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Zhao S, Nigar R, Zhong G, Li J, Geng X, Yi X, Tian L, Bing H, Wu Y, Zhang G. Occurrence and fate of current-use pesticides in Chinese forest soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 255:119087. [PMID: 38719064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides play a crucial role in securing global food production to meet increasing demands. However, because of their pervasive use, they are now ubiquitous environmental pollutants that have adverse effects on both ecosystems and human health. In this study, the environmental occurrence and fate of 16 current-use pesticides (CUPs) were investigated in 93 forest soil samples obtained from 11 distinct mountains in China. The concentrations of the target pesticides ranged from 0.36 to 55 ng/g dry weight. Cypermethrin, dicofol, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and trifluralin were the most frequently detected CUPs. The CUP concentrations were generally higher in the O-horizon than in the A-horizon. Chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, and dicofol were detected in most deep layers in soil profiles from three mountains selected to represent distinct climate zones. No clear altitudinal trend in organic carbon-normalized concentrations of CUPs was observed in the O- or A-horizons within individual mountains. A negative correlation was noted between the CUP concentrations and the altitudes across all sampling sites. This indicated that proximity to emission sources was a key factor affecting the spatial distribution of CUPs in mountain forest soil on a national scale. The ecological risk assessment showed that dicofol and cypermethrin pose potential risks to earthworms. This study emphasizes the importance of source control when setting management strategies for CUPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Refayat Nigar
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xin Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lele Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haijian Bing
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Chen C, Li L, Zhang S, Liu J, Wania F. Modeling Global Environmental Fate and Quantifying Global Source-Receptor Relationships of Short-, Medium-, and Long-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2024; 11:626-633. [PMID: 38882201 PMCID: PMC11172697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Decades-long emissions and long-range transport of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have resulted in their pervasive presence in the global environment. The lack of an understanding of the global distribution of short-, medium-, and long-chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) hinders us from quantitatively tracing their origins in remote regions. Using the BETR-Global model and historical emission estimates, we simulate the global dispersion of CPs from 1930 to 2020. Whereas contamination trends in the main contaminated regions (East Asia, Europe, North America, and South Asia) diverge, CP concentrations in the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Tibetan Plateau all increase. By 2020, East Asian, European, and North American emissions contributed 38%, 26%, and 18% of CP contamination in the High Arctic, respectively, while Southern hemispheric emissions and emissions around the Tibetan Plateau primarily contribute to CP contamination in central Antarctica and on the Plateau, respectively. Our results emphasize the important contribution of (i) European and North American emissions to historical CP contamination in remote regions and current MCCP and LCCP contamination in the High Arctic and (ii) East Asian emission to current SCCP and MCCP contamination of all three remote regions. These results can help to evaluate the effectiveness of potential global and regional CP emission-reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Chen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto M1C 1A4, Ontario, Canada
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Cao Z, Ding Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Liu L, Cai M, Tang J. Distribution, sources, and eco-risk of Current-Use Pesticides (CUPs) in the coastal waters of the northern Shandong Peninsula, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 201:116159. [PMID: 38364526 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distributions and seasonal variations of 19 CUPs in the coastal areas of the Shandong Peninsula and its surrounding rivers and assessed their ecological risk. In freshwater and seawater, insecticides (chlorpyrifos, methoxychlor, and pyridaben), as well as fungicides (fenarimol) and herbicides (dichlobenil) were the main pollutants (Detection Frequency: 100 %). Spatially, during winter, the regional pollution levels of Σ19CUPs in seawater showed a trend of Laizhou Bay (LZB, mean:4.13 ng L-1) > Yellow River Estuary (YRE, mean:2.57 ngL-1) > Bohai Bay (BHB, mean:2.21 ng L-1) > Yanwei Area (YWA, mean:1.94 ng L-1). The similarities of major substances between rivers and the marine environment suggest that river discharge is the main source of CUPs pollution in coastal areas. In summer, CUPs in rivers posed a high risk. In winter, the risk significantly decreased, indicating a moderate overall risk. Seawater exhibited a low risk in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Cao
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yunhao Ding
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266525, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China.
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China; School of Marine Science, Beibu Gulf University, Qingzhou 535011, China.
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Ding Y, Qin S, Huang H, Tang X, Li X, Zhang Y, Chen W, Nguyen LP, Qi S. Selected pesticidal POPs and metabolites in the soil of five Vietnamese cities: Sources, fate, and health risk implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123043. [PMID: 38036093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used in tropical regions. The fate processes and risks of these legacy contaminants in the tropics are poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the occurrence of three classes of widely used OCPs and their metabolites in surface and core soil from five cities across Vietnam with a prevalent tropical monsoon climate and a long history of OCP application. We aimed to elucidate migration potentials, degradation conditions, and transformation pathways and assess current health risks of these contaminants. Generally, the concentrations of OCPs and metabolites in the soil core were slightly lower than those in surface soil except for hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers. 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), the sum of dicofol and 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone (p,p'-DBP), and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) were the most abundant compounds in both surface and core soils. A uniform distribution of HCHs (the sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) at trace levels was found in almost all soils, serving as evidence of the lack of recent use of HCH pesticides. Higher concentrations of DDTs (the sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE) were observed in north-central Vietnamese soil, whereas appreciable concentrations of ENDs (the sum of α- and β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) were only found in southern Vietnamese soils. Empirical diagnostic ratios indicated residuals of DDTs were mainly from technical DDT rather than dicofol, whereas aged HCHs could be explained by the mixture of lindane and technical HCH. Both historical applications and recent input explain DDTs and ENDs in Vietnamese soil. Total organic carbon performs well in preventing vertical migration of more hydrophobic DDTs and ENDs. The dominant transformation pathway of DDT in surface soil followed p,p'-DDE→2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1-chloroethylene or p,p'-DDMU→1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene or p,p'-DDNU→p,p'-DBP, whereas the amount of p,p'-DDMU converted from p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE is similar in soil core. Non-cancer risks of OCPs and metabolites in all soils and cancer risks of those chemicals in core soils were below the safety threshold, whereas a small proportion of surface soil exhibited potential cancer risk after considering the exposure pathway of vegetable intake. This study implied that organic matter in non-rainforest tropical deep soils still could hinder the leaching of hydrophobic organic contaminants as in subtropical and temperate soils. When lands with a history of OCP application are used for agricultural purposes, dietary-related risks need to be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China.
| | - Shibin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Institute of Eco-Environment Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiushuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Lan-Phuong Nguyen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
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Li J, Chang R, Ban X, Yuan GL, Wang J. Primary emissions or environmental persistence contribute to the present DDTs: Evidence from sediment records in Tibetan lakes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132342. [PMID: 37598514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) compounds are still circulating the global environment even though the technical DDT has been restricted in agriculture since the last century. The persistent presence of DDTs worldwide remains uncertain, as it is unclear whether their existence is primarily due to ongoing use or the prolonged persistence in soils and sediments that result in continuous reemission into the atmosphere. The present study applied a sequential extraction procedure to determine the DDT concentrations in rapid desorption, slow desorption, and bound residue fractions in the dated sediment cores from distinct regions of Tibet. The temporal variation of total DDTs (sum of three fractions) in sediments from southern and eastern Tibet respectively revealed the different DDT usage histories in India and China mainland. Nevertheless, the current application volumes of DDT-containing products in these regions were found to decrease significantly. The reversible transformations among three fractions of DDTs with aging time was observed along sediment profile, including the back conversion from bound residue. This process may be the key driver to prolong the half-life of sediment p,p'-DDT, resulting in the persistence of secondary sources of this persistent organic pollutant in the global environment for a longer duration than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ruwen Chang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiyu Ban
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jie Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Wang L, Zhang ZF, Liu LY, Zhu FJ, Ma WL. National-scale monitoring of historic used organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and current used pesticides (CUPs) in Chinese surface soil: Old topic and new story. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130285. [PMID: 36335903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Along with the restriction and prohibition of historic used organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), current used pesticides (CUPs) were widely used as alternatives. In order to investigate the pollution characteristics of pesticides, the levels and spatial distributions of OCPs and CUPs in 154 surface soil across China were comprehensively compared. Totally, 107 target pesticides were screened, and 20 OCPs and 34 CUPs were detected. The numbers of co-occurred pesticides in single soil sample were from 17 to 36 indicating the diversity and complexity of pesticides pollution. The concentrations of OCPs in urban soils were higher than rural soils, while rural > urban for CUPs. Furthermore, obviously different spatial distribution patterns were found for OCPs and CUPs. For OCPs, the secondary distribution pattern was dominant. For CUPs, the primary distribution pattern was obviously observed due to their current extensive usage. In addition, higher concentrations of both CUPs and OCPs were accumulated in the Northeast China Plain due to long-range atmospheric transport and deposition. Along with the old topic of OCPs, the study pointed out the preliminary understanding of CUPs pollution characteristic in surface soil of China, which provided a new story with the deep understanding of their environmental fate in both China and the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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Xuan Z, Ma Y, Zhang J, Zhu J, Cai M. Dissolved legacy and emerging organochlorine pesticides in the Antarctic marginal seas: Occurrence, sources and transport. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114511. [PMID: 36580836 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polar regions are recognized as final sinks of the persistent contaminants, however, environmental investigations in the Antarctica are greatly limited by harsh field conditions. In this study, seawater samples were collected in the Antarctic marginal seas during the austral summer of 2021 to investigate the environmental behavior and fate of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations and source markers of representative legacy hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) indicated the coexistent sources of historical residues and fresh inputs. While the emerging OCPs, including quintozene, pentachloroaniline and dichlobenil, showed relatively lower detection frequency. Due to the differences in temperature and sea ice coverage, dissolved OCPs generally displayed higher concentrations in the eastern Antarctic than those in the western Antarctic. The 'surface depleted and depth enrichment' vertical profile of representative OCPs in the continental shelf of Prydz Bay was jointly controlled by biological pump and water mass structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Xuan
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxin Ma
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China.
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Jincai Zhu
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, 200030 Shanghai, China; Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
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Li Q, Cai L, Wang R, Xia C, Cui G, Li C, Zheng X, Cai X. Development of structural equation models to unveil source-sink switches of mid-latitude soils for semi-volatile banned pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120888. [PMID: 36529342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A variety of semi-volatile banned pesticides (SVBPs) are ubiquitous in soils of mid-latitude regions. SVBPs undertake complicated soil-gas exchange processes in mid-latitude regions, challenging the understanding of source or sink roles of soils for the semi-volatile contaminants. Herein, we develop structural equation models (SEMs) to unveil source or sink roles of mid-latitude soils (Liaoning, China) in winter and summer for 12 SVBPs (7 organochlorine and 5 organophosphorus pesticides). The 12 SVBPs exhibit different distribution patterns in soils, dependent of sampling seasons, soil characteristics, topographic/climate conditions of soil sites and chemical properties of compounds. SEM Model I (winter) and Model II (summer) reveal the distribution patterns of SVBPs in soils over season changes, indicating sink-source switches of soils for SVBPS from winter to summer. In winter, soil is a sink of 12 SVBPs in the study area, associated with the inputs of SVBPs in soils by air-particulate partition and dry depositions. However, in summer, soil is mainly a source of the same contaminants, mainly through the volatilization and leaching of SVBPs in soils. The sink-source switches of soils for SVBPs are usually dependent of chemical properties of compounds to higher extents than soil characteristics and topographic/climate conditions of soil sites, though these parameters pose different influences in winter and summer. It has been revealed that soil acts as a sink of SVBPs in winter, associated with the inputs of SVBPs in soils by air-particulate partition and dry depositions, whereas soil acts as a source of SVBPs in summer, mainly through the volatilization and leaching of SVBPs in soils. This finding may provide new insights into the unique distribution patterns of SVBPs in soils in mid-latitude regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Rubing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Chunlong Xia
- Fushun Hydrology Bureau of Liaoning Province, Fushun, 110300, China
| | - Guoqing Cui
- Fushun Hydrology Bureau of Liaoning Province, Fushun, 110300, China
| | - Cong Li
- Fushun Hydrology Bureau of Liaoning Province, Fushun, 110300, China
| | - Xuemei Zheng
- Dalian Institute of Administration, Dalian, 116013, China
| | - Xiyun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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9
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Dulsat-Masvidal M, Bertolero A, Mateo R, Lacorte S. Legacy and emerging contaminants in flamingos' chicks' blood from the Ebro Delta Natural Park. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137205. [PMID: 36368533 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Ebro Delta is a wetland of international importance for waterbird conservation but severally affected by intensive agriculture, toxic waste discharges from a past chloro-alkali industry and affluence of tourism. The discharge of contaminants associated to these activities pose waterbirds breeding in the Ebro Delta at risk. The aim of this study is to evaluate the exposure of 91 emerging and legacy micropollutants in flamingo chicks (Phoenicopterus roseus), an emblematic species of the area. Fifty chicks of 45-60 days were captured, biometric parameters measured and whole blood collected. Compounds analyzed included perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), pharmaceuticals, organophosphate esters (OPEs), in-use pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results indicate a multi-exposure of flamingo's chicks from a very young age. PFASs were the most ubiquitous compounds with ∑PFASs ranging from 9.34 to 576 ng/mL, being PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS detected in all samples. ∑PAHs ranged from 0.19 to 423 ng/mL, ∑PCBs from 0.5 to 15.6 ng/mL and ∑OCs from 1.35 to 37.8 ng/mL. Pharmaceuticals, OPEs and in-use pesticides were not detected. The flamingo's filtering behavior on mud and maternal ovo-transference are the more likely routes of exposure of organic micropollutants to flamingos' chicks. The reported levels of micropollutants were not associated with any alteration in the body condition of chicks. This is the first study to describe flamingos chicks' exposure to multiple contaminants, highlighting the importance of biomonitoring for wildlife conservation and biodiversity preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dulsat-Masvidal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bertolero
- Associació Ornitològica Picampall de les Terres de l'Ebre, Trinquet 8, 43580, Deltebre, Spain
| | - Rafael Mateo
- Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo, 12, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Li L, Zhang Z, Men Y, Baskaran S, Sangion A, Wang S, Arnot JA, Wania F. Retrieval, Selection, and Evaluation of Chemical Property Data for Assessments of Chemical Emissions, Fate, Hazard, Exposure, and Risks. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2022; 2:376-395. [PMID: 37101455 PMCID: PMC10125307 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Reliable chemical property data are the key to defensible and unbiased assessments of chemical emissions, fate, hazard, exposure, and risks. However, the retrieval, evaluation, and use of reliable chemical property data can often be a formidable challenge for chemical assessors and model users. This comprehensive review provides practical guidance for use of chemical property data in chemical assessments. We assemble available sources for obtaining experimentally derived and in silico predicted property data; we also elaborate strategies for evaluating and curating the obtained property data. We demonstrate that both experimentally derived and in silico predicted property data can be subject to considerable uncertainty and variability. Chemical assessors are encouraged to use property data derived through the harmonization of multiple carefully selected experimental data if a sufficient number of reliable laboratory measurements is available or through the consensus consolidation of predictions from multiple in silico tools if the data pool from laboratory measurements is not adequate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School
of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
- . Phone: +1 (775) 682 7077
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- School
of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Yujie Men
- Department
of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sivani Baskaran
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Alessandro Sangion
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- ARC
Arnot Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
| | - Shenghong Wang
- School
of Public Health, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Jon A. Arnot
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
- ARC
Arnot Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department
of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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11
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Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang ZF, Yang PF, Li YF, Cai M, Kallenborn R. Pesticides in the atmosphere and seawater in a transect study from the Western Pacific to the Southern Ocean: The importance of continental discharges and air-seawater exchange. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118439. [PMID: 35452973 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The global oceans are known as terminal sink or secondary source for diffusive emission of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and selected current used pesticides (CUPs) into the overlaying atmosphere. Many pesticides have been widely produced worldwide, subsequently applied, and released into the environment. However, information on the occurrence patterns, spatial variability, and air-seawater exchange of pesticides is limited to easily accessible regions and, hence, only few studies are reported from the remote Southern Ocean. To fill this information gap, a large-scale ship-based sampling campaign was conducted. In the samples from this campaign, we measured concentrations of 221 pesticides. Both gaseous and aqueous samples were collected along a sampling transect from the western Pacific to the Southern Ocean (19.75° N-76.16° S) from November 2018 to March 2019. Twenty-seven individual pesticides were frequently (≥ 50%) detected in gaseous and aqueous samples. Tebuconazole, diphenylamine, myclobutanil, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dominated the composition profile in both phases. Spatial trends analysis in atmospheric and seawater concentrations showed a substantial level reduction from the western Pacific towards the Southern Ocean. Back-trajectory analysis showed that atmospheric pesticide concentrations were strongly influenced by air masses origins. Continental and riverine inputs are important sources of pesticides in the western Pacific and Indian Oceans. Atmospheric and seawater concentrations for the target pesticide residues in the Southern Ocean are low and evenly distributed due to the large distance from potential pollution sources as well as the effective isolation by the Antarctic Convergence (AC). Air-seawater fugacity ratios and fluxes indicated that the western Pacific and Indian Oceans were secondary sources for most pesticides emitted to the atmosphere, while the Southern Ocean was still considered to be a sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6×9, Canada
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
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12
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Ding Y, Huang H, Chen W, Zhang Y, Chen W, Xing X, Qi S. Background levels of OCPs, PCBs, and PAHs in soils from the eastern Pamirs, China, an alpine region influenced by westerly atmospheric transport. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 115:453-464. [PMID: 34969473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) plays a crucial role in the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in remote regions. When studying the LRAT of POPs on the Tibetan Plateau, westerly-controlled regions have received insufficient attention compared with regions influenced by the Indian monsoon or air flow from East Asia. We investigated the residual levels of POPs in soils from the eastern Pamirs and used air backward trajectory analysis to elucidate the influence of potential source regions via LRAT. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, mainly comprising DDTs, HCHs, and HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, mainly comprising penta- and hexa-CBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, mainly comprising three- and four-ring) were detected at low concentrations of 40-1000, <MDL-88, and 2100-34,000 pg/g, respectively. We elucidated three major geographical distribution patterns of POPs, which were influenced by (1) the distribution of total organic carbon and black carbon in soil, (2) historical use of pesticides in the Tarim Basin, and (3) continuous emissions. Central Asia and the Tarim Basin were major potential source regions of POPs reaching the eastern Pamirs via LRAT. Historical use of technical HCH or lindane and technical DDT in potential source regions may contribute to the accumulation of HCHs and DDTs in the eastern Pamirs, respectively. Local sources seem to play a more important role in the occurrence of PAHs in the study area. By being under the control of less contaminated westerly air flow, the eastern Pamirs are more pristine than the core of the Tibetan Plateau where the Indian and East Asia monsoons deliver contaminants from highly industrialized areas in East China and India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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13
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Ángel-Moreno Briones Á, Hernández-Guzmán FA, González-Armas R, Galván-Magaña F, Marmolejo-Rodríguez AJ, Sánchez-González A, Ramírez-Álvarez N. Organochlorine pesticides in immature scalloped hammerheads Sphyrna lewini from the western coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico: Bioaccumulation patterns and human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151369. [PMID: 34740652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the intensive use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the proximity of the Gulf of California, there is no information regarding their levels in predatory shark species, which could be exposed to relatively high concentrations. In this area, neonates and juveniles of the critically endangered scalloped hammerhead Sphyrna lewini are caught for consumption, so the examination of the accumulation of OCPs is necessary for future conservation, as well as to assess the exposure to humans. Levels and accumulation patterns of 29 OCPs were analyzed in the liver and muscle of 20 immature scalloped hammerheads. Twenty-three compounds were detected in liver and 17 OCPs were found in muscle. In the latter tissue, only p,p'-DDE presented concentrations above the detection limit in all samples (0.59 ± 0.21 ng/g w.w.), while in the liver, DDTs were also the main group of pesticides (215 ± 317 ng/g w.w.), followed by ∑Chlordanes > ∑Chlorobenzenes > Mirex > HCBD > Others. One of the two analyzed neonates presented high concentrations of OCPs in the liver (1830 ng/g w.w.), attributed to a bioamplification process. No differences in accumulation of OCPs were found between juveniles of both sexes, where an increase in the concentration of various compounds related with size and age was observed. Additionally, juveniles under 2 years of age may undergo a growth dilution process. Our results suggest that the consumption of this species does not imply risks to human health (chronic or carcinogenic effects) associated with OCPs. Likewise, we recommend further monitoring due to the possible recent inputs of some OCPs (e.g. dicofol, median of ratio o, p'-DDT/p, p'-DDT = 0.7) into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Ángel-Moreno Briones
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n, La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Félix Augusto Hernández-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, Ensenada, Baja California C. P. 22860, Mexico
| | - Rogelio González-Armas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n, La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Felipe Galván-Magaña
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n, La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Ana Judith Marmolejo-Rodríguez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n, La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Alberto Sánchez-González
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. IPN s/n, La Paz, Baja California Sur C. P. 23096, Mexico
| | - Nancy Ramírez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Oceanológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Transpeninsular Ensenada-Tijuana 3917, Ensenada, Baja California C. P. 22860, Mexico.
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14
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Ivorra L, Cruzeiro C, Ramos A, Tagulao K, Cardoso PG. How can environmental conditions influence dicofol genotoxicity on the edible Asiatic clam, Meretrix meretrix? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 293:118467. [PMID: 34748885 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic effects of dicofol on the edible clam Meretrix meretrix were investigated through a mesocosm experiment. Individuals of M. meretrix, were exposed to environmental concentration (D1 = 50 ng/L) and supra-environmental concentration (D2 = 500 ng/L) of dicofol for 15 days, followed by the same depuration period. DNA damage (i.e., strand breaks and alkali-labile sites) was evaluated at day 1, 7 and 15, during uptake and depuration, using Comet assay (alkaline version) and nuclear abnormalities (NAs) as genotoxicity biomarkers. The protective effects of dicofol against DNA damage induced by ex vivo hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure were also assessed. Comet assay results revealed no significant DNA damages under dicofol exposure, indicating 1) apparent lack of genotoxicity of dicofol to the tested conditions and/or 2) resistance of the animals due to optimal adaptation to stress conditions. Moreover, ex vivo H2O2 exposure showed an increase in the DNA damage in all the treatments without significant differences between them. However, considering only the DNA damage induced by H2O2 during uptake phase, D1 animals had significantly lower DNA damage than those from other treatments, revealing higher protection against a second stressor. NAs data showed a decrease in the % of cells with polymorphic, kidney shape, notched or lobbed nucleus, along the experiment. The combination of these results supports the idea that the clams used in the experiment were probably collected from a stressful environment (in this case Pearl River Delta region) which could have triggered some degree of adaptation to those environmental conditions, explaining the lack of DNA damages and highlighting the importance of organisms' origin and the conditions that they were exposed during their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ivorra
- Institute of Science and Environment, ISE-University of Saint Joseph, Macao
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, GmbH, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alice Ramos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Karen Tagulao
- Institute of Science and Environment, ISE-University of Saint Joseph, Macao
| | - Patricia G Cardoso
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
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15
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Lin L, Xu X, Song S, Xu L, Zhu Y, Kuang H, Liu L, Xu C. Immunological quantitative detection of dicofol in medicinal materials. Analyst 2022; 147:3478-3485. [PMID: 35766970 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00462c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative immunochromatographic strip assay was developed for the rapid detection of dicofol in medicinal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Song
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyue Zhu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, Jiangsu 215500, China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
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16
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Ma Y, Xu T, Mao Q, Zhou X, Wang R, Sun J, Zhang A, Zhou S. Distribution and flux of organochlorine pesticides in sediment from Prydz Bay, Antarctic: Implication of sources and trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149380. [PMID: 34352464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments were collected from Prydz Bay, Antarctica to investigate the distribution patterns, origins, annual fluxes, and trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the marginal sea of polar areas. The concentrations of OCPs ranged from 0.80 to 7.90 ng/g dry weight, with dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes (DDTs) as the main components. Levels of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and DDTs in sediment from Prydz Bay were comparable to the majority of marine sediment worldwide. The distributions of OCPs were characterized by a distinct "quasi-concentric circle" pattern, which has significantly positive relationship with total organic carbon (TOC) of sediment and controlled by the local hydrodynamic conditions and sources of organic matter. Source apportionment demonstrated that HCHs and chlordanes in Prydz Bay were mainly derived from the long range atmospheric transport (LRAT) of these compounds from off regions. However, current inputs of DDT-based compounds and lindane are suggested to exist either as a result of the LART from the neighbouring countries or re-emission from melting glacier. The annual sedimentary fluxes of OCPs were 0.007 to 7.12 pg/cm2/yr, about one to three orders of magnitude lower than some data from the Arctic areas. Based on a rough calculation of r-HCH, only 0.3-1.5% of the air-seawater net deposition would be buried in sediment, implying a long active lifetime of OCPs in Antarctica. We preliminarily indicate an increase of OCP contamination in Antarctic environment afterwards when considering the possible occurrence of "fresh" sources and low proportion of sedimentary sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ma
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tianwei Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qiao Mao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xinmei Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jianqiang Sun
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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17
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Zargar S, Wani TA. Exploring the binding mechanism and adverse toxic effects of persistent organic pollutant (dicofol) to human serum albumin: A biophysical, biochemical and computational approach. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 350:109707. [PMID: 34656558 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The organochlorine pesticide dicofol (DCF), a persistent organic pollutant, is used as acaricide worldwide. Considering its large consumption in the agriculture sector and potential toxic effects such as endocrine disruption, carcinogenicity, and environmental persistence are detrimental to human health. To take an extensive evaluation of its potential toxicity, the current study was aimed to explore the binding mechanism and adverse effect of DCF on human serum albumin (HSA) by using an array of biophysical techniques (UV-visible, fluorescence, 3D fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy), isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC), computational methods and biochemical approaches. Fluorescence quenching and UV-Visible spectra of the HSA-DCF system confirmed static quenching mechanism and complex formation between HSA and DCF. The thermodynamics results from ITC revealed DCF-HSA interaction was exothermic and spontaneous and involved hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. The esterase activity of HSA displayed constant Vmax and elevated Km values confirming DCF-HSA competitive interaction. Circular dichroism spectra results revealed structural changes in HSA protein on interaction with DCF. Furthermore, molecular-specific site marker and molecular modelling results affirmed that the binding Site of DCF is Site I of HSA. A significant carbonyl content level in DCF-HSA system suggested protein structure damage. This work is likely to add a better understanding of DCF toxicity in human health and helpful in fortifying the check on food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Zargar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer A Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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18
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Liu J, Song S, Wu A, Kuang H, Liu L, Xiao J, Xu C. Development of immunochromatographic strips for the detection of dicofol. Analyst 2021; 146:2240-2247. [PMID: 33596275 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against dicofol was developed to prepare immunochromatographic strips (ICAs) for the detection of dicofol residues in fruit and vegetables. The mAb exhibited high affinity and high sensitivity, with an affinity constant of 2.96 × 1010 and a limit of detection of 3.142 ng mL-1. A cross reactivity test revealed that the mAb also had good specificity for dicofol. This ICA method gave a visible limit of detection of 50 ng g-1, and a cut-off value of 500 ng g-1 for the detection of dicofol in both apple and cucumber with the naked eye. Importantly, the results here are consistent with results obtained using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and ic-ELISAs indicating that this ICA method is reliable and practical when used for the detection of dicofol in fruit and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Munschy C, Vigneau E, Bely N, Héas-Moisan K, Olivier N, Pollono C, Hollanda S, Bodin N. Legacy and emerging organic contaminants: Levels and profiles in top predator fish from the western Indian Ocean in relation to their trophic ecology. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109761. [PMID: 32562947 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tuna and billfish are large pelagic fish of ecological importance in open oceans. As top predators with a long lifespan, they are prone to exposure to various contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and contaminants of emerging concern. In this study, three pollutant families were investigated, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs). Contamination was investigated in individuals from three tropical tuna species, namely bigeye (Thunnus obesus), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnusalbacares) tunas and the billfish swordfish (Xiphias gladius), collected from various areas of the western Indian Ocean (WIO) in 2013-2014. Contamination levels and profiles were examined in fish muscle, together with biological parameters (fish length / age, sex, lipid content) and ecological tracers (carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes). POP levels were low in all species in comparison to other locations worldwide, revealing a low impact of anthropogenic organic contaminants in the WIO. A predominance of OCPs (especially DDTs) versus PCBs was highlighted in all species; PFASs were predominant over chlorinated POPs in tunas. Among the studied PFASs, long-chain PFCAs were found to prevail over PFOS in all species. Organic contaminant profiles differed across species according to their foraging habitat; swordfish and bigeye tuna, which both feed in deep oceanic layers, showed similarities in their contaminant profiles. Geographically, the distinct DDT profiles of fish from the Mozambique Channel suggested an exposure to different DDT sources, in line with regional use of this insecticide and coupled with an extended residence time of fish in the Channel. To our knowledge, the data presented here are among the first obtained for legacy and emerging organic contaminants in various species of large pelagic predators from the WIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munschy
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France.
| | - E Vigneau
- StatSC, ONIRIS, INRA, 44322, Nantes, France
| | - N Bely
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - K Héas-Moisan
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - N Olivier
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - C Pollono
- IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea), Laboratory of Biogeochemistry of Organic Contaminants, Rue de L'Ile D'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - S Hollanda
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
| | - N Bodin
- SFA (Seychelles Fishing Authority), Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles; Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), UMR MARBEC, Fishing Port, Victoria, Mahé, Seychelles
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20
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Zheng Q, Li J, Wang Y, Lin T, Xu Y, Zhong G, Bing H, Luo C, Zhang G. Levels and enantiomeric signatures of organochlorine pesticides in Chinese forest soils: Implications for sources and environmental behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114139. [PMID: 32120253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the levels and distributions of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 159 background soil samples collected from 30 forested mountain sites across China. The sum of DDT was the most abundant OCP, with the concentrations of 0.197-207 ng/g and 0.033-122 ng/g in the O-horizon and A-horizon, respectively. High concentrations of OCPs usually occur near agricultural regions or high consumption areas. The spatial distribution was mainly influenced by the emission sources and soil total organic contents (TOC). The chiral compounds were generally nonracemic in the soils and showed preferential degradation of (-) o,p'- dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, (+) trans-chlordane, and (-) cis-chlordane in both the O- and A-horizons. The enantiomeric fraction (EF) distributions of chiral OCPs displayed no differences across the forest sites in the O-horizon or the A-horizon. Comparing the deviation of EFs from racemic (DEVrac = absolute value of 0.500 - EF) with environmental parameters, we found that DEVrac of cis-chlordane demonstrated a strong positive correlation with TOC (p < 0.05) and the C/N ratio (p < 0.01). This relationship suggests that these factors could affect the microbial activity and significantly impact the extent of enantioselective degradation of chiral compounds in the soils. Fresh and historical applications of DDT and historical chlordane and endosulfan uses may be prominent sources of OCP accumulation in Chinese forest soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Haijian Bing
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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21
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Abbasi G, Li L, Breivik K. Global Historical Stocks and Emissions of PBDEs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:6330-6340. [PMID: 31083912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The first spatially and temporally resolved inventory of BDE28, 47, 99, 153, 183, and 209 in the anthroposphere and environment is presented here. The stock and emissions of PBDE congeners were estimated using a dynamic substance flow analysis model, CiP-CAFE. To evaluate our results, the emission estimates were used as input to the BETR-Global model. Estimated concentrations were compared with observed concentrations in air from background areas. The global (a) in-use and (b) waste stocks of ∑5BDE(28, 47, 99, 153, 183) and BDE209 are estimated to be (a) ∼25 and 400 kt and (b) 13 and 100 kt, respectively, in 2018. A total of 6 (0.3-13) and 10.5 (9-12) kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209, respectively, has been emitted to the atmosphere by 2018. More than 70% of PBDE emissions during production and use occurred in the industrialized regions, while more than 70% of the emissions during waste disposal occurred in the less industrialized regions. A total of 70 kt of ∑5BDE and BDE209 was recycled within products since 1970. As recycling rates are expected to increase under the circular economy, an additional 45 kt of PBDEs (mainly BDE209) may reappear in new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golnoush Abbasi
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences , University of Toronto Scarborough , 1265 Military Trail , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M1C 1A4
| | - Knut Breivik
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research , Box 100, NO-2027 Kjeller , Norway
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , Box 1033, NO-0315 Oslo , Norway
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22
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Chen C, Li L, Liu J, Liu J. Global environmental fate of short-chain chlorinated paraffins: Modeling with a single vs. multiple sets of physicochemical properties. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:423-430. [PMID: 30802658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) comprise a myriad of components whose physicochemical properties are extremely diverse, many previous studies characterized the SCCP mixtures collectively using a single set of physicochemical properties when modeling the global environmental fate and risk. In this work, we explore whether a discrepancy exists between simulations based on a single set of physicochemical properties and multiple component-specific ones in global fate and risk modeling, and the environmental condition (e.g., proximity to emission source vs. temperature) in which such a discrepancy is most notable. We simulated the environmental concentrations and compartmental distribution of SCCPs, using a mechanistic fugacity-based multimedia BETR-Global model. We observed a discrepancy between modeled concentrations based on a single and multiple sets of properties, which is more notable in regions with a low temperature and negligible emissions, e.g., the remote and cold background Arctic region. The modeled compartmental distribution differs slightly between simulations based on different sets of physicochemical properties. While using a single set of properties minimizes input data required for model-based evaluation of the risk of SCCPs, it tends to underestimate the environmental occurrence and risk in remote and cold regions, which are vulnerable and hence deserve a more conservative evaluation conclusion, and prevents us from drawing conclusions on which SCCP component is of greatest concern. The current work can be a relevant step towards improving the methodology for global environmental modeling and risk assessment of SCCPs and other complex halogenated chemical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China..
| | - Junzhou Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China..
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23
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Ivorra L, Cardoso PG, Chan SK, Tagulao K, Cruzeiro C. Environmental characterization of 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone in surface waters from Macao and Hong Kong coastal areas (Pearl River Delta) and its toxicity on two biological models: Artemia salina and Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:1-11. [PMID: 30583221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of the areas with higher environmental concentration of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), being DDT one of the most abundant. In this work, 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone (4,4'-DCBP), a common metabolite of dicofol (DDT related) and DDT, was quantified in surface waters of Hong Kong and Macao, together with the analysis of physicochemical and nutrients parameters. Hong Kong presented higher 4,4'-DCBP mean levels (12.50 ng/L) than Macao (4.05 ng/L), which may be due to the use of dicofol as a pesticide and DDT as antifouling-paint for ships. The region presented a possible eutrophication state due to the high nutrients' concentration. For the first time, toxicity evaluation of this metabolite in Artemia salina and Daphnia magna was done, in order to compute valid EC50s and theoretically evaluate the risk in the PRD. The toxicity results (EC50 = 0.27 mg/L for A. salina; and EC50 = 0.17 mg/L and LC50 = 0.26 mg/L for D. magna), together with the 4,4'-DCBP levels quantified, indicated a low environmental risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ivorra
- Institute of Science and Environment, ISE-University of Saint Joseph, Macao.
| | - Patricia G Cardoso
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Shek Kiu Chan
- Institute of Science and Environment, ISE-University of Saint Joseph, Macao
| | - Karen Tagulao
- Institute of Science and Environment, ISE-University of Saint Joseph, Macao
| | - Catarina Cruzeiro
- Department of Life Sciences, CFE-Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, GmbH, Research Unit Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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24
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Karabiberoğlu ŞU, Koçak ÇC, Dursun Z. Electrochemical Determination of Dicofol at Nickel Nanowire Modified Poly(p‐aminophenol) Film Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Çağrı Ceylan Koçak
- Dokuz Eylul UniversityBergama Vocational School 35700 Bergama, Izmir Turkey
| | - Zekerya Dursun
- Ege UniversityFaculty of Science, Department of Chemistry 35100 Bornova, İzmir Turkey
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25
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Kivenson V, Lemkau KL, Pizarro O, Yoerger DR, Kaiser C, Nelson RK, Carmichael C, Paul BG, Reddy CM, Valentine DL. Ocean Dumping of Containerized DDT Waste Was a Sloppy Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2971-2980. [PMID: 30829032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Industrial-scale dumping of organic waste to the deep ocean was once common practice, leaving a legacy of chemical pollution for which a paucity of information exists. Using a nested approach with autonomous and remotely operated underwater vehicles, a dumpsite offshore California was surveyed and sampled. Discarded waste containers littered the site and structured the suboxic benthic environment. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was reportedly dumped in the area, and sediment analysis revealed substantial variability in concentrations of p, p-DDT and its analogs, with a peak concentration of 257 μg g-1, ∼40 times greater than the highest level of surface sediment contamination at the nearby DDT Superfund site. The occurrence of a conspicuous hydrocarbon mixture suggests that multiple petroleum distillates, potentially used in DDT manufacture, contributed to the waste stream. Application of a two end-member mixing model with DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls enabled source differentiation between shelf discharge versus containerized waste. Ocean dumping was found to be the major source of DDT to more than 3000 km2 of the region's deep seafloor. These results reveal that ocean dumping of containerized DDT waste was inherently sloppy, with the contents readily breaching containment and leading to regional scale contamination of the deep benthos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kivenson
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Karin L Lemkau
- Marine Science Institute , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Oscar Pizarro
- Australian Centre for Field Robotics , University of Sydney , Sydney 2006 , Australia
| | - Dana R Yoerger
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Carl Kaiser
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Catherine Carmichael
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Blair G Paul
- Marine Science Institute , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - David L Valentine
- Marine Science Institute , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
- Department of Earth Science , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
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26
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Dang J, Tian S, Zhang Q. Mechanism and kinetics studies of the atmospheric oxidation of p,p'-Dicofol by OH and NO 3 radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 219:645-654. [PMID: 30557720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As an effective organochlorine pesticide, Dicofol has been extensively applied in more than 30 countries for protecting over 60 different crops. Considering its large consumption and potential adverse effect on human health (endocrine disrupting and carcinogenicity), the fate of Dicofol sprayed into the air is of public concern. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive study on the reaction mechanisms of p,p'-Dicofol with OH and NO3 radicals using DFT method. Comparing the abstrations by OH and NO3 radical, OH and NO3 radical addition reactions are predominant due to the lower potential barriers and stronger heat release. The phenolic substances (P1P5), epoxides (P11 and P15), dialdehyde (P13) and other species (P8, P9, P10 and P14) are generated by OH additions and their subsequent reactions while OH abstraction reactions produce DCBP, P7 and chlorphenyl radical. Particularly, NO3 additions and their subsequent reactions yield dialdehydes (P16 and P17) and 2,8-DCDD, which is the first report of the generation of dioxin from atmospheric oxidation of p,p'-Dicofol. Additionally, based on the structure optimization and energy calculation, rate constants and Arrhenius formulas of the elementary reactions of p,p'-Dicofol with OH and NO3 radicals were obtained over the temperature range of 280-380 K and at 1 atm. The rate constants for the reactions of p,p'-Dicofol with OH and NO3 radicals are 1.51 × 10-12 and 8.88 × 10-14 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. The lifetime (τTotal) of p,p'-Dicofol determined by the reactions of OH and NO3 radical is 5.86 h, indicating a potential long-range transport in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control of Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Shuai Tian
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China.
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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27
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Rauert C, Harner T, Schuster JK, Eng A, Fillmann G, Castillo LE, Fentanes O, Ibarra MV, Miglioranza KSB, Rivadeneira IM, Pozo K, Aristizábal Zuluaga BH. Air monitoring of new and legacy POPs in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:1252-1262. [PMID: 30268978 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A special initiative in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network was implemented to provide information on new and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Regional-scale atmospheric concentrations of the new and emerging POPs hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachloroanisole (PCA) and dicofol indicators (breakdown products) are reported for the first time. HCBD was detected in similar concentrations at all location types (<20-120 pg/m3). PCA had elevated concentrations at the urban site Concepción (Chile) of 49-222 pg/m3, with concentrations ranging <1-8.5 pg/m3 at the other sites in this study. Dicofol indicators were detected at the agricultural site of Sonora (Mexico) at concentrations ranging 30-117 pg/m3. Legacy POPs, including a range of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were also monitored to compare regional atmospheric concentrations over a decade of monitoring under the GAPS Network. γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and the endosulfans significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from 2005 to 2015, suggesting regional levels are decreasing. However, there were no significant changes for the other legacy POPs monitored, likely a reflection of the persistency and slow decline of environmental levels of these POPs. For the more volatile OCs, atmospheric concentrations derived from polyurethane foam (PUF) (acting as an equilibrium sampler) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) (acting as a linear phase sampler), were compared. The complimentary methods show a good agreement of within a factor of 2-3, and areas for future studies to improve this agreement are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Jasmin K Schuster
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Anita Eng
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Gilberto Fillmann
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Rio Grande, RS, 96203-900, Brazil; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, Pavillion A29, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luisa Eugenia Castillo
- Central American Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | | | | | | | - Karla Pozo
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, 4080871, Chile
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28
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Zapata P, Ballesteros-Cano R, Colomer P, Bertolero A, Viana P, Lacorte S, Santos FJ. Presence and impact of Stockholm Convention POPs in gull eggs from Spanish and Portuguese natural and national parks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:704-715. [PMID: 29597164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to comparatively assess the occurrence and impact of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in nine natural and national parks from Spain and Portugal using gull eggs (Larus michahellis and L. audouinii) as bioindicators of environmental contamination. Sampling was performed during the breeding season of 2016. Compounds studied include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorinated pesticides (OC pesticides), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and were analyzed using mass spectrometric based techniques. The results showed a high contamination by PCBs in all colonies, with total levels ranging from 59 to 1278ng/g wet weight (ww), despite their use is not currently authorized. OC pesticides were also present in all colonies, with a high incidence of 4,4'-DDE in gull eggs at levels up to 218±50ng/g ww in L. michahellis and 760±412ng/g ww in L. audouinii from the Ebro Delta natural park. PBDEs and PFOS were also detected at levels up to 91.7±21.3ng/g ww, which can be attributed to a more recent use. Except for PBDEs, the POP levels in eggs from L. audouinii were higher than in L. michahellis, presumably associated to the fish-based diet of the former. Finally, the effect of POP levels on eggshell parameters (volume, eggshell thickness and desiccation index) were investigated for each colony and gull species in order to evaluate the egg viability and, therefore, the reproduction success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Zapata
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rubèn Ballesteros-Cano
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pere Colomer
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Bertolero
- Associació Ornitològica Picampall de les Terres de l'Ebre, Amposta, Spain
| | - Paula Viana
- Divisao de Qualidade da Água, Instituto da Água I.P., Av. Almirante Gago Coutinho, 30, 1049-066 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Santos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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29
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Liu L, Tang J, Zhong G, Zhen X, Pan X, Tian C. Spatial distribution and seasonal variation of four current-use pesticides (CUPs) in air and surface water of the Bohai Sea, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:516-523. [PMID: 29195200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Current-use pesticides (CUPs) are widely used in agriculture, and some are listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. China is one of the largest producers and users of pesticides in the world. However, very limited data are available about the environmental fates of CUPs. Four CUPs (trifluralin, chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, and dicofol) in surface seawater and low atmospheric samples taken during research cruises on the Bohai Sea in August and December 2016 and February 2017 were analyzed, we added the spring data sampled in May 2012 to the discussion of seasonal variation. In our study, chlorpyrifos was the most abundant CUPs in the gas phase with a mean abundance of 59.06±126.94pgm-3, and dicofol had the highest concentration dissolved in seawater (mean: 115.94±123.16pgL-1). The concentrations of all target compounds were higher during May and August due to intensive use and relatively high temperatures in the spring and summer. Backward trajectories indicated that air masses passing through the eastern coast of the Bohai Sea contained high concentrations of pollutants, while the air masses from the Bohai and Yellow Seas were less polluted. The high concentration of pollutants in seawater was not only influenced by high yields from the source region of production or usage, but also by input from polluted rivers. Volatilization from surface water was found to be an important source of trifluralin and chlorpyrifos in the air. Air-sea gas exchange of chlorothalonil underwent strong net deposition (mean FRs: 51.67), which was driven by higher concentrations in air and indicates that the Bohai Sea acted as a sink for chlorothalonil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaomei Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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30
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Huang H, Zhang Y, Chen W, Chen W, Yuen DA, Ding Y, Chen Y, Mao Y, Qi S. Sources and transformation pathways for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites in soils from Northwest Fujian, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 235:560-570. [PMID: 29329097 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dicofol (2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol) found in the environment is not only a miticide originated from commercial use, but also a metabolite of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), which is often overlooked. To verify the sources and transformation pathways of DDT and related metabolites in soils, we measured p,p'-(dicofol + DBP) (sum of p,p'-dicofol and 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone), DDT and six metabolites in soils from Northwest Fujian, China. The ratios of 1,1,1-trichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (o,p'-DDT)/1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDT) and the mass balance demonstrated that p,p'-(dicofol + DBP) predominantly originated from p,p'-DDT transformation rather than from actual dicofol application. p,p'-(dicofol + DBP) accounted for 45.0% as the primary metabolites of DDT in this study, more than 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDD), which might lead to large overestimations of the fresh DDT input by using the traditional ratio of (∑2DDD + ∑2DDE)/∑2DDT (with all o,p'- and p,p'- isomers included). In paddy fields where the conditions alternate between aerobic (dry period) and anaerobic (wet period), both p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE were likely to degrade to 1-chloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDMU), which further transformed to 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDNU). Degradation of p,p'-DDMU to p,p'-DDNU mainly occurred in waterlogged paddy soils. However, p,p'-DDNU might not transform to other higher-order metabolites in aerobic surface soils. Overall, our study confirmed p,p'-(dicofol + DBP) as metabolites of p,p'-DDT, suggested DDE and DDD were parallel precursors of DDMU, and further verified the transformation pathways of DDT in surface soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Dave A Yuen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yingjie Chen
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Zhang C, Liu L, Ma Y, Li F. Using Isomeric and Metabolic Ratios of DDT To Identify the Sources and Fate of DDT in Chinese Agricultural Topsoil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:1990-1996. [PMID: 29345919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic ratio of (p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD)/p,p'-DDT or p,p'-DDE/p,p'-DDT has been used previously to estimate the approximate half-life of p,p'-DDT, with a relatively unclear concept of "old" and "new" sources of p,p'-DDT and without paying attention to the influence by dicofol-type DDT contributed from the more recent usage of dicofol. Based on the isomeric ratio of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT to distinguish the sources of DDT, this study used the corrected metabolic ratio of (p,p'-DDE + p,p'-DDD)/p,p'-DDT to estimate a more accurate half-life of p,p'-DDT using a model-based approach. This indicates the average half-life of p,p'-DDT in Chinese topsoils was 14.2 ± 0.9 years with dicofol-type DDT input considered. In deeper soil, the half-life was >30 years and the metabolic pathway of p,p'-DDT was significantly different with topsoil's. Further analysis on the fraction of DDT from technical DDT suggested that a region that had been sprayed with technical DDT was likely to have been sprayed with dicofol as well, but the monitoring residues of DDT in topsoil mainly derive from historical use of technical DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fasheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012, China
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Sun Y, Yuan GL, Li J, Tang J, Wang GH. High-resolution sedimentary records of some organochlorine pesticides in Yamzho Yumco Lake of the Tibetan Plateau: Concentration and composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:469-475. [PMID: 28988083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores from lakes have been used to reconstruct the historic deposition of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), especially in remote alpine areas. To reconstruct the deposition history of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP), two sediment cores from Yamzho Yumco Lake were drilled and dated with high-resolution, from which 23 OCPs were analyzed in greater detail. Regarding several legacy compounds, concentration peaks in the cores were observed in the 1970s, corresponding to the heavy usage of these compounds around the world. In addition, another peak was found at the end of the 1990s, which was explained as the addition of OCPs released from melting glaciers or the cryosphere due to global warming. Furthermore, it was found that the transformation or degradation of OCPs after deposition in the lake was limited by comparing the values of isomeric ratios at different times, such as (DDD+DDE)/∑DDTs, o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT and β-HCH/∑HCHs. Such results ensure that the detected OCPs in the lake sediments really reflect their characteristics at the time of deposition. On the other hand, weak environmental self-purification of the OCPs made them last longer in the TP than in other regions. Reasonably, the fragile ecological environment of the TP would be threatened not only by legacy POPs that remain in the sediments and soils but also by POPs released from melting glaciers or the cryosphere in the next few decades under the influence of global warming. Our research provides an insight into the influence of global warming and glacial melting on the environment of the TP, and further work to gain a better understanding of the environmental processes of POPs in the TP is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guo-Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jun Li
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Gen-Hou Wang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
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Yang R, Xie T, Yang H, Turner S, Wu G. Historical trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) recorded in sediments across the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:303-312. [PMID: 28097496 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9908-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores from four lakes across the Tibetan Plateau were used as natural archives to study the time trends of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The total concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (ΣDDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (ΣHCH) were in the range of 0.04-1.61 and 0.08-1.88 ng/g based on dry weight (dw), while the input fluxes were in the range of 0.3-236 and 0.7-295 pg/cm2/y in the core sediments, respectively. The input fluxes of ΣDDT and ΣHCH generally peaked in sediment layers corresponding to the 1970s-1990s and peaked in top sediment layers. The ratio of α/γ-HCH decreased in the top layer sediments, implying that the contribution of lindane (pure γ-HCH) has been increasing in recent years. In addition, the ratio of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT increased significantly over the last 15-20 years, suggesting that dicofol (characterized by high ratio of o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT about 7.0) has recently become a relatively more important source of DDT compared to technical DDT itself. The time trends of OCPs recorded in lake sediments examined the impact on such remote alpine regions by human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Ting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guangjian Wu
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Pozo K, Oyola G, Estellano VH, Harner T, Rudolph A, Prybilova P, Kukucka P, Audi O, Klánová J, Metzdorff A, Focardi S. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of three Chilean cities using passive air samplers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:107-114. [PMID: 28063657 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study passive air samplers containing polyurethane foam (PUF) disks were deployed in three cities across Chile; Santiago (STG) (n=5, sampling sites), Concepciόn (CON) (n=6) and Temuco (TEM) (n=6) from 2008 to 2009. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (7 indicator congeners), chlorinated pesticides hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs) and flame retardants such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined by gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A sampling rate (R) typical of urban sites (4m3/day) was used to estimate the atmospheric concentrations of individual compounds. PCB concentrations in the air (pg/m3) ranged from ~1-10 (TEM), ~1-40 (STG) and 4-30 (CON). Higher molecular weight PCBs (PCB-153, -180) were detected at industrial sites (in Concepción). The HCHs showed a prevalence of γ-HCH across all sites, indicative of inputs from the use of lindane but a limited use of technical HCHs in Chile. DDTs were detected with a prevalence of p,p'-DDE accounting for ~50% of the total DDTs. PBDE concentrations in air (pg/m3) ranged from 1 to 55 (STG), 0.5 to 20 (CON) and from 0.4 to 10 (TEM), and were generally similar to those reported for many other urban areas globally. The pattern of PBDEs was different among the three cities; however, PBDE-209 was dominant at most of the sites. These results represent one of the few assessments of air concentrations of POPs across different urban areas within the same country. These data will support Chilean commitments as a signatory to the Stockholm Convention on POPs and for reporting as a member country of the Group of Latin America and Caribbean Countries (GRULAC) region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias, Concepción, Chile; Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Concepción, Chile; Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Brno, Czech Republic; Universitá degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Scienze fisiche, della Terra e dell'ambiente, Siena, Italy.
| | - Germán Oyola
- Ministery of the Environment (MMA), Air Quality Division and Climate change, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor H Estellano
- Universitá degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Scienze fisiche, della Terra e dell'ambiente, Siena, Italy
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anny Rudolph
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias, Concepción, Chile
| | - Petra Prybilova
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukucka
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Audi
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Brno, Czech Republic
| | - America Metzdorff
- Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Facultad de Ciencias, Concepción, Chile; Universitá degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Scienze fisiche, della Terra e dell'ambiente, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvano Focardi
- Universitá degli Studi di Siena, Dipartimento Scienze fisiche, della Terra e dell'ambiente, Siena, Italy
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Yin G, Athanassiadis I, Bergman Å, Zhou Y, Qiu Y, Asplund L. A refined method for analysis of 4,4'-dicofol and 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13307-13314. [PMID: 28386885 PMCID: PMC5434158 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8956-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The acaricide, dicofol, is a well-known pesticide and partly a substitute for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Only few reports on environmental occurrence and concentrations have been reported calling for improvements. Hence, an analytical method was further developed for dicofol and dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) to enable assessments of their environmental occurrence. Concentrated sulfuric acid was used to remove lipids and to separate dicofol from DCBP. On-column injection was used as an alternative to splitless injection to protect dicofol from thermal decomposition. By the method presented herein, it is possible to quantify dicofol and DCBP in the same samples. Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) were spiked at two dose levels and the recoveries were determined. The mean recovery for dicofol was 65% at the low dose (1 ng) and 77% at the high dose (10 ng). The mean recovery for DCBP was 99% at the low dose (9.2 ng) and 146% at the high dose (46 ng). The method may be further improved by use of another lipid removal method, e.g., gel permeation chromatography. The method implies a step forward in dicofol environmental assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yin
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioannis Athanassiadis
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Forskargatan 20, SE-15136, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Yihui Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lillemor Asplund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang J, Li L, Liu J, Ti B. Distribution mode and environmental risk of POP pesticides such as endosulfan under the agricultural practice of straw incorporating. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:1394-1399. [PMID: 27825844 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The practice of incorporating post-harvest crop waste is widely used because it maintains soil fertility and avoids environmental pollution from straw burning. However, the practice of straw incorporation may also retain the pesticides that are applied to crop plants, which may pose a potential long term risk to local and regional environments if the applied pesticide is a Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic (PBT) substance or a Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP). Here we investigate the influence of the "receiving-retention-release" route on the distribution of a POP pesticide (endosulfan) and the associated environmental risk among different environmental compartments. Our study indicates that most endosulfan enters the atmosphere (φatmosphere = 64.5-72.5%), which is dominated by the indirect route of volatilization from crop plants (φatmosphere, indirect = 54.7-70.3%). In contrast, soil releases are minor (φsoil = 10.8-20.5%), and are dominated by direct release during application (φsoil, direct = 8.0-18.0%). Under the practice of straw incorporation, the use of endosulfan posed an environmental risk to agricultural soil. In addition, the atmospheric deposition of endosulfan also posed an environmental risk to sediment. The study highlights the significance of the "receiving-retention-release" route by crop plants in determining the fate of POP pesticides associated with straw incorporation; hence complementing the current methodology for assessing the environmental risk of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Bowen Ti
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Mackintosh SA, Dodder NG, Shaul NJ, Aluwihare LI, Maruya KA, Chivers SJ, Danil K, Weller DW, Hoh E. Newly Identified DDT-Related Compounds Accumulating in Southern California Bottlenose Dolphins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12129-12137. [PMID: 27737539 PMCID: PMC6310127 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nontargeted GC×GC-TOF/MS analysis of blubber from 8 common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) inhabiting the Southern California Bight was performed to identify novel, bioaccumulative DDT-related compounds and to determine their abundance relative to the commonly studied DDT-related compounds. We identified 45 bioaccumulative DDT-related compounds of which the majority (80%) is not typically monitored in environmental media. Identified compounds include transformation products, technical mixture impurities such as tris(chlorophenyl)methane (TCPM), the presumed TCPM metabolite tris(chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH), and structurally related compounds with unknown sources, such as hexa- to octachlorinated diphenylethene. To investigate impurities in pesticide mixtures as possible sources of these compounds, we analyzed technical DDT, the primary source of historical contamination in the region, and technical Dicofol, a current use pesticide that contains DDT-related compounds. The technical mixtures contained only 33% of the compounds identified in the blubber, suggesting that transformation products contribute to the majority of the load of DDT-related contaminants in these sentinels of ocean health. Quantitative analysis revealed that TCPM was the second most abundant compound class detected in the blubber, following DDE, and TCPMOH loads were greater than DDT. QSPR estimates verified 4,4',4″-TCPM and 4,4'4,″-TCPMOH are persistent and bioaccumulative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Mackintosh
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Nathan G. Dodder
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, 5250 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Nellie J. Shaul
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lihini I. Aluwihare
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Keith A. Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, 3535 Harbor Boulevard, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, California 92626, United States
| | - Susan J. Chivers
- Marine Mammal & Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kerri Danil
- Marine Mammal & Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David W. Weller
- Marine Mammal & Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eunha Hoh
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182, United States
- Corresponding Author: Phone: +16195944671. Fax: +16195946112.
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38
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Liu LY, Ma WL, Jia HL, Zhang ZF, Song WW, Li YF. Research on persistent organic pollutants in China on a national scale: 10 years after the enforcement of the Stockholm Convention. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:70-81. [PMID: 26775724 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As a signatory of the Stockholm Convention and the largest developing country, China plays a very important role in implementation of the convention to reduce and finally eliminate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the world. In the past ten years after the enforcement in 2004, Chinese Government and scientists have made great progress on the study of POPs. The present work aims to provide an overview on recent studies on POPs in China, with particular focus on usage/emission inventory, residue inventory, and pollution status of POPs on national scale. Several legend (old) and new target POPs were comprehensively summarized with progress on inventory. Furthermore, several national scale monitoring programs have been selected for the occurrence, spatial and temporal trends of POPs in China, which are compared with Asian data and Global data. Based on the observed results, some important scientific issues, such as the primary and secondary distribution patterns, the primary and secondary fractionations, and air-soil exchange of POPs, are also discussed. It is proposed that more studies should be carried out for the new targeted POPs in future for both the national and global interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Hong-Liang Jia
- IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, ON M2N 6X9, Canada
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39
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Göktaş RK, MacLeod M. Remoteness from sources of persistent organic pollutants in the multi-media global environment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 217:33-41. [PMID: 26775726 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the remoteness from sources of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can inform the design of monitoring studies and the interpretation of measurement data. Previous work on quantifying remoteness has not explicitly considered partitioning between the gas phase and aerosols, and between the atmosphere and the Earth's surface. The objective of this study is to present a metric of remoteness for POPs transported through the atmosphere calculated with a global multimedia fate model, BETR-Research. We calculated the remoteness of regions covering the entire globe from emission sources distributed according to light emissions, and taking into account the multimedia partitioning properties of chemicals and using averaged global climate data. Remoteness for hypothetical chemicals with distinct partitioning properties (volatile, semi-volatile, hydrophilic, low-volatility) and having two different half-lives in air (60-day and 2-day) are presented. Differences in remoteness distribution among the hypothetical chemicals are most pronounced in scenarios assuming 60-day half-life in air. In scenarios with a 2-day half-life in air, degradation dominates over wet and dry deposition processes as a pathway for atmospheric removal of all chemicals except the low-volatility chemical. The remoteness distribution of the low-volatility chemical is strongly dependent on assumptions about degradability on atmospheric aerosols. Calculations that considered seasonal variability in temperature, hydroxyl radical concentrations in the atmosphere and global atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns indicate that variability in hydroxyl radical concentrations largely determines the seasonal variability of remoteness. Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) measured in tree bark from around the world are more highly correlated with remoteness calculated using our methods than with proximity to human population, and we see considerable potential to apply remoteness calculations for interpretation of monitoring data collected under programs such as the Stockholm Convention Global Monitoring Plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Recep Kaya Göktaş
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Yerleşkesi, 41380, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE 11418, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE 11418, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wang Z, Yang T, Zhai Z, Zhang B, Zhang J. Reaction mechanism of dicofol removal by cellulase. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 36:22-28. [PMID: 26456602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether dicofol should be defined as a persistent organic pollutant. Its environmental persistence has gained attention. This study focused on its degradation by cellulase. Cellulase was separated using a gel chromatogram, and its degradation activity towards dicofol involved its endoglucanase activity. By analyzing the kinetic parameters of cellulase reacting with mixed substrates, it was shown that cellulase reacted on dicofol and carboxyl methyl cellulose through two different active centers. Thus, the degradation of dicofol was shown to be an oxidative process by cellulase. Next, by comparing the impacts of tert-butyl alcohol (a typical OH free-radical inhibitor) on the removal efficiencies of dicofol under both cellulase and Fenton reagent systems, it was shown that the removal of dicofol was initiated by OH free radicals produced by cellulase. Finally, 4,4'-dichloro-dibenzophenone and chloride were detected using gas chromatography mass spectrometry and ion chromatography analysis, which supported our hypothesis. The reaction mechanism was analyzed and involved an attack by OH free radicals at the orthocarbon of dicofol, resulting in the degradation product 4,4'-dichloro-dibenzophenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zihan Zhai
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Boya Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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