1
|
Mamoudou S, Curtis M, Dang S, Rai C. Experimental evaluation of cement integrity on exposure to supercritical CO 2 using NMR: Application to geostorage. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24144. [PMID: 38312658 PMCID: PMC10834480 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon sequestration is one approach to achieve carbon dioxide reduction in the atmosphere. Underground storage of CO2 requires an understanding of geochemical and geomechanical alteration on the integrity of the injection wellbore. In this study, we investigate the reactivity of supercritical CO2 (scCO2) at 65 °C and 20.7 MPa on Portland class G cement plugs used for oil and gas well completion, for exposure of up to 5 weeks. For nanoporous media, such as cement, diffusion is believed to be the major mass transport mechanism (Perkins and Johnston, 1963) [1]. To quantify the extent of the alteration (mineralization/dissolution) on fluid diffusivity through the cement matrix, a novel approach based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is employed to derive diffusional tortuosity. Comparing pre- and post-scCO2 exposure, deuterium oxide (D2O) intrusion profiles allow us to determine flow path alteration in the cement plugs. Additional characterizations include Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to observe the change in cement composition, micro X-ray Computed Tomography (μXCT), along with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) to determine invasion extent and microstructure modifications, Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP) for pore throat size distribution and BET N2 isothermal adsorption for surface area and pore size distribution. The results show that exposure to scCO2 promotes both calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution simultaneously. However, the alteration is pore size dependent. After 5 weeks of exposure, there is evidence of carbonate dissolution in smaller pores (<30 nm) and both precipitation and dissolution in larger pores (30-200 nm). The alteration of the cement plugs leads to a decrease in the storage and connectivity of the cement. The porosity decreased from 37 to 33 % in 5 weeks, while the matrix tortuosity increased by 6 and 3 times after 2 and 5 weeks of exposure, respectively. The experimental results imply that the cement carbonate precipitation can limit the migration of scCO2 through the cement matrix. This work also highlights an alternative laboratory approach to quantify the risk associated with scCO2 exposure on Portland cement using NMR-derived tortuosity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Mamoudou
- Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering, University of Oklahoma, United States
| | - Mark Curtis
- Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering, University of Oklahoma, United States
| | - Son Dang
- Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering, University of Oklahoma, United States
| | - Chandra Rai
- Mewbourne School of Petroleum and Geological Engineering, University of Oklahoma, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Min Y, Montross S, Spaulding R, Brandi M, Huerta N, Thomas R, Kutchko B. Alteration of Fractured Foamed Cement Exposed to CO 2-Saturated Water: Implications for Well Integrity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13244-13253. [PMID: 34554728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Geologic CO2 storage (GCS) is a method to mitigate the adverse impact of global climate change. Potential leakage of CO2 from fractured cement at the wellbore poses a risk to the feasibility of GCS. Foamed cement is widely applied in deepwater wells where fragile geologic formations cannot support the weight of conventional cement. Thus, it is critical to know whether fractures in foamed cement self-seal in a similar manner as conventional cement systems. This study is the first to investigate the changes in physical and chemical attributes of foamed cement under dynamic flow conditions using CO2-saturated water. Self-sealing of fractures in the cement was observed at a solution flow rate of 0.1 mL/min and a pressure of 6.9 MPa. The formation of CaCO3 precipitates in pore spaces and fractures led to a decrease in permeability by 1 order of magnitude. The extents of self-sealing in foamed cement samples, specifically the 20 and 30% air volume formulations, were similar to that of conventional cements. We attribute this to the greater alteration depth in the foamed cement, which compensated for the reduced availability of Portlandite and higher initial porosity. The results can be used to evaluate the risk of leakage associated with foamed cement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Min
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, Oregon 97321, United States
| | - Scott Montross
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, Oregon 97321, United States
- NETL Support Contractor, Albany, Oregon 97321, United States
| | - Richard Spaulding
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
| | - Meghan Brandi
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
- NETL Support Contractor, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
| | - Nicolas Huerta
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Randal Thomas
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Albany, Oregon 97321, United States
- NETL Support Contractor, Albany, Oregon 97321, United States
| | - Barbara Kutchko
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Analytical and Experimental Investigation of the Critical Length in Casing–Liner Overlap. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11236861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Offshore drilling operations exhibit various difficulties attributed to shallow flows worldwide. One of the most common practices for drilling offshore wells is to use liners and liner hangers rather than using full casing strings. This reduces the cost of drilling operation. Liners and liner hangers are required to pass certain standards prior to their deployment in the field. This ensures their ability to withstand harsh downhole conditions and maintain the integrity of the well. A liner hanger contains an integrated seal assembly that acts as a barrier to prevent fluid migration. The cement that is placed within the casing–liner overlap is also considered a barrier, and it is critical that it maintains the integrity of the well by mitigating fluid migration to other formations and to the surface. The failure of this dual barrier (cement and seal assembly) system to seal the annular space can result in serious problems that might jeopardize a well’s integrity. Typically, in field applications, the length of a casing–liner overlap is chosen arbitrarily. In some cases, shorter overlaps (50 to 200 ft) are chosen because of the lower cost and easy identification of leaks during pressure tests. However, some loss of well control incidents (particularly the incident that motivated this study) have been linked to fluid leakages along the casing–liner overlap. This paper investigates the critical length of the casing–liner overlap by modeling gas leakage through the cement placed within the overlap using analytical and experimental approaches. Leakage scenarios were developed to mimic gas migration within the cement in the casing–liner overlap. The results showed that the longer the casing–liner overlap, the higher the leakage time. The results also showed that the current casing pressure test duration of 30 min may not be adequate to verify the integrity of the cement within the overlap. Based on the results and analyses, it is recommended to increase the pressure test duration to 90 min. In addition, the results suggest that the length of the casing–liner overlap should not be less than 300 ft to maintain the integrity of the well in the case of gas influx. Further details are highlighted in the results section. In practice, the current rationale behind the selection of a casing–liner overlap length is not sustainable. Thus, the major advantage of this study is that with field data, it provides both scientific and research-based evidence that can be used to inform the decision behind the selection of the casing–liner overlap length, especially in gas migration-prone zones.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li Q, Steefel CI, Jun YS. Incorporating Nanoscale Effects into a Continuum-Scale Reactive Transport Model for CO 2-Deteriorated Cement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10861-10871. [PMID: 28783325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Wellbore cement deterioration is critical for wellbore integrity and the safety of CO2 storage in geologic formations. Our previous experimental work highlighted the importance of the portlandite (CH)-depleted zone and the surface dissolution zone in the CO2-attacked cement. In this study, we simulated numerically the evolution of the CH-depleted zone and the dissolution of the cement surfaces utilizing a reduced-dimension (1D) reactive transport model. The approach shows that three nanoscale effects are important and had to be incorporated in a continuum-scale model to capture experimental observations: First, it was necessary to account for the fact that secondary CaCO3 precipitation does not fill the pore space completely, with the result that acidic brine continues to diffuse through the carbonated zone to form a CH-depleted zone. Second, secondary precipitation in brine begins via nucleation kinetics, and this could not be described with previous models using growth kinetics alone. Third, our results suggest that the CaCO3 precipitates in the confined pore space are more soluble than those formed in brine. This study provides a new platform for a reduced dimension model for CO2 attack on cement that captures the important nanoscale mechanisms influencing macroscale phenomena in subsurface environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University , Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Carl I Steefel
- Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University , Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carroll SA, Iyer J, Walsh SDC. Influence of Chemical, Mechanical, and Transport Processes on Wellbore Leakage from Geologic CO 2 Storage Reservoirs. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1829-1837. [PMID: 28741360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wells are considered to be high-risk pathways for fluid leakage from geologic CO2 storage reservoirs, because breaches in this engineered system have the potential to connect the reservoir to groundwater resources and the atmosphere. Given these concerns, a few studies have assessed leakage risk by evaluating regulatory records, often self-reported, documenting leakage in gas fields. Leakage is thought to be governed largely by initial well-construction quality and the method of well abandonment. The geologic carbon storage community has raised further concerns because acidic fluids in the CO2 storage reservoir, alkaline cement meant to isolate the reservoir fluids from the overlying strata, and steel casings in wells are inherently reactive systems. This is of particular concern for storage of CO2 in depleted oil and gas reservoirs with numerous legacy wells engineered to variable standards. Research suggests that leakage risks are not as great as initially perceived because chemical and mechanical alteration of cement has the capacity to seal damaged zones. Our work centers on defining the coupled chemical and mechanical processes governing flow in damaged zones in wells. We have developed process-based models, constrained by experiments, to better understand and forecast leakage risk. Leakage pathways can be sealed by precipitation of carbonate minerals in the fractures and deformation of the reacted cement. High reactivity of cement hydroxides releases excess calcium that can precipitate as carbonate solids in the fracture network under low brine flow rates. If the flow is fast, then the brine remains undersaturated with respect to the solubility of calcium carbonate minerals, and zones depleted in calcium hydroxides, enriched in calcium carbonate precipitates, and made of amorphous silicates leached of original cement minerals are formed. Under confining pressure, the reacted cement is compressed, which reduces permeability and lowers leakage risks. The broader context of this paper is to use our experimentally calibrated chemical, mechanical, and transport model to illustrate when, where, and in what conditions fracture pathways seal in CO2 storage wells, to reduce their risk to groundwater resources. We do this by defining the amount of cement and the time required to effectively seal the leakage pathways associated with peak and postinjection overpressures, within the context of oil and gas industry standards for leak detection, mitigation, and repairs. Our simulations suggest that for many damage scenarios chemical and mechanical processes lower leakage risk by reducing or sealing fracture pathways. Leakage risk would remain high in wells with a large amount of damage, modeled here as wide fracture apertures, where fast flowing fluids are too dilute for carbonate precipitation and subsurface stress does not compress the altered cement. Fracture sealing is more likely as reservoir pressures decrease during the postinjection phase where lower fluxes aid chemical alteration and mechanical deformation of cement. Our results hold promise for the development of mitigation framework to avoid impacting groundwater resources above any geologic CO2 storage reservoir by correlating operational pressures and barrier lengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Carroll
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jaisree Iyer
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Stuart D. C. Walsh
- School
of Petroleum Engineering, University of New South Wales, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hangx SJT, van der Linden A, Marcelis F, Liteanu E. Defining the Brittle Failure Envelopes of Individual Reaction Zones Observed in CO2-Exposed Wellbore Cement. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1031-1038. [PMID: 26690239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To predict the behavior of the cement sheath after CO2 injection and the potential for leakage pathways, it is key to understand how the mechanical properties of the cement evolves with CO2 exposure time. We performed scratch-hardness tests on hardened samples of class G cement before and after CO2 exposure. The cement was exposed to CO2-rich fluid for one to six months at 65 °C and 8 MPa Ptotal. Detailed SEM-EDX analyses showed reaction zones similar to those previously reported in the literature: (1) an outer-reacted, porous silica-rich zone; (2) a dense, carbonated zone; and (3) a more porous, Ca-depleted inner zone. The quantitative mechanical data (brittle compressive strength and friction coefficient) obtained for each of the zones suggest that the heterogeneity of reacted cement leads to a wide range of brittle strength values in any of the reaction zones, with only a rough dependence on exposure time. However, the data can be used to guide numerical modeling efforts needed to assess the impact of reaction-induced mechanical failure of wellbore cement by coupling sensitivity analysis and mechanical predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J T Hangx
- Shell Global Solutions International , Kesslerpark 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan van der Linden
- Shell Global Solutions International , Kesslerpark 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Fons Marcelis
- Shell Global Solutions International , Kesslerpark 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Emilia Liteanu
- Shell Global Solutions International , Kesslerpark 1, 2288 GS Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bourg IC, Beckingham LE, DePaolo DJ. The Nanoscale Basis of CO2 Trapping for Geologic Storage. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10265-10284. [PMID: 26266820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is likely to be a critical technology to achieve large reductions in global carbon emissions over the next century. Research on the subsurface storage of CO2 is aimed at reducing uncertainties in the efficacy of CO2 storage in sedimentary rock formations. Three key parameters that have a nanoscale basis and that contribute uncertainty to predictions of CO2 trapping are the vertical permeability kv of seals, the residual CO2 saturation Sg,r in reservoir rocks, and the reactive surface area ar of silicate minerals. This review summarizes recent progress and identifies outstanding research needs in these areas. Available data suggest that the permeability of shale and mudstone seals is heavily dependent on clay fraction and can be extremely low even in the presence of fractures. Investigations of residual CO2 trapping indicate that CO2-induced alteration in the wettability of mineral surfaces may significantly influence Sg,r. Ultimately, the rate and extent of CO2 conversion to mineral phases are uncertain due to a poor understanding of the kinetics of slow reactions between minerals and fluids. Rapidly improving characterization techniques using X-rays and neutrons, and computing capability for simulating chemical interactions, provide promise for important advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Bourg
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University , E-208 E-Quad, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Lauren E Beckingham
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Donald J DePaolo
- Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li Q, Lim YM, Flores KM, Kranjc K, Jun YS. Chemical Reactions of Portland Cement with Aqueous CO2 and Their Impacts on Cement's Mechanical Properties under Geologic CO2 Sequestration Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6335-6343. [PMID: 25893278 DOI: 10.1021/es5063488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To provide information on wellbore cement integrity in the application of geologic CO2 sequestration (GCS), chemical and mechanical alterations were analyzed for cement paste samples reacted for 10 days under GCS conditions. The reactions were at 95 °C and had 100 bar of either N2 (control condition) or CO2 contacting the reaction brine solution with an ionic strength of 0.5 M adjusted by NaCl. Chemical analyses showed that the 3.0 cm × 1.1 cm × 0.3 cm samples were significantly attacked by aqueous CO2 and developed layer structures with a total attacked depth of 1220 μm. Microscale mechanical property analyses showed that the hardness and indentation modulus of the carbonated layer were 2-3 times greater than for the intact cement, but those in the portlandite-dissolved region decreased by ∼50%. The strength and elastic modulus of the bulk cement samples were reduced by 93% and 84%, respectively. The properties of the microscale regions, layer structure, microcracks, and swelling of the outer layers combined to affect the overall mechanical properties. These findings improve understanding of wellbore integrity from both chemical and mechanical viewpoints and can be utilized to improve the safety and efficiency of CO2 storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Li
- †Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yun Mook Lim
- ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Katharine M Flores
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kelly Kranjc
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Young-Shin Jun
- †Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Agar SM, Geiger S. Fundamental controls on fluid flow in carbonates: current workflows to emerging technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1144/sp406.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe introduction reviews topics relevant to the fundamental controls on fluid flow in carbonate reservoirs and to the prediction of reservoir performance. The review provides research and industry contexts for papers in this volume only. A discussion of global context and frameworks emphasizes the value yet to be captured from compare and contrast studies. Multidisciplinary efforts highlight the importance of greater integration of sedimentology, diagenesis and structural geology. Developments in analytical and experimental methods, stimulated by advances in the materials sciences, support new insights into fundamental (pore-scale) processes in carbonate rocks. Subsurface imaging methods relevant to the delineation of heterogeneities in carbonates highlight techniques that serve to decrease the gap between seismically resolvable features and well-scale measurements. Methods to fuse geological information across scales are advancing through multiscale integration and proxies. A surge in computational power over the last two decades has been accompanied by developments in computational methods and algorithms. Developments related to visualization and data interaction support stronger geoscience–engineering collaborations. High-resolution and real-time monitoring of the subsurface are driving novel sensing capabilities and growing interest in data mining and analytics. Together, these offer an exciting opportunity to learn more about the fundamental fluid-flow processes in carbonate reservoirs at the interwell scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M. Agar
- ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, PO Box 2189, Houston, TX 77252-2189, USA
- Present address: Aramco Research Center, 16300 Park Row, Houston, TX 77084, USA
| | - Sebastian Geiger
- Institute of Petroleum Engineering, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abdoulghafour H, Luquot L, Gouze P. Characterization of the mechanisms controlling the permeability changes of fractured cements flowed through by CO2-rich brine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:10332-8. [PMID: 23937192 DOI: 10.1021/es401317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to assess the potential impact of fractured well-cement degradation on leakage rate. Permeability was monitored while CO2-enriched reservoir-equilibrated brine was flowed at constant rate through a single fracture in a class G cement core under conditions mimicking geologic sequestration environments (temperature 60 °C, pressure 10 MPa). The results demonstrate that, at least for the conditions used in the experiment, an initial leakage in a 42 μm aperture fracture (permeability = 1.5 × 10(-10) m(2)) can be self-mitigated due to the decrease of the fracture hydraulic aperture after about 15 h. This decrease results from the development of continuous highly hydrated amorphous Si-rich alteration products at the edge of the fracture and the dense carbonation of the bulk cement that mitigate the penetration of the alteration front.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Abdoulghafour
- Géosciences, Université Montpellier, CNRS, UMR 5243, 34095 Montpellier cx 5, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mason HE, Du Frane WL, Walsh SDC, Dai Z, Charnvanichborikarn S, Carroll SA. Chemical and mechanical properties of wellbore cement altered by CO₂-rich brine using a multianalytical approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1745-1752. [PMID: 23289811 DOI: 10.1021/es3039906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Defining chemical and mechanical alteration of wellbore cement by CO(2)-rich brines is important for predicting the long-term integrity of wellbores in geologic CO(2) environments. We reacted CO(2)-rich brines along a cement-caprock boundary at 60 °C and pCO(2) = 3 MPa using flow-through experiments. The results show that distinct reaction zones form in response to reactions with the brine over the 8-day experiment. Detailed characterization of the crystalline and amorphous phases, and the solution chemistry show that the zones can be modeled as preferential portlandite dissolution in the depleted layer, concurrent calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) alteration to an amorphous zeolite and Ca-carbonate precipitation in the carbonate layer, and carbonate dissolution in the amorphous layer. Chemical reaction altered the mechanical properties of the core lowering the average Young's moduli in the depleted, carbonate, and amorphous layers to approximately 75, 64, and 34% of the unaltered cement, respectively. The decreased elastic modulus of the altered cement reflects an increase in pore space through mineral dissolution and different moduli of the reaction products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harris E Mason
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Ave., Livermore, California 94551, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|