1
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McCutcheon JN, Clabo DA. An atoms-in-molecules characterization of the nature of the OO bond in peroxides and nitroxide dimers. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:1278-1290. [PMID: 36732939 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) method is used to examine the OO bond in peroxides (RO-OR) and nitroxide dimers (R2 NO-ONR2 ), including Fremy's salt. The electron density (ρ), electron kinetic energy density [K(ρ)], and Laplacian of the electron density (∇2 ρ) at bond critical points characterize the nature of the OO bond. The data distinguish OO bonding of two kinds. Large values of ρ and positive ∇2 ρ and K(ρ) suggest that simple peroxides have charge-shift bonds. Nitroxide dimers, with smaller ρ, positive ∇2 ρ, and near-zero K(ρ), show a lack of shared electron density, suggesting there is no conventional OO bonding in these molecules. QTAIM analysis at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level of theory gives results in agreement with valence-bond theory and X-ray diffraction characterizations of peroxide OO bonds as charge-shift bonds. In contrast, CCSD/cc-pVDZ calculations fail to agree with previous results because of an insufficient, single-determinant treatment of the charge-shift bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N McCutcheon
- Department of Chemistry, Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina, USA
| | - D Allen Clabo
- Department of Chemistry, Francis Marion University, Florence, South Carolina, USA
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2
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Frenking G. Heretical thoughts about the present understanding and description of the chemical bond*. Mol Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2022.2110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Frenking
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Spain
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Hiberty PC. On The Nature of the Chemical Bond in Valence Bond Theory. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:090901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0095953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective outlines a panoramic description of the nature of the chemical bond according to valence bond theory. It describes single bonds, and charge-shift bonds (CSBs) in which the entire/most of the bond energy arises from the resonance between the covalent and ionic structures of the bond. Many CSBs are homonuclear bonds. Hypervalent molecules are CSBs. Then we describe multiply bonded molecules with emphasis on C2 and 3O2. The perspective outlines an effective methodology of peeling the electronic structure to the necessary minimum: a structure with a quadruple bond, and two minor structures with double bonds, which stabilize the quadruple bond by resonance. 3O2 is chosen because it is a persistent diradical. The persistence of 3O2 is due to the large CSB resonance interaction of the π-3-electron bonds. Subsequently, we describe the roles of π vs. σ in the geometric preferences in unsaturated molecules, and their Si-based analogs. Then, the perspective discusses bonding in clusters of univalent metal-atoms, which possess only parallel spins, and are nevertheless bonded due to multiple resonance interactions. The bond energy reaches ~40 kcal/mol for a pair of atoms (in n+1Cun; n~10-12). The final subsection discusses singlet excited states in ethene, ozone and SO2. It demonstrates the capability of the breathing-orbital VB method to yield an accurate description of a variety of excited states using 10 or less VB structures. Furthermore, the method underscores covalent structures which play a key role in the correct description and bonding of these excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry, Israel
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4
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Hagebaum-Reignier D, Racine J, Humbel S. Electronic densities and valence bond wave functions. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:204310. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Valence bond (VB) wave functions are studied from the density point of view. The density is plotted as a difference with the quasi-state built on the same orbitals. The densities of the components of the VB wave function are also shown. The breathing orbital effect leads to small modifications of the density. It is shown that while the densities of ionic and covalent components are the same, their coupling ends-up in modifications of the electronic density.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Racine
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - S. Humbel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2, Marseille, France
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5
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Zhang Y, Wu X, Su P, Wu W. Exploring the nature of electron-pair bonds: an energy decomposition analysis perspective. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:294004. [PMID: 35487208 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac6bd9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the nature of electron-pair bonds is explored from an energy decomposition perspective. The recently developed valence bond energy decomposition analysis (VB-EDA) scheme is extended for the classification of electron-pair bonds, which divides the bond dissociation energy into frozen, reference state switch, quasi-resonance and polarization terms. VB-EDA investigations are devoted to a series of electron-pair bonds, including the covalent bonds (H-H, H3C-CH3, H3C-H, and H2N-NH2), the ionic bonds (Na-Cl, Li-F), the charge-shift (CS) bonds (HO-OH, F-F, Cl-Cl, Br-Br, H-F, F-Cl, H3Si-F and H3Si-Cl), and the inverted central carbon-carbon bond in [1.1.1] propallene. It is shown that the VB-EDA approach at the VBSCF level is capable of predicting the characters of the electron-pair bonds. The perspective from VB-EDA illustrates that a relatively high value of quasi-resonance term indicates a CS bond while a large portion of polarization term suggests a classical covalent bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Peifeng Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, iChEM, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, People's Republic of China
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6
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Đorđević S, Radenković S, Shaik S, Braïda B. On the Nature of the Bonding in Coinage Metal Halides. Molecules 2022; 27:490. [PMID: 35056805 PMCID: PMC8780489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This article analyzes the nature of the chemical bond in coinage metal halides using high-level ab initio Valence Bond (VB) theory. It is shown that these bonds display a large Charge-Shift Bonding character, which is traced back to the large Pauli pressure arising from the interaction between the bond pair with the filled semicore d shell of the metal. The gold-halide bonds turn out to be pure Charge-Shift Bonds (CSBs), while the copper halides are polar-covalent bonds and silver halides borderline cases. Among the different halogens, the largest CSB character is found for fluorine, which experiences the largest Pauli pressure from its σ lone pair. Additionally, all these bonds display a secondary but non-negligible π bonding character, which is also quantified in the VB calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Slavko Radenković
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel; or
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Sorbonne Université, UMR7616 CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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7
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Pan S, Frenking G. A Critical Look at Linus Pauling's Influence on the Understanding of Chemical Bonding. Molecules 2021; 26:4695. [PMID: 34361846 PMCID: PMC8348226 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of Linus Pauling on the understanding of chemical bonding is critically examined. Pauling deserves credit for presenting a connection between the quantum theoretical description of chemical bonding and Gilbert Lewis's classical bonding model of localized electron pair bonds for a wide range of chemistry. Using the concept of resonance that he introduced, he was able to present a consistent description of chemical bonding for molecules, metals, and ionic crystals which was used by many chemists and subsequently found its way into chemistry textbooks. However, his one-sided restriction to the valence bond method and his rejection of the molecular orbital approach hindered further development of chemical bonding theory for a while and his close association of the heuristic Lewis binding model with the quantum chemical VB approach led to misleading ideas until today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Pan
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China;
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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8
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Chen H, Zhou A, Sun D, Zhao Y, Wang Y. Theoretical Investigation on the Elusive Reaction Mechanism of Spirooxindole Formation Mediated by Cytochrome P450s: A Nascent Feasible Charge-Shift C-O Bond Makes a Difference. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8419-8430. [PMID: 34313131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c04088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spirooxindoles are pivotal biofunctional groups widely distributed in natural products and clinic drugs. However, construction of such subtle chiral skeletons is a long-standing challenge to both organic and bioengineering scientists. The knowledge of enzymatic spirooxindole formation in nature may inspire rational design of new catalysts. To this end, we presented a theoretical investigation on the elusive mechanism of the spiro-ring formation at the 3-position of oxindole mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450). Our calculated results demonstrated that the electrophilic attack of CpdI, the active species of P450, to the substrate, shows regioselectivity, i.e., the attack at the C9 position forms a tetrahedral intermediate involving an unusual feasible charge-shift C9δ+-Oδ- bond, while the attack at the C1 position forms an epoxide intermediate. The predominant route is the first route with the charge-shift bonding intermediate due to holding a relatively lower barrier by >5 kcal mol-1 than the epoxide route, which fits the experimental observations. Such a delocalized charge-shift bond facilitates the formation of a spiro-ring mainly through elongation of the C1-C9 bond to eliminate the aromatization of the tricyclic beta-carboline. Our theoretical results shed profound mechanistic insights for the first time into the elusive spirooxindole formation mediated by P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Chen
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anran Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongru Sun
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China.,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe C. Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique CNRS UMR8000 Université de Paris-Sud Bat. 349 91405 Orsay Cédex France
| | - D. Danovich
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Sason Shaik
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Institute of Chemistry Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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10
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Havenith RWA, Cunha AV, Klein JEMN, Perolari F, Feng X. The electronic structure of carbones revealed: insights from valence bond theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:3327-3334. [PMID: 33501481 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05007e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we studied the OC-C bond in carbon suboxide and related allene compounds using the valence bond method. The nature of this bond has been the subject of debate, whether it is a regular, electron sharing bond or a dative bond. We compared the nature of this bond in carbon suboxide with the gold-CO bond in Au(CO)2+, which is a typical dative bond, and we studied its charge-shift bond character. We found that the C-CO bond in carbon suboxide is unique in the sense that it cannot be assigned as either a dative or electron sharing bond, but it is an admixture of electron sharing and dative components, together with a high contribution of ionic character. These findings provide a clear basis for distinguishing the commonly found dative bonds between ligands and transition metals and the present case of what may be described as coordinative bonding to carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remco W A Havenith
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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11
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von Szentpály L, Kaya S, Karakuş N. Why and When Is Electrophilicity Minimized? New Theorems and Guiding Rules. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10897-10908. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László von Szentpály
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Savaş Kaya
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Services Vocational School, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nihat Karakuş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
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12
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Joy J, Danovich D, Kaupp M, Shaik S. Covalent vs Charge-Shift Nature of the Metal-Metal Bond in Transition Metal Complexes: A Unified Understanding. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12277-12287. [PMID: 32571021 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present here a general conceptualization of the nature of metal-metal (M-M) bonding in transition-metal (TM) complexes across the periods of TM elements, by use of ab initio valence-bond theory. The calculations reveal a dual-trend: For M-M bonds in groups 7 and 9, the 3d-series forms charge-shift bonds (CSB), while upon moving down to the 5d-series, the bonds become gradually covalent. In contrast, M-M bonds of metals having filled d-orbitals (groups 11 and 12) behave oppositely; initially the M-M bond is covalent, but upon moving down the Periodic Table, the CSB character increases. These trends originate in the radial-distribution-functions of the atomic orbitals, which determine the compactness of the valence-orbitals vis-à-vis the filled semicore orbitals. Key factors that gauge this compactness are the presence/absence of a radial-node in the valence-orbital and relativistic contraction/expansion of the valence/semicore orbitals. Whenever these orbital-types are spatially coincident, the covalent bond-pairing is weakened by Pauli-repulsion with the semicore electrons, and CSB takes over. Thus, for groups 3-10, which possess (n - 1)s2(n - 1)p6 semicores, this spatial-coincidence is maximal at the 3d-transition-metals which consequently form charge-shift M-M bonds. However, in groups 11 and 12, the relativistic effects maximize spatial-coincidence in the third series, wherein the 5d10 core approaches the valence 6s orbital, and the respective Pauli repulsion generates M-M bonds with CSB character. These considerations create a generalized paradigm for M-M bonding in the transition-elements periods, and Pauli repulsion emerges as the factor that unifies CSB over the periods of main-group and transition elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothish Joy
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Institut für Chemie, Theoretische Chemie - Quantenchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. C7, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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13
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Gomez Pech C, Haase PAB, Sergentu DC, Borschevsky A, Pilmé J, Galland N, Maurice R. Quantum chemical topology at the spin-orbit configuration interaction level: Application to astatine compounds. J Comput Chem 2020; 41:2055-2065. [PMID: 32618362 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report a methodology that allows the investigation of the consequences of the spin-orbit coupling by means of the QTAIM and ELF topological analyses performed on top of relativistic and multiconfigurational wave functions. In practice, it relies on the "state-specific" natural orbitals (NOs; expressed in a Cartesian Gaussian-type orbital basis) and their occupation numbers (ONs) for the quantum state of interest, arising from a spin-orbit configuration interaction calculation. The ground states of astatine diatomic molecules (AtX with X = AtF) and trihalide anions (IAtI- , BrAtBr- , and IAtBr- ) are studied, at exact two-component relativistic coupled cluster geometries, revealing unusual topological properties as well as a significant role of the spin-orbit coupling on these. In essence, the presented methodology can also be applied to the ground and/or excited states of any compound, with controlled validity up to including elements with active 5d, 6p, and/or 5f shells, and potential limitations starting with active 6d, 7p, and/or 6f shells bearing strong spin-orbit couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gomez Pech
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Pi A B Haase
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dumitru-Claudiu Sergentu
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Anastasia Borschevsky
- Van Swinderen Institute for Particle Physics and Gravity, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Pilmé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique, Paris, France
| | | | - Rémi Maurice
- SUBATECH, UMR CNRS 6457, IN2P3/IMT Atlantique/Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
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14
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Chinaroj S, Iwamoto T. Switchable dual bonding nature in silabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes that exhibit bond stretch isomerism. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siwat Chinaroj
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceTohoku University Sendai Japan
| | - Takeaki Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry Graduate School of ScienceTohoku University Sendai Japan
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15
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Galbraith JM, Braïda B, Wu W, Hiberty PC. Charge‐Shift Bonding: A New and Unique Form of Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9190401 Jerusalem Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 9190401 Jerusalem Israel
| | - John Morrison Galbraith
- Department of Chemistry Biochemistry and Physics, Marist College 3399 North Road Poughkeepsie NY 12601 USA
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Theorique Sorbonne Universite, UMR7616 CNRS Paris 75252 France
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Philippe C. Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Bat. 349 Université de Paris-Sud 91405 Orsay Cédex France
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16
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Galbraith JM, Braïda B, Wu W, Hiberty PC. Charge-Shift Bonding: A New and Unique Form of Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:984-1001. [PMID: 31476104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Charge-shift bonds (CSBs) constitute a new class of bonds different than covalent/polar-covalent and ionic bonds. Bonding in CSBs does not arise from either the covalent or the ionic structures of the bond, but rather from the resonance interaction between the structures. This Essay describes the reasons why the CSB family was overlooked by valence-bond pioneers and then demonstrates that the unique status of CSBs is not theory-dependent. Thus, valence bond (VB), molecular orbital (MO), and energy decomposition analysis (EDA), as well as a variety of electron density theories all show the distinction of CSBs vis-à-vis covalent and ionic bonds. Furthermore, the covalent-ionic resonance energy can be quantified from experiment, and hence has the same essential status as resonance energies of organic molecules, e.g., benzene. The Essay ends by arguing that CSBs are a distinct family of bonding, with a potential to bring about a Renaissance in the mental map of the chemical bond, and to contribute to productive chemical diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - David Danovich
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - John Morrison Galbraith
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12601, USA
| | - Benoît Braïda
- Laboratoire de Chimie Theorique, Sorbonne Universite, UMR7616 CNRS, Paris, 75252, France
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, and Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Philippe C Hiberty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Bat. 349, Université de Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay Cédex, France
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17
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Zhao Y, Yu F, Wang C, Zhou Z. Simultaneous Formation of cis- and trans-CH3OCu(OH) Intermediates in Methane Activation by Cu in Solid Ar. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3237-3246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textiles Materials and Manufacture Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fan Yu
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textiles Materials and Manufacture Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textiles Materials and Manufacture Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhaoman Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Textiles Materials and Manufacture Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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18
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Casals-Sainz JL, Jiménez-Grávalos F, Francisco E, Martín Pendás A. Electron-pair bonding in real space. Is the charge-shift family supported? Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5071-5074. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02123j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Charge-shift bonding (CSB) has been introduced as a distinct third family of electron-pair links that adds to the covalent and ionic tradition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E. Francisco
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- Oviedo
- Spain
| | - A. Martín Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica
- Universidad de Oviedo
- Oviedo
- Spain
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von Szentpály L. Eliminating symmetry problems in electronegativity equalization and correcting self-interaction errors in conceptual DFT. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:1949-1969. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- László von Szentpály
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55; Stuttgart D-70569 Germany
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Chen P, Gershoni-Poranne R. Response to "Covalent Bonding and Charge Shift Bonds: Comment on 'The Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds in Ammonium Compounds Are Charge Shift Bonds'". Chemistry 2017; 23:18325-18329. [PMID: 29265564 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A response to the comment by Gernot Frenking, outlining common ground, as well as differences, with regard to a recent paper on charge-shift bonding in quaternary ammonium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Chen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
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Frenking G. Covalent Bonding and Charge Shift Bonds: Comment on "The Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds in Ammonium Compounds Are Charge Shift Bonds". Chemistry 2017; 23:18320-18324. [PMID: 29240256 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The paper by Gershoni-Poranne and Chen (R. Gershoni-Poranne, P. Chen, Chem. Eur. J. 2017, 23, 4659) gives an incorrect definition of covalent bonding. Furthermore, the assignment of so-called charge shift bonds in ammonium compounds has no physical foundation and is conceptually redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Frenking
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.,Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Spain.,Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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22
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The nature of bonding in metal-metal singly bonded coinage metal dimers: Cu 2 , Ag 2 and Au 2. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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James AM, Laconsay CJ, Galbraith JM. Charge-Shift Corrected Electronegativities and the Effect of Bond Polarity and Substituents on Covalent-Ionic Resonance Energy. J Phys Chem A 2017. [PMID: 28636364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bond dissociation energies and resonance energies for HnA-BHm molecules (A, B = H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Li, and Na) have been determined in order to re-evaluate the concept of electronegativity in the context of modern valence bond theory. Following Pauling's original scheme and using the rigorous definition of the covalent-ionic resonance energy provided by the breathing orbital valence bond method, we have derived a charge-shift corrected electronegativity scale for H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Li, and Na. Atomic charge shift character is defined using a similar approach resulting in values of 0.42, 1.06, 1.43, 1.62, 1.64, 1.44, 0.46, and 0.34 for H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Li, and Na, respectively. The charge-shift corrected electronegativity values presented herein follow the same general trends as Pauling's original values with the exception of Li having a smaller value than Na (1.57 and 1.91 for Li and Na respectively). The resonance energy is then broken down into components derived from the atomic charge shift character and polarization effects. It is then shown that most of the resonance energy in the charge-shift bonds H-F, H3C-F, and Li-CH3 and borderline charge-shift H-OH is associated with polarity rather than the intrinsic atomic charge-shift character of the bonding species. This suggests a rebranding of these bonds as "polar charge-shift" rather than simply "charge-shift". Lastly, using a similar breakdown method, it is shown that the small effect the substituents -CH3, -NH2, -OH, and -F have on the resonance energy (<10%) is mostly due to changes in the charge-shift character of the bonding atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M James
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States
| | - Croix J Laconsay
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States
| | - John Morrison Galbraith
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College , 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States
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Gershoni-Poranne R, Chen P. The Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds in Ammonium Compounds Are Charge Shift Bonds. Chemistry 2017; 23:4659-4668. [PMID: 28145592 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation, utilizing valence-bond- and molecular-orbital-based techniques, reveals that C-N bonds in protonated and methylated ammonium compounds are charge shift bonds. Moreover, the ammonium compounds are predominantly covalent at equilibrium distance, yet have two competing dissociation channels, which determine whether or not a state function crossing occurs during dissociation. The location of the crossing point can be predicted with relative ionization potentials, and may be tuned by altering the stabilization of the respective fragments. By closely examining the nature of the C-N bond as it is stretched, a correlation is observed between the extent of the charge shift nature and bond length. Identification of charge shift bonds in these ubiquitous organic species specifically affects understanding of their role in organocatalysis, in which the C-N bond is stretched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Chen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Laconsay CJ, James AM, Galbraith JM. Effect of Lone Pairs on Molecular Resonance Energy. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8430-8434. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Croix J. Laconsay
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States
| | - Andrew M. James
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States
| | - John Morrison Galbraith
- Department of Chemistry,
Biochemistry, and Physics, Marist College, 3399 North Road, Poughkeepsie, New York 12601, United States
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Levine DS, Horn PR, Mao Y, Head-Gordon M. Variational Energy Decomposition Analysis of Chemical Bonding. 1. Spin-Pure Analysis of Single Bonds. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:4812-4820. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Levine
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Paul R. Horn
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuezhi Mao
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Kenneth S. Pitzer Center
for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Hathwar VR, Thomsen MK, Mamakhel MAH, Filsø MØ, Overgaard J, Iversen BB. Electron Density Analysis of the “O–O” Charge-Shift Bonding in Rubrene Endoperoxide. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7510-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesha R. Hathwar
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Division
of Physics, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Maja K. Thomsen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Aref H. Mamakhel
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Ø. Filsø
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Bo B. Iversen
- Center
for Materials Crystallography and Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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30
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Brea O, El Khatib M, Bendazzoli GL, Evangelisti S, Leininger T, Angeli C. The Spin-Partitioned Total-Position Spread Tensor: An Application To Diatomic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:5230-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana Brea
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques-LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) et CNRS (UMR-5626), 118, Route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 31062, France
- Departamento
de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Módulo 13 Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Muammar El Khatib
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques-LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) et CNRS (UMR-5626), 118, Route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 31062, France
| | - Gian Luigi Bendazzoli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I−40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Evangelisti
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques-LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) et CNRS (UMR-5626), 118, Route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 31062, France
| | - Thierry Leininger
- Laboratoire
de Chimie et Physique Quantiques-LCPQ/IRSAMC, Université de Toulouse (UPS) et CNRS (UMR-5626), 118, Route de Narbonne, Toulouse Cedex 31062, France
| | - Celestino Angeli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato
di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Racine J, Hagebaum-Reignier D, Carissan Y, Humbel S. Recasting wave functions into valence bond structures: A simple projection method to describe excited states. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:771-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Racine
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille; iSm2 UMR 7313 Marseille 13397 France
| | | | - Yannick Carissan
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille; iSm2 UMR 7313 Marseille 13397 France
| | - Stéphane Humbel
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille; iSm2 UMR 7313 Marseille 13397 France
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Shaik S, Danovich D, Braida B, Wu W, Hiberty PC. New Landscape of Electron-Pair Bonding: Covalent, Ionic, and Charge-Shift Bonds. THE CHEMICAL BOND II 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2015_179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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