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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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2
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Wise SA, Rodgers RP, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Kujawinski EB, Wade TL, Campiglia AD, Liu Z. Advances in Chemical Analysis of Oil Spills Since the Deepwater Horizon Disaster. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1638-1697. [PMID: 35254870 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2039093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Analytical techniques for chemical analysis of oil, oil photochemical and biological transformation products, and dispersants and their biodegradation products benefited significantly from research following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster. Crude oil and weathered-oil matrix reference materials were developed based on the Macondo well oil and characterized for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, and steranes for use to assure and improve the quality of analytical measurements in oil spill research. Advanced gas chromatography (GC) techniques such as comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC), pyrolysis GC with mass spectrometry (MS), and GC with tandem MS (GC-MS/MS) provide a greater understanding at the molecular level of composition and complexity of oil and weathering changes. The capabilities of high-resolution MS (HRMS) were utilized to extend the analytical characterization window beyond conventional GC-based methods to include polar and high molecular mass components (>400 Da) and to provide new opportunities for discovery, characterization, and investigation of photooxidation and biotransformation products. Novel separation approaches to reduce the complexity of the oil and weathered oil prior to high-resolution MS and advanced fluorescence spectrometry have increased the information available on spilled oil and transformation products. HRMS methods were developed to achieve the required precision and sensitivity for detection of dispersants and to provide molecular-level characterization of the complex surfactants. Overall, research funding following the DWH oil spill significantly advanced and expanded the use of analytical techniques for chemical analysis to support petroleum and dispersant characterization and investigations of fate and effects of not only the DWH oil spill but future spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ryan P Rodgers
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Kujawinski
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Terry L Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zhanfei Liu
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, USA
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3
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Benny AM, Benny A, Aravind ES. Determination of PAH Benzo[a]anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo[b]flouranthene and Benzo[a]pyrene in Hydro Alcoholic Herbal Extracts with Fluorescence Detector Using Solid-Phase Extraction. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 59:148-153. [PMID: 33190152 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An appropriate purification and quantification method has been developed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in hydro alcoholic herbal extracts. For this, Bacopa monnieri, Camellia sinensis, Withania somnifera and Andrographis paniculata samples were extracted with modified solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the PAH were quantified using liquid chromatography coupled to fluorescence detector. Purification of herbal extract using hexane and acetone in the ratio of 1:1 followed by treatment with QuEChERS salt (6 g MgSO4 and 1.5 g sodium acetate) improved the recovery rate of PAH. Silica SPE, which accomplishes solvent exchange to hexane by cleanup method, was developed to reduce the matrix effect and quality of the result obtained was increased. The developed method can be used for regular monitoring and analysis of PAH in natural extracts so as to prevent contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Merina Benny
- Arjuna Natural Private Ltd (formerly Arjuna Natural Ltd), Research and Development Laboratory, Door No. 187/D, Behind ISRO, Erumathala PO, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | - Antony Benny
- Arjuna Natural Private Ltd (formerly Arjuna Natural Ltd), Research and Development Laboratory, Door No. 187/D, Behind ISRO, Erumathala PO, Aluva, Kerala, India
| | - E S Aravind
- Arjuna Natural Private Ltd (formerly Arjuna Natural Ltd), Research and Development Laboratory, Door No. 187/D, Behind ISRO, Erumathala PO, Aluva, Kerala, India
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Santana A, Comas A, Wise S, Wilson WB, And, Campiglia AD. Instrumental improvements for the trace analysis of structural isomers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular mass 302 Da. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1100:163-173. [PMID: 31987137 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most common environmental pollutants encountered worldwide. Eco-toxicological studies attribute a significant portion of the biological activity of PAH contaminated samples to the presence of high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), i.e. PAHs with molecular mass (MM) greater than 300 Da. The research presented here focuses on the analysis of PAH isomers of MM 302 Da. This is not a trivial task. There are 23 isomers with MM 302 Da available to commercial and academic researchers. Many of them are difficult to separate in the chromatographic column and have virtually identical fragmentation patterns. The selectivity of HPLC absorption and fluorescence detectors is modest for resolving co-eluting isomers. Previous work in our lab demonstrated the potential of laser excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy (LETRSS) for the analysis of 302 Da isomers in HPLC fractions. The main limitation of the technique was instrumental and due to the narrow range of excitation wavelengths of the tunable dye laser used for sample excitation. Herein, we remove this limitation with an optical parametric oscillator (OPO)-based wavelength tuning laser that covers the whole excitation range of 302 Da isomers. It is possible now to excite each isomer at its excitation wavelength for maximum fluorescence emission and reach limits of detection at the parts-per-trillion level (pg.mL-1). The excitation bandwidth of the OPO laser (0.2 nm) is a good match for the narrow excitation spectra of 302 Da isomers in n-octane. This feature, associated to unique vibrational fluorescence profiles and lifetime decays, allows for the unambiguous identification of co-eluting isomers in RPLC fractions. The same is true for their quantitative analysis in coal tar samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - Ahmed Comas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - Stacy Wise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - Walter B Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - And
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States.
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5
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Identification of pyrene in complex sample matrix using time-resolved fluorescence measurement coupled with PARAFAC analysis. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.111991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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6
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Determination of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions of coal tar standard reference material 1597a via solid-phase nanoextraction and laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. Talanta 2016; 148:444-53. [PMID: 26653471 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an alternative approach for the analysis of high molecular weight - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) with molecular mass 302 Da in complex environmental samples. This is not a trivial task due to the large number of molecular mass 302 Da isomers with very similar chromatographic elution times and similar, possibly even virtually identical, mass fragmentation patterns. The method presented here is based on 4.2K laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy, a high resolution spectroscopic technique with the appropriate selectivity for the unambiguous determination of PAHs with the same molecular mass. The potential of this approach is demonstrated here with the analysis of a coal tar standard reference material (SRM) 1597a. Liquid chromatography fractions were submitted to the spectroscopic analysis of five targeted isomers, namely dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene. Prior to analyte determination, the liquid chromatographic fractions were pre-concentrated with gold nanoparticles. Complete analysis was possible with microliters of chromatographic fractions and organic solvents. The limits of detection varied from 0.05 (dibenzo[a,l]pyrene) to 0.24 µg L(-1) (dibenzo[a,e]pyrene). The excellent analytical figures of merit associated to its non-destructive nature, which provides ample opportunity for further analysis with other instrumental methods, makes this approach an attractive alternative for the determination of PAH isomers in complex environmental samples.
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Wise SA, Sander LC, Schantz MM. Analytical Methods for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) — A Historical Perspective on the 16 U.S. EPA Priority Pollutant PAHs. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.970291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Lane C. Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Michele M. Schantz
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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8
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Moore AFT, Goicoechea HC, Barbosa F, Campiglia AD. Parallel Factor Analysis of 4.2 K Excitation–Emission Matrices for the Direct Determination of Dibenzopyrene Isomers in Coal-Tar Samples with a Cryogenic Fiber-Optic Probe Coupled to a Commercial Spectrofluorimeter. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5232-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F. T. Moore
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Building Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
| | - Hector C. Goicoechea
- Laboratorio
de Desarrollo Analítico y Quimiometría (LADAQ), Cátedra
de Química Analítica I, Facultad de Bioquímica
y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Litoral, Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Laboratório
de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Faculdade de Ciências
Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, 1404903, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Andres D. Campiglia
- University of Central Florida, Department of Chemistry, 4111 Libra Drive, Physical Sciences Building Room 255, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, United States
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9
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Water analysis of the sixteen environmental protection agency—polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons via solid-phase nanoextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1345:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Moore AFT, Barbosa F, Campiglia AD. Combining cryogenic fiber optic probes with commercial spectrofluorimeters for the synchronous fluorescence Shpol'skii spectroscopy of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:14-25. [PMID: 24405949 DOI: 10.1366/13-07124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cryogenic fiber optic probes are combined for the first time with a commercial spectrofluorometer for Shpol'skii spectroscopy measurements at liquid nitrogen (77 K) and liquid helium (4.2 K) temperatures. Accurate and reproducible acquisition of fluorescence spectra and signal intensities is demonstrated with three well known Shpol'skii systems, namely, anthracene/heptane, pyrene/hexane, and benzo[a]pyrene/octane. The ability to adjust the excitation and emission bandpass of the spectrofluorimeter to reach both site-resolution and analytically valuable signal-to-noise ratios was illustrated with benzo[a]pyrene in n-octane. The analytical potential of 4.2 K synchronous fluorescence Shpol'skii spectroscopy for the analysis of high molecular weight-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was then explored for the first time. The judicious optimization of wavelength offsets permitted the successful determination of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, and naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene without previous chromatographic separation from a soil extract with complex matrix composition. The simplicity of the experimental procedure, the competitive analytical figures of merit, and the selectivity of analysis turn 4.2 K synchronous fluorescence Shpol'skii spectroscopy into a valuable alternative for screening isomers of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony F T Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Physical Sciences, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Pre-concentration of water samples with BEA zeolite for the direct determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Goicoechea HC, Yu S, Moore AF, Campiglia AD. Four-way modeling of 4.2K time-resolved excitation emission fluorescence data for the quantitation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil samples. Talanta 2012; 101:330-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Wilson WB, Campiglia AD. Analysis of co-eluted isomers of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions via solid-phase nanoextraction and time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6922-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wilson WB, Campiglia AD. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 302 in water samples by solid-phase nano-extraction and laser excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. Analyst 2011; 136:3366-74. [PMID: 21725549 DOI: 10.1039/c1an15309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAH) via simple and cost effective methods still remains a challenge. In this article, we combine solid-phase nano-extraction (SPNE) and 4.2 K laser-excited time resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy (LETRSS) into a valuable alternative for the water analysis of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene and naphtho[2,3-a]pyrene. In comparison to the original SPNE procedure, the present method improves PAH recoveries and reduces extraction time from 30 to 20 min per sample. Quantitative release of HMW-PAH into the Shpol'skii matrix (n-octane) is best accomplished with a mixture of 48 μL of methanol and 2 μL of 1-pentanethiol. Their migration into the 50 μL layer of n-octane provides highly resolved spectra with distinct fluorescence lifetimes for unambiguous isomer determination. Complete analysis takes less than 30 min per sample and consumes only 100 micro-liters of organic solvents. 500 μL of water are sufficient to obtain limits of detection ranging from 16 ng L(-1) (dibenzo[a,l]pyrene) to 55 ng L(-1) (dibenzo[a,i]pyrene), relative standard deviations better than 3% and analytical recoveries above 90%. Although a straightforward comparison to chromatographic methods is not possible because of the lack of analytical figures of merit on HMW-PAH, the excellent precision of measurements, limits of detection and overall recoveries makes SPNE-LETRSS an attractive approach to water analysis of HMW-PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA
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15
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Wang H, Campiglia AD. Direct determination of benzo[a]pyrene in water samples by a gold nanoparticle-based solid phase extraction method and laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectrometry. Talanta 2010; 83:233-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Lloyd WR, Wilson RH, Chang CW, Gillispie GD, Mycek MA. Instrumentation to rapidly acquire fluorescence wavelength-time matrices of biological tissues. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2010; 1:574-586. [PMID: 21258491 PMCID: PMC3018017 DOI: 10.1364/boe.1.000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A fiber-optic system was developed to rapidly acquire tissue fluorescence wavelength-time matrices (WTMs) with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The essential system components (473 nm microchip laser operating at 3 kHz repetition frequency, fiber-probe assemblies, emission monochromator, photomultiplier tube, and digitizer) were assembled into a compact and clinically-compatible unit. Data were acquired from fluorescence standards and tissue-simulating phantoms to test system performance. Fluorescence decay waveforms with SNR > 100 at the decay curve peak were obtained in less than 30 ms. With optimized data transfer and monochromator stepping functions, it should be feasible to acquire a full WTM at 5 nm emission wavelength intervals over a 200 nm range in under 2 seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Lloyd
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
| | - Robert H. Wilson
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0362, USA
| | - Ching-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
| | | | - Mary-Ann Mycek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2099, USA
- Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0362, USA
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17
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Solid-phase nano-extraction and laser-excited time-resolved Shpol’skii spectroscopy for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water samples. Anal Biochem 2009; 385:249-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Yu S, Campiglia AD. Direct determination of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene and its four dibenzopyrene isomers in water samples by solid-liquid extraction and laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectrometry. Anal Chem 2007; 77:1440-7. [PMID: 15732929 DOI: 10.1021/ac048310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene is considered the most potent carcinogen of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ever tested. Its four isomers, which include dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, and dibenzo[e,l]pyrene, are also carcinogenic and, therefore, a potential threat to humans. The method presented here provides a direct way for their determination in water samples. The entire procedure--from water extraction to LETRSS analysis--takes less than 15 min/sample and it consumes only 100 microL of organic solvent. This fact makes our approach environmentally friendly and cost-effective. Unambiguous isomer determination is accomplished via multidimensional data formats, namely, wavelength time matrixes, excitation-emission matrixes, and time-resolved excitation-emission matrixes. The analytical figures of merit demonstrate precise and accurate analysis at the sub-parts-per-billion level. Limits of detection are at the parts-per-trillion level. The potential of this approach for real-world analysis is illustrated with a heavily contaminated water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 25000, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA
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19
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Campiglia AD, Yu S, Bystol AJ, Wang H. Measuring Scatter with a Cryogenic Probe and an ICCD Camera: Recording Absorption Spectra in Shpol'skii Matrixes and Fluorescence Quantum Yields in Glassy Solvents. Anal Chem 2007; 79:1682-9. [PMID: 17297973 DOI: 10.1021/ac061914s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recording absorption spectra via transmittance through frozen matrixes is a challenging task. The main reason is the difficulty in overcoming the strong scattering light reaching the detector. This is particularly true when thick samples are necessary for recording absorption spectra of weak oscillators. In the case of strongly fluorescent compounds, additional errors in absorbance measurements arise from the emission reaching the detector, which might have an intensity comparable to that of the transmitted light. This article presents a fundamentally different approach to low-temperature absorption measurements as the sought for information is the intensity of laser excitation returning from the frozen sample to the ICCD. Laser excitation is collected with the aid of a cryogenic fiber optic probe. The feasibility of our approach is demonstrated with single-site and multiple-site Shpol'skii systems. The 4.2 K absorption spectra show excellent agreement with their literature counterparts recorded via transmittance with closed-cycle cryogenators. Fluorescence quantum yields measured at room temperature compare well to experimental data acquired in our laboratory via classical methodology. Similar agreement is observed between 77 K fluorescence quantum yields and previously reported data acquired with classical methodology. We then extend our approach to generate original data on fluorescence quantum yields at 4.2 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 25000, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA.
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20
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Campiglia AD, Bystol AJ, Yu S. Instrumentation for Multidimensional Luminescence Spectroscopy and Its Application to Low-Temperature Analysis in Shpol'skii Matrixes and Optically Scattering Media. Anal Chem 2005; 78:484-92. [PMID: 16408931 DOI: 10.1021/ac051332v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a single instrument with the capability to collect multidimensional data formats in both the fluorescence and the phosphorescence time domains. We also demonstrate the ability to perform luminescence measurements in highly scattering media by comparing the precision of measurements in Shpol'skii solvents to those obtained in "snowlike" matrixes and solid samples. For decades, conventional low-temperature methodology has been restricted to optically transparent media. This restriction has limited its application to organic solvents that freeze into a glass. We remove this limitation with the use of cryogenic fiber-optic probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 25000, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA.
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Yu S, Campiglia AD. Laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy for the direct analysis of dibenzopyrene isomers in liquid chromatography fractions. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2004; 58:1385-1393. [PMID: 15606949 DOI: 10.1366/0003702042641416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a unique method for the unambiguous determination of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene, and dibenzo[e,l]pyrene in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractions. Chemical analysis is performed via laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy with the aid of a cryogenic fiber-optic probe, pulsed tunable dye laser, spectrograph, and intensified charge-coupled device. Unambiguous identification is accomplished via wavelength time matrix formats, which give simultaneous access to spectral and lifetime information. Prior to spectroscopic analysis, HPLC fractions are pre-treated with liquid-liquid extraction or solid-liquid extraction at the tip of the fiber-optic probe. Solid-liquid extraction gives the best limits of detection, which vary from 40 pg mL(-1) (dibenzo[a,l]pyrene) to 0.2 ng mL(-1)(dibenzo[e,l]pyrene).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenjiang Yu
- Department of Chemistry, P. O. Box 25000, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA
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Powe AM, Fletcher KA, St Luce NN, Lowry M, Neal S, McCarroll ME, Oldham PB, McGown LB, Warner IM. Molecular Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Chemiluminescence Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2004; 76:4614-34. [PMID: 15307770 DOI: 10.1021/ac040095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleeta M Powe
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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Bystol AJ, Campiglia AD. Fluorescence line narrowing spectroscopy of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on solid-liquid extraction membranes. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2003; 57:697-702. [PMID: 14658704 DOI: 10.1366/000370203322005409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The potential of solid-liquid extraction fluorescence line narrowing spectroscopy is evaluated for screening polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. Octadecyl silica membranes are used with the dual purpose of sample preconcentration and solid substrate for spectroscopic measurements. 4.2 K fluorescence line narrowed spectra are directly recorded from the membrane with the aid of a fiber-optic probe. The experimental procedure is free from organic solvents and takes less than 5 min per sample. With 10 mL of water sample, the limits of detection are at the parts-per-billion level. Qualitative analysis is based on wavelength time matrices, which provide a unique format for compound identification based on spectral and lifetime data. The selectivity of this approach is demonstrated with the unambiguous determination of naphthalene in a heavily contaminated water sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bystol
- Department of Chemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105-5516, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J. Koester
- Analytical and Nuclear Chemistry Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808
| | - Staci L. Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology and Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-7301
| | - Bradley K. Esser
- Analytical and Nuclear Chemistry Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808
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