones. Detailed mechanistic studies supported by DFT calculations fully disclosed the manifold of the iron catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cattani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Neeraj Kumar Pandit
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michele Buccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Balestri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gianpiero Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trouvé J, Delahaye V, Tomasini M, Rajeshwaran P, Roisnel T, Poater A, Gramage-Doria R. Repurposing a supramolecular iridium catalyst via secondary Zn⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C weak interactions between the ligand and substrate leads to ortho-selective C(sp 2)-H borylation of benzamides with unusual kinetics. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11794-11806. [PMID: 39092112 PMCID: PMC11290415 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01515k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The iridium-catalyzed C-H borylation of benzamides typically leads to meta and para selectivities using state-of-the-art iridium-based N,N-chelating bipyridine ligands. However, reaching ortho selectivity patterns requires extensive trial-and-error screening via molecular design at the ligand first coordination sphere. Herein, we demonstrate that triazolylpyridines are excellent ligands for the selective iridium-catalyzed ortho C-H borylation of tertiary benzamides and, importantly, we demonstrate the almost negligible effect of the first coordination sphere in the selectivity, which is so far unprecedented in iridium C-H bond borylations. Remarkably, the activity is dramatically enhanced by exploiting a remote Zn⋯O[double bond, length as m-dash]C weak interaction between the substrate and a rationally designed molecular-recognition site in the catalyst. Kinetic studies and DFT calculations indicate that the iridium-catalyzed C-H activation step is not rate-determining, this being unique for remotely controlled C-H functionalizations. Consequently, a previously established supramolecular iridium catalyst designed for meta-borylation of pyridines is now compatible with the ortho-borylation of benzamides, a regioselectivity switch that is counter-intuitive regarding precedents in the literature. In addition, we highlight the role of the cyclohexene additive in avoiding the formation of undesired side-products as well as accelerating the HBpin release event that precedes the catalyst regeneration step, which is highly relevant for the design of powerful and selective iridium borylating catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michele Tomasini
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | | | | | - Albert Poater
- Departament de Química, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona c/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
von Münchow T, Liu YR, Parmar R, Peters SE, Trienes S, Ackermann L. Cobaltaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Activation for Central and Axial Double Enantio-Induction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405423. [PMID: 38758011 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, enantioselective electrocatalysis has surfaced as an increasingly-effective platform for sustainable molecular synthesis. Despite indisputable progress, strategies that allow the control of two distinct stereogenic elements with high selectivity remain elusive. In contrast, we, herein, describe electrochemical cobalt-catalyzed C-H activations that enable the installation of chiral stereogenic centers along with a chiral axis with high levels of enantio- and diastereoselectivities. The developed electrocatalysis strategy allowed for C-H/N-H activations/annulations with cyclic and non-cyclic alkenes providing expedient access to various central as well as atropo-chiral dihydroisoquinolinones paired to the valuable hydrogen evolution reaction. Studies on the atropo-stability of the obtained compounds demonstrated that the exceedingly mild conditions ensured by the electrocatalytic process were key for the achieved high stereoselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan von Münchow
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yi-Ru Liu
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rahul Parmar
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Erik Peters
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Trienes
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liao J, Kong D, Gao X, Zhai R, Chen X, Wang S. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Directed C-H Bond Functionalization with Iodonium Ylides: A Review of the Last 5 Years. Molecules 2024; 29:3567. [PMID: 39124972 PMCID: PMC11314533 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed directed C-H functionalization with various carbene precursors has been widely employed for constructing a wide range of complex and diverse active molecules through metal carbene migratory insertion processes. Among various carbene precursors, iodonium ylides serve as a novel and emerging carbene precursor with features including easy accessibility, thermal stability and high activity, which have attracted great attention from organic chemists and have achieved tremendous success in organic transformation. In this review, recent progress on the application of iodonium ylides with multifunctional coupling characteristics in C-H bond activation reactions is summarized, and the potential of iodonium ylides is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruirui Zhai
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development on Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Xun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development on Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Shuojin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Tropical Medicine Innovation and Transformation of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center of Human-Machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development on Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghosh S, Das D, Mandal RD, Das AR. Harnessing the benzyne insertion consequence to enable π-extended pyrido-acridine and quinazolino-phenanthridine. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5591-5602. [PMID: 38898782 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00533c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Distinct protocols have been devised for the preparation of hybrid heterocyclic scaffolds like π-extended pyrido-acridines and quinazolino-phenanthridines duly materialized through Rh(III)- and Pd(II)-mediated catalytic courses commencing from acridine and quinazolimine scaffolds. Interestingly, the parent compounds (acridines and quinazolimines) are actualized from 2-aminobenzonitrile and anthranilic acid, where 2-aminobenzonitrile acts as the 1,4-dipolarophilic species and anthranilic acid as the benzyne precursor. The molecular assembly of acridine suggests the participation of two benzyne units. In addition, the structural motif of the quinazolimine ring features one benzyne unit. Further, indolizine ring containing the enaminonitrile skeleton upon exposure to benzyne forms an indolizine fused quinoline ring, decorated with three benzyne units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarnali Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
| | - Dwaipayan Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
| | - Rahul Dev Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
| | - Asish R Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, A. P. C. Road, Kolkata-700009, India.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo W, Zhang C, Dong L. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Annulation Synthesis of Difluorinated Quinazolinone Derivatives Using an Amide Carbonyl as the Directing Group. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9627-9640. [PMID: 38888955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The use of amide carbonyl groups of substrates as weakly coordinating directing groups has received a significant amount of attention. Recently, difluoromethylene alkynes have been successfully used in fluorination reactions, resulting in the preparation of various fluorine-containing compounds. This work describes a [4+2] annulation method for creating a range of fluorinated quinolino[2,1-b]quinazolinone derivatives. The derivatives are formed through Rh(III)-catalyzed cascade cyclization of 3-phenylquinazolinones and gem-difluoromethylene alkynes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nolan EL, Blythe IM, Qu F, Kampf JW, Sanford MS. Speciation and Reactivity of Mono- and Binuclear Ni Intermediates in Aminoquinoline-Directed C-H Arylation and Benzylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:18128-18135. [PMID: 38899519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This paper describes detailed organometallic studies of the aminoquinoline-directed Ni-catalyzed C-H functionalization of 2,3,4,5-tetrafluoro-N-(quinolin-8-yl)benzamide with diaryliodonium reagents. A combination of 19F NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography is used to track and characterize diamagnetic and paramagnetic intermediates throughout this transformation. These provide key insights into both the cyclometalation and oxidative functionalization steps of the catalytic cycle. The reaction conditions (solvent, ligands, base, and stoichiometry) play a central role in the observation of a NiII precyclometalation intermediate as well as in the speciation of the NiII products of C-H activation. Both mono- and binuclear cyclometalated NiII species are observed and interconvert, depending on the reaction conditions. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that the NiII/III redox potentials for the cyclometalated intermediates vary by more than 700 mV depending on their coordination environments, and these differences are reflected in their relative reactivity with diaryliodonium oxidants. The oxidative functionalization reaction affords a mixture of arylated and solvent functionalization organic products, depending on the conditions and solvent. For example, conducting oxidation in toluene leads to the preferential formation of the benzylated product. A series of experiments implicate a NiII/III/IV pathway for this transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily L Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Isaac M Blythe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeff W Kampf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baruah MJ, Dutta R, Zaki MEA, Bania KK. Heterogeneous Iron-Based Catalysts for Organic Transformation Reactions: A Brief Overview. Molecules 2024; 29:3177. [PMID: 38999129 PMCID: PMC11243350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is considered to be one of the most significant elements due to its wide applications. Recent years have witnessed a burgeoning interest in Fe catalysis as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to noble metal catalysis in organic synthesis. The abundance and low toxicity of Fe, coupled with its competitive reactivity and selectivity, underscore its appeal for sustainable synthesis. A lot of catalytic reactions have been performed using heterogeneous catalysts of Fe oxide hybridized with support systems like aluminosilicates, clays, carbonized materials, metal oxides or polymeric matrices. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in Fe-catalyzed organic transformation reactions. Highlighted areas include cross-coupling reactions, C-H activation, asymmetric catalysis, and cascade processes, showcasing the versatility of Fe across a spectrum of synthetic methodologies. Emphasis is placed on mechanistic insights, elucidating the underlying principles governing iron-catalyzed reactions. Challenges and opportunities in the field are discussed, providing a roadmap for future research endeavors. Overall, this review illuminates the transformative potential of Fe catalysis in driving innovation and sustainability in organic chemistry, with implications for drug discovery, materials science, and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manash J Baruah
- Department of Chemistry, DCB Girls' College, Jorhat 785001, Assam, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Rupjyoti Dutta
- CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Magdi E A Zaki
- Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kusum K Bania
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
González-Fernández E, Marinus N, Dhankhar J, Linden A, Čorić I. Control over Anion Coordination on Pd(II), Cu(I), and Ag(I) with Regioisomeric Phosphine-Carboxylate Ligands. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401215. [PMID: 38688855 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The coordination of anionic donors is involved at various stages of catalytic cycles in transition-metal catalysis, but control over the spatial positioning of anions around a metal center is a challenge in coordination chemistry. Here we show that regioisomeric phosphine-carboxylate ligands provide spatial anion control on palladium(II) centers by favoring either κ2, cis-κ1, or trans-κ1 coordination of the carboxylate donor. Additionally, the palladium(II) carboxylates, which contain a methyl donor, upon protonation, deliver metal-alkyl complexes that feature a coordinated carboxylic acid. Such complexes can be considered as models for the minima that follow the concerted metalation-deprotonation transition state for C-H activation. The predictability of the coordination modes is further demonstrated on silver(I) and copper(I) centers, for which less common structures of mononuclear and dinuclear complexes can be obtained by using spatial anion control. Our results demonstrate the potential for spatial control over carboxylate anions in coordination chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa González-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Nittert Marinus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jyoti Dhankhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Ilija Čorić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Drius G, Tarroni R, Birchmeier M, Parolin C, Boga C, Monari M, Bordoni S. Unpredictable Dynamic Behaviour of Ruthenium Chelate Pyrrole Derivatives. Molecules 2024; 29:3068. [PMID: 38999019 PMCID: PMC11242957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Reaction of [Ru(H)2(CO)(PPh3)3] 1 with an equimolar amount of pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (H2L1) leads to the homoleptic chelate derivative k2(O,O)-[RuH(CO)(HL1)(PPh3)2] 2. Prolonged acetonitrile refluxing promotes an unusual k2(O,O)- → k2(N,O)- dynamic chelate conversion, forming a neutral, stable, air- and moisture- insensitive, solvento-species k2(N,O)-[Ru(MeCN)(CO)(L1)(PPh3)2] 3. Analogously, reaction of 1 with the pyrrole-2-carboxyaldehyde (HL2) affords k2(N,O)-[RuH(CO)(HL2)(PPh3)2] 4, 5, as a couple of functional isomers. Optimized reaction conditions such as temperature and solvent polarity allow the isolation of dominant configurations. Structure 5 is a pyrrolide Ru-carbaldehyde, obtained from cyclization of the pendant CHO function, whereas species 4 can be viewed as an ethanoyl-conjugated Ru-pyrrole. Derivatives 3-5 were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, ESI-Ms, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, indicating distinct features for the Ru-bonded pyrrolyl groups. DFT computational results, coplanarity, bond equalization, and electron delocalization along the fused five-membered rings support aromatic features. In accordance with the antisymbiotic trans-influence, both the isolated isomers 4 and 5 disclose CO ligands opposite to N- or O-anionic groups. The quantitative Mayer bond order evidences a stabilizing backbonding effect. Antibacterial and antifungal trials on Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and Candida albicans were further carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Drius
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Tarroni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Birchmeier
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carola Parolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI SDV), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cheng Z, Xu H, Hu Z, Zhu M, Houk KN, Xue XS, Jiao N. Carbene-Assisted Arene Ring-Opening. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16963-16970. [PMID: 38691630 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the significant achievements in dearomatization and C-H functionalization of arenes, the arene ring-opening remains a largely unmet challenge and is underdeveloped due to the high bond dissociation energy and strong resonance stabilization energy inherent in aromatic compounds. Herein, we demonstrate a novel carbene assisted strategy for arene ring-opening. The understanding of the mechanism by our DFT calculations will stimulate wide application of bulk arene chemicals for the synthesis of value-added polyconjugated chain molecules. Various aryl azide derivatives now can be directly converted into valuable polyconjugated enynes, avoiding traditional synthesis including multistep unsaturated precursors, poor selectivity control, and subsequent transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The simple conditions required were demonstrated in the late-stage modification of complex molecules and fused ring compounds. This chemistry expands the horizons of carbene chemistry and provides a novel pathway for arene ring-opening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California─Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhou P, Liang X, Xu Z, Chen H, Wei Z, Liang T, Jiang J, Zhang Z. Regiodivergent C-H alkynylation of 2-arylthiazoles switched by Ru II and Pd II catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6679-6682. [PMID: 38860866 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Two complementary regiodivergent C-H alkynylations of 2-arylthiazoles are reported. When RuII catalysis is employed, an aryl ortho-alkynylation process is favored. The alkynylated products are gained in good yields. With the use of PdII catalysis, a thiazole C5-alkynylation process is developed, allowing for the construction of C5-alkynylated products. This strategy not only expands the methods for the functionalization of 2-arylthiazoles, but also provides new opportunities for the rapid assembly of complex molecular structures, which may have great potential in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyao Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Zekun Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Honggu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Zongwu Wei
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Taoyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hafeez S, Sharma R, Jain S, Sihag N, Bhartiya H, Singh J, Reddy SR, Yadav MR. Pd-Catalyzed Cascade Heck/C(sp 3)-H Activation for Spirocyclopropyl Oxindoles. Org Lett 2024; 26:5069-5073. [PMID: 38847514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
We have demonstrated a Pd(0)-catalyzed Heck/C(sp3)-H activation cascade for the synthesis of spirocyclopropyl oxindoles in high yields from easily accessible ortho-bromoacrylamides. The formation of spirocyclopropyl oxindole is guided by an unconventional four-membered palladacycle through C(sp3)-H activation. The reaction exhibits a wide range of substrate scope and operates efficiently with a mere 0.5 mol % of Pd-catalyst. In addition, the use of microwave conditions facilitates rapid completion of the reaction. Furthermore, this spirocyclopropanation strategy can be coupled with [3 + 2] cycloaddition to produce spiropyrrolidine oxindoles, offering a valuable approach for the preparation of alkaloids such as (±)-horsfiline and (±)-coerulescine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Hafeez
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ruchi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Swati Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Naveen Sihag
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemaang Bhartiya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jitendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - S Rajagopala Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan 305817, India
| | - M Ramu Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Simon H, Zangarelli A, Bauch T, Ackermann L. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Late-Stage Incorporation of N-Aryl Triazoles and Tetrazoles with Sulfonium Salts via C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402060. [PMID: 38618872 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of active pharmaceutical ingredients is a key challenge in medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, N-aryl triazoles and tetrazoles are important structural motifs with the potential to boost the activity of diverse drug molecules. Using easily accessible dibenzothiophenium salts for the ruthenium-catalyzed C-H arylation, these scaffolds were introduced into a variety of bioactive compounds. Our methodology uses cost-efficient ruthenium, KOAc as a mild base and gives access to a plethora of highly decorated triazole and tetrazole containing drug derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Simon
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Agnese Zangarelli
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan Bauch
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Luo J, Montag M, Milstein D. Metal-Ligand Cooperation with Thiols as Transient Cooperative Ligands: Acceleration and Inhibition Effects in (De)Hydrogenation Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1709-1721. [PMID: 38833580 PMCID: PMC11191399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusOver the past two decades, we have developed a series of pincer-type transition metal complexes capable of activating strong covalent bonds through a mode of reactivity known as metal-ligand cooperation (MLC). In such systems, an incoming substrate molecule simultaneously interacts with both the metal center and ligand backbone, with one part of the molecule reacting at the metal center and another part at the ligand. The majority of these complexes feature pincer ligands with a pyridine core, and undergo MLC through reversible dearomatization/aromatization of this pyridine moiety. This MLC platform has enabled us to perform a variety of catalytic dehydrogenation, hydrogenation, and related reactions, with high efficiency and selectivity under relatively mild conditions.In a typical catalytic complex that operates through MLC, the cooperative ligand remains coordinated to the metal center throughout the entire catalytic process, and this complex is the only catalytic species involved in the reaction. As part of our ongoing efforts to develop new catalytic systems featuring MLC, we have recently introduced the concept of transient cooperative ligand (TCL), i.e., a ligand that is capable of MLC when coordinated to a metal center, but the coordination of which is reversible rather than permanent. We have thus far employed thiol(ate)s as TCLs, in conjunction with an acridanide-based ruthenium(II)-pincer catalyst, and this has resulted in remarkable acceleration and inhibition effects in various hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions. A cooperative thiol(ate) ligand can be installed in situ by the simple addition of an appropriate thiol in an amount equivalent to the catalyst, and this has been repeatedly shown to enable efficient bond activation by MLC without the need for other additives, such as base. The use of an ancillary thiol ligand that is not fixed to the pincer backbone allows the catalytic system to benefit from a high degree of tunability, easily implemented by varying the added thiol. Importantly, thiols are coordinatively labile enough under typical catalytic conditions to leave a meaningful portion of the catalyst in its original unsaturated form, thereby allowing it to carry out its own characteristic catalytic activity. This generates two coexisting catalyst populations─one that contains a thiol(ate) ligand and another that does not─and this may lead to different catalytic outcomes, namely, enhancement of the original catalytic activity, inhibition of this activity, or the occurrence of diverging reactivities within the same catalytic reaction mixture. These thiol effects have enabled us to achieve a series of unique transformations, such as thiol-accelerated base-free aqueous methanol reforming, controlled stereodivergent semihydrogenation of alkynes using thiol as a reversible catalyst inhibitor, and hydrogenative perdeuteration of C═C bonds without using D2, enabled by a combination of thiol-induced acceleration and inhibition. We have also successfully realized the unprecedented formation of thioesters through dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols and thiols, as well as the hydrogenation of organosulfur compounds, wherein the cooperative thiol serves as a reactant or product. In this Account, we present an overview of the TCL concept and its various applications using thiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Molecular Chemistry
and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Michael Montag
- Department of Molecular Chemistry
and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Molecular Chemistry
and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sarker RK, Zargarian D. Reactions of cyclonickelated complexes with hydroxylamines and TEMPO˙: isolation of new TEMPOH adducts of Ni(II) and their reactivities with nucleophiles and oxidants. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10208-10219. [PMID: 38826045 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00605d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
This contribution describes a study on the reactivities of the complexes [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-Ar}Ni(μ-Br)]2, 1a-d (Ar: C6H4, a; 3-Cl-C6H3, b; 3-OMe-C6H3, c; 4-OMe-napthalenyl, d), with hydroxylamines in the presence of TEMPO˙ (TEMPO˙ = (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-yl)oxyl). The results of this study showed that treating 1a-d with a mixture of Et2NOH and TEMPO˙ did not afford the desired oxidation-induced functionalization of the Ni-aryl moiety in 1a-d, giving instead the corresponding κO-TEMPOH adducts [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-Ar}Ni(Br)(κO-TEMPOH)], 3a-d (TEMPOH = N-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine). The TEMPOH moiety in these zwitterionic compounds 3 can be displaced by a large excess of acetonitrile (MeCN), 10 equiv. of morpholine, or 1-2 equivalents of imidazole. Although these reactions have given the authenticated products [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-C6H4}Ni(Br)(NCMe)], 4a, [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-C6H4}Ni(Br)(morpholine)], 5a, and [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-C6H4}Ni(imidazole)2]Br, 6a, a few other products were also detected by NMR, indicating that the observed reactivities are far more complex than simple substitution of the TEMPOH moiety. Similarly, treating 3a with AgOC(O)CF3 results in the isolation of [{κP,κC-(i-Pr)2PO-C6H4}Ni{OC(O)CF3}(κO-TEMPOH)], 7a, arising from the substitution of the bromo ligand, whereas spectroscopic evidence suggests further reactivity, possibly including displacement of TEMPOH and oxidative decomposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajib K Sarker
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Davit Zargarian
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Konwar M, Hazarika N, Sarmah BK, Das A. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Annulation of Imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-iums Salts and Internal Alkynes via C-H Bond Activation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401133. [PMID: 38593238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II)-catalyzed synthesis of π-conjugated fused imidazo[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium derivatives have been achieved via C-H activation of quinoline-functionalized NHC (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene) and oxidative coupling with internal alkynes. The reaction occurred with high efficiency, broad substrate scope, tolerates a wide range of functional groups and utilized into a gram-scale. Synthetic applications of the coupled product have been exemplified in the late-stage derivatization of various highly functionalized scaffolds. Moreover, most of the annulated products exhibit intense fluorescence and have potential applications in optoelectronic devices. Mechanistic studies have provided insights into the spectroscopic characterization of key five-membered ruthenacycle intermediate and Ru(0) sandwich species. Based on several control experiments, deuterium-kinetic isotope effect, and thermodynamic activation parameters the mechanistic finding demonstrated that fused imidazo-[1,5-a]quinolin-2-ium C(2)-H bond cleavage is the rate-determining step and ruling out the possibility of reductive elimination for controlling the rate of reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monuranjan Konwar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nitumoni Hazarika
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Bikash Kumar Sarmah
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
- Department of Chemistry, Sonari College, Charaideo, 785690, Assam, India
| | - Animesh Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fogos WF, Lessa MD, de Carvalho da Silva F, de Carneiro JWM. Mechanistic insights into C(sp 2)-H activation in 1-Phenyl-4-vinyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives: a theoretical study with palladium acetate catalyst. J Mol Model 2024; 30:183. [PMID: 38782773 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05987-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT The activation of C-H bonds is a fundamental process in synthetic organic chemistry, which enables their replacement by highly reactive functional groups. Coordination compounds serve as effective catalysts for this purpose, as they facilitate chemical transformations by interacting with C-H bonds. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of activation of this type of bond lays the foundation for the development of efficient protocols for cross-coupling reactions. We explored the activation of C(sp2)-H bonds in 1-Phenyl-4-vinyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole derivatives with CH3, OCH3, and NO2 substituents in the para position of the phenyl ring, using palladium acetate as catalyst. The studied reaction is the first step for subsequent conjugation of the triazoles with naphthoquinones in a Heck-type reaction to create a C-C bond. The basic nitrogen atoms of the 1,2,3-triazole coordinate preferentially with the cationic palladium center to form an activated species. A concerted proton transfer from the terminal vinyl carbon to one of the acetate ligands with low activation energy is the main step for the C(sp2)-H activation. This study offers significant mechanistic insights for enhancing the effectiveness of C(sp2)-H activation protocols in organic synthesis. METHODS All calculations were performed using the Gaussian 09 software package and density functional theory (DFT). The structures of all reaction path components were fully optimized using the CAM-B3LYP functional with the Def2-SVP basis set. The optimized geometries were analyzed by computing the second-order Hessian matrix to confirm that the corresponding minimum or transition state was located. To account for solvent effects, the Polarizable Continuum Model of the Integral Equation Formalism (IEFPCM) with water as the solvent was used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wagner F Fogos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.
| | - Milena D Lessa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Carvalho da Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro de São João Batista-, Niterói, RJ, 24020-141, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhou HY, Dong L. Synthesis of acridones via Ir(III)-catalyzed amination annulation of oxazoles with anthranils. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4036-4040. [PMID: 38698770 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
An unprecedented Ir(III)-catalyzed C-H activation/amination/annulation of 2-phenyloxazoles with anthranils for the highly selective preparation of acridone derivatives in one-pot under controlled conditions is reported. This protocol is characterized by atom economy and high regioselectivity. A wide range of anthranils with 2-phenyloxazoles were well tolerated and afforded the desired products in moderate to good yields, in which the anthranil serves as a convenient amination reagent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li K, Dong S, Li SL, Chen Z, Yin G. Pd(II)/LA-catalyzed acetanilide olefination with dioxygen. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4089-4095. [PMID: 38695080 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00468j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed aromatic olefination through direct C-H activation represents an atom and step-economic route for versatile pharmaceutical syntheses, and in many cases, different stoichiometric oxidants are frequently employed for achieving a reasonable catalytic efficiency of the transition metal ions. Herein, we report a Lewis acid promoted Pd(II)-catalyzed acetanilide olefination reaction with atmospheric dioxygen as the oxidant source. The linkage of the Lewis acid to the Pd(II) species through a diacetate bridge significantly improved its catalytic efficiency, and independent kinetic studies on the olefination step revealed that adding the Lewis acid significantly accelerated the olefination rate as well as the C-H activation step. A strong basicity of the internal base in the Pd(II) salt also benefited the olefination reaction plausibly through base-assisted β-hydride elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Shuangfeng Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Shuang-Long Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuqi Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| | - Guochuan Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ojea V, Ruiz M. DLPNO-CCSD(T) and DFT study of the acetate-assisted C-H activation of benzaldimine at [RuCl 2( p-cymene)] 2: the relevance of ligand exchange processes at ruthenium(II) complexes in polar protic media. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8662-8679. [PMID: 38695752 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00380b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
To gain mechanistic insights into the acetate-assisted cyclometallations of arylimines promoted by [RuCl2(p-cymene)]2 in polar protic media, DFT geometry optimizations (with M06 and ωB97X-D3 functionals and the cc-pVDZ-PP[Ru] basis set) followed by DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS energy evaluations were performed using benzaldimine as a model substrate and methanol as the solvent (with CPCM or SMD models). The calculation results show that coordination of the imine to an acetate ruthenium precursor is followed by anion (chloride or acetate) dissociation as the rate-determining step of the process. H-Bonding of two explicit MeOH to the anion reduces the calculated activation energy to ca. 23 kcal mol-1, in good agreement with the experimental half-life at room temperature. Subsequent AMLA/CMD C-H activation of the intermediate cationic complexes is a faster, reversible process. Alternative reaction pathways involving neutral diacetate ruthenium complexes offer AMLA/CMD transition state structures of lower energy but are precluded due to higher energy barriers for the initial ligand exchange processes at ruthenium. Solvent assistance accelerates the final chloride/acetate exchange processes on the cycloruthenate intermediates, particularly when compression in the condensed phase is taken into consideration. The performance of six DFT functionals (with the aug-pVTZ-PP[Ru] basis set) was assessed using the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/CBS reference energies. Neutral diacetate ruthenium complexes were incorrectly predicted as being kinetically relevant when using hybrid DFT methods (PBE0-D3(BJ), M06-2X or ωB97M-V). Good agreement between the calculated barrier heights and our benchmark energy results was obtained by using double-hybrid DFT methods. PWPB95 with D3(BJ) or D4 dispersion energy corrections was found to be the most accurate (ΔG≠ MUE of ca. 1 kcal mol-1). This study may aid our understanding of and help with further experimental investigations of synthetically useful carboxylate-assisted C-H bond functionalizations involving (N,C)-cyclometallated (p-cymene)Ru(II) intermediate complexes in sustainable polar protic solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Ojea
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, E-15078 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - María Ruiz
- Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, E-15078 A Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen B, Pan B, He X, Jiang L, Chan ASC, Qiu L. Access to chiral dihydrophenanthridines via a palladium(0)-catalyzed Suzuki coupling and C-H arylation cascade reaction using new chiral-bridged biphenyl bifunctional ligands. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6884-6890. [PMID: 38725491 PMCID: PMC11077526 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00621f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A class of chiral-bridged biphenyl phosphine-carboxylate bifunctional ligands CB-Phos has been developed and successfully applied to Pd(0)-catalyzed single enantioselective C-H arylation and a one pot cascade reaction involving Suzuki cross-coupling and C-H arylation. The catalytic system provides a new and convenient way for the synthesis of versatile chiral dihydrophenanthridines with rich structures and broad functional group tolerance. Good to excellent yields with high enantioselectivities were generally achieved. The reaction mechanism of the cascade reaction was also preliminarily discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Bendu Pan
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo He
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Long Jiang
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Albert S C Chan
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Liqin Qiu
- School of Chemistry, IGCME, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ballico M, Alessi D, Aneggi E, Busato M, Zuccaccia D, Allegri L, Damante G, Jandl C, Baratta W. Cyclometalated and NNN Terpyridine Ruthenium Photocatalysts and Their Cytotoxic Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:2146. [PMID: 38731639 PMCID: PMC11085208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cyclometalated terpyridine complexes [Ru(η2-OAc)(NC-tpy)(PP)] (PP = dppb 1, (R,R)-Skewphos 4, (S,S)-Skewphos 5) are easily obtained from the acetate derivatives [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PP)] (PP = dppb, (R,R)-Skewphos 2, (S,S)-Skewphos 3) and tpy in methanol by elimination of AcOH. The precursors 2, 3 are prepared from [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PPh3)2] and Skewphos in cyclohexane. Conversely, the NNN complexes [Ru(η1-OAc)(NNN-tpy)(PP)]OAc (PP = (R,R)-Skewphos 6, (S,S)-Skewphos 7) are synthesized in a one pot reaction from [Ru(η2-OAc)2(PPh3)2], PP and tpy in methanol. The neutral NC-tpy 1, 4, 5 and cationic NNN-tpy 6, 7 complexes catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone (S/C = 1000) in 2-propanol with NaOiPr under light irradiation at 30 °C. Formation of (S)-1-phenylethanol has been observed with 4, 6 in a MeOH/iPrOH mixture, whereas the R-enantiomer is obtained with 5, 7 (50-52% ee). The tpy complexes show cytotoxic activity against the anaplastic thyroid cancer 8505C and SW1736 cell lines (ED50 = 0.31-8.53 µM), with the cationic 7 displaying an ED50 of 0.31 µM, four times lower compared to the enantiomer 6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Ballico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dario Alessi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Eleonora Aneggi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Marta Busato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Daniele Zuccaccia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Lorenzo Allegri
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Istituto di Genetica Medica, Università di Udine, Via Chiusaforte, F3, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (L.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Dipartimento di Medicina, Istituto di Genetica Medica, Università di Udine, Via Chiusaforte, F3, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (L.A.); (G.D.)
| | - Christian Jandl
- Department of Chemistry & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer-Str. 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany;
| | - Walter Baratta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, Università di Udine, Via Cotonificio 108, I-33100 Udine, Italy; (D.A.); (E.A.); (M.B.); (D.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Thakur R, Paul K. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed Sequential C-H/N-H Alkene Annulation Cascade of Phenanthroimidazoles: Synthesis and Photophysical Studies. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6016-6026. [PMID: 38625682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We report ruthenium(II)-catalyzed sequential C-H/N-H alkenylation cascade of phenanthroimidazole and alkenes to form novel phenanthroimidazoisoindol acrylates via dual C-H activation and aza-Michael reaction. The two nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring act as directing groups for regioselective dual sequential ortho C-H activation. These polycyclic N-heterocycles were evaluated for their photophysical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| | - Kamaldeep Paul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Li X, Liu J, Song R, Luo X, Luo H. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Switchable β-C(sp 2)-H Alkenylation and Alkylation of Acyclic Enamides with Allyl Alcohols. Org Lett 2024; 26:3673-3678. [PMID: 38639408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, rhodium(III)-catalyzed β-C(sp2)-H alkenylation and alkylation of enamides are presented using readily accessible allylic alcohols by switching the reaction conditions. This tunable transformation has been applied to a wide range of substrates and typically proceeded with excellent regioselectivity and stereoselectivity as well as with good functional group tolerance. The catalytic system offers an efficient approach for synthesizing various functionalized enamides bearing N-(2Z,4E)-butadiene and (Z)-β-C(sp2)-H alkylated enamides. In addition, mechanistic experiments suggest that Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation is not related to the critical step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ruixin Song
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xuzhong Luo
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, China
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Haiqing Luo
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kunz S, Barnå F, Urrutia MP, Ingner FJL, Martínez-Topete A, Orthaber A, Gates PJ, Pilarski LT, Dyrager C. Derivatization of 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole via Regioselective C-H Functionalization and Aryne Reactivity. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6138-6148. [PMID: 38648018 PMCID: PMC11077497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Despite growing interest in 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) as an integral component of many functional molecules, methods for the functionalization of its benzenoid ring have remained limited, and many even simply decorated BTDs have required de novo synthesis. We show that regioselective Ir-catalyzed C-H borylation allows access to versatile 5-boryl or 4,6-diboryl BTD building blocks, which undergo functionalization at the C4, C5, C6, and C7 positions. The optimization and regioselectivity of C-H borylation are discussed. A broad reaction scope is presented, encompassing ipso substitution at the C-B bond, the first examples of ortho-directed C-H functionalization of BTD, ring closing reactions to generate fused ring systems, as well as the generation and capture reactions of novel BTD-based heteroarynes. The regioselectivity of the latter is discussed with reference to the Aryne Distortion Model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Kunz
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Barnå
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Orthaber
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 75120, Sweden
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Clifton, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Lukasz T. Pilarski
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Christine Dyrager
- Department
of Chemistry—BMC, Uppsala University, Box 576, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Larghi EL, Bracca ABJ, Simonetti SO, Kaufman TS. Relevant Developments in the Use of Three-Component Reactions for the Total Synthesis of Natural Products. The last 15 Years. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300306. [PMID: 38647363 PMCID: PMC11095226 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) offer a highly useful and valuable strategy that can fulfill an important role in synthesizing complex polysubstituted compounds, by simplifying otherwise long sequences and increasing their efficiency. The total synthesis of selected natural products employing three-component reactions as their common strategic MCR approach, is reviewed on a case-by-case basis with selected targets conquered during the last 15 years. The revision includes detailed descriptions of the selected successful sequences; relevant information on the isolation, and bioactivity of the different natural targets is also briefly provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique L. Larghi
- Instituto de Química Rosario IQUIR (CONICET-UNR)Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 5312000RosarioArgentina
| | - Andrea B. J. Bracca
- Instituto de Química Rosario IQUIR (CONICET-UNR)Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 5312000RosarioArgentina
| | - Sebastian O. Simonetti
- Instituto de Química Rosario IQUIR (CONICET-UNR)Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 5312000RosarioArgentina
| | - Teodoro S. Kaufman
- Instituto de Química Rosario IQUIR (CONICET-UNR)Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y FarmacéuticasUniversidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR)Suipacha 5312000RosarioArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ghosh S, Koner M, Kunhiraman AA, Baidya M. Free Amine-Directed Redox Neutral Ruthenium(II) Catalysis toward Regioselective Synthesis of Heterobiaryls. Org Lett 2024; 26:2987-2992. [PMID: 38563803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A regioselective coupling of ortho-heteroaryl anilines and 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes has been developed by leveraging free amine-directed redox-neutral Ru(II) catalysis. This protocol facilitates formal C-2 arylation of the indole moiety under mild conditions to offer valuable heterobiaryls in high yields. The reaction displays a broad substrate generality and scalability and retains efficacy in the presence of diverse pharmacophore scaffolds. Moreover, products bearing a free amine group were successfully employed in Mg(NTf2)2-catalyzed double Michael addition cascade, which led to the synthesis of intricate indole- and pyrrole-fused azaheterocycles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mainak Koner
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anusree A Kunhiraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahiuddin Baidya
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600 036, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Das S, Buschermöhle J, Zant DW, Schmidtmann M, van der Vlugt JI. Selective Manipulation of Well-Defined Trinuclear Pd(II)-Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400044. [PMID: 38334955 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Several strategies are available to design well-defined multimetallic molecular entities bearing functional ligands. Substoichiometric exchange reactions in the coordination sphere of pre-existing multinuclear precursors are relatively underexploited in this context. Palladium(II) acetate is not a mononuclear compound in the solid state but rather exists as a trimer, i. e. [Pd3(OAc)6]. Although this material is ubiquitously used to synthesize mononuclear Pd species, it may principally also lend itself to selective exchange of some of the edge-sharing acetate units in its triangular motif, whilst keeping the overall multinuclear architecture intact. Strikingly, little is known about the controlled manipulation and substoichiometric substitution chemistry of this well-defined conglomerate. We herein conclusively demonstrate that, for the first time, the targeted exchange of two or four acetate units from the Pd3(acetate)6 platform is possible, thereby installing either one or two new tridentate ligands onto this trinuclear architecture. Follow-up exchange and substitution chemistry is available without disrupting the multimetallic nature of the core structure. New complexes 2-7 are all conclusively characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis and IR spectroscopy as well as X-ray diffraction analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siuli Das
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Julia Buschermöhle
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Dirk W Zant
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, the, Netherlands
| | - M Schmidtmann
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang G, Liu Y, Zhang X, Zong X, Zhang X, Zheng K, Qu D, An L, Qi X, Sun Z. Mechanistic Investigation into Single-Electron Oxidative Addition of Single-Atom Cu(I)-N 4 Site: Revealing the Cu(I)-Cu(II)-Cu(I) Catalytic Cycle in Photochemical Hydrophosphinylation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8668-8676. [PMID: 38498937 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the valency and structural variations of metal centers during reactions is important for mechanistic studies of single-atom catalysis, which could be beneficial for optimizing reactions and designing new protocols. Herein, we precisely developed a single-atom Cu(I)-N4 site catalyst via a photoinduced ligand exchange (PILE) strategy. The low-valent and electron-rich copper species could catalyze hydrophosphinylation via a novel single-electron oxidative addition (OA) pathway under light irradiation, which could considerably decrease the energy barrier compared with the well-known hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single electron transfer (SET) processes. The Cu(I)-Cu(II)-Cu(I) catalytic cycle, via single-electron oxidative addition and photoreduction, has been proven by multiple in situ or operando techniques. This catalytic system demonstrates high efficiency and requires room temperature conditions and no additives, which improves the turnover frequency (TOF) to 1507 h-1. In particular, this unique mechanism has broken through the substrate limitation and shows a broad scope for different electronic effects of alkenes and alkynes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yichang Liu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xupeng Zong
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Microstructure and Property of Solids, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dan Qu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Li An
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tan L, Pan Y, Zeng QY, Wang ZY, Xu H, Dai HX. Palladium-Catalyzed Directed Carbon-Carbon Bond Activation of Aryl Nitriles for Cyano Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:2260-2265. [PMID: 38452482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the C-H cyanation of indoles via a palladium-catalyzed directed C-CN activation reaction using aryl nitrile as a cyano source. The employment of the phenoxy-oriented group is the key to the cleavage of the C-CN bond. This protocol features a broad substrate scope, good efficiency, and high regioselectivity. Furthermore, the practical application of this protocol was showcased in the late-stage functionalization and synthesis of indole derivatives, which were derived from drugs and natural products, through the process of cyanation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- School of Chinese Materia Media, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Ying Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xiong Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
- School of Chinese Materia Media, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chai Z. Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Strategies for C(sp 3 )-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316444. [PMID: 38225893 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Activation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds is extremely attractive but remains a great challenge. Heterogeneous photocatalysis offers a promising and sustainable approach for C(sp3 )-H activation and has been fast developing in the past decade. This Minireview focuses on mechanism and strategies for heterogeneous photocatalytic C(sp3 )-H activation. After introducing mechanistic insights, heterogeneous photocatalytic strategies for C(sp3 )-H activation including precise design of active sites, regulation of reactive radical species, improving charge separation and reactor innovations are discussed. In addition, recent advances in C(sp3 )-H activation of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines and amides by heterogeneous photocatalysis are summarized. Lastly, challenges and opportunities are outlined to encourage more efforts for the development of this exciting and promising field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Unveiling Mechanistic Complexity in Manganese-Catalyzed C-H Bond Functionalization Using IR Spectroscopy Over 16 Orders of Magnitude in Time. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:919-932. [PMID: 38412502 PMCID: PMC10956383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAn understanding of the mechanistic processes that underpin reactions catalyzed by 3d transition metals is vital for their development as potential replacements for scarce platinum group metals. However, this is a significant challenge because of the tendency of 3d metals to undergo mechanistically diverse pathways when compared with their heavier congeners, often as a consequence of one-electron transfer reactions and/or intrinsically weaker metal-ligand bonds. We have developed and implemented a new methodology to illuminate the pathways that underpin C-H bond functionalization pathways in reactions catalyzed by Mn-carbonyl compounds. By integrating measurements performed on catalytic reactions with in situ reaction monitoring and state-of-the-art ultrafast spectroscopic methods, unique insight into the mode of action and fate of the catalyst have been obtained.Using a combination of time-resolved spectroscopy and in situ low-temperature NMR studies, we have shown that photolysis of manganese-carbonyl precatalysts results in rapid (<5 ps) CO dissociation─the same process that occurs under thermal catalytic conditions. This enabled the detection of the key states relevant to catalysis, including solvent and alkyne complexes and their resulting transformation into manganacycles, which results from a migratory insertion reaction into the Mn-C bond. By systematic variation of the substrates (many of which are real-world structurally diverse substrates and not simple benchmark systems) and quantification of the resulting rate constants for the insertion step, a universal model for this migratory insertion process has been developed. The time-resolved spectroscopic method gave insight into fundamental mechanistic pathways underpinning other aspects of modern synthetic chemistry. The most notable was the first direct experimental observation of the concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism through which carboxylate groups are able to mediate C-H bond activation at a metal center. This step underpins a host of important synthetic applications. This study demonstrated how the time-resolved multiple probe spectroscopy (TRMPS) method enables the observation of mechanistic process occurring on time scales from several picoseconds through to μs in a single experiment, thereby allowing the sequential observation of solvation, ligand substitution, migratory insertion, and ultimate protonation of a Mn-C bond.These studies have been complemented by an investigation of the "in reaction flask" catalyst behavior, which has provided additional insight into new pathways for precatalyst activation, including evidence that alkyne C-H bond activation may occur before heterocycle activation. Crucial insight into the fate of the catalyst species showed that excess water played a key role in deactivation to give higher-order hydroxyl-bridged manganese carbonyl clusters, which were independently found to be inactive. Traditional in situ IR and NMR spectroscopic analysis on the second time scale bridges the gap to the analysis of real catalytic reaction systems. As a whole, this work has provided unprecedented insight into the processes underpinning manganese-catalyzed reactions spanning 16 orders of magnitude in time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tokura Y, Xu S, Yasui K, Nishii Y, Hirano K. Pd-catalysed C-H alkynylation of benzophospholes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2792-2795. [PMID: 38362673 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05994d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
A palladium-catalysed C2-H alkynylation of benzophospholes with alkynyl bromides has been developed to afford the corresponding phosphole-alkyne conjugations in good to high yields. The C-C triple bond as well as terminal alkyne C-H bond in the obtained products is a good synthetic handle for further manipulations, thus giving the versatile π-conjugated benzophosphole derivatives. The optoelectronic properties of the newly synthesized conjugated benzophospholes are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tokura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shibo Xu
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Yasui
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ren Y, Mo L, Wang Y, Yu L, Yin M, Xiong Z, Teng F, He Y. Modular Synthesis of 1,2-Benzothiazines and 1,2-Benzothiazine 1-Imines via Palladium-Catalyzed C-H/C-C Activation Reactions. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3345-3358. [PMID: 38372225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a modular approach toward cyclic sulfoximines and sulfondiimines via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular C-H/C-C activation reactions was reported. Various 1,2-benzothiazines including bicyclic, tricyclic, highly fused ones, ones of the seven-membered ring, along with 1,2-benzothiazine 1-imines were accessed in good yields. KIE experiment demonstrated that the C-H bond cleavage at the position ortho to the sulfoximine group is not the rate-determining step in the coupling reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ren
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Lisha Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Yali Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Limin Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Minhai Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Xiong
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, P. R. China
| | - Fan Teng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
| | - Yimiao He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dalal A, Bodak S, Babu SA. Picolinamide-assisted ortho-C-H functionalization of pyrenylglycine derivatives using aryl iodides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1279-1298. [PMID: 38258893 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01731a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Chemical transformations involving the pyrenylglycine motif (an unnatural amino acid) and practical methods toward it are seldom known. This work aimed at developing a method for synthesizing novel pyrenylglycine (pyrene-based glycine) unnatural amino acid derivatives. To realize this, initially, a new pyrenylglycine substrate possessing the picolinamide moiety was assembled via the Ugi multicomponent reaction. The picolinamide moiety linked to amine substrates is a well-known bidentate directing group for accomplishing the site-selective γ-C-H functionalization of amines. Subsequently, it was aimed at using a Pd(II)-catalyzed bidentate directing group-aided γ-C-H arylation strategy for generating a wide range of unprecedented examples of C(2)-H arylated pyrenylglycines. Accordingly, pyrenylglycine possessing the picolinamide moiety was subjected to Pd(II)-catalyzed C(2)-H arylation in the non-K-region to afford a library of C(2)-arylated pyrenylglycines (π-extended pyrenes). Additionally, pyrenylglycine-based small peptides were assembled using C(2)-arylated pyrenylglycines. The X-ray structure of a representative compound was obtained, which corroborated the structure of pyrenylglycine and the regioselectivity of C(2)-H arylation of the pyrene in the non-K-region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Dalal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Subhankar Bodak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| | - Srinivasarao Arulananda Babu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Manauli P.O., Punjab, 140306, India.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang T, Zhang C, Lu X, Peng C, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Zhong G, Zhang J. Synthesis of silyl indenes by ruthenium-catalyzed aldehyde- and acylsilane-enabled C-H alkylation/cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:466-471. [PMID: 38099332 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01699d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A ruthenium-catalyzed C-H alkylation/cyclization sequence is presented to prepare silyl indenes with atom and step-economy. This domino reaction is triggered by acyl silane-directed C-H activation, and an aldehyde controlled the following enol cyclization/condensation other than β-H elimination. The protocol tolerates a broad substitution pattern, and the further synthetic elaboration of silyl indenes allows access to a diverse range of interesting indene and indanone derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiunan Lu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chengxing Peng
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yawei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiong Zhu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24, Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Guofu Zhong
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Ningbo 315200, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pipaón Fernández N, Cruise O, Easton SEF, Kaplan JM, Woodard JL, Hruszkewycz DP, Leitch DC. Direct Heterocycle C-H Alkenylation via Dual Catalysis Using a Palladacycle Precatalyst: Multifactor Optimization and Scope Exploration Enabled by High-Throughput Experimentation. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38206166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in developing catalytic methods for C-C bond formation is the identification of generally applicable reaction conditions, particularly if multiple substrate structural classes are involved. Pd-catalyzed direct arylation reactions are powerful transformations that enable direct functionalization of C-H bonds; however, the corresponding direct alkenylation reactions, using vinyl (pseudo) halide electrophiles, are less well developed. Inspired by process development efforts toward GSK3368715, an investigational active pharmaceutical ingredient, we report that a Pd(II) palladacycle derived from tri-tert-butylphosphine and Pd(OAc)2 is an effective single-component precatalyst for a variety of direct alkenylation reactions. High-throughput experimentation identified optimal solvent/base combinations for a variety of HetAr-H substrate classes undergoing C-H activation without the need for cocatalysts or stoichiometric silver bases (e.g., Ag2CO3). We propose this reaction proceeds via a dual cooperative catalytic mechanism, where in situ-generated Pd(0) supports a canonical Pd(0)/(II) cross-coupling cycle and the palladacycle effects C-H activation via CMD in a redox-neutral cycle. In all, 192 substrate combinations were tested with a hit rate of approximately 40% and 24 isolated examples. Importantly, this method was applied to prepare a key intermediate in the synthesis of GSK3368715 on multigram scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahiane Pipaón Fernández
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road., Victoria, Briish Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Odhran Cruise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road., Victoria, Briish Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Sarah E F Easton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road., Victoria, Briish Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Justin M Kaplan
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - John L Woodard
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Damian P Hruszkewycz
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - David C Leitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road., Victoria, Briish Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen L, Zhang M, Liu M, Liu Z, Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Yu F, Huang J. Rh(III)-catalyzed selective mono- and dual-functionalization/cyclization of 1-aryl-5-aminopyrazoles with iodonium ylides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:432-435. [PMID: 38086626 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05266d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
An efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed selective mono- and dual-C-H bond functionalization/cyclization with iodonium ylide as a single coupling partner was demonstrated, in which fused benzodiazepine skeletons were obtained in excellent yields. This method greatly improved an effective approach to dual C-H unsymmetrical functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longkun Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Mingshuai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Meichen Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Zhuoyuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Yuetong Qiu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Zhilai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Fuchao Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming, University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China.
| | - Jiuzhong Huang
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases of Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Li H, Lu Y, Xu N, Jin X, Chen T, Yu J, Liu J. Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed C-H Cascade Annulation of Arylhydrazines with 2-Diazo-1,3-indandiones for the Synthesis of Tetracyclic Indeno[1,2- b]indoles. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38176055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
An efficient approach for the preparation of tetracyclic indeno[1,2-b]indoles via Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H cascade annulation between arylhydrazines and diazo indan-1,3-diones has been established. In addition, a series of indeno[1,2-b]indoles were obtained in up to 96% yield with a wide range of substrates and high functional group tolerance. Finally, the diverse transformations of the desired products demonstrate the synthetic utility and utilization of this protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Ye Lu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Xinxin Jin
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jinglin Liu
- Innovation Team of Optical Functional Molecular Devices, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory for the Natural Products Chemistry and Functional Molecular Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ibáñez-Ibáñez L, Mollar-Cuni A, Apaloo-Messan E, Sharma AK, Mata JA, Maseras F, Vicent C. Ion mobility mass spectrometry uncovers regioselectivity in the carboxylate-assisted C-H activation of palladium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:656-665. [PMID: 38073605 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02793g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylate-assisted Pd-catalyzed C-H bond activation constitutes a mild and versatile synthetic tool to efficiently and selectively cleave inert C-H bonds. Herein, we demonstrate a simple method to experimentally evaluate both reactivity and selectivity in such systems using mass spectrometry (MS) methods. The N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) cations [(NHC)PdX]+, bearing as X- ligand bases commonly used to promote the C-H activation (carboxylates and bicarbonate), are generated in the gas-phase by ESI-MS. Their C-H bond activation at the N-bound groups of the NHC is then studied using Collision Induced Dissociation (CID) experiments. Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IM)-MS is exploited to identify a number of regioisomers associated with the distinctive site selective C-H activations. It is demonstrated that such C-H activation concomitant with acetic acid release occurs from a mixture of activated [(NHC-H)Pd(CH3CO2H)]+ and non-activated [(NHC)Pd(CH3CO2)]+ complexes. The identity of the X-type ligands (X = Cl-, carboxylates and bicarbonate) has a significant impact on the regioisomer branching ratio upon CID conditions. IM-MS in conjunction with a DFT mechanistic study is presented for the acetate-assisted C-H activation of the [(NHC)Pd(CH3CO2)]+ cation featuring butyl and aryl as N-donor groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ibáñez-Ibáñez
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Andres Mollar-Cuni
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Edmond Apaloo-Messan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Akhilesh K Sharma
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Jose A Mata
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM), Net of organometallic chemistry for sustainable solutions (OASIS), Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Feliu Maseras
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avgda. Països Catalans, 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Cristian Vicent
- Serveis Centrals d'Instrumentació Científica (SCIC). Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, 12071, Castellón, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bai PB, Durie A, Wang GW, Larrosa I. Unlocking regioselective meta-alkylation with epoxides and oxetanes via dynamic kinetic catalyst control. Nat Commun 2024; 15:31. [PMID: 38167324 PMCID: PMC10761682 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Regioselective arene C-H bond alkylation is a powerful tool in synthetic chemistry, yet subject to many challenges. Herein, we report the meta-C-H bond alkylation of aromatics bearing N-directing groups using (hetero)aromatic epoxides as alkylating agents. This method results in complete regioselectivity on both the arene as well as the epoxide coupling partners, cleaving exclusively the benzylic C-O bond. Oxetanes, which are normally unreactive, also participate as alkylating reagents under the reaction conditions. Our mechanistic studies reveal an unexpected reversible epoxide ring opening process undergoing catalyst-controlled regioselection, as key for the observed high regioselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Bo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Alastair Durie
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gang-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Igor Larrosa
- School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|