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Zhao S, Nigar R, Zhong G, Li J, Geng X, Yi X, Tian L, Bing H, Wu Y, Zhang G. Occurrence and fate of current-use pesticides in Chinese forest soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 255:119087. [PMID: 38719064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides play a crucial role in securing global food production to meet increasing demands. However, because of their pervasive use, they are now ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have adverse effects on both ecosystems and human health. In this study, the environmental occurrence and fate of 16 current-use pesticides (CUPs) were investigated in 93 forest soil samples obtained from 11 distinct mountains in China. The concentrations of the target pesticides ranged from 0.36 to 55 ng/g dry weight. Cypermethrin, dicofol, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and trifluralin were the most frequently detected CUPs. The CUP concentrations were generally higher in the O-horizon than in the A-horizon. Chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and dicofol were detected in most deep layers in soil profiles from three mountains selected to represent distinct climate zones. No clear altitudinal trend in organic carbon-normalized concentrations of CUPs was observed in the O- or A-horizons within individual mountains. A negative correlation was noted between the CUP concentrations and the altitudes across all sampling sites. This indicated that proximity to emission sources was a key factor affecting the spatial distribution of CUPs in mountain forest soil on a national scale. The ecological risk assessment showed that dicofol and cypermethrin pose potential risks to earthworms. This study emphasizes the importance of source control when setting management strategies for CUPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Refayat Nigar
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lele Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haijian Bing
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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2
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Cao Z, Ding Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liu L, Cai M, Tang J. Distribution, sources, and eco-risk of Current-Use Pesticides (CUPs) in the coastal waters of the northern Shandong Peninsula, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116159. [PMID: 38364526 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distributions and seasonal variations of 19 CUPs in the coastal areas of the Shandong Peninsula and its surrounding rivers and assessed their ecological risk. In freshwater and seawater, insecticides (chlorpyrifos, methoxychlor, and pyridaben), as well as fungicides (fenarimol) and herbicides (dichlobenil) were the main pollutants (Detection Frequency: 100 %). Spatially, during winter, the regional pollution levels of Σ19CUPs in seawater showed a trend of Laizhou Bay (LZB, mean:4.13 ng L-1) > Yellow River Estuary (YRE, mean:2.57 ngL-1) > Bohai Bay (BHB, mean:2.21 ng L-1) > Yanwei Area (YWA, mean:1.94 ng L-1). The similarities of major substances between rivers and the marine environment suggest that river discharge is the main source of CUPs pollution in coastal areas. In summer, CUPs in rivers posed a high risk. In winter, the risk significantly decreased, indicating a moderate overall risk. Seawater exhibited a low risk in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Cao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yunhao Ding
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266525, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China.
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China; School of Marine Science, Beibu Gulf University, Qingzhou 535011, China.
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3
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Wang L, Cao G, Liu LY, Zhang ZF, Jia SM, Fu MQ, Ma WL. Cross-regional scale studies of organochlorine pesticides in air in China: Pollution characteristic, seasonal variation, and gas/particle partitioning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166709. [PMID: 37659555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Few simultaneous studies of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the atmosphere have been conducted across Southeast and Northeast China, and no data on the gas/particle (G/P) partitioning behaviors of several current-use OCPs are available. In this study, a one-year synchronous monitoring program was conducted for OCPs in Chinese atmosphere spanning 30° latitude and 60 °C temperature. A total of 111 pairs of gas and particle samples were collected from Mohe and Harbin in Northeast China and from Shenzhen in Southeast China. The detection frequency for 66.7 % of the OCPs exceeded 80 %, indicating their prevalence in the atmosphere. The concentrations of individual OCPs spanned six orders of magnitude, indicating different pollution levels. Highest levels of hexachlorobenzene were observed at all sites. Banned OCPs were found predominantly in secondary distribution patterns, whereas current-use OCPs were dominated by primary distribution patterns. In Harbin and Mohe, the concentrations of OCPs were highest in summer, followed by autumn and winter. No obvious seasonal variation was observed in Shenzhen associated with different cultivation types. At all three sites, OCPs were predominantly found in the gas phase, and higher percentages of particle-phase OCPs were observed in Harbin and Mohe than in Shenzhen. In this study, G/P partitioning models were used to study the G/P partitioning mechanism of OCPs. The Li-Ma-Yang model provided the most accurate prediction of the G/P partitioning behavior of OCPs with high molecular weights and low vapor pressures, particularly at low temperatures. However, OCPs with lower molecular weights and higher vapor pressures were predominantly in the equilibrium state, for which the Junge-Pankow model was suitable. This systematic cross-scale study provides new insights into pollution, G/P partitioning, and the environmental behavior of OCPs in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Gang Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Prevention and Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shi-Ming Jia
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Meng-Qi Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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4
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Alarcon P, Kitanovski Z, Padervand M, Pöschl U, Lammel G, Zetzsch C. Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radical Reaction Rate Coefficient and Total Environmental Lifetime of α-Endosulfan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15999-16005. [PMID: 37831888 PMCID: PMC10603777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Endosulfan is a persistent organochlorine pesticide that was globally distributed before it was banned and continues to cycle in the Earth system. The chemical kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of α-endosulfan with the hydroxyl radical (OH) was studied by means of pulsed vacuum UV flash photolysis and time-resolved resonance fluorescence (FP-RF) as a function of temperature in the range of 348-395 K and led to a second-order rate coefficient kOH = 5.8 × 10-11 exp(-1960K/T) cm3 s-1 with an uncertainty range of 7 × 10-12 exp(-1210K/T) to 4 × 10-10 exp(-2710K/T) cm3 s-1. This corresponds to an estimated photochemical atmospheric half-life in the range of 3-12 months, which is much longer than previously assumed (days to weeks). Comparing the atmospheric concentrations observed after the global ban of endosulfan with environmental multimedia model predictions, we find that photochemical degradation in the atmosphere is slower than the model-estimated biodegradation in soil or water and that the latter limits the total environmental lifetime of endosulfan. We conclude that the lifetimes typically assumed for soil and aquatic systems are likely underestimated and should be revisited, in particular, for temperate and warm climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo
C. Alarcon
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Zoran Kitanovski
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Mohsen Padervand
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Maragheh, Maragheh 55181-8311, Iran
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 60177, Czech Republic
| | - Cornelius Zetzsch
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute
for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- Atmospheric
Chemistry Research Unit, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
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5
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Khuman SN, Park MK, Kim HJ, Hwang SM, Lee CH, Choi SD. Nationwide assessment of atmospheric organochlorine pesticides over a decade during 2008-2017 in South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162927. [PMID: 36934928 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term nationwide atmospheric monitoring of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) was performed in South Korea during 2008-2017. Their occurrences, seasonal and temporal variability, sources, and effect of ambient temperature were investigated. The OCPs are pronounced with a mean concentration of total OCPs ranging from 5.2 to 256 pg/Sm3. However, a decrease of 54 % was observed in the mean concentration of total OCPs from 2008 to 2017 associated with regulatory actions. OCP concentrations did not show any variations between the different site types, and OCPs were ubiquitously present at all site types. The mean concentration of total OCPs in summer was two-fold higher than in winter. The concentrations of DRINs, DDTs, ENDOs, and HCHs were significantly higher in summer, but the concentrations of chlordane and heptachlor were higher in winter. The diagnostic ratios identified major sources as ongoing sources, past use, and atmospheric transport. Clausius Clapeyron plots strongly suggested the re-emission of α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, α-HCH, and β-HCH, and ΔHsa (enthalpy of surface air exchange) values suggested the influence of the transport and/or new sources on aldrin, dieldrin, and chlordane. The occurrence of OCPs due to re-emissions, ongoing sources, and long-range atmospheric transport could be a challenge towards the complete phase-out of OCPs in South Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjenbam Nirmala Khuman
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Kyu Park
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Joong Kim
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Man Hwang
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Chemical Management, Korea Environment Corporation (K-eco), Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Ren P, Wang M, Zheng H, Gao Z, Han Z, Liu Y, Cai M. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of conazole fungicides in surface seawater of the East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114796. [PMID: 36898271 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conazole fungicides (CFs), the common-used pesticide in agriculture distributed widely in the environment. This research analyzed the occurrence, potential sources, and risks of eight CFs in the East China Sea surface seawater in the early summer of 2020. The total CF concentration ranged from 0.30 to 6.20 ng/L, with an average value of 1.64 ± 1.24 ng/L. Fenbuconazole, hexaconazole, and triadimenol were the major CFs that comprised >96 % of the total concentration. The Yangtze River was identified as the significant source of CFs from the coastal regions to the off-shore inputs. Ocean current was the first-order factor controlling the content and distribution of CFs in the East China Sea. Although risk assessment revealed CFs posed a low or no substantial risk to ecology and human health, long-term monitoring was also encouraged. This study provided a theoretical foundation for assessing CFs' pollution levels and potential risks in the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ren
- Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zhiwei Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zheyi Han
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yanguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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7
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Wu X, Sun W, Huai B, Wang L, Han C, Wang Y, Mi W. Seasonal variation and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a background site on the Tibetan Plateau. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 125:524-532. [PMID: 36375935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in northeastern Tibetan Plateau with fragile ecological environment and complex atmospheric circulation system is blank. To understand the characteristics and sources of persistent organic pollutants in the atmosphere of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we monitored levels in the central Qilian Mountain. From 2016 to 2017, we collected 45-pair (particle + gas) samples using active air samplers to investigate the sources, transport paths, and their influencing factors. Sources of PAHs were analysed with a source diagnostic model, and atmospheric transport paths were calculated. The concentration range for ∑15PAHs was 439-4666 pg/m3, and the average was 2015 pg/m3. The PAHs in central Qilian Mountain are mainly low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs. Winter concentrations of PAHs were higher than those in summer. The transport of PAHs is mainly affected by westerlies, and there are seasonal differences. Source analysis showed that PAHs mainly came from coal and biomass combustion and vehicle emissions, with seasonal differences. This study clarifies the concentration and seasonal variation of PAHs in the northern Tibetan Plateau, which is conducive to understanding the atmospheric transport process and fate of pollutants. The background site of Qilian Mountains located in the Silk Road economic belt has the value and significance of long-term observation of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Wu
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Weijun Sun
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China.
| | - Baojuan Huai
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chuntan Han
- Qilian Alpine Ecology and Hydrology Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yetang Wang
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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8
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Wang S, Wu L, Wang Z, Du H, Zhu J, Li Y, Cai M, Wang X. Occurrence, vertical distribution and transport of organic amine pesticides in the seawater from the East China Sea and the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160487. [PMID: 36436656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organic amine pesticides (OAPs) are widely used as insecticides, fungicides and herbicides in agricultural production. China is a large agricultural country, and the sprayed pesticides may impact the fragile marine environment through surface runoff. This study revealed the pollution characteristics of thirty-three OAPs in the East China Sea (ECS) and the South China Sea (SCS) and investigated their vertical variations in water columns. The ∑OAPs ranged from below method detection limits to 3.4 ng/ L, with an average value of 0.93 ng/ L. Diphenylamine and beflubutamid were the two most abundant compounds, contributing 64 % and 14 % of the ∑OAPs, respectively. The ∑OAPs in the ECS were significantly (M-W U test, p < 0.01) higher than that in the SCS, and OAPs exhibited different composition profiles. Diphenylamine was the most abundant compound in the ECS, while beflubutamid was dominant in the SCS, which may be related to industrial production (such as rubber synthesis) and agricultural activities. In the water columns, OAPs concentrations were higher in deep layers compared to that in surface seawater, which may be due to weak light and low temperature reducing the degradation of pesticides, indicating the deep ocean is a sink for OAPs. Under the dilution of seawater, the concentrations of OAPs decreased from the Pearl River Estuary to the open sea, and the South China Sea Warm Current also caused the decrease of OAPs from south to north. A preliminary risk assessment indicated that OAPs in the water pose no significant risk to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siquan Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Libo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zijuan Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Huihong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jincai Zhu
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; China School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; China School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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9
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Li X, Jiang S, Zheng H, Shi Y, Cai M, Cai Y. Organophosphorus pesticides in southeastern China marginal seas: Land-based export and ocean currents redistribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:160011. [PMID: 36356779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) have raised an increasing public concern due to their harmful impacts. To explore the occurrence and distribution of OPPs in southeastern China marginal seas (SCMS), a sampling campaign was carried out from East China Sea (ECS) to South China Sea (SCS). A total of 33 OPPs are quantified with the ΣOPPs concentrations ranging from 4.73 to 14.15 ng/L. Higher ΣOPPs concentrations in the surface seawater from the estuaries of Yangtze River, Minjiang River, and Pearl River than those at other sampling sites indicates that riverine emissions are the principal sources of OPPs in SCMS. Different compositions of OPPs in ECS and SCS highlight the different priority of use categories for OPPs in China coastal region. In addition, the vertical diffusion and upwelling ocean currents play critical roles in the redistribution of OPPs in SCMS. For the first time, the ΣOPPs mass inventories in surface seawater of ECS and SCS are estimated at 8.51 and 11.26 t, respectively. Although the current ecological risk of OPPs is at low level in surface seawater of SCMS, the long-term use and bio-accumulative potential point to the necessity for the normalized monitoring of OPPs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Li
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Su Jiang
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography (SOO), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Minghong Cai
- MNR Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography (SOO), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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10
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Zheng H, Ding Y, Xue Y, Xiao K, Zhu J, Liu Y, Cai M. Occurrence, seasonal variations, and eco-risk of currently using organochlorine pesticides in surface seawater of the East China Sea and Western Pacific Ocean. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114300. [PMID: 36330943 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We studied 19 targets currently using organochlorine pesticides (CUOCPs) from 98 samples in the Western Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea collected in 2019, 2020, and 2021. The samples were analyzed using a novel High-throat/High-volume Solid-Phase Extraction method. Eighteen individual CUOCPs were above the method detection limits. The levels of ∑19CUOCPs ranged from 0.13 to 17.80 ng/L, with an average of 3.13 ± 14.67 ng/L. Dicofol was the main pollutant in the Western Pacific Ocean, while Pyridaben dominated the East China Sea. In the summer, land-source input was the primary source in the Western Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea. Historical residues were the main source in the East China Sea in spring. In the summer, the ecological risk assessment results indicated a relatively low risk to the Western Pacific Ocean and the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yunhao Ding
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingang Xue
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaiyan Xiao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Jincai Zhu
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, 1000 Xuelong Road, Shanghai 201209, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yanguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; Antarctic Great Wall Ecology National Observation and Research Station, Polar Research Institute of China, 1000 Xuelong Road, Shanghai 201209, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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11
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Yang MR, Dai XR, Huang ZW, Huang CY, Xiao H. Research progress of the POP fugacity model: a bibliometrics-based analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:86899-86912. [PMID: 36261637 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of environmental issues regarding persistent organic pollutants (POPs), fugacity models have been widely used in the concentration prediction and exposure assessment of POPs. Based on 778 relevant research articles published between 1979 and 2020 in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC), the current research progress of the fugacity model on predicting the fate and transportation of POPs in the environment was analyzed by CiteSpace software. The results showed that the research subject has low interdisciplinarity, mainly involving environmental science and environmental engineering. The USA was the most paper-published country, followed by Canada and China. The publications of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lancaster University, and Environment Canada were leading. Collaboration between institutions was inactive and low intensity. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were the most concerning compounds, while air, water, soil, and sediment were the most concerning environmental media. Through co-citation cluster analysis, in addition to the in-depth exploration of traditional POPs, research on emerging POPs such as cyclic volatile methyl siloxane and dechlorane plus were new research frontiers. The distribution and transfer of POPs in the soil-air environment have attracted the most attention, and the regional grid model based on fugacity has been gradually improved and developed. The co-citation high-burst detection showed that the research hotspots gradually shifted from pollutant persistence and long-range transport potential to pollutant distribution rules among the different environmental media and the long-distance transmission simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Rong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Dai
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800, China.
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
| | - Zhong-Wen Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hanshan Normal University, Chaozhou, 521041, China
| | - Cen-Yan Huang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, Ningbo (Beilun) Zhongke Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center, Ningbo, 315800, China
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12
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Wołejko E, Łozowicka B, Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Pietruszyńska M, Wydro U. Chlorpyrifos Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12209. [PMID: 36231509 PMCID: PMC9566616 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) was the most frequently used pesticide in food production in the European Union (EU) until 2020. Unfortunately, this compound is still being applied in other parts of the world. National monitoring of pesticides conducted in various countries indicates the presence of CPF in soil, food, and water, which may have toxic effects on consumers, farmers, and animal health. In addition, CPF may influence changes in the population of fungi, bacteria, and actinomycete in soil and can inhibit nitrogen mineralization. The mechanisms of CPF activity are based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. This compound also exhibits reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. The problem seems to be the discrepancy between the actual observations and the final conclusions drawn for the substance's approval in reports presenting the toxic impact of CPF on human health. Therefore, this influence is still a current and important issue that requires continuous monitoring despite its withdrawal from the market in the EU. This review traces the scientific reports describing the effects of CPF resulting in changes occurring in both the environment and at the cellular and tissue level in humans and animals. It also provides an insight into the hazards and risks to human health in food consumer products in which CPF has been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Wołejko
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Bożena Łozowicka
- Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland
| | - Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
| | - Marta Pietruszyńska
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Białystok, M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A Street, 15-276 Białystok, Poland
| | - Urszula Wydro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45A Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang ZF, Yang PF, Li YF, Cai M, Kallenborn R. Pesticides in the atmosphere and seawater in a transect study from the Western Pacific to the Southern Ocean: The importance of continental discharges and air-seawater exchange. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118439. [PMID: 35452973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The global oceans are known as terminal sink or secondary source for diffusive emission of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and selected current used pesticides (CUPs) into the overlaying atmosphere. Many pesticides have been widely produced worldwide, subsequently applied, and released into the environment. However, information on the occurrence patterns, spatial variability, and air-seawater exchange of pesticides is limited to easily accessible regions and, hence, only few studies are reported from the remote Southern Ocean. To fill this information gap, a large-scale ship-based sampling campaign was conducted. In the samples from this campaign, we measured concentrations of 221 pesticides. Both gaseous and aqueous samples were collected along a sampling transect from the western Pacific to the Southern Ocean (19.75° N-76.16° S) from November 2018 to March 2019. Twenty-seven individual pesticides were frequently (≥ 50%) detected in gaseous and aqueous samples. Tebuconazole, diphenylamine, myclobutanil, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominated the composition profile in both phases. Spatial trends analysis in atmospheric and seawater concentrations showed a substantial level reduction from the western Pacific towards the Southern Ocean. Back-trajectory analysis showed that atmospheric pesticide concentrations were strongly influenced by air masses origins. Continental and riverine inputs are important sources of pesticides in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. Atmospheric and seawater concentrations for the target pesticide residues in the Southern Ocean are low and evenly distributed due to the large distance from potential pollution sources as well as the effective isolation by the Antarctic Convergence (AC). Air-seawater fugacity ratios and fluxes indicated that the western Pacific and Indian Oceans were secondary sources for most pesticides emitted to the atmosphere, while the Southern Ocean was still considered to be a sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6×9, Canada
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
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14
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Kalyabina VP, Esimbekova EN, Kopylova KV, Kratasyuk VA. Pesticides: formulants, distribution pathways and effects on human health - a review. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1179-1192. [PMID: 34150527 PMCID: PMC8193068 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture to enhance crop production and control pests. Therefore, pesticide residues can persist in the environment and agricultural crops. Although modern formulations are relatively safe to non-target species, numerous theoretical and experimental data demonstrate that pesticide residues can produce long-term negative effects on the health of humans and animals and stability of ecosystems. Of particular interest are molecular mechanisms that mediate the start of a cascade of adverse effects. This is a review of the latest literature data on the effects and consequences of contamination of agricultural crops by pesticide residues. In addition, we address the issue of implicit risks associated with pesticide formulations. The effects of pesticides are considered in the context of the Adverse Outcome Pathway concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya P. Kalyabina
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny Prospect, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Elena N. Esimbekova
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny Prospect, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Kseniya V. Kopylova
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny Prospect, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
| | - Valentina A. Kratasyuk
- Siberian Federal University, 79 Svobodny Prospect, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, 50/50 Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
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15
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Zheng H, Cai M, Zhao W, Khairy M, Chen M, Deng H, Lohmann R. Net volatilization of PAHs from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean observed by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116728. [PMID: 33611202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The North Pacific-Arctic Oceans are important compartments for semi-volatile organic compounds' (SVOCs) global marine inventory, but whether they act as a "source" or "sink" remains controversial. To study the air-sea exchange and fate of SVOCs during their poleward long-range transport, low-altitude atmosphere and surface seawater were measured for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by passive sampling from July to September in 2014. Gaseous PAH concentrations (0.67-13 ng m-3) were dominated by phenanthrene (Phe) and fluorene (Flu), which displayed an inverse correlation with latitude, as well as a significant linear relationship with partial pressure and inverse temperature. Concentrations of PAHs in seawater (1.8-16 ng L-1) showed regional characteristics, with higher levels near the East Asia and lower values in the Bering Strait. The potential impact from the East Asian monsoon was suggested for gaseous PAHs, which - similar to PAHs in surface seawater - were derived from combustion sources. In addition, the data implied net volatilization of PAHs from seawater into the air along the entire cruise; fluxes displayed a similar pattern to regional and monthly distribution of PAHs in seawater. Our results further emphasized that air-sea exchange is an important process for PAHs in the open marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenlu Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882-1197, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511, Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hengxiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882-1197, United States.
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16
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Wang S, Salamova A, Venier M. Occurrence, Spatial, and Seasonal Variations, and Gas-Particle Partitioning of Atmospheric Current-Use Pesticides (CUPs) in the Great Lakes Basin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3539-3548. [PMID: 33616389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is very little information on the gas-particle partition and spatial and seasonal variations of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in the Great Lakes basin. The atmospheric concentrations of 36 CUPs were measured in 24 h gas and particle samples collected in 2017 at six sites in the Great Lakes basin. Thirteen individual CUPs were detected at least once in both gas- and particle-phase samples, with chlorothalonil, trifluralin, metolachlor, λ-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, and chlorpyrifos detected in >50% samples. The gas-particle partitioning analysis suggests that gas-phase chemicals like trifluralin and chlorpyrifos were not influenced by either temperature or relative humidity while particle-phase chemicals like metolachlor were marginally and negatively correlated with relative humidity. Median total CUP concentrations were 339, 238, 84, 33, 60, and 6.0 pg/m3 at Chicago, Cleveland, Sturgeon Point, Point Petre, Sleeping Bear Dunes, and Eagle Harbor, respectively. The concentrations of total CUPs and most individual CUPs were generally higher at the urban sites of Chicago and Cleveland than at the rural/remote sites of Sturgeon Point, Point Petre, Sleeping Bear Dunes, and Eagle Harbor. Chlorothalonil, trifluralin, bifenthrin, and chlorpyrifos were the most abundant individual CUPs among fungicides, herbicides, pyrethroid insecticides, and other insecticides, respectively. The spatio-seasonal variation suggests that fungicides at Sturgeon Point and Sleeping Bear Dunes, with the highest fraction of agricultural land use, were associated with agricultural activities, while pyrethroid insecticides were generally driven by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Wang
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Amina Salamova
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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17
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Amaral Dias M, Dos Santos JM, Pignati WA, Felix EP. Quantification and risk assessment of pesticides in southern Brazilian air samples using low-volume sampling and rapid ultrasound-assisted extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:467-479. [PMID: 33570059 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00467g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brazil is one of the largest pesticide consumers in the world. In the last few years, the use of permissive environmental laws and newly authorized pesticide formulations has been enlarged. Thus, the intensive and inadequate use of pesticides may present a risk to human health since these compounds may move between environmental compartments. Outdoor air samples were collected using low-volume samplers at Arapongas city in the state of Paraná, Brazil, between February and November of 2017. Polyurethane foam (PUF) cartridges were presented as a good choice to collect pesticides from atmospheric gas phase samples when compared to styrene-divinylbenzene (XAD-2). Lower limits of quantitation were obtained with PUF cartridges, which allowed a greater number of samples to be quantified in PUF than in XAD-2. Atrazine and trifluralin were quantified for the first time in Brazilian air samples. The levels of concentration ranged between 192-1731 pg m-3 (chlorpyrifos), 136-1345 pg m-3 (atrazine) and 184-1189 pg m-3 (trifluralin). Alachlor has been out of market in Brazil since 2013, and thus it was not detected in any gas phase sample. The highest daily inhalation exposure was observed in infants, 1 × 10-6 mg kg-1 d-1 for atrazine, chlorpyrifos and trifluralin. None of the analyzed pesticides were associated with a hazardous quotient (HQ) > 1, considering the worst-case scenario for infants, indicating that there is no risk associated with the exposed population. Cancer risk assessment for trifluralin resulted in values below 1 × 10-6, therefore not indicating any significant risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Amaral Dias
- Laboratory of Studies in Environmental Matrices, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Academic Department of Chemistry and Biology, 5000 Dep. Heitor Alencar Furtado, Curitiba, PR 81280-340, Brazil.
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18
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Barbosa J, De Schamphelaere K, Janssen C, Asselman J. Prioritization of contaminants and biological process targets in the North Sea using toxicity data from ToxCast. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:144157. [PMID: 33333300 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of chemicals detected in the marine environment underlines the need for appropriate prioritization strategies prior to further testing and potential inclusion into monitoring programs. Here, a prioritization strategy is proposed for chemicals detected in the North Sea over the last decade, through the development of a Concern Index (CI) using exposure and toxicity data obtained from peer-review publications and the ToxCast database, respectively. A total of 158 chemicals were ranked and the most sensitive tested assay endpoints were identified. Additionally, similar analysis was performed for the classes of chemicals and Biological Process Targets (BPTs). By first ranking chemicals currently acknowledged for their high toxicity to the aquatic environment, i.e. naphthalene, salicylic acid and simazine, the obtained results not only reinforce the risk posed by these but also promote a confident extrapolation from mammalian in vitro toxicity data to fish. Furthermore, genes targeted by the most sensitive assays, related to basic cell maintenance processes and immune defense, are highly evolutionarily conserved across species. The identification of these assays further reinforces the importance of a shift from traditional toxicity endpoints to lower levels of biological organization, allowing the detection of adverse effects at lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, GhEnToxLab, Ghent University, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium.
| | - Karel De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, GhEnToxLab, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Colin Janssen
- Laboratory for Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, GhEnToxLab, Ghent University, Belgium; Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
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19
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Ma Y, Sun Y, Li Y, Zheng H, Mi W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in benthos of the northern Bering Sea Shelf and Chukchi Sea Shelf. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:194-199. [PMID: 32933736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in benthos collected onboard the 'Snow Dragon' in the Northern Bering Sea Shelf and Chukchi Sea Shelf during the 6th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (CHINARE 2014). Σ18PAHs for all biota samples ranged from 34.2 to 128.1 ng/g dry weight (dw), with the highest concentration observed in fish muscle (Boreogadus saida) samples close to St. Lawrence Island. The PAH composition pattern was dominated by the presence of lighter 3 ring (57%) and 2 ring (28%) PAHs, indicating oil-related or petrogenic sources as important origins of PAH contamination. Concentrations of alkyl-PAHs (1-methylnaphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene) were lower than their parent PAH (naphthalene) in all biological tissue, and their percentage also decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared with those in the corresponding sediment. There were no significant relationships between PAH concentrations and trophic levels, which is possibly due to the combined results of the complex benthic foodweb in the subarctic/Arctic shelf region, as well as a low assimilation/effective metabolism for PAHs. According to toxic potency evaluation results from TCDD toxic equivalents (TEQs) and BaP-equivalent (BaPE) values, whelk (Neptunea heros) and starfish (Ctenodiscus crispatus) are two macroinvertebrate species showing relatively higher dioxin-like toxicity and carcinogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Yurong Sun
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yunkai Li
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Institute of Environmental Science and Health Research, Max-Plank Street 2, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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Chen C, Zou W, Cui G, Tian J, Wang Y, Ma L. Ecological risk assessment of current-use pesticides in an aquatic system of Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127222. [PMID: 32505951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in modern agriculture has threatened the survival of aquatic organisms. Therefore, the residual levels, spatial distribution, and ecological risk assessment of 18 CUPs are investigated in an aquatic system of Shanghai. The aquatic system focused on a freshwater system that contains particles smaller than 0.45 μm in size, which are easily absorbed by aquatic organisms. The mean values of chlorpyrifos, napropamide, and atrazine were found to be the highest concentration CUPs, and propazine, mevinphos, ametryn, butylate, dichlorvos, ethoprop, and prometryn displayed the most significant positive correlations with each other. The concentration of the ∑18CUPs was higher in the southern areas of Shanghai (generally greater than 100 ng/L), but it was relatively low in the central areas (generally smaller than 75 ng/L). Six important CUPs were identified, and the differences in the concentration contribution rates and contribution amounts among different intensive land-use types were noticeable. The ecological risk in most areas of this aquatic system of Shanghai was high. Chlorpyrifos and butachlor produced the maximum toxic unit (mTU) for daphnid and green algae, respectively, and their toxic unit contribution rates to the entire mixture toxicity were both greater than 50%. This confirms that the mixture toxicity of the CUPs to aquatic organisms in this aquatic system of Shanghai primarily resulted from a few dominant toxic pesticides. However, for each sensitive organism, there will still be a risk contribution of approximately 5%-30% due to other CUPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wenbing Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Guolu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Jichen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yuncai Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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21
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Leung KM, Yeung KW, You J, Choi K, Zhang X, Smith R, Zhou G, Yung MM, Arias‐Barreiro C, An Y, Burket SR, Dwyer R, Goodkin N, Hii YS, Hoang T, Humphrey C, Iwai CB, Jeong S, Juhel G, Karami A, Kyriazi‐Huber K, Lee K, Lin B, Lu B, Martin P, Nillos MG, Oginawati K, Rathnayake I, Risjani Y, Shoeb M, Tan CH, Tsuchiya MC, Ankley GT, Boxall AB, Rudd MA, Brooks BW. Toward Sustainable Environmental Quality: Priority Research Questions for Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1485-1505. [PMID: 32474951 PMCID: PMC7496081 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and human health challenges are pronounced in Asia, an exceptionally diverse and complex region where influences of global megatrends are extensive and numerous stresses to environmental quality exist. Identifying priorities necessary to engage grand challenges can be facilitated through horizon scanning exercises, and to this end we identified and examined 23 priority research questions needed to advance toward more sustainable environmental quality in Asia, as part of the Global Horizon Scanning Project. Advances in environmental toxicology, environmental chemistry, biological monitoring, and risk-assessment methodologies are necessary to address the adverse impacts of environmental stressors on ecosystem services and biodiversity, with Asia being home to numerous biodiversity hotspots. Intersections of the food-energy-water nexus are profound in Asia; innovative and aggressive technologies are necessary to provide clean water, ensure food safety, and stimulate energy efficiency, while improving ecological integrity and addressing legacy and emerging threats to public health and the environment, particularly with increased aquaculture production. Asia is the largest chemical-producing continent globally. Accordingly, sustainable and green chemistry and engineering present decided opportunities to stimulate innovation and realize a number of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Engaging the priority research questions identified herein will require transdisciplinary coordination through existing and nontraditional partnerships within and among countries and sectors. Answering these questions will not be easy but is necessary to achieve more sustainable environmental quality in Asia. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1485-1505. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M.Y. Leung
- Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong KongPokfulamHong KongChina
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of ChemistryCity University of Hong KongKowloonHong KongChina
| | - Katie W.Y. Yeung
- Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong KongPokfulamHong KongChina
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and HealthJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Xiaowei Zhang
- School of the EnvironmentNanjing UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Guang‐Jie Zhou
- Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Hong KongPokfulamHong KongChina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Humphrey
- Supervising Scientist BranchCanberraAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bin‐Le Lin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Ben Lu
- International Copper Association–AsiaShanghaiChina
| | | | - Mae Grace Nillos
- College of Fisheries and Ocean SciencesUniversity of the Philippines VisayasIloilo CityPhilippines
| | | | - I.V.N. Rathnayake
- Department of MicrobiologyFaculty of Science, University of KelaniyaKelaniyaSri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryan W. Brooks
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and HealthJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Baylor UniversityWacoTexasUSA
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22
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Cui S, Hough R, Yates K, Osprey M, Kerr C, Cooper P, Coull M, Zhang Z. Effects of season and sediment-water exchange processes on the partitioning of pesticides in the catchment environment: Implications for pesticides monitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134228. [PMID: 31505364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Current and historic pesticide use has potential to compromise e.g. drinking water sources due to both primary and secondary emission sources. Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of emissions might help inform management decisions. To explore this potential; water, sediment and soil samples were concurrently collected from the River Ugie, Scotland over four seasons. Occurrence and fate of nine pesticides including four historic-use pesticides (HUPs): simazine, atrazine, isoproturon and permethrin, and five current-use pesticides (CUPs): metaldehyde, chlorpyrifos, chlortoluron, epoxiconazole and cypermethrin were analysed. Concentrations of target pesticides in water, sediments and soils were 4.5-45.6 ng·L-1, 0.9-4.6 ng·g-1 dw (dry weight) and 1.7-8.0 ng·g-1 dw, respectively. Concentrations of pesticides in water were found to significantly differ between seasons (p < 0.05). Significant differences in pesticide concentrations also occurred spatially within sediments (p < 0.01), indicating spatial and temporal associations with pesticide use. Sediment-water exchange showed that the sediment acts as an important secondary emission source particularly for the HUPs, while current local application and sediment emission are both major driving forces for CUPs in the riverine environment. These findings were supported by concentration ratios between different media, which showed potential as a preliminary assessment tool for identifying the source of pollutants in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rupert Hough
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Kyari Yates
- The Robert Gordon University, Garthdee, Aberdeen AB10 7JG, UK
| | - Mark Osprey
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Christine Kerr
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Pat Cooper
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Malcolm Coull
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Zulin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK.
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23
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Quadri Adrogué A, Miglioranza KSB, Copello S, Favero M, Seco Pon JP. Pelagic seabirds as biomonitors of persistent organic pollutants in the Southwestern Atlantic. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110516. [PMID: 31425845 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are accumulated through time and can exert different effect on ecosystems. POPs and Chlorpyrifos, a current use pesticide, were assessed in body feathers of males and females of Black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophris, BBA) and Cape petrels (Daption capense, CAP) during their non-breeding seasons at the Patagonian Shelf, Argentina. Chlorpyrifos showed the highest values among all pollutants in both species (49.56-84.88 ng g-1), resulting from current agricultural practices. The pattern OCPs > PCBs > PBDEs was observed in both species, and CAP showed higher concentrations than BBA probably as a consequence of higher lipid mobilization and pollutants availability during dispersion. Non-significant differences between sexes about POPs levels were found; however a slight tendency was observed, females>males in CAP, and males>females in BBA. More attention and further studies are needed to understand seabirds' physiology and its relationship with the pollutants distribution in their tissues and considering breeding season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Quadri Adrogué
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata (7600), Argentina
| | - Karina S B Miglioranza
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología y Contaminación Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) (UNMDP-CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Sofía Copello
- Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata (7600), Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) (UNMDP-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marco Favero
- Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata (7600), Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) (UNMDP-CONICET), Argentina
| | - Juan P Seco Pon
- Laboratorio de Vertebrados, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, Mar del Plata (7600), Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC) (UNMDP-CONICET), Argentina
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24
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Salazar Mercado SA, Maldonado Bayona HA. Evaluation of cytotoxic potential of chlorpyrifos using Lens culinaris Med as efficient bioindicator. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 183:109528. [PMID: 31404724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of chlorpyrifos (CPF), using L. culinaris apical cells as a biological indicator. L. culinaris seeds were exposed to different concentrations of chlorpyrifos (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10 and 15 mg L-1) and a control solution based on distilled water. Subsequently, root growth was measured during 24, 48 and 72 h. Therefore, the mitotic index (MI) and the number of cellular abnormalities were determined at 72 h. According to the obtained results, a decrease in root size was observed in the concentrations of T5 (8 mg L-1) and T6 (10 mg L-1). On the other hand, it was evidenced that, through all the evaluated concentrations, the inhibition of mitosis in the concentrations of T5 (8 mg L-1), T6 (10 mg L-1) and T7 (15 mg L-1) was greater than 50%. Additionally, a variety of chromosomal abnormalities were reported, such as Micronuclei, sticky chromosomes in anaphase, chromosome disruption, irregular anaphase, nucleus absence, nuclear lesions, chromosomes grouped in metaphase, anaphase bridges, metaphase sticky chromosomes, present in all concentrations evaluated. Consequently, the presence of micronuclei in the concentrations of 8 mg L-1, 10 mg L-1 and 15 mg L-1 indicates that the CPF is a highly cytotoxic substance to L. culinaris. Therefore, L. culinaris is a plant species that offers a feasible experimental model to be implemented in laboratory studies with the purpose to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado
- Department of Biology, Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander. Avenida Gran Colombia No. 12E-96B Colsag. San José de Cúcuta, Colombia.
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25
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Zhen X, Liu L, Wang X, Zhong G, Tang J. Fates and ecological effects of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in a typical river-estuarine system of Laizhou Bay, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:573-579. [PMID: 31185345 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Current-use pesticides (CUPs) are widely applied in agriculture; however, little is known about their environmental behaviors, especially in the freshwater-seawater transitional zone. Water and sediment samples were collected in an intensively human impacted river (Xiaoqing River) from the headwaters to Laizhou Bay to investigate the distributions and environmental fates of four CUPs: trifluralin, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, and dicofol. These CUPs were frequently detected in water and sediment samples. ∑CUPs in water and sediment samples ranged from 1.20 to 100.2 ng L-1 and 6.6-2972.5 ng g-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. Chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil were the most abundant CUPs in water and sediment samples, respectively. Spatial distribution of CUPs in the Xiaoqing River aquatic ecosystem was mainly influenced by point sources, agricultural activities, the dilution effect by seawater, and environmental parameters. Field-based sediment water partitioning coefficients, normalized by organic carbon (log Koc), were calculated. Interestingly, temperature and salinity exhibited significant impacts on the distribution of log Koc of the four CUPs. The effect of temperature on the distribution of log Koc of the four CUPs varied between the CUPs. In most water samples, the levels of chlorpyrifos exceed the freshwater screening benchmarks. Hence, urgent control measures need to be devised and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510631, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510631, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 510631, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
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26
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Ouyang W, Zhang Y, Gu X, Tysklind M, Lin C, Wang B, Xin M. Occurrence, transportation, and distribution difference of typical herbicides from estuary to bay. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104858. [PMID: 31212164 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In several watersheds, agricultural activities are the cause of pollution, mainly due to the discharge of herbicides. Often, these herbicide plumes are transported to the surrounding bays. Samples of water, suspended particulate sediments (SPSs), and sediments from 37 sites in the Jiaozhou Bay in the western Pacific Ocean were collected in April 2018. The total concentrations of atrazine and acetochlor in these samples were analyzed, that showed different patterns in each sampled area. Atrazine had 2-3 times higher concentrations in coastal areas and bays compared to the estuary, indicating that it had a higher residence time in the marine environment. In contrast, acetochlor concentration decreased with an increase in the depth of seawater. Both the spatial distributions and the vertical concentrations in water, SPS, and sediment proved that these two herbicides had different responses during transportation from the estuary to the bay. Despite the significant difference in concentration of the two herbicides in the water and sediment, their spatially averaged value in SPS was very close, indicating that the particles had saturated sorption capability. The organic carbon normalized partition coefficient (LogKoc) was used to explain the partitioning of the herbicides between water and sediment. The LogKoc difference between herbicides demonstrated that acetochlor was strongly phase partitioned in the coastal and the bay areas, thereby causing similar distributions of acetochlor in the three matrices. Atrazine had a higher LogKoc value in the estuary, which explained its higher concentration in the estuary SPS. The correlation and redundancy analyses both demonstrated that the concentrations of the herbicides in water were sensitive to dissolved organic carbon and dissolved oxygen. The current tides and bathymetry were the critical factors in determining the spatial distribution of herbicides in the water and sediment, resulting in a low herbicide load in the river mouth area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mats Tysklind
- Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Baodong Wang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ming Xin
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, China
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27
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Climent MJ, Coscollà C, López A, Barra R, Urrutia R. Legacy and current-use pesticides (CUPs) in the atmosphere of a rural area in central Chile, using passive air samplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:646-654. [PMID: 30703722 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam (PUF) disks in passive air samplers (PAS) and passive dry deposition (Pas-DD) collectors were used to assess the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and current-use pesticides (CUPs) in a rural area of central Chile (Peumo, VI Region). The samplers were exposed from September 2015 (spring) to March 2016 (summer), with the PUFs collected at intervals of 30, 60, and 90 days. Both samplers (PUF-PAS and Pas-DD) captured more than one pesticide per sampling period. Chlorpyrifos-ethyl and pyrimethanil presented the highest air concentration with PUF-PAS (3470.2 ng m-3 for chlorpyrifos-ethyl and 52.8 ng m-3 for pyrimethanil). The deposited amount of chlorpyrifos-ethyl, pyrimethanil, penconazole, diazinon and malathion in some Pas-DD, was superior to amount of pesticides captured by PUF-PAS. Differences between the amount deposited and captured by each sampler should be studied in greater detail, because wind speed, atmospheric particulate matter size and sampler design are some fundamental variables in this process. These results provide preliminary information on the presence of current-use pesticides in the atmosphere of Peumo, VI Region, serving as a foundation for future environmental monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Climent
- School of Environmental Sciences & EULA-Chile Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4070386 Concepción, Chile; Center of Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4070386 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Barra
- School of Environmental Sciences & EULA-Chile Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4070386 Concepción, Chile; Center of Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Urrutia
- School of Environmental Sciences & EULA-Chile Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4070386 Concepción, Chile; Center of Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4070386 Concepción, Chile
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28
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Rauert C, Harner T, Schuster JK, Eng A, Fillmann G, Castillo LE, Fentanes O, Ibarra MV, Miglioranza KSB, Rivadeneira IM, Pozo K, Aristizábal Zuluaga BH. Air monitoring of new and legacy POPs in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1252-1262. [PMID: 30268978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A special initiative in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network was implemented to provide information on new and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Regional-scale atmospheric concentrations of the new and emerging POPs hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachloroanisole (PCA) and dicofol indicators (breakdown products) are reported for the first time. HCBD was detected in similar concentrations at all location types (<20-120 pg/m3). PCA had elevated concentrations at the urban site Concepción (Chile) of 49-222 pg/m3, with concentrations ranging <1-8.5 pg/m3 at the other sites in this study. Dicofol indicators were detected at the agricultural site of Sonora (Mexico) at concentrations ranging 30-117 pg/m3. Legacy POPs, including a range of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were also monitored to compare regional atmospheric concentrations over a decade of monitoring under the GAPS Network. γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and the endosulfans significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from 2005 to 2015, suggesting regional levels are decreasing. However, there were no significant changes for the other legacy POPs monitored, likely a reflection of the persistency and slow decline of environmental levels of these POPs. For the more volatile OCs, atmospheric concentrations derived from polyurethane foam (PUF) (acting as an equilibrium sampler) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) (acting as a linear phase sampler), were compared. The complimentary methods show a good agreement of within a factor of 2-3, and areas for future studies to improve this agreement are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Anita Eng
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Pavillion A29, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luisa Eugenia Castillo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | | | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, 4080871, Chile
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29
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Ma X, Wang Y, Gao W, Wang Y, Wang Z, Yao Z, Jiang G. Air-Seawater Gas Exchange and Dry Deposition of Chlorinated Paraffins in a Typical Inner Sea (Liaodong Bay), North China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7729-7735. [PMID: 29939722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As a group of new persistent organic pollutants, short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain CP (MCCPs) have attracted extensive worldwide interest in recent years. However, the data regarding to the environmental behavior, especially in atmospheric transfer and air-seawater exchange, are still sparse. In this study, seasonal marine boundary layer air and seawater samples were collected from Chinese Bohai sea and a fugacity model was built to evaluate the air-seawater diffusion and deposition flux of CPs. Generally, the total CP levels in atmosphere and seawater samples in summer were higher than those in spring, and CPs existed mostly in the gaseous phase in air and the dissolved phase in seawater. For SCCPs, C10 and C11 components were the most abundant homologue groups. For MCCPs, the C14 homologue dominated in the particle phase of atmosphere and particulate phase of seawater. The logarithmic fugacity ratios (log fa/ fw) of higher chlorinated congeners (Cl8 to Cl10: 0.71 to 1.32 in May and 1.38 to 2.29 in August) indicated that net deposition was the predominant process, whereas lower chlorinated congeners, especially Cl5 homologue groups in August, showed a trend of net volitization (log fa/ fw < -0.5). The results of diffusion and dry deposition fluxes indicated that air-seawater gas exchange of CPs was significantly higher than dry deposition in the sampling areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas , National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
- Institute of Environment and Health , Jianghan University , Wuhan 430056 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Yingjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas , National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Ziwei Yao
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas , National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
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30
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Tasca AL, Puccini M, Fletcher A. Terbuthylazine and desethylterbuthylazine: Recent occurrence, mobility and removal techniques. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:94-104. [PMID: 29554512 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide terbuthylazine (TBA) has displaced atrazine in most of EU countries, becoming one of the most regularly used pesticides and, therefore, frequently detected in natural waters. The affinity of TBA for soil organic matter suggests prolonged contamination; degradation leads to the release of the metabolite desethylterbuthylazine (DET), which has higher water solubility and binds more weakly to organic matter compared to the parent compound, resulting in higher associated risk for contamination of groundwater resources. Additionally, TBA and DET are chemicals of emerging concern because of their persistence and toxicity towards aquatic organisms; moreover, they are known to have significant endocrine disruption capacity to wildlife and humans. Conventional treatments applied during drinking water production do not lead to the complete removal of these chemicals; activated carbon provides the greatest efficiency, whereas ozonation can generate by-products with comparable oestrogenic activity to atrazine. Hydrogen peroxide alone is ineffective to degrade TBA, while UV/H2O2 advanced oxidation and photocatalysis are the most effective processes for oxidation of TBA. It has been determined that direct photolysis gives the highest degradation efficiency of all UV/H2O2 treatments, while most of the photocatalytic degradation is attributed to OH radicals, and TiO2 solar-photocatalytic ozonation can lead to almost complete TBA removal in ∼30 min. Constructed wetlands provide a valuable buffer capacity, protecting downstream surface waters from contaminated runoff. TBA and DET occurrence are summarized and removal techniques are critically evaluated and compared, to provide the reader with a comprehensive guide to state-of-the-art TBA removal and potential future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luca Tasca
- Civil and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Monica Puccini
- Civil and Industrial Engineering Department, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ashleigh Fletcher
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
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31
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Wang S, Salamova A, Hites RA, Venier M. Spatial and Seasonal Distributions of Current Use Pesticides (CUPs) in the Atmospheric Particulate Phase in the Great Lakes Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6177-6186. [PMID: 29762021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The authors analyzed spatial and seasonal variations of current use pesticides (CUPs) levels in the atmospheric particulate phase in the Great Lakes basin. Twenty-four hour air samples were collected at six sites (two urban, two rural, and two remote) in 2015. The concentrations of 15 CUPs, including nine pyrethroid insecticides, four herbicides, one organophosphate insecticide, and one fungicide, were measured. The total CUPs concentrations were higher at the urban sites (0.38-1760 pg/m3) than at the rural and remote sites (0.07-530 pg/m3). The most abundant CUPs were pyrethroid insecticides at the urban sites. The levels of the other CUPs did not vary much among the six sites, except at the most remote site at Eagle Harbor, where the levels were significantly lower. Chlorothalonil was the most frequently detected CUP, which was detected in more than 76% of the samples. The atmospheric concentrations of total pyrethroid insecticides and total herbicides were correlated with local human population and developed land use. Significantly higher concentrations of most CUPs were observed in the warmer months than in the colder months at all sites. In addition to agricultural applications, which occur during the warmer months, the CUPs atmospheric concentrations may also be influenced by nonagricultural activities and the urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Wang
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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32
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Liu L, Tang J, Zhong G, Zhen X, Pan X, Tian C. Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of four current-use pesticides (CUPs) in air and surface water of the Bohai Sea, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:516-523. [PMID: 29195200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Current-use pesticides (CUPs) are widely used in agriculture, and some are listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. China is one of the largest producers and users of pesticides in the world. However, very limited data are available about the environmental fates of CUPs. Four CUPs (trifluralin, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, and dicofol) in surface seawater and low atmospheric samples taken during research cruises on the Bohai Sea in August and December 2016 and February 2017 were analyzed, we added the spring data sampled in May 2012 to the discussion of seasonal variation. In our study, chlorpyrifos was the most abundant CUPs in the gas phase with a mean abundance of 59.06±126.94pgm-3, and dicofol had the highest concentration dissolved in seawater (mean: 115.94±123.16pgL-1). The concentrations of all target compounds were higher during May and August due to intensive use and relatively high temperatures in the spring and summer. Backward trajectories indicated that air masses passing through the eastern coast of the Bohai Sea contained high concentrations of pollutants, while the air masses from the Bohai and Yellow Seas were less polluted. The high concentration of pollutants in seawater was not only influenced by high yields from the source region of production or usage, but also by input from polluted rivers. Volatilization from surface water was found to be an important source of trifluralin and chlorpyrifos in the air. Air-sea gas exchange of chlorothalonil underwent strong net deposition (mean FRs: 51.67), which was driven by higher concentrations in air and indicates that the Bohai Sea acted as a sink for chlorothalonil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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Chen F, Lin Y, Cai M, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Kuang W, Liu L, Huang P, Ke H. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of PAHs in Surface Sediments from Western Arctic and Subarctic Oceans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040734. [PMID: 29649142 PMCID: PMC5923776 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the fourth Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition (from July to September, 2010), 14 surface sediment samples were collected from the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Canadian Basin to examine the spatial distributions, potential sources, as well as ecological and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The ∑PAH (refers to the sum of 16 priority PAHs) concentration range from 27.66 ng/g to 167.48 ng/g (dry weight, d.w.). Additionally, the concentrations of ∑PAH were highest in the margin edges of the Canadian Basin, which may originate from coal combustion with an accumulation of Canadian point sources and river runoff due to the surface ocean currents. The lowest levels occurred in the northern of Canadian Basin, and the levels of ∑PAH in the Chukchi Sea were slightly higher than those in the Being Sea. Three isomer ratios of PAHs (Phenanthrene/Anthracene, BaA/(BaA+Chy), and LMW/HMW) were used to investigate the potential sources of PAHs, which showed the main source of combustion combined with weaker petroleum contribution. Compared with four sediment quality guidelines, the concentrations of PAH are much lower, indicating a low potential ecological risk. All TEQPAH also showed a low risk to human health. Our study revealed the important role of the ocean current on the redistribution of PAHs in the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajin Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Yan Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
| | - Minggang Cai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
| | - Yuanbiao Zhang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Weiming Kuang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Coastal Ocean Variation and Disaster Prediction, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361002, China.
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Brumovský M, Bečanová J, Kohoutek J, Borghini M, Nizzetto L. Contaminants of emerging concern in the open sea waters of the Western Mediterranean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 229:976-983. [PMID: 28781184 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pollution by chemical substances is of concern for the maintenance of healthy and sustainable aquatic environments. While the occurrence and fate of numerous emerging contaminants, especially pharmaceuticals, is well documented in freshwater, their occurrence and behavior in coastal and marine waters is much less studied and understood. This study investigates the occurrence of 58 chemicals in the open surface water of the Western Mediterranean Sea for the first time. 70 samples in total were collected in 10 different sampling areas. 3 pesticides, 11 pharmaceuticals and personal care products and 2 artificial sweeteners were detected at sub-ng to ng/L levels. Among them, the herbicide terbuthylazine, the pharmaceuticals caffeine, carbamazepine, naproxen and paracetamol, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, the antibacterial triclocarban and the two artificial sweeteners acesulfame and saccharin were detected in all samples. The compound detected at the highest concentration was saccharin (up to 5.23 ng/L). Generally small spatial differences among individual sampling areas point to a diffuse character of sources which are likely dominated by WWTP effluents and runoffs from agricultural areas or even, at least for pharmaceuticals and artificial food additives, from offshore sources such as ferries and cruising ships. The implications of the ubiquitous presence in the open sea of chemicals that are bio-active or toxic at low doses on photosynthetic organisms and/or bacteria (i.e., terbuthylazine, sulfamethoxazole or triclocarban) deserve scientific attention, especially concerning possible subtle impacts from chronic exposure of pelagic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jitka Bečanová
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mireno Borghini
- Istituto di Scienze Marine - ISMAR, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Forte Santa Teresa, 19032 Lerici (SP), Italy
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; NIVA - Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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35
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Ma Y, Halsall CJ, Xie Z, Koetke D, Mi W, Ebinghaus R, Gao G. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ocean sediments from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:498-504. [PMID: 28494402 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in surficial sediments along a marine transect from the North Pacific into the Arctic Ocean. The highest average Σ18PAHs concentrations were observed along the continental slope of the Canada Basin in the Arctic (68.3 ± 8.5 ng g-1 dw), followed by sediments in the Chukchi Sea shelf (49.7 ± 21.2 ng g-1 dw) and Bering Sea (39.5 ± 11.3 ng g-1 dw), while the Bering Strait (16.8 ± 7.1 ng g-1 dw) and Central Arctic Ocean sediments (13.1 ± 9.6 ng g-1 dw) had relatively lower average concentrations. The use of principal components analysis with multiple linear regression (PCA/MLR) indicated that on average oil related or petrogenic sources contributed ∼42% of the measured PAHs in the sediments and marked by higher concentrations of two methylnaphthalenes over the non-alkylated parent PAH, naphthalene. Wood and coal combustion contributed ∼32%, and high temperature pyrogenic sources contributing ∼26%. Petrogenic sources, such as oil seeps, allochthonous coal and coastally eroded material such as terrigenous sediments particularly affected the Chukchi Sea shelf and slope of the Canada Basin, while biomass and coal combustion sources appeared to have greater influence in the central Arctic Ocean, possibly due to the effects of episodic summertime forest fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Crispin J Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Danijela Koetke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Wenying Mi
- MINJIE Analytical Laboratory, Max-Planck Straße 2, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Straße 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Guoping Gao
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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36
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Bidleman TF, Laudon H, Nygren O, Svanberg S, Tysklind M. Chlorinated pesticides and natural brominated anisoles in air at three northern Baltic stations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:381-389. [PMID: 28336095 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive samplers were deployed at one inland and two island locations in the Bothnian Bay region of the northern Baltic Sea. Uptake was linear over 81-147 d and a temperature range of -2.6 to 14.2 °C for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and current-use pesticides (CUPs) having log KOA ≥9 at ambient temperatures. Partial saturation of the PUF disks occurred for the more volatile OCPs hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and for bromoanisoles (BAs), which are products of bromophenols released by natural and anthropogenic sources. Correction for nonlinear uptake of these was made using experimentally measured PUF-air partition coefficients. Passive-derived air concentrations of pesticides were uniform over the bay and agreed within a factor of 2 or better with levels determined by active (pumped) sampling at one of the island stations. Levels of OCPs were similar to those reported at background sites in the European and Canadian Arctic and at monitoring stations in the central Baltic and southern Scandinavia, indicating long-range transport. The insecticide chlorpyrifos was 10 times lower at bay stations than in the Canadian Arctic. Insight to sources and processes was gained by examining compound profiles. Fractions Falpha = α-HCH/(α-HCH + γ-HCH) and FTC = trans-chlordane/(trans-chlordane + cis-chlordane) at bay stations were higher than in the Norwegian and Finnish Arctic and similar to those at the southern monitoring stations. Volatilization of chlordanes from Baltic seawater may also modify FTC. Higher FTriBA = 2,4,6-TriBA/(2,4,6-TriBA + 2,4-DiBA) distinguished local volatilization from the Baltic Sea versus lower FTriBA found at the inland site and reported in air on the Norwegian coast, suggesting westerly transport from the Atlantic across Norway and Sweden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU), SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olle Nygren
- Building Office, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Mats Tysklind
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Lammel G, Spitzy A, Audy O, Beckmann S, Codling GP, Kretzschmann L, Kukučka P, Stemmler I. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls along an east-to-west gradient in subtropical North Atlantic surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:11045-11052. [PMID: 27539468 PMCID: PMC5393290 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that most persistent toxic substances have hardly been primarily emitted for several decades, their concentrations are only slowly decreasing in the global oceans. Surface seawater samples were collected along a 38°-24° N/28°-67° W transect in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. While the concentration levels of hexachlorobenzene (2.1-6.1 pg L-1), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT, up to 2.1 pg L-1) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB, 10.8-24.9 pg L-1) were in the same range as observed earlier in the North Atlantic, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH, 90-627 pg L-1) was found elevated, partly also relative to previous measurements in the same sea region. Hereby, the ratio α-HCH/γ-HCH was very low, 0.09-0.13. Chlordane and endosulfan were found in the range <3.0-11.1 and <5.8-8.8 pg L-1 respectively. DDT metabolites, endrin and related pesticides were found below quantification limits. Spatial pollution patterns in surface seawaters seem to be determined by atmospheric and oceanic transport patterns, rather than by mixing and air-sea equilibrium. The comparison with global multicompartment chemistry-transport model predictions of surface seawater levels indicate underestimated degradation of PCBs and overestimated emissions of endosulfan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Lammel
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Alejandro Spitzy
- Centre for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Institute for Geology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sabine Beckmann
- Centre for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Institute for Geology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Garry P Codling
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisett Kretzschmann
- Centre for Earth System Research and Sustainability, Institute for Geology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petr Kukučka
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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38
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Jin M, Fu J, Xue B, Zhou S, Zhang L, Li A. Distribution and enantiomeric profiles of organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments from the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and adjacent Arctic areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:109-117. [PMID: 28069371 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution, compositional profiles, and enantiomer fractions (EFs) of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and chlordanes (CHLs), in the surface sediments in the Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and adjacent areas were investigated. The total concentrations of DDTs, HCHs and CHLs varied from 0.64 to 3.17 ng/g dw, 0.19-0.65 ng/g dw, and 0.03-0.16 ng/g dw, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea for most pollutants except for trans-CHL, ΣCHLs (sum of trans- and cis-chlordane) and p,p'-DDD. Concentration ratios (e.g., α-HCH/γ-HCH, o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT) indicated that the contamination in the studied areas may result from inputs from multiple sources (e.g., historical usage of technical HCHs as well as new input of dicofol). Chiral analysis showed great variation in the enantioselective degradation of OCPs, resulting in excess of (+)-enantiomer for α-HCH in thirty of the 32 detectable samples, preferential depletion of (-)-enantiomer for o,p'-DDT in nineteen of the 35 detectable samples, and nonracemic in most samples for trans- and cis-chlordane. The ecological risks of the individual OCPs as well as the mixture were assessed based on the calculation of toxic units (TUs), and the results showed the predominance of DDT and γ-HCH in the mixture toxicity of the sediment. Overall, the TUs of OCPs in sediments from both the Bering and Chukchi Seas are less than one, indicating low ecological risk potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Jin
- College of Materials Science and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Fu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Bin Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry, The Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China.
| | - Lina Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - An Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China; School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, United States
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39
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Pućko M, Stern GA, Burt AE, Jantunen LM, Bidleman TF, Macdonald RW, Barber DG, Geilfus NX, Rysgaard S. Current use pesticide and legacy organochlorine pesticide dynamics at the ocean-sea ice-atmosphere interface in resolute passage, Canadian Arctic, during winter-summer transition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:1460-1469. [PMID: 28038873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present the first detailed analysis of processes by which various current use pesticides (CUPs) and legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are concentrated in melt ponds that form on Arctic sea ice in the summer, when surface snow is melting and ice eventually breaks up. Four current use pesticides (dacthal, chlorpyrifos, trifluralin, and pentachloronitrobenzene) and one legacy organochlorine pesticide (α-hexachlorocyclohexane) were detected in ponds in Resolute Passage, Canadian Arctic, in 2012. Melt-pond concentrations changed over time as a function of gas exchange, precipitation, and dilution with melting sea ice. Observed increases in melt-pond concentrations for all detected pesticides were associated with precipitation events. Dacthal reached the highest concentration of all current use pesticides in ponds (95±71pgL-1), a value exceeding measured concentrations in the under-ice (0m) and 5m seawater by >10 and >16 times, respectively. Drainage of dacthal-enriched pond water to the ocean during ice break-up provides an important ice-mediated annual delivery route, adding ~30% of inventory in the summer Mixed Layer (ML; 10m) in the Resolute Passage, and a concentrating mechanism with potential implications for exposures to organisms such as ice algae, and phytoplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pućko
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Gary A Stern
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Alexis E Burt
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, 6248 Eighth Line, Egbert, Ontario L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Terry F Bidleman
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå SE-901 87, Sweden
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, British Columbia V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - David G Barber
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Nicolas-X Geilfus
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Rysgaard
- Centre for Earth Observation Science, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Wallace Building, 125 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, Canada; Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resource, 3900 Nuuk, Greenland
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40
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Pegoraro CN, Harner T, Su K, Chiappero MS. Assessing levels of POPs in air over the South Atlantic Ocean off the coast of South America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:172-177. [PMID: 27471982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of the near-coast South Atlantic Ocean was studied. Air samples were collected using a high-volume air sampler (filter and polyurethane foam) on board the Argentinean research cruise R/V Puerto Deseado (CONICET). Samples were analyzed for 50 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). These POPs classes showed a trend of decreasing levels from near-shore to open ocean sites. OCPs and PCBs were in the same order of magnitude (2.71-87.1pg/m(3) and 9.56-130pg/m(3), respectively) while PBDEs levels were significantly lower (0.69-2.58pg/m(3)). Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), endosulfans, chlordanes, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and heptachlors were between 0.20 and 17.8pg/m(3), while drines and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were at lower levels (0.28-3.71pg/m(3)). The most frequently detected PCBs were congeners 32, 28, 44, 52, 95, representing >50% of the total. The PBDEs congener pattern was dominated by congener 209 (70%), followed by 47 and 99 (16% and 7%, respectively). Air parcel back trajectories for the study period provided few insights as trajectories mainly stemmed from the open ocean with limited inputs from continental sources. These results indicate that the concentration of POPs (namely PCBs, OCPs, and PBDEs) in air remain elevated in the near-shore environment and then drop-off substantially beyond a distance of about 400km. This has implications for the loading of POPs and delivery to the marine environment in the near coastal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- César N Pegoraro
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, B7602AYL Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CCT Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Ky Su
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin St., Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Malisa S Chiappero
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3350, B7602AYL Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), CCT Mar Del Plata, Argentina.
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41
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Liu Y, Wang S, McDonough CA, Khairy M, Muir D, Lohmann R. Estimation of Uncertainty in Air-Water Exchange Flux and Gross Volatilization Loss of PCBs: A Case Study Based on Passive Sampling in the Lower Great Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:10894-10902. [PMID: 27623269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Compared with dry and wet deposition fluxes, air-water exchange flux cannot be directly measured experimentally. Its model-based calculation contains considerable uncertainty because of the uncertainties in input parameters. To capture the inherent variability of air-water exchange flux of PCBs across the lower Great Lakes and to calculate their annual gross volatilization loss, 57 pairs of air and water samples from 19 sites across Lakes Erie and Ontario were collected using passive sampling technology during 2011-2012. Error propagation analysis and Monte Carlo simulation were applied to estimate uncertainty in the air-water exchange fluxes. Results from both methods were similar, but error propagation analysis estimated a smaller uncertainty than Monte Carlo simulation in cases of net deposition. Maximum likelihood estimations (MLE) of wind speed and air temperature were recommended to quantify the site-specific air-water exchange flux. An assumed 30-40% of relative uncertainty in overall air-water mass transfer velocity was confirmed. MLEs of volatilization fluxes of total PCBs across Lakes Erie and Ontario were 0.78 and 0.53 ng m-2 day-1, respectively, and gross volatilization losses of total PCBs over the whole lakes were 74 kg year-1 for Lake Erie and 63 kg year-1 for Lake Ontario. Mass balance analysis across Lake Ontario indicated that volatilization was the uppermost loss process of aqueous PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
| | - Siyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Carrie A McDonough
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University , 21511 Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Derek Muir
- Environment Canada, Atmosphere, Water, and Soil Contaminant Dynamics, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island , Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
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Matthies M, Solomon K, Vighi M, Gilman A, Tarazona JV. The origin and evolution of assessment criteria for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) chemicals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:1114-28. [PMID: 27477634 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00311g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
General public concern over the effects of persistent chemicals began in the early 1960s. Since then, significant scientific advances have increased our understanding of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals and the properties and processes that influence their fates in, and adverse effects on, human health and the environment. In addition to the scientific advances, a number of legislations and agreements for national, international, and global identification and control of PBT chemicals have been adopted. However, some of the rationales and thoughts that were relied upon when the first criteria were developed to identify and categorize PBT chemicals and then POPs (persistent organic pollutants) have not been carried forward. Criteria have been based upon available data of neutral hydrophobic substances as reference chemicals, derived under laboratory conditions. They evolved over the last decades due to the diversification of the protection aims under various national regulatory frameworks and international agreements, advances in methods for estimation of physical/chemical properties, and the identification of chemicals which are non-traditional POPs. Criteria are not defined purely by science; they also are subject to the aims of policy. This paper offers a historical perspective on the development of criteria for PBT chemicals and POPs. It also offers suggestions for rationalization of protection goals, describes some emerging procedures for identification of compounds of concern, and proposes information that needs to be considered when applying criteria to screening and/or evaluation of new chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Matthies
- Institute of Environmental Systems Research, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück D-49069, Germany.
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43
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Morris AD, Muir DCG, Solomon KR, Letcher RJ, McKinney MA, Fisk AT, McMeans BC, Tomy GT, Teixeira C, Wang X, Duric M. Current-use pesticides in seawater and their bioaccumulation in polar bear-ringed seal food chains of the Canadian Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1695-707. [PMID: 27027986 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in seawater and their trophodynamics were investigated in 3 Canadian Arctic marine food chains. The greatest ranges of dissolved-phase concentrations in seawater for each CUP were endosulfan sulfate (less than method detection limit (MDL) to 19 pg L(-1) ) > dacthal (0.76-15 pg L(-1) ) > chlorpyrifos (less than MDL to 8.1 pg L(-1) ) > pentachloronitrobenzene (less than MDL to 2.6 pg L(-1) ) > α-endosulfan (0.20-2.3 pg L(-1) ). Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs, water-respiring organisms) were greatest in plankton, including chlorothalonil (log BAF = 7.4 ± 7.1 L kg(-1) , mean ± standard error), chlorpyrifos (log BAF = 6.9 ± 6.7 L kg(-1) ), and α-endosulfan (log BAF = 6.5 ± 6.0 L kg(-1) ). The largest biomagnification factors (BMFs) were found for dacthal in the capelin:plankton trophic relationship (BMF = 13 ± 5.0) at Cumberland Sound (Nunvavut), and for β-endosulfan (BMF = 16 ± 4.9) and α-endosulfan (BMF = 9.3 ± 2.8) in the polar bear-ringed seal relationship at Barrow and Rae Strait (NU), respectively. Concentrations of endosulfan sulfate exhibited trophic magnification (increasing concentrations with increasing trophic level) in the poikilothermic portion of the food web (trophic magnification factor = 1.4), but all of the CUPs underwent trophic dilution in the marine mammal food web, despite some trophic level-specific biomagnification. Together, these observations are most likely indicative of metabolism of these CUPs in mammals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1695-1707. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Morris
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek C G Muir
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aaron T Fisk
- Great Lakes Institute of Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bailey C McMeans
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Camilla Teixeira
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaowa Wang
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Duric
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Z, Xie Z, Mi W, Möller A, Wolschke H, Ebinghaus R. Neutral Poly/Per-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Air from the Atlantic to the Southern Ocean and in Antarctic Snow. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:7770-7775. [PMID: 26052844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oceanic scale occurrences of typical neutral poly/per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the atmosphere across the Atlantic, as well as their air-snow exchange at the Antarctic Peninsula, were investigated. Total concentrations of the 12 PFASs (∑PFASs) in gas phase ranged from 2.8 to 68.8 pg m(-3) (mean: 23.5 pg m(-3)), and the levels in snow were from 125 to 303 pg L(-1) (mean: 209 pg L(-1)). Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) were dominant in both air and snow. The differences of specific compounds to ∑PFASs were not significant between air and snow. ∑PFASs were higher above the northern Atlantic compared to the southern Atlantic, and the levels above the southern Atlantic <30°S was the lowest. High atmospheric PFAS levels around the Antarctic Peninsula were the results of a combination of air mass, weak elimination processes and air-snow exchange of PFASs. Higher ratios of 8:2 to 10:2 to 6:2 FTOH were observed in the southern hemisphere, especially around the Antarctic Peninsula, suggesting that PFASs in the region were mainly from the long-range atmospheric transport. No obvious decrease of PFASs was observed in the background marine atmosphere after 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- †Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
- ‡National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- †Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Wenying Mi
- †Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Axel Möller
- †Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Hendrik Wolschke
- †Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- †Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Department for Environmental Chemistry, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
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45
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Bidleman T, Agosta K, Andersson A, Brorström-Lundén E, Haglund P, Hansson K, Laudon H, Newton S, Nygren O, Ripszam M, Tysklind M, Wiberg K. Atmospheric pathways of chlorinated pesticides and natural bromoanisoles in the northern Baltic Sea and its catchment. AMBIO 2015; 44 Suppl 3:472-83. [PMID: 26022329 PMCID: PMC4447703 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-015-0666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Long-range atmospheric transport is a major pathway for delivering persistent organic pollutants to the oceans. Atmospheric deposition and volatilization of chlorinated pesticides and algae-produced bromoanisoles (BAs) were estimated for Bothnian Bay, northern Baltic Sea, based on air and water concentrations measured in 2011-2012. Pesticide fluxes were estimated using monthly air and water temperatures and assuming 4 months ice cover when no exchange occurs. Fluxes were predicted to increase by about 50 % under a 2069-2099 prediction scenario of higher temperatures and no ice. Total atmospheric loadings to Bothnian Bay and its catchment were derived from air-sea gas exchange and "bulk" (precipitation + dry particle) deposition, resulting in net gains of 53 and 46 kg year(-1) for endosulfans and hexachlorocyclohexanes, respectively, and net loss of 10 kg year(-1) for chlordanes. Volatilization of BAs releases bromine to the atmosphere and may limit their residence time in Bothnian Bay. This initial study provides baseline information for future investigations of climate change on biogeochemical cycles in the northern Baltic Sea and its catchment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Bidleman
- />Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kathleen Agosta
- />Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Agneta Andersson
- />Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Eva Brorström-Lundén
- />IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 530 21, 40014 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Haglund
- />Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Katarina Hansson
- />IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 530 21, 40014 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- />Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Seth Newton
- />Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Nygren
- />Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Matyas Ripszam
- />Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mats Tysklind
- />Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- />Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Zhong G, Tang J, Xie Z, Mi W, Chen Y, Möller A, Sturm R, Zhang G, Ebinghaus R. Selected current-use pesticides (CUPs) in coastal and offshore sediments of Bohai and Yellow seas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1653-1661. [PMID: 24584589 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the largest producers, consumers, and traders for pesticides in the world. Currently, there are more than 600 pesticide-active substances registered in China, whereas few studies were conducted to improve our understanding of the occurrence and environmental impact of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in China's environment. In this work, 72 surface sediment samples were taken from the coastal and offshore of Bohai and Yellow seas and were analyzed for six CUPs (trifluralin, dacthal, quintozene, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, and dicofol) and two metabolites (pentachloroanisole and endosulfan sulfate). Sediment samples were categorized as estuarine or near-shore sediments (Laizhou Bay, Taozi Bay, Sishili Bay, and Jiaozhou Bay) and offshore sediments. Trifluralin, α-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, chlorpyrifos, dicofol, and pentachloroanisole were detected in more than 60 % of the samples. Dicofol was the predominant compound with concentrations mostly higher than 100 pg/g dry weight (dw) with the highest concentration of 18,000 pg/g dw. Concentrations of other compounds were mainly below 100 pg/g dw. CUP levels were much lower than the sediment screening benchmark calculated. The highest levels of α-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, trifluralin, and chlorpyrifos existed at Laizhou Bay, whereas pentachloroanisole and dicofol had highest mean concentrations at Jiaozhou Bay. Generally, no correlation between pesticide concentrations and total organic carbon was observed either for offshore samples or for near-shore samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcai Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
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47
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Li L, Liu J, Hu J. Global inventory, long-range transport and environmental distribution of dicofol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:212-222. [PMID: 25442667 DOI: 10.1021/es502092x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The uncertainties on whether dicofol can be identified as a persistent organic pollutant (POP) in terms of its long-range transport (LRT) potential and global distribution, are always a controversial topic during international regulation deliberations. The lack of monitoring data in remote background regions necessitates a model-based evaluation approach for assessing the global distribution of dicofol. However, few model simulations are available at present, as there is no inventory available for global historical usage of dicofol that has sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution. To describe the current status of global emission, we first developed an inventory of global dicofol usage for the period of 2000-2012 at 1° × 1° latitude/longitude resolution. We then assessed the LRT potential of dicofol by calculating its Arctic Contamination Potential using the Globo-POP model. In addition, we simulated the global mass distribution and the fate of dicofol in the environment using the BETR-Global model at 15° × 15° latitude/longitude resolution. Our estimated inventory established that over the period of 13 years, a total of 28.2 kilo tonnes (kt) of dicofol was applied and released into the environment. East and Southeast Asia, the Mediterranean Coast, and Northern and Central America were identified as hotspots of usage and release. Dicofol exhibited a higher Arctic Contamination Potential than several confirmed Arctic contaminants, and a larger current volume of consumption than most existing POPs. The results of our BETR-Global simulation suggest that (i) dicofol can indeed be transported northward, most likely driven by both atmospheric and oceanic advections from source regions at midlatitudes, and (ii) dicofol will be enriched in remote background regions. Continuous use of dicofol in source regions will result in exposure both locally and in remote regions, and the examination of the potential for adverse effects is therefore of paramount importance. Proactive restrictions at the international level may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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48
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Ma Y, Xie Z, Halsall C, Möller A, Yang H, Zhong G, Cai M, Ebinghaus R. The spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides and halogenated flame retardants in the surface sediments of an Arctic fjord: the influence of ocean currents vs. glacial runoff. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:953-960. [PMID: 25303654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Selected organochlorine pesticides (OCs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) were analyzed in surficial fjord sediments collected down the length of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard in the Norwegian high Arctic. Hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCHs) was found to be the most abundant OC in the sediment, followed by BDE-209>chlordane>α-endosulfan>Dechlorane Plus (anti-DP)>trifluralin concentration ranges were high over the relatively small study area of the fjord (e.g. ∑HCH: 7.2-100 pg g(-1) dry weight (dw)), with concentrations broadly similar to, or lower than, measurements conducted in other parts of the Arctic. Concentrations of legacy OCs, including both HCH isomers and chlordane showed a decreasing trend from the outer, seaward end of the fjord to the inner, glacier end of the fjord. Conversely, sediment concentrations of α- and β-endosulfan (0.1-12.5 pg g(-1) dw) increased from the outer fjord to the inner fjord. This contrasting pattern may be attributed to the influence of historical vs. contemporary sources of these chemicals to the fjord area, whereby the North Atlantic/West Spitzbergen oceanic current dominates the transport and input of the legacy OCs, whereas atmospheric deposition and meltwater runoff from the glaciers influence the inner fjord sediments for endosulfan. Interestingly, BDE-209 and Dechlorane Plus did not reveal any clear spatial trend. It is plausible that both glacial runoff and oceanic current end members are playing a role in introducing these chemicals to the fjord sediments. The relatively low fractional abundance of the syn-DP isomer (fsyn), however, indicates the long-range transport of this chemical to this Arctic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Ma
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiyong Xie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Street 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Axel Möller
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Street 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Haizhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Street 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Minghong Cai
- SOA Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research GmbH, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck Street 1, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany
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49
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Morris AD, Muir DCG, Solomon KR, Teixeira C, Duric M, Wang X. Trophodynamics of current use pesticides and ecological relationships in the Bathurst region vegetation-caribou-wolf food chain of the Canadian Arctic. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2014; 33:1956-1966. [PMID: 24975230 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of current use pesticides (CUPs) and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were investigated in vegetation-caribou-wolf food chain in the Bathurst region (Nunavut, Canada). Volumetric bioconcentration factors (BCF(v)) in vegetation were generally greatest for dacthal (10-12) ≥ endosulfan sulfate (10-11) > ß-endosulfan (>9.0-9.7) ≥ pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB; 8.4-9.6) > α-endosulfan (8.3-9.3) > chlorpyrifos (8.0-8.7) >chlorothalonil (7.6-8.3). The BCF(v) values in vegetation were significantly correlated with the logarithm of the octanol-air partition coefficients (log K(OA)) of CUPs (r(2) = 0.90, p = 0.0040), although dacthal was an outlier and not included in this relationship. Most biomagnification factors (BMFs) for CUPs in caribou:diet comparisons were significantly less than 1. Similarly, the majority of wolf:caribou BMFs were either significantly less than 1 or were not statistically greater than 1. Significant trophic magnification factors (TMFs) were all less than 1, indicating that these CUPs exhibit trophic dilution through this terrestrial food chain. The log K(OA) reasonably predicted bioconcentration in vegetation for most CUPs but was not correlated with BMFs or TMFs in mammals. Our results, along with those of metabolic studies, suggest that mammals actively metabolize these CUPs, limiting their biomagnification potential despite entry into the food chain through effective bioconcentration in vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Morris
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Vorkamp K, Rigét FF. A review of new and current-use contaminants in the Arctic environment: evidence of long-range transport and indications of bioaccumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:379-395. [PMID: 24997943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Systematic monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Arctic has been conducted for several years, in combination with assessments of POP levels in the Arctic, POP exposure and biological effects. Meanwhile, environmental research continues to detect new contaminants some of which could be potential new Arctic pollutants. This study summarizes the empirical evidence that is currently available of those compounds in the Arctic that are not commonly included in chemical monitoring programmes. The study has focused on novel flame retardants, e.g. alternatives to the banned polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), current-use pesticides and various other compounds, i.e. synthetic musk compounds, siloxanes, phthalic acid esters and halogenated compounds like hexachlorobutadiene, octachlorostyrene, pentachlorobenzene and polychlorinated naphthalenes. For a number of novel brominated flame retardants, e.g. 2,3-bibromopropyl-2,4,6-tribromophenyl ether (DPTE), bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-ethane (BTBPE), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and hexabromobenzene (HBBz), transport to the Arctic has been documented, but evidence of bioaccumulation is sparse and ambiguous. For short-chain chlorinated paraffins and dechlorane plus, however, increasing evidence shows both long-range transport and bioaccumulation. Ice cores have documented increasing concentrations of some current-use pesticides, e.g. chlorpyrifos, endosulfan and trifluralin, and bioaccumulation has been observed for pentachloroanisole, chorpyrifos, endosulfan and metoxychlor, however, the question of biomagnification remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Vorkamp
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre, Department of Environmental Science, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Frank F Rigét
- Aarhus University, Arctic Research Centre, Department of Bioscience, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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