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Haque MM, Fang C, Schnelle-Kreis J, Abbaszade G, Liu X, Bao M, Zhang W, Zhang YL. Regional haze formation enhanced the atmospheric pollution levels in the Yangtze River Delta region, China: Implications for anthropogenic sources and secondary aerosol formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138013. [PMID: 32361103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-time-resolution (3-hour) PM2.5 samples were collected simultaneously from the rural and urban areas in the Yangtze River Delta region during winter. The aerosol samples were analyzed for carbonaceous components, organic tracers, water-soluble inorganic ions and stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic compositions of total carbon and total nitrogen. The values of PM2.5 and secondary organic carbon (SOC) for both sampling sites were observed 2 times higher in haze events compare to those in clear days, implying severe pollution occurred by photochemical oxidation during haze periods. The PM mass of rural samples showed similar temporal trend and significant correlation with the urban PM, reflecting pollution sources or their formation process are most likely identical. Diurnal variations of PM2.5 and carbonaceous components revealed that pollution levels increased at daytime due to the photochemical oxidation. In addition, SOC and OC were influenced by the relative humidity (RH%) and temperature (T °C), indicating that such meteorological factors play important roles in the occurrence of regional air pollution. The concentrations of levoglucosan, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, and n-alkanes were 625 ± 456 and 519 ± 301 ng m-3, 32.6 ± 24.7 and 28.7 ± 20.1 ng m-3, 1.83 ± 1.51 and 1.26 ± 1.34 ng m-3, and 302 ± 206 and 169 ± 131 ng m-3 for rural and urban samples, respectively. Levoglucosan is the most abundant organic compounds, exhibited 2-3 times higher in haze than clear days, suggesting biomass burning (BB) emission substantially affects the haze pollution in winter. Furthermore, NO3- was the dominant ionic species followed by SO42-, NH4+, Cl- and other minor species for both sites. The δ13C and δ15N values demonstrate that anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel combustion and BB are the major sources for carbonaceous and nitrogenous aerosols. This study implies that both the regional anthropogenic emissions and meteorological conditions influenced the regional haze formation, leading enhancement of pollution levels in eastern China during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mozammel Haque
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Cao Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Joint Mass Spectrometry Ctr, Cooperat Grp Comprehens Mol Analyt, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gülcin Abbaszade
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Joint Mass Spectrometry Ctr, Cooperat Grp Comprehens Mol Analyt CMA, Gmunder Str 37, D-81479 Munich, Germany
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Mengying Bao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate And Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Metereological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Lyu XP, Guo H, Cheng HR, Wang XM, Ding X, Lu HX, Yao DW, Xu C. Observation of SOA tracers at a mountainous site in Hong Kong: Chemical characteristics, origins and implication on particle growth. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:180-189. [PMID: 28667845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is an important constituent of airborne fine particles. PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters≤2.5μm) samples were collected at a mountainous site in Hong Kong in autumn of 2010, and analyzed for SOA tracers. Results indicated that the concentrations of isoprene SOA tracers (54.7±22.7ng/m3) and aromatics SOA tracers (2.1±1.6ng/m3) were on relatively high levels in Hong Kong. Secondary organic carbon (SOC) derived from isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and aromatics was estimated with the SOA tracer based approach, which constituted 0.35±0.15μg/m3 (40.6±5.7%), 0.20±0.03μg/m3 (30.4±5.5%), 0.05±0.02μg/m3 (5.6±1.7%) and 0.26±0.20μg/m3 (21.3±8.2%) of the total estimated SOC. Biogenic SOC (0.60±0.18μg/m3) dominated over anthropogenic SOC (0.26±0.20μg/m3) at this site. In addition to the total estimated SOC (17.8±4.6% of organic carbon (OC) in PM2.5), primary organic carbon (POC) emitted from biomass burning also accounted for a considerable proportion of OC (11.6±3.2%). Insight into the OC origins found that regional transport significantly (p<0.05) elevated SOC from 0.37±0.17 to 1.04±0.39μg/m3. Besides, SOC load could also increase significantly if there was influence from local ship emission. Biomass burning related POC in regional air masses (0.81±0.24μg/m3) was also higher (p<0.05) than that in samples affected by local air (0.29±0.35μg/m3). Evidences indicated that SOA formation was closely related to new particle formation and the growth of nucleation mode particles, while biomass burning was responsible for some particle burst events in Hong Kong. This is the first SOA study in afforested areas of Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - H Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - H R Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - X M Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - H X Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - D W Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - C Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Chen J, Li C, Ristovski Z, Milic A, Gu Y, Islam MS, Wang S, Hao J, Zhang H, He C, Guo H, Fu H, Miljevic B, Morawska L, Thai P, Lam YF, Pereira G, Ding A, Huang X, Dumka UC. A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1000-1034. [PMID: 27908624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) is a significant air pollution source, with global, regional and local impacts on air quality, public health and climate. Worldwide an extensive range of studies has been conducted on almost all the aspects of BB, including its specific types, on quantification of emissions and on assessing its various impacts. China is one of the countries where the significance of BB has been recognized, and a lot of research efforts devoted to investigate it, however, so far no systematic reviews were conducted to synthesize the information which has been emerging. Therefore the aim of this work was to comprehensively review most of the studies published on this topic in China, including literature concerning field measurements, laboratory studies and the impacts of BB indoors and outdoors in China. In addition, this review provides insights into the role of wildfire and anthropogenic BB on air quality and health globally. Further, we attempted to provide a basis for formulation of policies and regulations by policy makers in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chunlin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Andelija Milic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yuantong Gu
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Congrong He
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Branka Miljevic
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Phong Thai
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Yun Fat Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gavin Pereira
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6000, Australia
| | - Aijun Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Umesh C Dumka
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Manora Peak, Nainital 263001, India
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Adetona O, Reinhardt TE, Domitrovich J, Broyles G, Adetona AM, Kleinman MT, Ottmar RD, Naeher LP. Review of the health effects of wildland fire smoke on wildland firefighters and the public. Inhal Toxicol 2016; 28:95-139. [PMID: 26915822 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2016.1145771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Each year, the general public and wildland firefighters in the US are exposed to smoke from wildland fires. As part of an effort to characterize health risks of breathing this smoke, a review of the literature was conducted using five major databases, including PubMed and MEDLINE Web of Knowledge, to identify smoke components that present the highest hazard potential, the mechanisms of toxicity, review epidemiological studies for health effects and identify the current gap in knowledge on the health impacts of wildland fire smoke exposure. Respiratory events measured in time series studies as incidences of disease-caused mortality, hospital admissions, emergency room visits and symptoms in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients are the health effects that are most commonly associated with community level exposure to wildland fire smoke. A few recent studies have also determined associations between acute wildland fire smoke exposure and cardiovascular health end-points. These cardiopulmonary effects were mostly observed in association with ambient air concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, research on the health effects of this mixture is currently limited. The health effects of acute exposures beyond susceptible populations and the effects of chronic exposures experienced by the wildland firefighter are largely unknown. Longitudinal studies of wildland firefighters during and/or after the firefighting career could help elucidate some of the unknown health impacts of cumulative exposure to wildland fire smoke, establish occupational exposure limits and help determine the types of exposure controls that may be applicable to the occupation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olorunfemi Adetona
- a Department of Environmental Health Science , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA .,b Division of Environmental Health Sciences , College of Public Health, the Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Timothy E Reinhardt
- c AMEC Foster Wheeler Environment & Infrastructure, Inc , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Joe Domitrovich
- d USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center , Missoula , MT , USA
| | - George Broyles
- e SDA Forest Service, San Dimas Technology and Development Center , San Dimas , CA , USA
| | - Anna M Adetona
- a Department of Environmental Health Science , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
| | - Michael T Kleinman
- f Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA , and
| | - Roger D Ottmar
- g USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Luke P Naeher
- a Department of Environmental Health Science , College of Public Health, University of Georgia , Athens , GA , USA
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Dreessen J, Sullivan J, Delgado R. Observations and impacts of transported Canadian wildfire smoke on ozone and aerosol air quality in the Maryland region on June 9-12, 2015. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2016; 66:842-62. [PMID: 26963934 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2016.1161674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Canadian wildfire smoke impacted air quality across the northern Mid-Atlantic (MA) of the United States during June 9-12, 2015. A multiday exceedance of the new 2015 70-ppb National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ozone (O3) followed, resulting in Maryland being incompliant with the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) revised 2015 O3 NAAQS. Surface in situ, balloon-borne, and remote sensing observations monitored the impact of the wildfire smoke at Maryland air quality monitoring sites. At peak smoke concentrations in Maryland, wildfire-attributable volatile organic compounds (VOCs) more than doubled, while non-NOx oxides of nitrogen (NOz) tripled, suggesting long range transport of NOx within the smoke plume. Peak daily average PM2.5 was 32.5 µg m(-3) with large fractions coming from black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC), with a synonymous increase in carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. Measurements indicate that smoke tracers at the surface were spatially and temporally correlated with maximum 8-hr O3 concentrations in the MA, all which peaked on June 11. Despite initial smoke arrival late on June 9, 2015, O3 production was inhibited due to ultraviolet (UV) light attenuation, lower temperatures, and nonoptimal surface layer composition. Comparison of Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model surface O3 forecasts to observations suggests 14 ppb additional O3 due to smoke influences in northern Maryland. Despite polluted conditions, observations of a nocturnal low-level jet (NLLJ) and Chesapeake Bay Breeze (BB) were associated with decreases in O3 in this case. While infrequent in the MA, wildfire smoke may be an increasing fractional contribution to high-O3 days, particularly in light of increased wildfire frequency in a changing climate, lower regional emissions, and tighter air quality standards. IMPLICATIONS The presented event demonstrates how a single wildfire event associated with an ozone exceedance of the NAAQS can prevent the Baltimore region from complying with lower ozone standards. This relatively new problem in Maryland is due to regional reductions in NOx emissions that led to record low numbers of ozone NAAQS violations in the last 3 years. This case demonstrates the need for adequate means to quantify and justify ozone impacts from wildfires, which can only be done through the use of observationally based models. The data presented may also improve future air quality forecast models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Dreessen
- a Maryland Department of the Environment , Air Monitoring Program , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - John Sullivan
- b Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Laboratory at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt , MD , USA
| | - Ruben Delgado
- c Joint Center of Earth Systems Technology at the University of Maryland Baltimore County , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Nguyen DL, Kim JY, Ghim YS, Shim SG. Influence of regional biomass burning on the highly elevated organic carbon concentrations observed at Gosan, South Korea during a strong Asian dust period. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:3594-3605. [PMID: 25253054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3587-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 carbonaceous particles were measured at Gosan, South Korea during 29 March-11 April 2002 which includes a pollution period (30 March-01 April) when the highest concentrations of major anthropogenic species (nss-SO4 (2-), NO3 (-), and NH4 (+)) were observed and a strong Asian dust (AD) period (08-10 April) when the highest concentrations of mainly dust-originated trace elements (Al, Ca, Mg, and Fe) were seen. The concentrations of elemental carbon (EC) measured in the pollution period were higher than those measured in the strong AD period, whereas an inverse variation in the concentrations of organic carbon (OC) was observed. Based on the OC/EC ratios, the possible source that mainly contributed to the highly elevated OC concentrations measured in the strong AD period was biomass burning. The influence of the long-range transport of smoke plumes emitted from regional biomass burning sources was evaluated by using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite data for fire locations and the potential source contribution function analysis. The most potential source regions of biomass burning were the Primorsky and Amur regions in Far Eastern Russia and southeastern and southwestern Siberia, Russia. Further discussion on the source characteristics suggested that the high OC concentrations measured in the strong AD period were significantly affected by the smoldering phase of biomass burning. In addition to biomass burning, secondary OC (SOC) formed during atmospheric long-range transport should be also considered as an important source of OC concentration measured at Gosan. Although this study dealt with the episodic case of the concurrent increase of dust and biomass burning particles, understanding the characteristics of heterogeneous mixing aerosol is essential in assessing the radiative forcing of aerosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Luong Nguyen
- Green City Technology Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 39-1, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Wagstrom KM, Baker KR, Leinbach AE, Hunt SW. Synthesizing scientific progress: outcomes from U.S. EPA's carbonaceous aerosols and source apportionment STAR grants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10561-10570. [PMID: 25111572 DOI: 10.1021/es500782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In response to recommendations by the National Research Council in the late 1990 s and early 2000s for critical research into understanding sources and formation mechanisms of PM2.5, EPA created multiple funding opportunities through the Science to Achieve Results (STAR) program: "Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis Methods for Airborne Carbonaceous Fine Particulate Matter" (2003) and "Source Apportionment of Particulate Matter" (2004). The carbonaceous fine PM solicitation resulted in 16 different projects focusing on the measurement methods, source identification, and exploration of the chemical and physical processes important for PM2.5 carbon in the atmosphere. The source apportionment funding opportunity led to 11 projects improving tools and characterization of source-receptor relationships of PM2.5. Many funding mechanisms include a final synopsis of funded research and published manuscripts. Here, this evaluation is extended to include citations of research published as part of these solicitations. These solicitations resulted in 275 publications that included more than 850 unique authors in 37 different journals with a weighted average 2011 impact factor of 4.21. At the time of this assessment, these publications have been cited by 13,612 peer review journal articles with 31 (11%) of the manuscripts being cited over 100 times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Wagstrom
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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8
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Cheng Y, Engling G, He KB, Duan FK, Du ZY, Ma YL, Liang LL, Lu ZF, Liu JM, Zheng M, Weber RJ. The characteristics of Beijing aerosol during two distinct episodes: impacts of biomass burning and fireworks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 185:149-157. [PMID: 24275313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of Beijing aerosol was measured during summer and winter. Two distinct episodes were identified. Water-soluble potassium (K(+)) increased significantly during the firework episode in winter with an episode to non-episode ratio of 4.97, whereas the biomass burning (BB) episode in summer was characterized by high episode to non-episode ratios of levoglucosan (6.38) and K(+) (6.90). The BB and firework episodes had only a minor influence on the water-soluble OC (organic carbon) to OC ratio. Based on separate investigations of episode and non-episode periods, it was found that: (i) sulfate correlated strongly with both relative humidity and nitrate during the typical winter period presumably indicating the importance of the aqueous-phase oxidation of sulfur dioxide by nitrogen dioxide, (ii) oxalate and WSOC during both winter and summer in Beijing were mainly due to secondary formation, and (iii) high humidity can significantly enhance the formation potential of WSOC in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Guenter Engling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ke-bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng-kui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-yu Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-liang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-lin Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-feng Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiu-meng Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mei Zheng
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Pachon JE, Balachandran S, Hu Y, Mulholland JA, Darrow LA, Sarnat JA, Tolbert PE, Russell AG. Development of outcome-based, multipollutant mobile source indicators. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2012; 62:431-42. [PMID: 22616285 PMCID: PMC3752838 DOI: 10.1080/10473289.2012.656218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Multipollutant indicators of mobile source impacts are developed from readily available CO, NOx, and elemental carbon (EC) data for use in air quality and epidemiologic analysis. Two types of outcome-based Integrated Mobile Source Indicators (IMSI) are assessed. The first is derived from analysis of emissions of EC, CO, and NOx such that pollutant concentrations are mixed and weighted based on emission ratios for both gasoline and diesel vehicles. The emission-based indicators (IMSI(EB)) capture the impact of mobile sources on air quality estimated from receptor models and their uncertainty is comparable to measurement and source apportionment uncertainties. The IMSI(EB) have larger correlation between two different receptor sites impacted by traffic than single pollutants, suggesting they are better indicators of the local impact ofmobile sources. A sensitivity analysis of fractions of pollutants in a two-pollutant mixture and the inclusion in an epidemiologic model is conducted to develop a second set of indicators based on health outcomes. The health-based indicators (IMSI(HB)) are weighted combinations of CO, NOx, and EC pairs that have the lowest P value in their association with cardiovascular disease emergency department visits, possibly due to their better spatial representativeness. These outcome-based, multipollutant indicators can provide support for the setting of multipollutant air quality standards and other air quality management activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge E Pachon
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Sun Y, Zhang Q, Zheng M, Ding X, Edgerton ES, Wang X. Characterization and source apportionment of water-soluble organic matter in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) with high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry and GC-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4854-61. [PMID: 21539378 DOI: 10.1021/es200162h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in fine particles (PM(2.5)) collected at one rural and three urban sites from the Southeastern Aerosol Research and Characterization network were characterized with a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). These samples were also analyzed for a suite of molecular markers by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to assist in the interpretation of WSOM sources. The HR-ToF-AMS measurements allow a direct determination of the organic mass-to-carbon ratios (average ± 1σ = 1.93 ± 0.12) and hence the quantification of WSOM on the same filters used to close the aerosol mass budget. WSOM constitutes a major fraction of total PM(2.5) mass (26-42%) and organic mass (50-90%) at all sites. The concentrations of WSOM are substantially higher in summer, mainly due to enhanced production of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA). WSOM is composed mainly of oxygenated species with average oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of 0.56 (± 0.08). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) of the high resolution mass spectra of WSOM identifies a less oxidized component (denoted as lOOA, O/C = 0.50) associated with biogenic SOA and a more oxidized component (denoted as mOOA, O/C = 0.60) associated with WSOM contributed by wood combustion. On average, lOOA accounts for 75 (± 13) % of WSOM in summer while mOOA accounts for 78 (± 21) % in winter, suggesting that WSOM in the southeastern U.S. is primarily contributed by SOA production from biogenic species in summer and by wood burning emissions in winter. This work also demonstrates the utility of HR-ToF-AMS for investigating the bulk chemical composition of WSOM as well as for evaluating its source contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yele Sun
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, 1 Shields Ave., Davis, California 95616, USA
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Ding X, Zheng M, Yu L, Zhang X, Weber RJ, Yan B, Russell AG, Edgerton ES, Wang X. Spatial and seasonal trends in biogenic secondary organic aerosol tracers and water-soluble organic carbon in the southeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:5171-6. [PMID: 18754365 DOI: 10.1021/es7032636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four hour integrated filter samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were collected from May 2004 to April 2005 at one rural site and three urban sites located in the southeastern United States. Filters were extracted and analyzed for both biogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) concentrations. The tracers reported in this study include isoprene-derived 2-methylthreitol and 2-methylerythritol, as well as pinene-derived cis-pinonic acid. The mean ambient concentrations ranged from 21.7 to 94.3 ng/m3, 5.31 to 17.9 ng/m3, and 1.87 to 3.18 microgC/m3 for 2-methyltetrols (sum of 2-methylerythritol and 2-methylthreitol), cispinonic acid and WSOC, respectively. Distinct spatial distributions were observed for all tracers with the highest concentration at the rural site and the lowest level at a coastal site. Although 2-methyltetrols were small fractions of WSOC, varying from 0.35% at an urban site to highest fractions of 1.09% at the rural site, WSOC exhibited significant correlation with 2-methyltetrols during summer, suggesting isoprene SOA makes an important contribution to WSOC. 2-Methyltetrols had the highest concentrations during the summer,when high temperature, intense solar radiation, and high ozone level occurred. However, no obvious seasonal variation was found for cispinonic acid. Between inland sites WSOC was more spatially homogeneous than the 2-methyltetrols, suggesting that WSOC was produced from a variety of mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Tian D, Wang Y, Bergin M, Hu Y, Liu Y, Russell AG. Air quality impacts from prescribed forest fires under different management practices. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:2767-2772. [PMID: 18497121 DOI: 10.1021/es0711213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of air pollutants are emitted during prescribed forest fires. Such emissions and corresponding air quality impacts can be modulated by different forest management practices. The impacts of changing burning seasons and frequencies and of controlling emissions during smoldering on regional air quality in Georgia are quantified using source-oriented air quality modeling, with modified emissions from prescribed fires reflecting effects of each practice. Equivalent fires in the spring and winter are found to have a greater impact on PM2.5 than those in summer, though ozone impacts are larger from spring and summer fires. If prescribed fires are less frequent more biofuel is burnt in each fire, leading to larger emissions and air quality impacts per fire. For example, emissions from a fire with a 5-year fire return interval (FRI) are 72% larger than those from a fire of the same acreage with a 2-year FRI. However, corresponding long-term regional impacts are reduced with the longer FRI since the annual burned area is reduced. Total emissions for fires in Georgia with a 5-year FRI are 32% less than those with a 2-year FRI. Smoldering emissions can lead to approximately 1.0 or 1.9 microg/m3 of PM2.5 in the Atlanta PM2.5 nonattainment area during March 2002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Tian
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA.
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