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Limmer DT, Götz AW, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Molecular Insights into Chemical Reactions at Aqueous Aerosol Interfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:111-135. [PMID: 38360527 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols facilitate reactions between ambient gases and dissolved species. Here, we review our efforts to interrogate the uptake of these gases and the mechanisms of their reactions both theoretically and experimentally. We highlight the fascinating behavior of N2O5 in solutions ranging from pure water to complex mixtures, chosen because its aerosol-mediated reactions significantly impact global ozone, hydroxyl, and methane concentrations. As a hydrophobic, weakly soluble, and highly reactive species, N2O5 is a sensitive probe of the chemical and physical properties of aerosol interfaces. We employ contemporary theory to disentangle the fate of N2O5 as it approaches pure and salty water, starting with adsorption and ending with hydrolysis to HNO3, chlorination to ClNO2, or evaporation. Flow reactor and gas-liquid scattering experiments probe even greater complexity as added ions, organic molecules, and surfactants alter the interfacial composition and reaction rates. Together, we reveal a new perspective on multiphase chemistry in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Andreas W Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; ,
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; ,
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2
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Zhao H, Yang L, Chen X, Wang J, Bai L, Cao G, Cai L, Tang CY. Reactivity of various brominating agents toward polyamide nanofiltration membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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3
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Ma C, Cheng H, Huang R, Zou Y, He Q, Huangfu X, Ma J. Kinetics of Thallium(I) Oxidation by Free Chlorine in Bromide-Containing Waters: Insights into the Reactivity with Bromine Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1017-1027. [PMID: 34807594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of thallium [Tl(I)] to Tl(III) by chlorine (HOCl) is an important process changing its removal performance in water treatment. However, the role of bromide (Br-), a common constituent in natural water, in the oxidation behavior of Tl(I) during chlorination remains unknown. Our results demonstrated that Br- was cycled and acted as a catalyst to enhance the kinetics of Tl(I) oxidation by HOCl over the pH range of 5.0-9.5. Different Tl(I) species (i.e., Tl+ and TlOH(aq)) and reactive bromine species (i.e., HOBr/BrO-, BrCl, Br2O, and BrOCl) were kinetically relevant to the enhanced oxidation of Tl(I). The oxidation by free bromine species became the dominant pathway even at a low Br- level of 50 μg/L for a chlorine dose of 2 mg of Cl2/L. It was found that the reactions of Tl+/BrCl, Tl+/BrOCl, and TlOH(aq)/HOBr dominated the kinetics of Tl(I) oxidation at pH < 6.0, pH 6.0-8.0, and pH > 8.0, respectively. The species-specific rate constants for Tl+ reacting with individual bromine species were determined and decreased in the order: BrCl > Br2 > BrOCl > Br2O > HOBr. Overall, the presented results refine our knowledge regarding the species-specific reactivity of TI(I) with bromine species and will be useful for further prediction of thallium mobility in chlorinated waters containing bromide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Haijun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ruixing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yijie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiaoliu Huangfu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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4
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Schammel MH, Martin-Culet KR, Taggart GA, Sivey JD. Structural effects on the bromination rate and selectivity of alkylbenzenes and alkoxybenzenes in aqueous solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16594-16610. [PMID: 34318844 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02422a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous free bromine species (e.g., HOBr, BrCl, Br2, BrOCl, Br2O, and H2OBr+) can react with activated aromatic compounds via electrophilic aromatic substitution to generate products with industrial applications, environmental consequences, and potentially adverse biological effects. The relative contributions of these brominating agents to overall bromination rates can be calculated via nonlinear regression analyses of kinetic data collected under a variety of solution conditions, including variations in parameters (e.g., [Cl-], [Br-], and pH) known to influence free bromine speciation. Herein, kinetic experiments conducted in batch reactors were employed to evaluate the contributions of steric and electronic effects on bromination of monosubstituted alkylbenzenes (ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl) and alkoxybenzenes (ethoxy, isopropoxy, tert-butoxy) and to elucidate the inherent reactivities of aqueous brominating agents towards these aromatic compounds. For bromination at the para position of alkylbenzenes, overall reactivity increased from tert-butyl < ethyl ≈ isopropyl. For bromination at the para position of alkoxybenzenes, reactivity increased from tert-butoxy < ethoxy < isopropoxy. In going from ethyl to tert-butyl and ethoxy to isopropoxy, unfavorable steric effects attenuated the favorable electronic effects imparted by the substituents. When comparing unsubstituted benzene, alkyl-, and alkoxybenzenes, the structure of the substituent has a significant effect on bromination rates, nucleophile regioselectivity, and electrophile chemoselectivity. Hirshfeld charges were useful predictors of reactivity and regioselectivity. The experimental results were also modeled using Taft equations. Collectively, these findings indicate that steric effects, electronic effects, and brominating agents other than HOBr can influence aromatic compound bromination in solutions of free bromine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marella H Schammel
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, USA.
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5
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Pan Z, Zhu Y, Wei M, Zhang Y, Yu K. Interactions of fluoroquinolone antibiotics with sodium hypochlorite in bromide-containing synthetic water: Reaction kinetics and transformation pathways. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 102:170-184. [PMID: 33637242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seven popular fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) in synthetic marine aquaculture water were subject to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) disinfection scenario to investigate their reaction kinetics and transformation during chlorination. Reactivity of each FQ to NaClO was following the order of ofloxacin (OFL) > enrofloxacin (ENR) > lomefloxacin (LOM) > ciprofloxacin (CIP) ~ norfloxacin (NOR) >> pipemedic acid (PIP), while flumequine did not exhibit reactivity. The coexisting chlorine ions and sulfate ions in the water slightly facilitated the oxidation of FQs by NaClO, while humic acid was inhibitable to their degradation. The bromide ions promoted degradation of CIP and LOM, but restrained oxidation of OFL and ENR. By analysis of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), eight kinds of emerging brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) caused by FQS were primarily identified in the chlorinated synthetic marine culture water. Through density functional theory calculation, the highest-occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) characteristic as well as the charge distribution of the FQs were obtained to clarify transformation mechanisms. Their formation involved decarboxylation, ring-opening/closure, dealkylation and halogenation. Chlorine substitution occurred on the ortho-position of FQs's N4 and bromine substitution occurred on C8 position. The piperazine ring containing tertiary amine was comparatively stable, while this moiety with a secondary amine structure would break down during chlorination. Additionally, logKow and logBAF of transformation products were calculated by EPI-SuiteTM to analyze their bioaccumulation. The values indicated that Br-DBPs are easier to accumulate in the aquatic organism relative to their chloro-analogues and parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yunjie Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
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6
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Huang K, Reber KP, Toomey MD, Howarter JA, Shah AD. Reactivity of the Polyamide Membrane Monomer with Free Chlorine: Role of Bromide. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2575-2584. [PMID: 33497196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic polyamide-based membranes are widely used for reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) treatment but degrade when exposed to free chlorine (HOCl/OCl-). The reaction mechanisms with free chlorine were previously explored, but less is known about the role of bromide (Br-) in these processes. Br- may impact these reactions by reacting with HOCl to form HOBr, which then triggers other brominating agents (Br2O, Br2, BrOCl, and BrCl) to form. This study examined the reactivities of these brominating agents with a polyamide monomer model compound, benzanilide (BA), and a modified version of it, N-CH3-BA. The results indicated that all these brominating agents only attacked the aromatic ring adjacent to the amide N, rather than the amide N, different from the previously examined chlorinating agents (HOCl, OCl-, and Cl2) that attacked both sites. Orton rearrangement was not observed. Species-specific rate constants (ki, M-1 s-1) between BA and HOBr, Br2O, Br2, BrOCl, and BrCl were determined to be (5.3 ± 1.2) × 10-2, (1.2 ± 0.4) × 101, (3.7 ± 0.2) × 102, (2.2 ± 0.6) × 104, and (6.6 ± 0.9) × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively, such that kBrCl > kBrOCl > kBr2 > kBr2O > kHOBr. N-CH3-BA exhibited lower reactivity than BA. Model predictions of BA loss during chlorination with varied Br- and/or Cl- concentrations were established. These findings will ultimately enable membrane degradation and performance loss following chlorination in mixed halide solutions to be better predicted during pilot- and full-scale NF and RO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Keith P Reber
- Department of Chemistry, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Michael D Toomey
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W. Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 701 W. Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Amisha D Shah
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, 500 Central Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Brodfuehrer SH, Wahman DG, Alsulaili A, Speitel GE, Katz LE. Role of Carbonate Species on General Acid Catalysis of Bromide Oxidation by Hypochlorous Acid (HOCl) and Oxidation by Molecular Chlorine (Cl 2). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:16186-16194. [PMID: 33263389 PMCID: PMC7891864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic models for disinfectant decay and disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation are necessary for predicting water quality from the treatment plant to the tap. A kinetic model for conditions relevant to chloramine disinfection of drinking water (pH 6-9 and carbonate-buffered) was developed to simulate incomplete bromide (Br-) oxidation during short prechlorination periods because it is the first step in a complex system of reactions that leads to disinfectant loss and DBP formation. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl+Br-→kHOClHOBr+Cl-) and molecular chlorine (Cl2+Br-+H2O→kCl2HOBr+2Cl-+H+) were the free chlorine species relevant to Br- oxidation, and Cl2 hydrolysis and formation reactions (Cl2+H2O+A-⇌k-4k4HOCl+HA+Cl-) were necessary to accurately simulate Cl2 concentrations instead of assuming equilibrium. Previous work has shown that Br- oxidation by HOCl and Cl2 formation are acid-catalyzed and Cl2 hydrolysis is base-catalyzed, but the impact of carbonate species had not been studied. This work showed that the carbonate species have an enhanced catalytic impact with rate constants up to 1000 times larger than would be estimated by the Brønsted relationship for similar acids, which causes the oxidation by HOCl rate constant (kHOCl) to nearly double and oxidation by Cl2 to occur above pH 7 in high-alkalinity waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Brodfuehrer
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton Street, Stop C1786, Austin, Texas 78712-0284, United States
| | - David G Wahman
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States
| | | | - Gerald E Speitel
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton Street, Stop C1786, Austin, Texas 78712-0284, United States
| | - Lynn E Katz
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keaton Street, Stop C1786, Austin, Texas 78712-0284, United States
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8
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Vos JG, Venugopal A, Smith WA, Koper MT. Competition and selectivity during parallel evolution of bromine, chlorine and oxygen on IrOx electrodes. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Liberatore HK, Westerman DC, Allen JM, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, McKenna AM, Weisbrod CR, McCord JP, Liberatore RJ, Burnett DB, Cizmas LH, Richardson SD. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Identification of Novel Surfactant-Derived Sulfur-Containing Disinfection Byproducts from Gas Extraction Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9374-9386. [PMID: 32600038 PMCID: PMC7469867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of oil and gas extraction wastewaters (OGWs) to surface water leads to elevated halide levels from geogenic bromide and iodide, as well as enhanced formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) when treated. OGWs contain high levels of chemical additives used to optimize extraction activities, such as surfactants, which have the potential to serve as organic DBP precursors in OGW-impacted water sources. We report the first identification of olefin sulfonate surfactant-derived DBPs from laboratory-disinfected gas extraction wastewater. Over 300 sulfur-containing DBPs, with 43 unique molecular formulas, were found by high-resolution mass spectrometry, following bench-scale chlor(am)ination. DBPs consisted of mostly brominated species, including bromohydrin sulfonates, dihalo-bromosulfonates, and bromosultone sulfonates, with chlorinated/iodinated analogues formed to a lesser extent. Disinfection of a commercial C12-olefin sulfonate surfactant mixture revealed dodecene sulfonate as a likely precursor for most detected DBPs; disulfur-containing DBPs, like bromosultone sulfonate and bromohydrin disulfonate, originated from olefin disulfonate species, present as side-products of olefin sulfonate production. Disinfection of wastewaters increased mammalian cytotoxicity several orders of magnitude, with chloraminated water being more toxic. This finding is important to OGW-impacted source waters because drinking water plants with high-bromide source waters may switch to chloramination to meet DBP regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Liberatore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Danielle C Westerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Joshua M Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Michael J Plewa
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Wagner
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Safe Global Water Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Chad R Weisbrod
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - James P McCord
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
| | | | - David B Burnett
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Leslie H Cizmas
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Levanov AV, Isaikina OY, Gasanova RB, Uzhel AS, Lunin VV. Kinetics of chlorate formation during ozonation of aqueous chloride solutions. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 229:68-76. [PMID: 31075704 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorate ion ClO3- is formed as a result of the complex chemical interaction of ozone with chloride ion in aqueous solution. In neutral and basic solutions, chlorate is the main product. In acid solutions, the main product is molecular chlorine Cl2, and the yield of chlorate is 50-100 times lower. Dependencies have been studied of chlorate formation rate on significant experimental factors: concentrations of initial substances, ozone and chloride ion, acidity (pH), ionic strength and temperature of the reaction solution. The kinetic laws of chlorate generation have been established, and the expressions are given for rate constants of chlorate formation as functions of temperature and ionic strength. When tert-butanol is added to the reaction system, the formation of chlorate ceases, which is an evidence of the crucial role of free radical reactions in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Levanov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Oksana Ya Isaikina
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ramiya B Gasanova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Uzhel
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valery V Lunin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, Building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Sobyra TB, Pliszka H, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Production of Br2 from N2O5 and Br– in Salty and Surfactant-Coated Water Microjets. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8942-8953. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Sobyra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Helena Pliszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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12
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Liu ZQ, Shah AD, Salhi E, Bolotin J, von Gunten U. Formation of brominated trihalomethanes during chlorination or ozonation of natural organic matter extracts and model compounds in saline water. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 143:492-502. [PMID: 29986257 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation experiments (chlorine, ozone and bromine) were carried out with synthetic saline waters containing natural organic matter (NOM) extracts and model compounds to evaluate the potential of these surrogates to mimic the formation of brominated trihalomethanes (Br-THMs) in natural saline waters. Synthetic saline water with Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA) showed comparable results to natural brackish and sea water for Br-THMs formation during chlorination and ozonation for typical ballast water treatment conditions ([Cl2]0 ≥ 5 mg/L or [O3]0 ≥ 3 mg/L). The molar CHBr3 yield in synthetic saline waters is higher for chlorination than for ozonation, since ozone reacts slower with bromide and faster with THM precursors. For bromination, the molar yields of CHBr3 for the NOM model compounds phenol, resorcinol, 3-oxopentanedioic acid and hydroquinone are 28, 62, 91 and 11%, respectively. CHBr3 formation is low during chlorination or ozonation of resorcinol-containing synthetic saline waters due to the faster reaction of resorcinol with these oxidants compared to the bromine formation from bromide. Oxidation experiments with mixtures of hydroquinone and phenol (or resorcinol) were conducted to mimic various functional groups of NOM reacting with Cl2 (or O3) in saline water. With increasing hydroquinone concentrations, the CHBr3 formation increases during both chlorination and ozonation of the mixtures, except for chlorination of the mixture of hydroquinone and resorcinol. The formation of THMs during chlorination of the mixture of hydroquinone and resorcinol is similar to that of resorcinol alone due to the much faster reaction of HOX with resorcinol compared to hydroquinone. In general, PLFA seems to be a reasonable DOM surrogate to simulate CHBr3 formation for realistic ballast water treatment. During chlorination, CHBr3 formations from phenol- and PLFA-containing synthetic brackish waters are comparable, for similar phenol contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Qian Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Amisha D Shah
- School of Civil Engineering and Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jakov Bolotin
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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13
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Gord JR, Zhao X, Liu E, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Control of Interfacial Cl2 and N2O5 Reactivity by a Zwitterionic Phospholipid in Comparison with Ionic and Uncharged Surfactants. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6593-6604. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Gord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xianyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Erica Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Suzuki T, Tanaka R, Tahara M, Isamu Y, Niinae M, Lin L, Wang J, Luh J, Coronell O. Relationship between performance deterioration of a polyamide reverse osmosis membrane used in a seawater desalination plant and changes in its physicochemical properties. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:326-336. [PMID: 27214345 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While it is known that the performance of reverse osmosis membranes is dependent on their physicochemical properties, the existing literature studying membranes used in treatment facilities generally focuses on foulant layers or performance changes due to fouling, not on the performance and physicochemical changes that occur to the membranes themselves. In this study, the performance and physicochemical properties of a polyamide reverse osmosis membrane used for three years in a seawater desalination plant were compared to those of a corresponding unused membrane. The relationship between performance changes during long-term use and changes in physicochemical properties was evaluated. The results showed that membrane performance deterioration (i.e., reduced water flux, reduced contaminant rejection, and increased fouling propensity) occurred as a result of membrane use in the desalination facility, and that the main physicochemical changes responsible for performance deterioration were reduction in PVA coating coverage and bromine uptake by polyamide. The latter was likely promoted by oxidant residual in the membrane feed water. Our findings indicate that the optimization of membrane materials and processes towards maximizing the stability of the PVA coating and ensuring complete removal of oxidants in feed waters would minimize membrane performance deterioration in water purification facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuma Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tanaka
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Marina Tahara
- Department of Sustainable Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Yuya Isamu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Masakazu Niinae
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jingbo Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Jeanne Luh
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Orlando Coronell
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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15
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Levanov AV, Isaykina OY, Amirova NK, Antipenko EE, Lunin VV. Photochemical oxidation of chloride ion by ozone in acid aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:16554-16569. [PMID: 26077317 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The experimental investigation of chloride ion oxidation under the action of ozone and ultraviolet radiation with wavelength 254 nm in the bulk of acid aqueous solution at pH 0-2 has been performed. Processes of chloride oxidation in these conditions are the same as the chemical reactions in the system O3 - OH - Cl(-)(aq). Despite its importance in the environment and for ozone-based water treatment, this reaction system has not been previously investigated in the bulk solution. The end products are chlorate ion ClO3(-) and molecular chlorine Cl2. The ions of trivalent iron have been shown to be catalysts of Cl(-) oxidation. The dependencies of the products formation rates on the concentrations of O3 and H(+) have been studied. The chemical mechanism of Cl(-) oxidation and Cl2 emission and ClO3(-) formation has been proposed. According to the mechanism, the dominant primary process of chloride oxidation represents the complex interaction with hydroxyl radical OH with the formation of Cl2(-) anion-radical intermediate. OH radical is generated on ozone photolysis in aqueous solution. The key subsequent processes are the reactions Cl2(-) + O3 → ClO + O2 + Cl(-) and ClO + H2O2 → HOCl + HO2. Until the present time, they have not been taken into consideration on mechanistic description and modelling of Cl(-) oxidation. The final products are formed via the reactions 2ClO → Cl2O2, Cl2O2 + H2O → 2H(+) + Cl(-) + ClO3(-) and HOCl + H(+) + Cl(-) ⇄ H2O + Cl2. Some portion of chloride is oxidized directly by O3 molecule with the formation of molecular chlorine in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Levanov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Oksana Ya Isaykina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nazrin K Amirova
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ewald E Antipenko
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valerii V Lunin
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1, building 3, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 29, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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16
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Sivey JD, Bickley MA, Victor DA. Contributions of BrCl, Br2, BrOCl, Br2O, and HOBr to regiospecific bromination rates of anisole and bromoanisoles in aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4937-4945. [PMID: 25802927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
When bromide-containing waters are chlorinated, conventional wisdom typically assumes HOBr is the only active brominating agent. Several additional and often-overlooked brominating agents (including BrCl, Br2, BrOCl, Br2O) can form in chlorinated waters, albeit at generally lower concentrations than HOBr. The extent to which these additional brominating agents influence bromination rates of disinfection byproduct precursors is, however, poorly understood. Herein, the influence of BrCl, Br2, BrOCl, Br2O, and HOBr toward rates of sequential bromination of anisole was quantified. Conditions affecting bromine speciation (e.g., pH, concentrations of chloride, bromide, and chlorine) were varied, and regiospecific second-order rate constants were calculated for reactions of each brominating agent with anisole, 2-bromoanisole, and 4-bromoanisole. The regioselectivity of anisole bromination changed with pH, consistent with the participation of more than one brominating agent. Under conditions representative of chlorinated drinking water, contributions to bromination rates decreased as BrCl > BrOCl > HOBr > Br2O (Br2 negligible). The second-order rate constant determined for net bromination of anisole by HOBr is up to 3000-times less than reported in previous studies (which assumed HOBr was the only active brominating agent). Accordingly, models that assume HOBr is the only kinetically relevant brominating agent in solutions of free bromine may be insufficient for reactions involving modestly nucleophilic organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Sivey
- Department of Chemistry and Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Mark A Bickley
- Department of Chemistry and Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Daniel A Victor
- Department of Chemistry and Urban Environmental Biogeochemistry Laboratory, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
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17
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Valentino L, Renkens T, Maugin T, Croué JP, Mariñas BJ. Changes in physicochemical and transport properties of a reverse osmosis membrane exposed to chloraminated seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2301-2309. [PMID: 25590510 DOI: 10.1021/es504495j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study contributed to improving our understanding of how disinfectants, applied to control biofouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, result in membrane performance degradation. We investigated changes in physicochemical properties and permeation performance of a RO membrane with fully aromatic polyamide (PA) active layer. Membrane samples were exposed to varying concentrations of monochloramine, bromide, and iodide in both synthetic and natural seawater. Elemental analysis of the membrane active layer by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) revealed the incorporation of bromine and iodine into the polyamide. The kinetics of polyamide bromination were first order with respect to the concentration of the secondary oxidizing agent Br2 for the conditions investigated. Halogenated membranes were characterized after treatment with a reducing agent and heavy ion probes to reveal the occurrence of irreversible ring halogenation and an increase in carboxylic groups, the latter produced as a result of amide bond cleavage. Finally, permeation experiments revealed increases in both water permeability and salt passage as a result of oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Valentino
- NSF Science and Technology Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems (WaterCAMPWS), Safe Global Water Institute, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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18
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Werschkun B, Banerji S, Basurko OC, David M, Fuhr F, Gollasch S, Grummt T, Haarich M, Jha AN, Kacan S, Kehrer A, Linders J, Mesbahi E, Pughiuc D, Richardson SD, Schwarz-Schulz B, Shah A, Theobald N, von Gunten U, Wieck S, Höfer T. Emerging risks from ballast water treatment: the run-up to the International Ballast Water Management Convention. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:256-66. [PMID: 25048914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and discharge of ballast water by ocean-going ships contribute to the worldwide spread of aquatic invasive species, with negative impacts on the environment, economies, and public health. The International Ballast Water Management Convention aims at a global answer. The agreed standards for ballast water discharge will require ballast water treatment. Systems based on various physical and/or chemical methods were developed for on-board installation and approved by the International Maritime Organization. Most common are combinations of high-performance filters with oxidizing chemicals or UV radiation. A well-known problem of oxidative water treatment is the formation of disinfection by-products, many of which show genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or other long-term toxicity. In natural biota, genetic damages can affect reproductive success and ultimately impact biodiversity. The future exposure towards chemicals from ballast water treatment can only be estimated, based on land-based testing of treatment systems, mathematical models, and exposure scenarios. Systematic studies on the chemistry of oxidants in seawater are lacking, as are data about the background levels of disinfection by-products in the oceans and strategies for monitoring future developments. The international approval procedure of ballast water treatment systems compares the estimated exposure levels of individual substances with their experimental toxicity. While well established in many substance regulations, this approach is also criticised for its simplification, which may disregard critical aspects such as multiple exposures and long-term sub-lethal effects. Moreover, a truly holistic sustainability assessment would need to take into account factors beyond chemical hazards, e.g. energy consumption, air pollution or waste generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Werschkun
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sangeeta Banerji
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oihane C Basurko
- Marine Division, AZTI-Tecnalia, Txatxarramendi ugartea z/g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Spain
| | - Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, SI 6310 Izola, Slovenia
| | - Frank Fuhr
- Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), P.O. Box 59, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tamara Grummt
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Bad Elster Branch, Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, D-08645 Bad Elster, Germany
| | - Michael Haarich
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute (TI), Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Palmaille 9, D-22767 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stefan Kacan
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Kehrer
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Jan Linders
- Pastoor Pieckweg 8, NL-3828 PR Hoogland, The Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Mesbahi
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Dandu Pughiuc
- Marine Environment Division, International Maritime Organization (IMO), 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, UK
| | - Susan D Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | | | - Amisha Shah
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Theobald
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 78, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Wieck
- Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Wörlitzer Platz 1, D-06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dorn-Str. 8-10, D-10589 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Luh J, Mariñas BJ. Kinetics of bromochloramine formation and decomposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2843-2852. [PMID: 24475927 DOI: 10.1021/es4036754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Batch experiments were performed to study the kinetics of bromochloramine formation and decomposition from the reaction of monochloramine and bromide ion. The effects of pH, initial monochloramine and bromide ion concentrations, phosphate buffer concentration, and excess ammonia were evaluated. Results showed that the monochloramine decay rate increased with decreasing pH and increasing bromide ion concentration, and the concentration of bromochloramine increased to a maximum before decreasing gradually. The maximum bromochloramine concentration reached was found to decrease with increasing phosphate and ammonia concentrations. Previous models in the literature were not able to capture the decay of bromochloramine, and therefore we proposed an extended model consisting of reactions for monochloramine autodecomposition, the decay of bromamines in the presence of bromide, bromochloramine formation, and bromochloramine decomposition. Reaction rate constants were obtained through least-squares fitting to 11 data sets representing the effect of pH, bromide, monochloramine, phosphate, and excess ammonia. The reaction rate constants were then used to predict monochloramine and bromochloramine concentration profiles for all experimental conditions tested. In general, the modeled lines were found to provide good agreement with the experimental data under most conditions tested, with deviations occurring at low pH and high bromide concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Luh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Sharma VK, Zboril R, McDonald TJ. Formation and toxicity of brominated disinfection byproducts during chlorination and chloramination of water: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:212-228. [PMID: 24380621 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.858576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water exhibit considerable adverse health effects; recent focus is on the brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). The chlorination and chloramination of bromide ion containing water produce reactive bromo species, which subsequently react with natural organic matter (NOM) to yield Br-DBPs. The possible reactions involved in generating DBPs are presented. Identified Br-DBPs include bromomethanes, bromoacetic acid, bromoacetamides, bromoacetonitriles, and bromophenols. Mixed chloro- and bromo-species have also been identified. Pathways of the formation of Br-DBPs have been described. The concentration of Br- ion, pH, reaction time, and the presence of Cu(II) influence the yield of DBPs. The effects of water conditions on the production of Br-DBPs are presented. The epidemiological studies to understand the potential toxic effects of DBPs including Br-DBPs are summarized. Brominated DBPs may have higher health risks than their corresponding chlorinated DBPs. A potential role of an emerging alternate disinfectant, ferrate (FeV)O(2-)4), in minimizing DBPs is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender K Sharma
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health , School of Rural Public Health, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
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21
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Heeb MB, Criquet J, Zimmermann-Steffens SG, von Gunten U. Oxidative treatment of bromide-containing waters: formation of bromine and its reactions with inorganic and organic compounds--a critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:15-42. [PMID: 24184020 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bromide (Br(-)) is present in all water sources at concentrations ranging from ≈ 10 to >1000 μg L(-1) in fresh waters and about 67 mg L(-1) in seawater. During oxidative water treatment bromide is oxidized to hypobromous acid/hypobromite (HOBr/OBr(-)) and other bromine species. A systematic and critical literature review has been conducted on the reactivity of HOBr/OBr(-) and other bromine species with inorganic and organic compounds, including micropollutants. The speciation of bromine in the absence and presence of chloride and chlorine has been calculated and it could be shown that HOBr/OBr(-) are the dominant species in fresh waters. In ocean waters, other bromine species such as Br2, BrCl, and Br2O gain importance and may have to be considered under certain conditions. HOBr reacts fast with many inorganic compounds such as ammonia, iodide, sulfite, nitrite, cyanide and thiocyanide with apparent second-order rate constants in the order of 10(4)-10(9)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7. No rate constants for the reactions with Fe(II) and As(III) are available. Mn(II) oxidation by bromine is controlled by a Mn(III,IV) oxide-catalyzed process involving Br2O and BrCl. Bromine shows a very high reactivity toward phenolic groups (apparent second-order rate constants kapp ≈ 10(3)-10(5)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7), amines and sulfamides (kapp ≈ 10(5)-10(6)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7) and S-containing compounds (kapp ≈ 10(5)-10(7)M(-1)s(-1) at pH 7). For phenolic moieties, it is possible to derive second-order rate constants with a Hammett-σ-based QSAR approach with [Formula in text]. A negative slope is typical for electrophilic substitution reactions. In general, kapp of bromine reactions at pH 7 are up to three orders of magnitude greater than for chlorine. In the case of amines, these rate constants are even higher than for ozone. Model calculations show that depending on the bromide concentration and the pH, the high reactivity of bromine may outweigh the reactions of chlorine during chlorination of bromide-containing waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle B Heeb
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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22
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Faust JA, Dempsey LP, Nathanson GM. Surfactant-Promoted Reactions of Cl2 and Br2 with Br– in Glycerol. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12602-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4079037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Logan P. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
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23
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Sivey JD, Arey JS, Tentscher PR, Roberts AL. Reactivity of BrCl, Br₂, BrOCl, Br₂O, and HOBr toward dimethenamid in solutions of bromide + aqueous free chlorine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1330-1338. [PMID: 23323704 DOI: 10.1021/es302730h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
HOBr, formed via oxidation of bromide by free available chlorine (FAC), is frequently assumed to be the sole species responsible for generating brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Our studies reveal that BrCl, Br(2), BrOCl, and Br(2)O can also serve as brominating agents of the herbicide dimethenamid in solutions of bromide to which FAC was added. Conditions affecting bromine speciation (pH, total free bromine concentration ([HOBr](T)), [Cl(-)], and [FAC](o)) were systematically varied, and rates of dimethenamid bromination were measured. Reaction orders in [HOBr](T) ranged from 1.09 (±0.17) to 1.67 (±0.16), reaching a maximum near the pK(a) of HOBr. This complex dependence on [HOBr](T) implicates Br(2)O as an active brominating agent. That bromination rates increased with increasing [Cl(-)], [FAC](o) (at constant [HOBr](T)), and excess bromide (where [Br(-)](o)>[FAC](o)) implicate BrCl, BrOCl, and Br(2), respectively, as brominating agents. As equilibrium constants for the formation of Br(2)O and BrOCl (aq) have not been previously reported, we have calculated these values (and their gas-phase analogues) using benchmark-quality quantum chemical methods [CCSD(T) up to CCSDTQ calculations plus solvation effects]. The results allow us to compute bromine speciation and hence second-order rate constants. Intrinsic brominating reactivity increased in the order: HOBr ≪ Br(2)O < BrOCl ≈ Br(2) < BrCl. Our results indicate that species other than HOBr can influence bromination rates under conditions typical of drinking water and wastewater chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Sivey
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 313 Ames Hall 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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24
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Dempsey LP, Faust JA, Nathanson GM. Near-Interfacial Halogen Atom Exchange in Collisions of Cl2 with 2.7 M NaBr–Glycerol. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12306-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308202k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Logan P. Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University
Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706-1322, United States
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25
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O'Concubhair R, Sodeau JR. Freeze-induced formation of bromine/chlorine interhalogen species from aqueous halide ion solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:10589-10596. [PMID: 22938711 DOI: 10.1021/es301988s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Both gaseous bromine and bromine chloride have been monitored in polar environments and implicated in the destruction of tropospheric ozone. The formation mechanisms operating for these halogen compounds have been suggested previously. However, few laboratory studies have been performed using environmentally relevant concentrations of bromide and chloride ions in polar ice mimics. In aqueous solutions held at room temperature, previous studies have shown that the major product is the Cl(2)Br¯ trihalide ion when solutions of bromate, hydrochloric acid, and bromide ions are left to equilibrate. In contrast, the results of the cryochemical experiments presented here suggest that the dibromochloride ion (BrBrCl¯) is the major product when solutions of bromate, sulfuric acid, bromide, and chloride ions are frozen. Such a species would preferentially release bromine to the gas phase. Hence, similar halide starting materials form structurally different trihalide ions when frozen, which are capable of releasing differing active halogens, BrCl and Br(2), to the gas-phase. This is a potentially important finding because Br(2) is photolyzed more readily and to longer wavelengths than BrCl and therefore the efficiency in forming products that can lead to ozone destruction in the atmosphere would be increased. Evidence is provided for the mechanism to occur by means of both the freeze-concentration effect and the incorporation of ions into the growing ice phase.
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26
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Levanov AV, Kuskov IV, Antipenko EE, Lunin VV. Stoichiometry and products of ozone reaction with chloride ion in an acidic medium. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024412050202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Korshin GV. Chlorine Based Oxidants for Water Purification and Disinfection. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2011-1071.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory V. Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-2700
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28
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Betterton EA, Lowry J, Ingamells R, Venner B. Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of sodium azide with hypochlorite in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 182:716-722. [PMID: 20667654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Production of toxic sodium azide (NaN(3)) surged worldwide over the past two decades to meet the demand for automobile air bag inflator propellant. Industrial activity and the return of millions of inflators to automobile recycling facilities are leading to increasing release of NaN(3) to the environment so there is considerable interest in learning more about its environmental fate. Water soluble NaN(3) could conceivably be found in drinking water supplies so here we describe the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of azide with hypochlorite, which is often used in water treatment plants. The reaction stoichiometry is: HOCl + 2N(3)(-) = 3N(2) + Cl(-) + OH(-), and proceeds by a key intermediate chlorine azide, ClN(3), which subsequently decomposes by reaction with a second azide molecule in the rate determining step: ClN(3) + N(3)(-) --> 3N(2) + Cl(-) (k = 0.52+/-0.04 M(-1) s(-1), 25 degrees C, mu = 0.1 M). We estimate that the half-life of azide would be approximately 15 s at the point of chlorination in a water treatment plant and approximately 24 days at some point downstream where only residual chlorine remains. Hypochlorite is not recommended for treatment of concentrated azide waste due to formation of the toxic chlorine azide intermediate under acidic conditions and the slow kinetics under basic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Betterton
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210081, Tucson, AZ 85721-0081, United States.
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Effective treatment and recovery of laurionite-type lead from toxic industrial solid wastes. Sep Purif Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2005.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Spalteholz H, Panasenko OM, Arnhold J. Formation of reactive halide species by myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2005; 445:225-34. [PMID: 16111649 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Revised: 06/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of chloro- and bromohydrins from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine following incubation with myeloperoxidase or eosinophil peroxidase in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, chloride and/or bromide was analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry. These products were only formed below a certain pH threshold value, that increased with increasing halide concentration. Thermodynamic considerations on halide and pH dependencies of reduction potentials of all redox couples showed that the formation of a given reactive halide species in halide oxidation coupled with the reduction of compound I of heme peroxidases is only possible below a certain pH threshold that depends on halide concentration. The comparison of experimentally derived and calculated data revealed that Cl(2), Br(2), or BrCl will primarily be formed by the myeloperoxidase-H(2)O(2)-halide system. However, the eosinophil peroxidase-H(2)O(2)-halide system forms directly HOCl and HOBr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Spalteholz
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. The Tropospheric Chemistry of Sea Salt: A Molecular-Level View of the Chemistry of NaCl and NaBr. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4801-22. [PMID: 14664634 DOI: 10.1021/cr020653t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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Herrmann H, Majdik Z, Ervens B, Weise D. Halogen production from aqueous tropospheric particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2003; 52:485-502. [PMID: 12738274 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Box model studies have been performed to study the role of aqueous phase chemistry with regard to halogen activation for marine and urban clouds and the marine aerosol as well. Different chemical pathways leading to halogen activation in diluted cloud droplets and highly concentrated sea salt aerosol particles are investigated. The concentration of halides in cloud droplets is significantly smaller than in sea-salt particles, and hence different reaction sequences control the overall chemical conversions. In diluted droplets radical chemistry involving OH, NO(3), Cl/Cl(2)(-)/ClOH(-), and Br/Br(2)(-)/BrOH(-) gains in importance and pH independent pathways lead to the release of halogens from the particle phase whereas the chemistry in aerosol particles with high electrolyte concentrations is controlled by non-radical reactions at high ionic strengths and relatively low pH values. For the simulation of halogen activation in tropospheric clouds and aqueous aerosol particles in different environments a halogen module was developed including both gas and aqueous phase processes of halogen containing species. This module is coupled to a base mechanism consisting of RACM (Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism) and the Chemical Aqueous Phase Radical Mechanism CAPRAM 2.4 (MODAC-mechanism). Phase exchange is described by the resistance model by Chemistry of Multiphase Atmospheric Systems, NATO ASI Series, 1986. It can be shown that under cloud conditions the bromine atom is mainly produced by OH initiated reactions, i.e. its concentration maximum is reached at noon. In contrast, the concentration level of chlorine atoms is linked to NO(3) radical chemistry leading to a smaller amplitude between day and night time concentrations. The contribution of radical processes to halogen atom formation in the particle phase is evident, e.g. by halogen atoms which undergo direct phase transfer. Furthermore, the application of the multiphase model for initial concentrations for sea-salt aerosols shows that the particle phase can act as a main source of halogen containing molecules (Cl(2), BrCl, Br(2)) which are photolysed in the gas phase to yield halogen atoms (about 70% of all Cl sources and more than 99% for Br).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Herrmann
- Institut für Troposphärenforschung, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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