1
|
Lee JS, Lee JS, Kim HS. Toxic effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms: A review focusing on single and combined exposure of environmental conditions and pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170902. [PMID: 38354791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent commonly used in personal care products. Due to its widespread use and improper disposal, it is also a pervasive contaminant, particularly in aquatic environments. When released into water bodies, TCS can induce deleterious effects on developmental and physiological aspects of aquatic organisms and also interact with environmental stressors such as weather, metals, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics. Multiple studies have described the adverse effects of TCS on aquatic organisms, but few have reported on the interactions between TCS and other environmental conditions and pollutants. Because aquatic environments include a mix of contaminants and natural factors can correlate with contaminants, it is important to understand the toxicological outcomes of combinations of substances. Due to its lipophilic characteristics, TCS can interact with a wide range of substances and environmental stressors in aquatic environments. Here, we identify a need for caution when using TCS by describing not only the effects of exposure to TCS alone on aquatic organisms but also how toxicity changes when it acts in combination with multiple environmental stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ross ARS, Liao X, Brown TM. Simultaneous determination of steroid hormones and pharmaceuticals in killer whale ( Orcinus orca) faecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad081. [PMID: 38026807 PMCID: PMC10660373 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a non-invasive method for profiling selected hormones, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in killer whales (Orcinus orca) based on analysis of faecal samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method targets 21 compounds of interest including glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, progestogens, selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and an antibacterial/antifungal agent. This method is suitable for routine simultaneous determination of target compounds in killer whale faecal samples as well as validation of immunoassays for the detection and measurement of steroid hormones in faeces. The optimized method involves extraction of freeze-dried faecal material with reagent alcohol and water followed by isolation of the analytes using solid phase extraction with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridges and liquid-liquid extraction with methyl tertiary-butyl ether. Reconstituted extracts were analysed by LC-MS/MS using an electrospray ionization interface. Method limit of quantification ranged from 0.06 to 45.2 ng/g in freeze-dried faecal samples. Except for sertraline, triclosan and estradiol (which was not recovered at the lowest spiked concentration), average intra- and inter-day precisions were within 10%, and average recoveries were between 89.3% and 129.3%, for faecal samples spiked with 5.3, 26.7 or 133 ng/g of each analyte. The method was applied successfully to the analysis of hormones and PPCPs in whale faeces during which 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, a common intermediate in steroid biosynthesis that cross-reacts with precursors and sulphated conjugates in immunoassays, was identified and quantified in all samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R S Ross
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Xiangjun Liao
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Tanya M Brown
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 9860 West Saanich Road, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gasque-Belz L, Colville C, Kurukulasuriya S, Siciliano SD, Hogan N, Weber L, Campbell P, Peters R, Hanson M, Hecker M. Characterization of molecular and apical effects of legacy-contaminated groundwater on early life stages of fathead minnows. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 264:106734. [PMID: 37913685 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic toxicology approaches represent a promising alternative to traditional live animal testing; however, the often-noted uncertainties concerning the linkages between effects observed at molecular and apical levels curtails the adoption of such approaches. The objective of this study was to apply a novel transcriptomics tool, EcoToxChips, to characterize the effects of complex mixtures of contaminants in fish and to compare molecular response patterns to higher-level biological responses including swimming behavior, deformities, and mortality. Fathead minnow (FHM) embryos were exposed for seven days to increasing concentrations of groundwater collected from moderate (MIAZ) and high (HIAZ) industrial activity zones of a legacy contaminated site. There was a concentration-dependent disruption of photo-dependent swimming responses associated with avoidance behavior patterns and spinal deformities (HIAZ and MIAZ), and an induction of pericardial edema and mortality (HIAZ-10%). Parallel EcoToxChip analyses showed a shift from a majority of upregulated genes at lower concentrations to a majority of downregulated genes at higher concentrations for both treatment conditions. Many of the significantly differentially regulated genes were involved in biological pathways including induction of oxidative stress, activating of several metabolic processes and growth, cell death, and inhibition of signal transduction signaling processes. Several contaminants present in the groundwater mixtures could have contributed to an exceedance of antioxidant system capacities that possibly led to the deformities, altered swimming behaviours, and mortality observed in FHMs. Therefore, molecular response patterns could be linked to apical outcomes observed in this study. Overall, the results observed in this study demonstrate that transcriptomics approaches such as the EcoToxChip system could be supportive of risk assessment of complex contaminated sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasque-Belz
- Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Carly Colville
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | | | - Natacha Hogan
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lynn Weber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Peters
- Federated Co-operatives Limited, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mark Hanson
- Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; School of the Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pullaguri N, Umale A, Bhargava A. Neurotoxic mechanisms of triclosan: The antimicrobial agent emerging as a toxicant. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23244. [PMID: 36353933 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several scientific studies have suggested a link between increased exposure to pollutants and a rise in the number of neurodegenerative disorders of unknown origin. Notably, triclosan (an antimicrobial agent) is used in concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 1% in various consumer products. Recent studies have also highlighted triclosan as an emerging toxic pollutant due to its increasing global use. However, a definitive link is missing to associate the rising use of triclosan and the growing number of neurodegenerative disorders or neurotoxicity. In this article, we present systematic scientific evidence which are otherwise scattered to suggest that triclosan can indeed induce neurotoxic effects, especially in vertebrate organisms including humans. Mechanistically, triclosan affected important developmental and differentiation genes, structural genes, genes for signaling receptors and genes for neurotransmitter controlling enzymes. Triclosan-induced oxidative stress impacting cellular proteins and homeostasis which triggers apoptosis. Though the scientific evidence collated in this article unequivocally indicates that triclosan can cause neurotoxicity, further epidemiological studies may be needed to confirm the effects on humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha Pullaguri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Ashwini Umale
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| | - Anamika Bhargava
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Telangana, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu YH, Yao L, Huang Z, Zhang YY, Chen CE, Zhao JL, Ying GG. Enhanced prediction of internal concentrations of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals and their metabolites in fish by a physiologically based toxicokinetic incorporating metabolism (PBTK-MT) model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120290. [PMID: 36180004 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and triclosan (TCS) are phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are widely detected in aquatic environments and further bioaccumulated and metabolized in fish. Physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models have been used to describe the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of parent compounds in fish, whereas the metabolites are less explored. In this study, a PBTK incorporating metabolism (PBTK-MT) model for BPA, 4-NP, and TCS was established to enhance the performance of the traditional PBTK model. The PBTK-MT model comprised 16 compartments, showing great accuracy in predicting the internal concentrations of three compounds and their glucuronidated and sulfated conjugates in fish. The impact of typical hepatic metabolism on the PBTK-MT model was successfully resolved by optimizing the mechanism for deriving the partition coefficients between the blood and liver. The PBTK-MT model exhibited a potential data gap-filling capacity for unknown parameters through a backward extrapolation approach of parameters. Model sensitivity analysis suggested that only five parameters were sensitive in at least two PBTK-MT models, while most parameters were insensitive. The PBTK-MT model will contribute to a well understanding of the environmental behavior and risks of pollutants in aquatic biota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Hong Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharma S, Dar OI, Thakur S, Kesavan AK, Kaur A. Environmentally relevant concentrations of Triclosan cause transcriptomic and biomolecular alterations in the hatchlings of Labeo rohita. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104004. [PMID: 36328329 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Suppression (p ≤ 0.05) of antioxidative/detoxification (except GPx and CYP3a) and cytoskeletal (except DHPR) genes but induction of metabolic (except for AST and TRY) and heat shock (except HSP60) genes of Labeo rohita hatchlings after 14 days of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of Triclosan (0.0063, 0.0126, 0.0252 and 0.06 mg/L) was followed by an increase (p ≤ 0.05) for most of the genes after 10 days recovery period. After recovery, LDH, ALT, CK, CHY, PA, HSP47 and DHPR declined, while SOD, CAT, GST, GR, GPx, CYP1a, CYP3a, AST, AChE, TRY, HSP60, HSP70, HSc71, HSP90 MLP-3, α-tropomyosin, desmin b and lamin b1 increased over exposure. Peak area of biomolecules (except 3290-3296, 2924-2925 and 2852-2855 cm-1) declined (p ≤ 0.01) more after recovery [except for an increase (p ≤ 0.01) at 1398-1401 cm-1]. CYP3a, CK, HSP90, MLP-3 and secondary structure of amide A are the most sensitive markers for the environmentally relevant concentrations of Triclosan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India; Department of Biosciences, University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Sharad Thakur
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Triclosan is a KCNQ3 potassium channel activator. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:721-732. [PMID: 35459955 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
KCNQ channels participate in the physiology of several cell types. In neurons of the central nervous system, the primary subunits are KCNQ2, 3, and 5. Activation of these channels silence the neurons, limiting action potential duration and preventing high-frequency action potential burst. Loss-of-function mutations of the KCNQ channels are associated with a wide spectrum of phenotypes characterized by hyperexcitability. Hence, pharmacological activation of these channels is an attractive strategy to treat epilepsy and other hyperexcitability conditions as are the evolution of stroke and traumatic brain injury. In this work we show that triclosan, a bactericide widely used in personal care products, activates the KCNQ3 channels but not the KCNQ2. Triclosan induces a voltage shift in the activation, increases the conductance, and slows the closing of the channel. The response is independent of PIP2. Molecular docking simulations together with site-directed mutagenesis suggest that the putative binding site is in the voltage sensor domain. Our results indicate that triclosan is a new activator for KCNQ channels.
Collapse
|
8
|
Won EJ, Byeon E, Lee YH, Jeong H, Lee Y, Kim MS, Jo HW, Moon JK, Wang M, Lee JS, Shin KH. Molecular evidence for suppression of swimming behavior and reproduction in the estuarine rotifer Brachionus koreanus in response to COVID-19 disinfectants. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113396. [PMID: 35149311 PMCID: PMC8824532 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The increased use of disinfectants due to the spread of the novel coronavirus infection (e.g. COVID-19) has caused burden in the environment but knowledge on its ecotoxicological impact on the estuary environment is limited. Here we report in vivo and molecular endpoints that we used to assess the effects of chloroxylenol (PCMX) and benzalkonium chloride (BAC), which are ingredients in liquid handwash, dish soap products, and sanitizers used by consumers and healthcare workers on the estuarine rotifer Brachionus koreanus. PCMX and BAC significantly affected the life table parameters of B. koreanus. These chemicals modulated the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase and increased reactive oxygen species even at low concentrations. Also, PCMX and BAC caused alterations in the swimming speed and rotation rate of B. koreanus. Furthermore, an RNA-seq-based ingenuity pathway analysis showed that PCMX affected several signaling pathways, allowing us to predict that a low concentration of PCMX will have deleterious effects on B. koreanus. The neurotoxic and mitochondrial dysfunction event scenario induced by PCMX reflects the underlying molecular mechanisms by which PCMX produces outcomes deleterious to aquatic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea; Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Haksoo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yoseop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Sub Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Wook Jo
- Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center, Hankyong National University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Suwon 16500, South Korea
| | - Joon-Kwan Moon
- Hansalim Agro-Food Analysis Center, Hankyong National University Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Suwon 16500, South Korea
| | - Minghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergent Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea; Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Phillips J, Haimbaugh AS, Akemann C, Shields JN, Wu CC, Meyer DN, Baker BB, Siddiqua Z, Pitts DK, Baker TR. Developmental Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Effects of Exposure to Nanomolar Levels of 4-Nonylphenol, Triclosan, and Triclocarban in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10020053. [PMID: 35202241 PMCID: PMC8877790 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, triclocarban and 4-nonylphenol are all chemicals of emerging concern found in a wide variety of consumer products that have exhibited a wide range of endocrine-disrupting effects and are present in increasing amounts in groundwater worldwide. Results of the present study indicate that exposure to these chemicals at critical developmental periods, whether long-term or short-term in duration, leads to significant mortality, morphologic, behavioral and transcriptomic effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio). These effects range from total mortality with either long- or short-term exposure at 100 and 1000 nM of triclosan, to abnormalities in uninflated swim bladder seen with long-term exposure to triclocarban and short-term exposure to 4-nonylphenol, and cardiac edema seen with short-term 4-nonylphenol exposure. Additionally, a significant number of genes involved in neurological and cardiovascular development were differentially expressed after the exposures, as well as lipid metabolism genes and metabolic pathways after exposure to each chemical. Such changes in behavior, gene expression, and pathway abnormalities caused by these three known endocrine disruptors have the potential to impact not only the local ecosystem, but human health as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Phillips
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
| | - Alex S. Haimbaugh
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
| | - Camille Akemann
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
| | - Jeremiah N. Shields
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
| | - Chia-Chen Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Danielle N. Meyer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bridget B. Baker
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zoha Siddiqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Z.S.); (D.K.P.)
| | - David K. Pitts
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (Z.S.); (D.K.P.)
| | - Tracie R. Baker
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.P.); (A.S.H.); (C.A.); (J.N.S.); (C.-C.W.); (D.N.M.); (B.B.B.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 28201, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sharma S, Dar OI, Singh K, Thakur S, Kesavan AK, Kaur A. Genomic markers for the biological responses of Triclosan stressed hatchlings of Labeo rohita. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67370-67384. [PMID: 34254240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15109-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) used commonly in pharmaceuticals and personal care products has become the most common pollutant in water. Three-day-old hatchlings of an indigenous fish, Labeo rohita, were given 96h exposure to a nonlethal (60 μg L-1) and two moderately lethal concentrations (67 and 97 μg L-1) of TCS and kept for 10 days of recovery for recording transcriptomic alterations in antioxidant/detoxification (SOD, GST, CAT, GPx, GR, CYP1a and CYP3a), metabolic (LDH, ALT and AST) and neurological (AchE) genes and DNA damage. The data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for obtaining biomarkers for the toxicity of TCS. Hatchlings were highly sensitive to TCS (96h LC50 = 126 μg L-1 and risk quotient = 40.95), 96h exposure caused significant induction of CYP3a, AChE and ALT but suppression of all other genes. However, expression of all the genes increased significantly (except for a significant decline in ALT) after recovery. Concentration-dependent increase was also observed in DNA damage [Tail Length (TL), Tail Moment (TM), Olive Tail Moment (OTM) and Percent Tail DNA (TDNA)] after 96 h. The damage declined significantly over 96h values at 60 and 67 μg L-1 after recovery, but was still several times more than control. TCS elicited genomic alterations resulted in 5-11% mortality of exposed hatchlings during the recovery period. It is evident that hatchlings of L. rohita are a potential model and PCA shows that OTM, TL, TM, TDNA, SOD and GR (association with PC1 during exposure and recovery) are the biomarkers for the toxicity of TCS. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sharad Thakur
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anup Kumar Kesavan
- Molecular Microbiology Lab, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Deepika S, Padmavathy P, Srinivasan A, Sugumar G, Jawahar P. Effect of triclosan (TCS) on the protein content and associated histological changes on tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59899-59907. [PMID: 34148199 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is a chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent having a wide application in commercial and healthcare products. The toxic effects of the emerging pollutant, triclosan (TCS), on behavior, protein content, and associated histological alterations in the muscle tissue of the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus were studied. Healthy fishes were exposed to five different acute concentrations of TCS, viz., 0.131, 0.262, 0.523, 1.046, and 2.092 ppm for a period of 96 h. The 96-h LC50 of TCS for O. mossambicus was determined as 0.715 ppm using probit analysis. The fishes were also chronically exposed to the five different concentrations of TCS based on LC50 to study the toxic effects of long-term exposure. The protein content of the fish muscle gradually decreased with an increase in the concentration of TCS. Further, the histological alterations such as splitting of myotomes, vacuolar degeneration, degenerated myotomes, multifocal degeneration of myocytes, degeneration of myoepithelium, myolysis, melanomacrophage in the dermis, vacuolation in the epidermis, atrophy of myotomes, and necrosis were observed during the acute and chronic exposure of fishes to TCS. The study revealed that TCS can affect the aquatic organisms even at a minimum concentration of 0.715 ppm causing changes in the behavior and biochemical constituents of tilapia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seenivasan Deepika
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India.
| | - Pandurengan Padmavathy
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Arasan Srinivasan
- Department of Aquatic Environment Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Gopalrajan Sugumar
- Department of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| | - Paulraj Jawahar
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Resource Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalithaa Fisheries University (TNJFU), Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, 628 008, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sharma S, Dar OI, Singh K, Kaur A, Faggio C. Triclosan elicited biochemical and transcriptomic alterations in Labeo rohita larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 88:103748. [PMID: 34534692 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, Triclosan (TCS, a commonly used antimicrobial agent) induced alterations in biochemical parameters and gene expression were recorded in the larvae of Labeo rohita after 96 h exposure and 10 days recovery period to find out health status biomarkers. 96 h exposure to 0.06, 0.067 and 0.097 mg/L TCS significantly declined the levels of glucose, triglycerides, urea and uric acid and activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT). There was a non-significant decline in the levels of cholesterol and total protein but albumin and total bilirubin showed no change. After 10 days of recovery period, trend was opposite for glucose, urea and ALP only. Decline in the expression of trypsin and pancreatic amylase and elevation in creatine kinase during exposure to TCS showed a reverse trend after recovery period. However, concentration dependent elevation of chymotrypsin persisted till the end of recovery period. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed association of total protein, ALP, GOT, creatine kinase and pancreatic amylase with PC1 after exposure as well as recovery period. Therefore, these can be considered as important biomolecules for identification of health status of TCS stressed fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kumar S, Paul T, Shukla SP, Kumar K, Karmakar S, Bera KK, Bhushan Kumar C. Biomarkers-based assessment of triclosan toxicity in aquatic environment: A mechanistic review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117569. [PMID: 34438492 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an emergent pollutant, is raising a global concern due to its toxic effects on organisms and aquatic ecosystems. The non-availability of proven treatment technologies for TCS remediation is the central issue stressing thorough research on understanding the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and assessing vital biomarkers in the aquatic organism for practical monitoring purposes. Given the unprecedented circumstances during COVID 19 pandemic, a several-fold higher discharge of TCS in the aquatic ecosystems cannot be considered a remote possibility. Therefore, identifying potential biomarkers for assessing chronic effects of TCS are prerequisites for addressing the issues related to its ecological impact and its monitoring in the future. It is the first holistic review on highlighting the biomarkers of TCS toxicity based on a comprehensive review of available literature about the biomarkers related to cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, hematological, alterations of gene expression, and metabolic profiling. This review establishes that biomarkers at the subcellular level such as oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, neurotoxicity, and metabolic enzymes can be used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of TCS in future investigations. Micronuclei frequency and % DNA damage proved to be reliable biomarkers for genotoxic effects of TCS in fishes and other aquatic organisms. Alteration of gene expression and metabolic profiling in different organs provides a better insight into mechanisms underlying the biocide's toxicity. In the concluding part of the review, the present status of knowledge about mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance of TCS and its relevance in understanding the toxicity is also discussed referring to the relevant reports on microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Tapas Paul
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - S P Shukla
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kundan Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 400061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sutanu Karmakar
- West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kuntal Krishna Bera
- West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery Sciences, Kolkata, 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandra Bhushan Kumar
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song X, Wang X, Li X, Yan X, Liang Y, Huang Y, Huang L, Zeng H. Histopathology and transcriptome reveals the tissue-specific hepatotoxicity and gills injury in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) induced by sublethal concentration of triclosan. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 220:112325. [PMID: 34052755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a ubiquitous antimicrobial agent, has been frequently detected in wild fish, leading to concerns regarding TCS safety in the aquatic environment. The present work aims to investigate the TCS-mediated effects on various tissues (the liver, gills, brain, and testes) of wild-sourced adult mosquitofish based on histological analysis and transcriptome. Severe morphological injuries were only found in the liver and gills. The histopathological alterations in the liver were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation and degeneration, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, and nuclear polymorphism. The gill lesions contained epithelial lifting, intraepithelial edema, fusion and shortening of the secondary lamellae. Consistently, the numbers of differently expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome were in the order of liver (1627) > gills (182) > brain (9) > testes (4). Trend-aligned histopathological and transcriptomic changes in the 4 tissues, suggesting the tissue-specific response manner of mosquitofish to TCS, and the liver and gills were the target organs. TCS interrupted many biological pathways associated with lipogenesis and lipid metabolism, transmembrane transporters, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver, and it induced nonspecific immune response in the gills. TCS-triggered hepatotoxicity and gills damnification may lead to inflammation, apoptosis, diseases, and even death in mosquitofish. TCS showed moderate acute toxicity and bioaccumulative property on mosquitofish, suggesting that prolonged or massive use of TCS may pose an ecological risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Song
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Xuegeng Wang
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xin Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yanpeng Liang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Yuequn Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Liangliang Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Honghu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety Guarantee in Karst Area, Guilin 541000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sheng C, Zhang S, Zhang Y. The influence of different polymer types of microplastics on adsorption, accumulation, and toxicity of triclosan in zebrafish. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123733. [PMID: 33254764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Although the combined effects of microplastics (MPs) and other organic pollutants have raised increasing attention, the impacts of polymer types on the biological effects (e.g., bioaccumulation and toxicity) of the mixtures are still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different polymer types of MPs including polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the adsorption, accumulation, and toxic effects of triclosan (TCS) in zebrafish. As a result, all three types of MPs could adsorb TCS and PP-MPs has the highest adsorption capacity for TCS (1.18 mg/g). Compared with the TCS alone, MPs changed the distribution of TCS in tissues and increased the accumulation of TCS in the liver and gut following the order of TCS + PP > TCS + PVC > TCS + PE. Compared with individual TCS and PP-MPs, after co-exposed for 28 days, TCS + PP significantly aggravated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the liver as well as enhanced neurotoxicity in the brain. Moreover, TCS + PP disturbed the metabolism in the liver and MPs contributed more to the metabolic disorders. The upregulated lipid metabolites (e.g., sphingosine and L-palmitoylcarnitine) and downregulated carbohydrate metabolites (e.g., sucrose) could be potential targets for future risk assessment of MPs combined with other pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Shenghu Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yuan S, Liang C, Li W, Letcher RJ, Liu C. A comprehensive system for detection of behavioral change of D. magna exposed to various chemicals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123731. [PMID: 33254763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to develop a sensitive and comprehensive method, based on D. magna swimming behavior, for toxicity assessment of environmental chemicals. Firstly, D. magna swimming in several chambers with different diameters were compared to determine the most suitable container, and then baseline behaviors during light/dark periods as well as reactions to light/dark switching and vibration stimulation were determined. Secondly, after exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of the selected 42 typical chemicals, which were classified into heavy metals, pesticides, fungicides and flame retardants, the alterations in the swimming parameters were evaluated. Our results indicated the 48-well plate was the most suitable chamber for behavioral monitoring of D. magna, and specific responsive patterns of D. magna neonates to light/dark switching and vibration stimulation were observed. The results of the behavioral assays of chemicals suggested that D. magna was the most sensitive to methylmercury-chloride and then to abamectin and chlorpyrifos. The three chemicals at several to dozens of ng/L significantly changed swimming behaviors of D. magna. Furthermore, the alteration in the behavioral parameters (average swimming speed, etc.) induced by the selected chemicals could be ascribed to various modes of actions, confirming the reliability and practicability of the monitoring method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Yuan
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengqian Liang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Engineering Research Centre of Green Development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Song X, Wang X, Bhandari RK. Developmental abnormalities and epigenetic alterations in medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos induced by triclosan exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127613. [PMID: 32738708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in some consumer products, has been detected in the environment at varying concentrations. TCS exposure has been found to cause developmental abnormalities and endocrine disruption in various species of fish. It is not clearly understood whether TCS exposure causes epigenetic alterations in developing embryos and their germ cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of TCS exposure (0, 50, 100 and, 200 μg/L) on embryonic development and primordial germ cells (PGCs), which are precursors of sperm and eggs, in medaka (Oyzias latipes). Developmental TCS exposure from 8 h post-fertilization through 15 days post-fertilization (dpf) resulted in several developmental abnormalities, including enlarged yolk sac, decreased head trunk angle (HTA), and severe edema in the pericardial region. The male ratio increased in the 100 μg/L TCS exposure group, which was negatively correlated with the expression of cyp19ala (a gene encoding aromatase) and arα (androgen receptor alpha). Developmental 50 μg/L TCS exposure resulted in global hypomethylation in the whole body but not in the isolated PGCs. Expression of the gene encoding DNA methyltransferases (dnmt1 and dnmt3aa) was decreased by 50 μg/L TCS exposure both in the whole body and PGCs. TCS altered the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation in PGCs, suggesting epigenetic effects on germ cells. The present results demonstrate that the embryos exposed to the tested concentrations of TCS develop deformities during the early life stages and that the TCS within this range possesses endocrine disrupting properties potential enough to alter sex ratios of developing embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Song
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xuegeng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
| | - Ramji K Bhandari
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The pharmaceutical prednisone affects sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) metabolism and swimming performance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 253:110851. [PMID: 33238196 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High usage of the synthetic glucocorticoids (GCs) has led to significant presence of this pharmaceutical group in surface waters where it can affect non-target organisms such as fish. Assessment of a fish's metabolism and swimming performance provide reliable sub-lethal measures of effects of GCs on oxygen-requiring processes and ability to swim. In this study, we determined time-dependent (7, 14 and 21 days) effects of the synthetic GC prednisone (1 μg L-1) on sheepshead minnow (SHM) (Cyprinodon variegatus). Standard (SMR), routine (RMR) and maximum (MMR) metabolic rate, metabolic scope (MS), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), cost of transport (COT) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were determined. Twenty-one days exposure to prednisone resulted in significantly higher SMR, RMR, MMR, MS, EPOC and COT compared with 7d and 14d prednisone fish. However, Ucrit was not significantly different between prednisone and solvent control exposed fish (within 7d, 14d, 21d groups). SMR, RMR and MMR were lower in the 7d and 14d prednisone exposed fish compared with their solvent control groups. In contrast, SMR, RMR and MMR were all significantly higher in the 21d prednisone exposed fish compared with solvent control. EPOC was significantly higher in 14d prednisone exposed fish and trending higher in 21d and 7d prednisone exposed fish compared with their solvent controls. EPOC was significantly higher in 21d compared with 7d prednisone exposed fish. A significantly higher COT was seen in the 21d compared with 7d and 14d prednisone fish. Collectively, this study showed time-dependent effects of prednisone on SHM metabolism and swimming performance.
Collapse
|
19
|
Dar OI, Sharma S, Singh K, Sharma A, Bhardwaj R, Kaur A. Biomarkers for the toxicity of sublethal concentrations of triclosan to the early life stages of carps. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17322. [PMID: 33057045 PMCID: PMC7560838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation, contents of protein, non-enzymatic antioxidant glutathione (GSH and GSSG), lipid peroxidation product (melondialdehyde-MDA) and organic acids (fumarate, succinate, malate and citrate), and activities of neurological (acetylcholinesterase-AChE), detoxification (glutathione S-transferase-GST) and metabolic (lactate dehydrogenase-LDH, aspartate transaminase-AST and alanine transaminase-ALT) enzymes were recorded in the hatchlings of Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala after 7 and 14 days exposure and 10 days post exposure (recovery period) to sublethal concentrations (0.005, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.05 mg/L) of triclosan, a highly toxic and persistent biocide used in personal care products. Accumulation was maximum between 7-14 days at 0.01 mg/L for C. carpio and L. rohita but at 0.005 mg/L for C. idella and C. mrigala. No triclosan was observed at 0.005 mg/L in C. carpio and C. mrigala after recovery. Significant decline in protein, glutathione and acetylcholinesterase but increase in glutathione S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, melondialdehyde and organic acids over control during exposure continued till the end of recovery period. Integrated biomarker response (IBR) analysis depicted higher star plot area for glutathione and glutathione S-transferase during initial 7 days of exposure, thereafter, during 7-14 days of exposure and the recovery period, higher star plot area was observed for acetylcholinesterase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and organic acids. Higher star plot area was observed for protein in all the species throughout the study. The study shows that L. rohita is most sensitive and glutathione, acetylcholinesterase, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase are the biomarkers for the toxicity of sublethal concentrations of TCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
González-Doncel M, Fernández Torija C, Pablos MV, García Hortigüela P, López Arévalo M, Beltrán EM. The role of PFOS on triclosan toxicity to two model freshwater organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114604. [PMID: 33618454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface-active substances may enhance the bioavailability of certain pollutants by modifying the permeability of cell membranes. However, they could also interact in a positive manner by increasing toxicity to aquatic organisms. A comparative effects assessment of waterborne exposure to triclosan (TCS) alone vs. combined with perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was herein investigated in daphnids (Daphnia magna) and medaka (Oryzias latipes) early life stages (ELS) using a battery of non-invasive behavioral, physiological and anatomical endpoints. Additionally, TCS bioaccumulation was evaluated in medaka embryos to help discern differences in effects caused by either, changes in TCS permeability or by a positive interaction with PFOS. The TCS analytical measurements in the medaka ELS exposure media revealed fast dissipation with half-lives < 12 h. The D. magna immobilization and feeding inhibition assays suggested an increased response when TCS (≥200 and 37.50 μg/L, respectively) was co-exposed with PFOS. Concentrations <800 μg TCS/L did not affect medaka ELS. However, exposures to ≥400 μg TCS/L + PFOS had effects on the embryo and eleutheroembryo viability. The morphometric analysis of the embryonic gallbladder area and the oxidative stress, determined in vivo by the manifestation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), revealed a hormetic response in both experimental sets. The TCS + PFOS experimental set generally resulted in increased gallbladder areas and ROS activity levels compared to those quantified in the corresponding TCS set. The bioaccumulation studies in the medaka embryos revealed comparable TCS levels regardless of PFOS presence. Without disregarding any TCS's enhanced bioavailability caused by the surface-active substance, overall results primarily indicate increased biological effects of TCS due to a potentiation action of PFOS as a binary mixture with TCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Doncel
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Fernández Torija
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Victoria Pablos
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar García Hortigüela
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel López Arévalo
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia María Beltrán
- Laboratory for Ecotoxicology, Department of the Environment, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology, A-6, Km. 7.5, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang XD, Lu YC, Xiong XH, Yuan Y, Lu LX, Liu YJ, Mao JH, Xiao WW. Toxicological responses, bioaccumulation, and metabolic fate of triclosan in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11246-11259. [PMID: 31960244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07704-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that is broadly used in personal care products. It has been shown to cause the contamination of a variety of aquatic environments. Since algae has been the primary producers of aquatic ecosystems, understanding the toxicological mechanisms and the metabolic fate of TCS is vital for assessing its risk in an aquatic environment. In our study, 0.5-4 mg L-1 TCS treatments for 72 h in a culture of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) showed progressive inhibition of cell growth and reduced the chlorophyll content. The EC50 value of C. reinhardtii after 72 h was 1.637 mg L-1, which showed its higher level of resistance to TCS in comparison with other algal species. The exposure to TCS led to oxidative injuries of algae in relation to the increment of malonaldehyde content, cell membrane permeability, and H2O2 levels. Furthermore, the oxidative stress from TCS stimulated a series of antioxidant enzyme activities and their gene expressions. Simultaneously, the accumulated TCS in C. reinhardtii arouses the detoxification/degradation-related enzymes and related gene transcriptions. In the medium, approximately 82% of TCS was removed by C. reinhardtii. Importantly, eight TCS metabolites were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry and their relative abundances were measured in a time-course experiment. Six of these metabolites are reported here for the first time. The metabolic pathways of triclosan via C. reinhardtii including reductive dechlorination, hydroxylation, sulfhydrylation, and binding with thiol/cysteine/GSH/glycosyl were manifested to broaden our understanding of the environmental fate of TCS. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Dong Wang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yi Chen Lu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Xiao Hui Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Horticultural Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Xia Lu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yuan Jian Liu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Jia Hao Mao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Wei Wei Xiao
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Street No. 30, Nanjing, 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang W, Xie P, Cai Z. Lipid metabolism disorders contribute to hepatotoxicity of triclosan in mice. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 384:121310. [PMID: 31586915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vivo exposure studies focused mainly on nuclear receptors involved in hepatotoxicity of triclosan (TCS). As liver plays a vital role in metabolic processes, dysregulations in lipid metabolism have been identified as potential drivers of pathogenesis. Investigation of changes in lipid metabolism might widen our understanding of toxicological effects as well as the underlying mechanism occurring in the liver. In this study, we comprehensively assessed the effect of TCS exposure on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Our results showed that TCS induced significant changes in hepatic free fatty acid pool by upregulation of fatty acid uptake and de novo fatty acid synthesis. Besides, hepatic levels of lipids, including acyl carnitine (AcCa), ceramide (Cer), triacylglycerols (TG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were also increased, together with upreguation of genes associated to TG synthesis, fatty acid oxidation and inflammation in TCS exposure group. These changes in lipid homeostasis could contribute to membrane instability, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammation. Our results suggested that TCS exposure could induce hepatic lipid metabolism disorders in mice, which would further contribute to the liver damage effects of TCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Science, Wuhan University, Hubei, PR China
| | - Peisi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cox MK, Ward JL, Matsuura M, Aing R, Schoenfuss HL, Kohno S. Estrone exposure interacts with temperature to alter predator evasion performance and systemic mRNA abundances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:519-528. [PMID: 31351294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental estrogens from anthropogenic activities are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems. Ambient temperature in these systems also fluctuates in daily, seasonal, and long-term rhythms. While both factors have been studied extensively, their interaction on aquatic life is critical to understand. The objective of this study was, therefore, to examine how behavior and gene expression are impacted by estrogenic exposure across a range of environmental temperatures. Larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to estrone (E1) at two concentrations (nominal 625 and 1250 ng/L) or to an ethanol solvent control, at one of four temperatures (15, 18, 21 and 24 °C) from fertilization to 21 days post-hatch. Exposed larvae were assessed for alterations in predator evasion performance and mRNA abundances of two genes for calcium channel receptors found in muscles - dihydropyridine receptor (dhpr) and ryanodine receptor 1, and the gonadal genes anti-Müllerian hormone, cytochrome P450 gonadal aromatase (cyp19a), doublesex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 (dmrt1) and estrogen receptor 1 (esr1). Larval escape angle, escape latency, as well as systemic esr1 and cyp19a mRNA abundances were altered by an interaction between E1 concentration and temperature. E1-exposed larval exhibited reduced escape performance across all tested temperatures, whereas decreased systemic dhpr mRNA abundance was observed only at 18 °C. E1-exposure reduced systemic mRNA abundances of amh, cyp19a, dhpr, and ryr1, while temperature significantly reduced systemic cyp19a and dhpr mRNA abundances. E1-exposure and temperature significant enhanced systemic mRNA abundances of esr1 and cyp19a, respectively. These complex results illustrate the importance of considering how abiotic factors may moderate the effects of contaminant exposure during the sensitive larval developmental stage, as temperature modulates effects of estrogenic exposure on animal performance and mRNA abundances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Cox
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - Jessica L Ward
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States; Department of Biology, Ball State University, Cooper Life Sciences Building. 2000 West University Avenue, Muncie, IN 47306, United States
| | - Michelle Matsuura
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - Raingsey Aing
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - Heiko L Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States
| | - Satomi Kohno
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Saint Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue South, Saint Cloud, MN 56301, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ma Z, Liu H, Yu H. Triclosan Affects Ca 2+ Regulatory Module and Musculature Development in Skeletal Myocyte during Early Life Stages of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11988-11998. [PMID: 31532625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced technologies for toxicity tests are designed to identify biomarkers with superior predictive power or end points of the complex web of biological pathways. However, the data obtained need to be fully characterized for dose-response, physiological systems, and relevance to a system or (sub) population before biological interpretation and decision making. In this study, the toxicity of triclosan (TCS) on zebrafish was selected as a case study to correlate the observed morphological effects with existing data and identify the critical events by receptor activity sensitivity analysis. Triclosan exhibited weak acute toxicity against zebrafish and significantly affected the development of trunk muscles at 0.52, 1.04, and 1.73 μM. Through receptor-mediated screening, we found that the adverse effects of TCS induce Ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) activity and distort Ca2+ signaling. The trunk skeletal muscle abnormalities occurred only when the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) was blocked, demonstrating that TCS mainly influenced the Ca2+ regulatory module associated with signaling between DHPRs and RyR1; DHPRs mainly regulated the orthograde and retrograde signaling in skeletal muscles. This unexpected result could integrate the mode of action of TCS and provide insight for high-throughput screening and toxicity prediction using zebrafish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hongling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hongxia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Neurobehavioral toxicity of triclosan in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:154-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
26
|
Hemalatha D, Nataraj B, Rangasamy B, Shobana C, Ramesh M. DNA damage and physiological responses in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita exposed to an antimicrobial agent triclosan. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1463-1484. [PMID: 31222661 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of triclosan (TCS) in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The 96-h LC50 value of triclosan to L. rohita was found to be 0.39 mg L-1. Fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.039 mg L-1, treatment I and 0.078 mg L-1, treatment II) of TCS for 35 days, and certain hematobiochemical, antioxidant, histopathological responses were measured. Compared to the control group, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the values and genotoxicity of hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and erythrocyte (RBC) in TCS-exposed fish, but the values of leucocyte count (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were found to be increased. A biphasic response in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) value was observed during the study period (35 days). Significant (p < 0.05) alterations in plasma biochemical parameters (glucose and protein), electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-), and transaminases (GOT and GPT) were observed in fish treated with TCS in both treatments. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity was found to be decreased in fish treated with TCS in both treatments. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant index levels have also fluctuated in all the tissues (gill, liver, and kidney). The histological lesions were comparatively more severe in the gill than the liver and kidney. Comet assay showed DNA damage on exposure at two sublethal concentrations. The present results suggest that TCS is highly toxic to fish even at sublethal concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devan Hemalatha
- Department of Zoology, PSG Arts and Science College, Avinashi Road, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641014, India
| | - Bojan Nataraj
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Basuvannan Rangasamy
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Department of Zoology, PSG Arts and Science College, Avinashi Road, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641014, India.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yao L, Lv YZ, Zhang LJ, Liu WR, Zhao JL, Yang YY, Jia YW, Liu YS, He LY, Ying GG. Bioaccumulation and risks of 24 personal care products in plasma of wild fish from the Yangtze River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:810-819. [PMID: 30790753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We used a hybrid precipitation method to simultaneously extract and analyze 24 personal care products (PCPs), including 16 biocides, 4 synthetic musks, and 4 benzotriazoles, in the plasma of fish. The method's performance was validated for plasma samples with and without β-glucuronidase/aryl-sulfatase hydrolysis. The recoveries were in the range of 70-120% for most of the PCPs, except N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), clotrimazole (CTZ), miconazole and itraconazole at spiking concentration of 20 and 5 ng/mL. The quantification limits ranged between 0.89 and 17.9 ng/mL (hydrolyzed plasma) and 0.85-18.5 ng/mL (non-hydrolyzed plasma), except CTZ at 77.5 ng/mL and 76.3 ng/mL. Totally, 13 PCPs were detected in plasma samples of fish collected from the Yangtze River, with a maximum concentration of 58.4 ng/mL (galaxolide). Compounds with the phenol hydroxyl groups of parabens or triclosan in hydrolyzed plasma showed higher concentrations than those in unhydrolyzed plasma with the ratio of conjugation (glucuronides + sulfates) forms up to 86%. The median values for the logarithm of bioaccumulation factors were between 1.39 and 4.15, which were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the theoretical logarithm of bioconcentration factors. Using the fish plasma model, the effect ratios (effect concentration/measured plasma concentration ratios) of tonalide, galaxolide, benzotriazole, triclosan, and DEET reached 0.35, 4.15, 3.78, 7.52, and 9.24, respectively. These are recognized as priority chemicals for further risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; China National Analytical Center (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yin-Zhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wang-Rong Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Wei Jia
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang-Ying He
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Triclosan: An Update on Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:1607304. [PMID: 31191794 PMCID: PMC6525925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1607304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic, chlorinated phenolic antimicrobial agent commonly used in commercial and healthcare products. Items made with TCS include soaps, deodorants, shampoos, cosmetics, textiles, plastics, surgical sutures, and prosthetics. A wealth of information obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies has demonstrated the therapeutic effects of TCS, particularly against inflammatory skin conditions. Nevertheless, extensive investigations on the molecular aspects of TCS action have identified numerous adversaries associated with the disinfectant including oxidative injury and influence of physiological lifespan and longevity. This review presents a summary of the biochemical alterations pertaining to TCS exposure, with special emphasis on the diverse molecular pathways responsive to TCS that have been elucidated during the present decade.
Collapse
|
29
|
Sun Z, Xu H. Ryanodine Receptors for Drugs and Insecticides: An Overview. Mini Rev Med Chem 2018; 19:22-33. [DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180330112908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are calcium channels located on the endo(sarco)plasmic reticulum
of muscle cells and neurons. They regulate the release of stored intracellular calcium and play a
critical role in muscle contraction. The N-terminal part of these receptors accounts for roughly 80%
and contains the binding sites for diverse RyRs modulators. The C-terminal domain contains the
transmembrane region. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the molecular biology of
insect RyRs, chemicals targeting mammal or insect RyRs, and the reasons for mammal RyR-related
diseases and diamides resistances. It may lay the foundation for effective management of mammal
RyR-related diseases and diamides resistances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Sun
- Research Institute of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Research Institute of Pesticidal Design & Synthesis, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wirt H, Botka R, Perez KE, King-Heiden T. Embryonic exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan impairs foraging efficiency in zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:3124-3133. [PMID: 30264895 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous and persistent contaminant triclosan is known to cause developmental and behavioral toxicity in fish, but few studies have evaluated the long-term effects of these responses. We used a phenotypically anchored approach to evaluate the behavioral responses caused by early exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan to better understand the risk triclosan poses to fish. Zebrafish were exposed to 0, 0.4, 4, or 40 μg triclosan/L (nominal concentrations) for 5 d followed by depuration for 16 d to assess effects on mortality, development, and foraging efficiency. Because foraging efficiency can be impacted by neurological and structural alterations, we assessed morphological and behavioral indicators of neurotoxicity and morphology of craniofacial features associated with gape to identify potential underlying mechanisms associated with altered foraging behaviors. To our knowledge, we are the first to show that early exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan impairs foraging efficiency in larval fish by 10%, leading to emaciation and reduced growth and survival. The cause of the impacts of triclosan on foraging efficiency remains unknown, because effects were not associated with overt indicators of neurotoxicity or grossly malformed craniofacial structures. Our results suggest that early exposure to triclosan has the potential to impact the sustainability of wild fish populations, and thus the mechanism underlying behavioral alterations following exposure to triclosan warrants further study. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3124-3133. © 2018 SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Wirt
- Department of Biology and River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Rosalea Botka
- Department of Biology and River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kathryn E Perez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Tisha King-Heiden
- Department of Biology and River Studies Center, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Arias-Cavieres A, More J, Vicente JM, Adasme T, Hidalgo J, Valdés JL, Humeres A, Valdés-Undurraga I, Sánchez G, Hidalgo C, Barrientos G. Triclosan Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Memory in Male Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:429. [PMID: 30534053 PMCID: PMC6275195 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan, a widely used industrial and household agent, is present as an antiseptic ingredient in numerous products of everyday use, such as toothpaste, cosmetics, kitchenware, and toys. Previous studies have shown that human brain and animal tissues contain triclosan, which has been found also as a contaminant of water and soil. Triclosan disrupts heart and skeletal muscle Ca2+ signaling, damages liver function, alters gut microbiota, causes colonic inflammation, and promotes apoptosis in cultured neocortical neurons and neural stem cells. Information, however, on the possible effects of triclosan on the function of the hippocampus, a key brain region for spatial learning and memory, is lacking. Here, we report that triclosan addition at low concentrations to hippocampal slices from male rats inhibited long-term potentiation but did not affect basal synaptic transmission or paired-pulse facilitation and modified the content or phosphorylation levels of synaptic plasticity-related proteins. Additionally, incubation of primary hippocampal cultures with triclosan prevented both the dendritic spine remodeling induced by brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the emergence of spontaneous oscillatory Ca2+ signals. Furthermore, intra-hippocampal injection of triclosan significantly disrupted rat navigation in the Oasis maze spatial memory task, an indication that triclosan impairs hippocampus-dependent spatial memory performance. Based on these combined results, we conclude that triclosan exerts highly damaging effects on hippocampal neuronal function in vitro and impairs spatial memory processes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamileth More
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Tatiana Adasme
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Hidalgo
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Luis Valdés
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Humeres
- Department of Morphofunction, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gina Sánchez
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Pathophysiology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- CEMC, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- CEMC, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Genaro Barrientos
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- CEMC, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Belosludtsev KN, Belosludtseva NV, Tenkov KS, Penkov NV, Agafonov AV, Pavlik LL, Yashin VA, Samartsev VN, Dubinin MV. Study of the mechanism of permeabilization of lecithin liposomes and rat liver mitochondria by the antimicrobial drug triclosan. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:264-271. [PMID: 28939382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
33
|
Chen J, Meng T, Li Y, Gao K, Qin Z. Effects of triclosan on gonadal differentiation and development in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 64:157-165. [PMID: 29478635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that triclosan (TCS) could possess an androgenic activity. We aimed to investigate the effects of TCS on gonadal differentiation and development in the frog Pelophylax nigromaculatus, a sensitive amphibian species to androgenic chemicals. P. nigromaculatus tadpoles at stage 24 were exposed to TCS (3, 30, and 300nmol/L) to stage 46 in a semi-static exposure system. At the end of exposure, gonadal morphology and histology, sex ratio and gonadal expression of sex-biased genes were examined in P. nigromaculatus. In each TCS treatment group, we found several individuals whose gonads exhibited morphological and/or histological abnormalities. Gonadal histological abnormalities were characterized by few oocytes and many somatic cells. Although the percentage of the individuals with abnormal gonads was low (7.8%) among all animals treated with TCS, statistical test revealed the sex ratios in the 3 and 300nmol/L TCS treatment groups were significantly different from the solvent control. In the 30nmol/L TCS treatment group, abnormal gonads were also observed, although the sex ratio was not changed compared with the solvent control, which was possibly due to the smaller sample size in this group. In all the TCS treatment groups, the sex ratios were not obviously male-biased, but the expression levels of some sex-biased genes were significantly altered by TCS. Altogether, our results suggest that TCS, even at environmentally relevant concentrations, could disrupt gonadal differentiation and development in P. nigromaculatus, but we are not sure whether the disrupting effects were associated with masculinization or feminization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhanfen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nanomaterials for the Abatement of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products from Wastewater. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
35
|
Wang S, Poon K, Cai Z. Removal and metabolism of triclosan by three different microalgal species in aquatic environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 342:643-650. [PMID: 28898861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, an antimicrobial additive widely used in personal care products, has caused the contamination of various aquatic environment. Biodegradation was proved to play a vital role in the treatment of triclosan in wastewater. However, there is limited information about the metabolic pathway. In this study, three common freshwater microalgae including Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa), Desmodesmus sp., and Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus) were applied to remove and biodegrade triclosan in aqueous culture medium. High removal rate up to 99.7% was observed during the treatment of 400μgL-1 triclosan by the three microalgae for 1day. The removal of triclosan attributed to cellular uptake by C. pyrenoidosa, and biotransformation by Desmodesmus sp. and S. obliquus. Simultaneously, triclosan metabolites resulted from hydroxylation, reductive dechlorination, or ether bond cleavage and their conjugates produced through glucosylation and/or methylation were detected in the biodegradation samples. Metabolic pathway of triclosan by algae were firstly proposed in this work, shedding light on the environmental fate of triclosan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing, P. R. China; Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Karen Poon
- Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai, P. R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, P. R. China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Han J, Qiu W, Campbell EC, White JC, Xing B. Nylon Bristles and Elastomers Retain Centigram Levels of Triclosan and Other Chemicals from Toothpastes: Accumulation and Uncontrolled Release. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12264-12273. [PMID: 29067803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, is used in commercial toothpastes with reported dental benefits. Our studies on 22 popular manual toothbrushes in the U.S. showed that common toothbrush head components can accumulate substantial amounts of TCS after brushing with TCS-formulated toothpastes (TCS-TPs). After simulated 3-month brushing with a commercial best-selling TCS-TP, over one third of the adults' toothbrushes showed a cumulative TCS uptake of 21-37.5 mg, equivalent to 7-12.5 doses of the TCS used per brushing. Similar results were observed on children's toothbrushes with small pea-size heads. Elastomer components were found to be the main contributor while both nylon bristles and elastomers could act as absorptive sinks for TCS during brushing. Studies on six different TCS-TPs containing 0.3 wt% TCS showed similar profiles of TCS accumulation. The absorbed TCS was gradually released into toothpaste slurries after switching to TCS-free alternatives. Release of TCS, which typically measured at a fraction (<75%) of the standard dose using the TCS-TPs, continued for over 2 weeks and occurred most rapidly in peroxide-containing "whitening" toothpastes, followed by alkaline and surfactant-rich toothpastes. The accumulating effect was not exclusive to TCS but was commonly observed on several chemicals identified in TCS-TPs and a range of regular toothpastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Han
- Paige Laboratory, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Wei Qiu
- Paige Laboratory, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland , Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth C Campbell
- Paige Laboratory, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jason C White
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station , New Haven, Connecticut 06504, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Paige Laboratory, Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Silva DCVR, Araújo CVM, López-Doval JC, Neto MB, Silva FT, Paiva TCB, Pompêo MLM. Potential effects of triclosan on spatial displacement and local population decline of the fish Poecilia reticulata using a non-forced system. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:329-336. [PMID: 28605703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an emerging contaminant of concern in environmental studies due to its potential adverse effects on fish behavior. Since avoidance has been shown to be a relevant behavioral endpoint, our aims were: (i) to determine if TCS is able to trigger an avoidance response in Poecilia reticulata; (ii) to predict the population immediate decline (PID) caused by TCS exposure, by integrating lethality and avoidance responses; and (iii) to verify the overestimation of risk when mortality is assessed under forced exposure. Fish were exposed to TCS in a forced exposure system, to assess mortality, and to a TCS gradient in a non-forced exposure (NFE) system. Two NFE scenarios were simulated: (#1) a spatially permanent gradient, including low and high concentrations; and (#2) a scenario with high concentrations, simulating a local discharge. The fish avoided TCS concentrations as low as 0.2 μg L-1 (avoidance of 22%). The AC50 obtained from scenario #1 (8.04 μg L-1) was about 15 times more sensitive than that from scenario #2 (118.4 μg L-1). In general, up to the highest concentration tested (2000 μg L-1), the PID was determined by the avoidance. Mortality from the forced exposure was overestimated (48 h-LC50 of 1650 mg L-1), relative to the NFE. The reduced mortality in a non-forced environment does not imply a lower effect, because part of the population is expected to disappear by moving towards favorable environments. TCS is a potential environmental disturber, since at environmentally relevant concentrations (<2 μg L-1) it could cause a decline in the fish population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C V R Silva
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Morun B Neto
- Department of Basic and Environmental Sciences, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio T Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Teresa C B Paiva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Teplova VV, Belosludtsev KN, Kruglov AG. Mechanism of triclosan toxicity: Mitochondrial dysfunction including complex II inhibition, superoxide release and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Toxicol Lett 2017; 275:108-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
39
|
González-Pleiter M, Rioboo C, Reguera M, Abreu I, Leganés F, Cid Á, Fernández-Piñas F. Calcium mediates the cellular response of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to the emerging aquatic pollutant Triclosan. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 186:50-66. [PMID: 28249228 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was aimed at investigating the role of intracellular free calcium, [Ca2+]c, in the early cellular response of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to the emergent pollutant Triclosan (13.8μM; 24h of exposure). There is a growing concern about the persistence and toxicity of this antimicrobial in aquatic environments, where non-target organisms such as C. reinhardtii, a primary producer of ecological relevance, might be severely impacted. A mechanistic study was undertaken which combined flow cytometry protocols, physiological as well as gene expression analysis. As an early response, Triclosan strongly altered [Ca2+]c homeostasis which could be prevented by prechelation with the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. Triclosan induced ROS overproduction which ultimately leads to oxidative stress with loss of membrane integrity, membrane depolarization, photosynthesis inhibition and mitochondrial membrane depolarization; within this context, Triclosan also induced an increase in caspase 3/7 activity and altered the expression of metacaspase genes which are indicative of apoptosis. All these adverse outcomes were dependent on [Ca2+]c. Interestingly, an interconnection between [Ca2+]c alterations and increased ROS formation by Triclosan was found. Taken altogether these results shed light on the mechanisms behind Triclosan toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and demonstrate the role of [Ca2+]c in mediating the observed toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel González-Pleiter
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - María Reguera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Abreu
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad da Coruña, Campus de A Zapateira s/n, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisca Fernández-Piñas
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Seoane M, Esperanza M, Rioboo C, Herrero C, Cid Á. Flow cytometric assay to assess short-term effects of personal care products on the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:339-347. [PMID: 28030786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of personal care products (PCPs) are used daily and many of their chemical ingredients are subsequently released into marine environments. Cultures of the marine microalga Tetraselmis suecica were exposed for 24 h to three emerging compounds included in the main classes of PCPs: the UV filter benzophenone-3 (BP-3), the disinfectant triclosan (TCS) and the fragrance tonalide (AHTN). Concentrations tested, expressed as cellular quota (pg cell-1), ranged from 5 to 40 for BP-3, from 2 to 16 for TCS and from 1.2 to 2.4 for AHTN. A small cytometric panel was carried out to evaluate key cytotoxicity biomarkers including inherent cell properties, growth and metabolic activity and cytoplasmic membrane properties. BP-3 caused a significant increase in growth rate, metabolic activity and chlorophyll a fluorescence from 10 pg cell-1. However, growth and esterase activity decreased in cells exposed to all TCS and AHTN concentrations, except the lowest ones. Also these two compounds provoked a significant swelling of cells, more pronounced in the case of TCS-exposed cells. Although all treated cells remained viable, changes in membrane potential were observed. BP-3 and AHTN caused a significant depolarization of cells from 10 to 1.6 pg cell-1, respectively; however all TCS concentrations assayed caused a noticeable hyperpolarization of cells. Metabolic activity and cytoplasmic membrane potential were the most sensitive parameters. It can be concluded that the toxicological model used and the toxicological parameters evaluated are suitable to assess the toxicity of these emerging contaminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Seoane
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Marta Esperanza
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carmen Rioboo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Concepción Herrero
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cid
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang R, Pessah IN. Divergent Mechanisms Leading to Signaling Dysfunction in Embryonic Muscle by Bisphenol A and Tetrabromobisphenol A. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 91:428-436. [PMID: 28143888 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.107342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its brominated derivative tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are high production volume chemicals used in the manufacture of various consumer products. Although regarded as endocrine disruptors, these chemicals are suspected to exert nongenomic actions on muscle function that are not well understood. Using skeletal muscle microsomes, we examined the effects of BPA and TBBPA on ryanodine receptor type 1 (RyR1), dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), and sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA). We assessed the impact of these chemicals on Ca2+ dynamics and signaling in embryonic skeletal myotubes through fluorescent Ca2+ imaging and measurement of resting membrane potential (Vm). TBBPA activated RyR1 and inhibited DHPR and SERCA, inducing a net efflux of Ca2+ from loaded microsomes, whereas BPA exhibited little or no activity at these targets. Regardless, both compounds disrupted the function of intact myotubes. TBBPA diminished and eventually abrogated Ca2+ transients, altered intracellular Ca2+ equilibrium, and caused Vm depolarization. For some cells, BPA caused rapid Ca2+ transient loss without marked changes in cytosolic and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ levels, likely owing to altered cellular excitability as a result of BPA-induced Vm hyperpolarization. BPA and TBBPA both interfere with skeletal muscle function through divergent mechanisms that impair excitation-contraction coupling and may be exemplary of their adverse outcomes in other muscle types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis (R.Z., I.N.P.), and The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, Sacramento (I.N.P.), California
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis (R.Z., I.N.P.), and The Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, Sacramento (I.N.P.), California
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ruszkiewicz JA, Li S, Rodriguez MB, Aschner M. Is Triclosan a neurotoxic agent? JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:104-117. [PMID: 28339349 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1281181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent that has been used in many products since 1960s. Given its broad usage as an antiseptic TCS is present ubiquitously in the environment. Trace levels of TCS continue to be detected in many organisms, and it has been shown to be particularly toxic to aquatic species. The mechanisms underlying TCS-mediated toxicity include hormone dyshomeostasis, induction of oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. Although TCS has been considered to be non-toxic to mammals, the adverse effects of continuous, long-term and low concentration exposure remain unknown. Epidemiological studies revealed that levels of TCS in human tissues, urine, plasma and breast milk correlate with the usage of this antimicrobial. This led to concerns regarding TCS safety and potential toxicity in humans, with special emphasis on early development. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently issued a directive banning the use of TCS in consumer soaps, justifying the move attributed to data gaps on its effectiveness and safety, indicating the need for more studies addressing this chemical-mediated effects on various tissues including the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this review was to (1) summarize the current findings on the neurotoxic effects of TCS and given the paucity of data, to (2) broaden the discussion to other effects of TCS, which might plausibly be related to neuronal functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Ruszkiewicz
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| | - Shaojun Li
- b Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health , Guangxi Medical University , Guangxi , China
| | - Maliya B Rodriguez
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| | - Michael Aschner
- a Department of Molecular Pharmacology , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sherburne JJ, Anaya AM, Fernie KJ, Forbey JS, Furlong ET, Kolpin DW, Dufty AM, Kinney CA. Occurrence of Triclocarban and Triclosan in an Agro-ecosystem Following Application of Biosolids. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:13206-13214. [PMID: 27993073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS), two of the most commonly used antimicrobial compounds, can be introduced into ecosystems by applying wastewater treatment plant biosolids to agricultural fields. Concentrations of TCC and TCS were measured in different trophic levels within a terrestrial food web encompassing land-applied biosolids, soil, earthworms (Lumbricus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), and eggs of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and American kestrels (Falco sparverius) at an experimental site amended with biosolids for the previous 7 years. The samples from this site were compared to the same types of samples from a reference (biosolids-free) agricultural site. Inter-site comparisons showed that concentrations of both antimicrobials were higher on the experimental site in the soil, earthworms, mice (livers), and European starling eggs, but not American kestrel eggs, compared to the control site. Inter-species comparisons on the experimental site indicated significantly higher TCC concentrations in mice (TCC: 12.6-33.3 ng/g) and in starling eggs (TCC: 15.4-31.4 ng/g) than in kestrel eggs (TCC: 3.6 ng/g). Nesting success of kestrels only was significantly lower on the experimental site compared to the reference site due to nest abandonment. This study demonstrates that biosolids-derived TCC and TCS are present throughout the terrestrial food web, including secondary (e.g., starlings) and tertiary (i.e., kestrels) consumers, after repeated, long-term biosolids application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Sherburne
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University , 1900 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Amanda M Anaya
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo , 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, Colorado 81001, United States
| | - Kim J Fernie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University , 1900 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada , 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jennifer S Forbey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University , 1900 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Edward T Furlong
- National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver Federal Center, U.S. Geological Survey , Building 95, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Dana W Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey , 400 South Clinton Street, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | - Alfred M Dufty
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University , 1900 University Drive, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Chad A Kinney
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University-Pueblo , 2200 Bonforte Boulevard, Pueblo, Colorado 81001, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Di Paolo C, Ottermanns R, Keiter S, Ait-Aissa S, Bluhm K, Brack W, Breitholtz M, Buchinger S, Carere M, Chalon C, Cousin X, Dulio V, Escher BI, Hamers T, Hilscherová K, Jarque S, Jonas A, Maillot-Marechal E, Marneffe Y, Nguyen MT, Pandard P, Schifferli A, Schulze T, Seidensticker S, Seiler TB, Tang J, van der Oost R, Vermeirssen E, Zounková R, Zwart N, Hollert H. Bioassay battery interlaboratory investigation of emerging contaminants in spiked water extracts - Towards the implementation of bioanalytical monitoring tools in water quality assessment and monitoring. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 104:473-484. [PMID: 27585427 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays are particularly useful tools to link the chemical and ecological assessments in water quality monitoring. Different methods cover a broad range of toxicity mechanisms in diverse organisms, and account for risks posed by non-target compounds and mixtures. Many tests are already applied in chemical and waste assessments, and stakeholders from the science-police interface have recommended their integration in regulatory water quality monitoring. Still, there is a need to address bioassay suitability to evaluate water samples containing emerging pollutants, which are a current priority in water quality monitoring. The presented interlaboratory study (ILS) verified whether a battery of miniaturized bioassays, conducted in 11 different laboratories following their own protocols, would produce comparable results when applied to evaluate blinded samples consisting of a pristine water extract spiked with four emerging pollutants as single chemicals or mixtures, i.e. triclosan, acridine, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA). Assays evaluated effects on aquatic organisms from three different trophic levels (algae, daphnids, zebrafish embryos) and mechanism-specific effects using in vitro estrogenicity (ER-Luc, YES) and mutagenicity (Ames fluctuation) assays. The test battery presented complementary sensitivity and specificity to evaluate the different blinded water extract spikes. Aquatic organisms differed in terms of sensitivity to triclosan (algae > daphnids > fish) and acridine (fish > daphnids > algae) spikes, confirming the complementary role of the three taxa for water quality assessment. Estrogenicity and mutagenicity assays identified with high precision the respective mechanism-specific effects of spikes even when non-specific toxicity occurred in mixture. For estrogenicity, although differences were observed between assays and models, EE2 spike relative induction EC50 values were comparable to the literature, and E2/EE2 equivalency factors reliably reflected the sample content. In the Ames, strong revertant induction occurred following 3-NBA spike incubation with the TA98 strain, which was of lower magnitude after metabolic transformation and when compared to TA100. Differences in experimental protocols, model organisms, and data analysis can be sources of variation, indicating that respective harmonized standard procedures should be followed when implementing bioassays in water monitoring. Together with other ongoing activities for the validation of a basic bioassay battery, the present study is an important step towards the implementation of bioanalytical monitoring tools in water quality assessment and monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Di Paolo
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Keiter
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Kerstin Bluhm
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Magnus Breitholtz
- Department of Applied Environmental Science - ITM, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Buchinger
- Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Koblenz, Germany
| | | | - Carole Chalon
- ISSeP (Scientific Institute of Public Service), Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Xavier Cousin
- Laboratoire d'Ecotoxicologie, Ifremer, L'Houmeau, France; Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génétique des Poissons, Inra, Rennes, France
| | | | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany; National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology - Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | - Timo Hamers
- Institute for Environmental Studies -IVM, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Jarque
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Jonas
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Yves Marneffe
- ISSeP (Scientific Institute of Public Service), Liège, Wallonia, Belgium
| | | | | | - Andrea Schifferli
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Schulze
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven Seidensticker
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; Centre for Applied Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Janet Tang
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology - Entox, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ron van der Oost
- WATERNET Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Division of Technology Research & Engineering, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Radka Zounková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment - RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nick Zwart
- Institute for Environmental Studies -IVM, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Salierno JD, Lopes M, Rivera M. Latent effects of early life stage exposure to triclosan on survival in fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:695-702. [PMID: 27333258 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1191908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early life stage triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4, dichlorophenoxy)phenol, TCS) exposure on hatching, development, and survival in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Embryonic minnows were exposed to TCS (50 and 100 µg L-1) for 10 days followed by 6 weeks depuration. Mortality and morphological deformities were recorded and quantified during exposure and at the end of depuration. No significant effects on embryonic survival, time to reach the eyed stage, or hatching were found. However, at the conclusion of the depuration period, survival was significantly reduced in TCS exposed fish depending on the concentration. Visual inspection of the exposed fish suggests that mortality is related to spinal deformities, emaciation, and reduced foraging ability. Triclosan exhibits deleterious effects in fish at lower concentrations over longer durations than previously reported. Further, mortality in exposed fish 6 weeks after exposure demonstrates the need for various exposure assays to evaluate effects of TCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Salierno
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
| | - Melissa Lopes
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
| | - Michelle Rivera
- a Department of Biology and Allied Health Sciences , Fairleigh Dickinson University , Madison , New Jersey , USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Han J, Won EJ, Hwang UK, Kim IC, Yim JH, Lee JS. Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) cause lifespan reduction and reproductive impairment through oxidative stress-mediated expression of the defensome in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 185-186:131-137. [PMID: 27067728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) and Triclocarban (TCC) are used as antimicrobial agents and have been widely dispersed and detected in the marine environment. However, the toxicities of TCS and TCC have been poorly investigated in marine invertebrates. In this study, the effects of TCS and TCC on mortality, population growth, lifespan, and fecundity were examined in the monogonont rotifer (Brachionus koreanus) using cellular ROS levels, GST enzymatic activity, and gene expression of defensomes. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of TCS (393.1μg/L) and TCC (388.1μg/L) was also determined in the same species. In TCS- and TCC-exposed B. koreanus, growth retardation and reduced fecundity were observed and were shown to have a potentially deleterious effect on the life cycle of B. koreanus. In addition, time-dependent increases in ROS content (%) and GST enzymatic activity were shown in response to TCS and TCC exposure. Additionally, transcript levels of detoxification proteins (e.g., CYPs), antioxidant proteins (e.g., GST-sigma, Cu/ZnSOD, CAT), and heat shock proteins (Hsps) were modulated in response to TCS and TCC exposure over a 24h period. Our results indicate that TCS and TCC induce oxidative stress and transcriptional regulation of detoxification, antioxidant, and heat shock proteins, resulting in changes in lifespan and fecundity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghoon Han
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Won
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Un-Ki Hwang
- Marine Ecological Risk Assessment Center, West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Incheon 22383, South Korea
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Joung Han Yim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Melvin SD, Buck DR, Fabbro LD. Diurnal activity patterns as a sensitive behavioural outcome in fish: effect of short-term exposure to treated sewage and a sub-lethal PPCP mixture. J Appl Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Melvin
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; CQUniversity; Rockhampton Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute; Griffith University; Southport Australia
| | - David R. Buck
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; CQUniversity; Rockhampton Australia
| | - Larelle D. Fabbro
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences; CQUniversity; Rockhampton Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hedrick-Hopper TL, Koster LP, Diamond SL. Accumulation of triclosan from diet and its neuroendocrine effects in Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) under two temperature Regimes. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 112:52-60. [PMID: 26446583 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising water temperatures due to climate change may increase the uptake and effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms. Our objectives were to investigate the accumulation of dietary triclosan and its neuroendocrine effects in Atlantic croaker, an estuarine fish, under two temperatures and during depuration. A pilot study was used to select a dietary exposure of 50 mg/kg. For 10 days, fish were exposed to one of four diet/temperature treatments (n = 16/treatment): normal diet at 26 °C and 29 °C and triclosan-treated diet at 26 °C and 29 °C. Fish exposed to triclosan at 26 °C accumulated 2.6 mg/kg wet weight on average versus 5.6 mg/kg wet weight at 29 °C. Triclosan exposure significantly impacted reflexes, resulting in the loss of the dorsal fin reflex (DS) in 53% of fish, while temperature and triclosan-temperature interactions were not significant. Triclosan body burden did not significantly predict DS loss. There were no significant differences in thyroid hormone levels among groups. Triclosan-treated fish at 26 °C were fed untreated pellets for 5 additional weeks. Two fish lost the DS during the first depuration week, and no affected fish recovered the reflex. These results have important implications for fish and their predators, as the DS may be important for swimming performance and social patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren P Koster
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Sandra L Diamond
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Western Sydney University, School of Science and Health, Hawkesbury Campus, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gao L, Yuan T, Cheng P, Bai Q, Zhou C, Ao J, Wang W, Zhang H. Effects of triclosan and triclocarban on the growth inhibition, cell viability, genotoxicity and multixenobiotic resistance responses of Tetrahymena thermophila. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:434-440. [PMID: 26246462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The information about adverse effects of emerging contaminants on aquatic protozoa is very scarce. The growth inhibition effect, cell viability, genotoxicity and multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) responses of two commonly used antimicrobial agents, triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) to protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila were investigated in this study. The results revealed that TCS and TCC can inhibit the growth of T. thermophila with 24h EC50 values of 1063 and 295μgL(-1), respectively. The impairment of plasma membrane was observed after 2h exposure of TCS or TCC at the level of mg/L. Furthermore, it is noticeable that at environmentally relevant concentration (1.0μgL(-1)), both TCS and TCC can lead to statistically significant DNA damage in T. thermophila, while the inhibition of growth and change of cell viability cannot be observed. Our results firstly provide the evidence for genotoxic effects of TCS and TCC on the freshwater protozoan. Additionally, both TCS and TCC were found to inhibit the efflux transporter activities, with the inhibitory potencies of 39% and 40% (using verapamil as a model inhibitor), respectively. Particularly, TCC could significantly down-regulate the expression of MXR related gene Abcb15, which encodes the membrane efflux protein that acting as P-gp in T. thermophila. The results raise the awareness of potential aquatic ecological and human health risks from the exposure of TCS and TCC, as they might potentiate the toxic effects by chemosensitizing with co-existing toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Resource and Environment, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Peng Cheng
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qifeng Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuanqi Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junjie Ao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenhua Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Haimou Zhang
- School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tanoue R, Nomiyama K, Nakamura H, Kim JW, Isobe T, Shinohara R, Kunisue T, Tanabe S. Uptake and Tissue Distribution of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Wild Fish from Treated-Wastewater-Impacted Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:11649-58. [PMID: 26348835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A fish plasma model (FPM) has been proposed as a screening technique to prioritize potential hazardous pharmaceuticals to wild fish. However, this approach does not account for inter- or intraspecies variability of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. The present study elucidated the uptake potency (from ambient water), tissue distribution, and biological risk of 20 pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) residues in wild cyprinoid fish inhabiting treated-wastewater-impacted streams. In order to clarify the uncertainty of the FPM for PPCPs, we compared the plasma bioaccumulation factor in the field (BAFplasma = measured fish plasma/ambient water concentration ratio) with the predicted plasma bioconcentration factor (BCFplasma = fish plasma predicted by use of theoretical partition coefficients/ambient water concentration ratio) in the actual environment. As a result, the measured maximum BAFplasma of inflammatory agents was up to 17 times higher than theoretical BCFplasma values, leading to possible underestimation of toxicological risk on wild fish. When the tissue-blood partition coefficients (tissue/blood concentration ratios) of PPCPs were estimated, higher transportability into tissues, especially the brain, was found for psychotropic agents, but brain/plasma ratios widely varied among individual fish (up to 28-fold). In the present study, we provide a valuable data set on the intraspecies variability of PPCP pharmacokinetics, and our results emphasize the importance of determining PPCP concentrations in possible target organs as well as in the blood to assess the risk of PPCPs on wild fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rumi Tanoue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University , 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University , 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Haruna Nakamura
- Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto , 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Joon-Woo Kim
- Monitoring and Analysis Division, Seamangeum Regional Environmental Office , 100 Seogok-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Ryota Shinohara
- Graduate School of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto , 3-1-100 Tsukide, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University , 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University , 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|