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Cheah H, Bae S. Multichannel Microfluidic Platform for Temporal-Spatial Investigation of Niche Roles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli within a Dual-Species Biofilm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0065123. [PMID: 37382537 PMCID: PMC10370331 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00651-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In natural or man-made environments, microorganisms exist predominantly as biofilms forming surface-associated bacterial communities embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). Often, biofilm reactors used for endpoint and disruptive analyses of biofilm are not suitable for periodic observation of biofilm formation and development. In this study, a microfluidic device designed with multiple channels and a gradient generator was used for high-throughput analysis and real-time monitoring of dual-species biofilm formation and development. We compared the structural parameters of monospecies and dual-species biofilms containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa (expressing mCherry) and Escherichia coli (expressing green fluorescent protein [GFP]) to understand the interactions in the biofilm. The rate of biovolume increase of each species in monospecies biofilm (2.7 × 105 μm3) was higher than those in a dual-species biofilm (9.68 × 104 μm3); however, synergism was still observed in the dual-species biofilm due to overall increases in biovolume for both species. Synergism was also observed in a dual-species biofilm, where P. aeruginosa forms a "blanket" over E. coli, providing a physical barrier against shear stress in the environment. The microfluidic chip was useful for monitoring the dual-species biofilm in the microenvironment, indicating that different species in a multispecies biofilm exhibit different niches for the survival of the biofilm community. Finally, we demonstrated that the nucleic acids can be extracted from the dual-species biofilm in situ after biofilm imaging analysis. In addition, gene expression supported that the activation and suppression of different quorum sensing genes resulted in the different phenotype seen in the biofilm. This study showed that the integration of microfluidic device with microscopy analysis and molecular techniques could be a promising tool for studying biofilm structure and gene quantification and expression simultaneously. IMPORTANCE In natural or man-made environments, microorganisms exist predominantly as biofilms forming surface-associated bacterial communities embedded in extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). Often, biofilm reactors used for endpoint and disruptive analyses of biofilm are not suitable for periodic observation of biofilm formation and development. Here, we demonstrate that a microfluidic device with multiple channels and a gradient generator can be useful for high-throughput analysis and real-time monitoring of dual-species biofilm formation and development. Our study revealed synergism in the dual-species biofilm, where P. aeruginosa forms a "blanket" over E. coli, providing a physical barrier against shear stress in the environment. Furthermore, different species in a multispecies biofilm exhibit different niches for the survival of the biofilm community. This study showed that the integration of microfluidic device with microscopy analysis and molecular techniques could be a promising tool for studying biofilm structure and gene quantification and expression simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Cheah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sungwoo Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Gomes LC, Saubade F, Amin M, Spall J, Liauw CM, Mergulhão F, Whitehead KA. A Comparison of Vegetable Leaves and Replicated Biomimetic Surfaces on the Binding of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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3
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Plunder S, Burkard M, Lauer UM, Venturelli S, Marongiu L. Determination of phage load and administration time in simulated occurrences of antibacterial treatments. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1040457. [PMID: 36388928 PMCID: PMC9650209 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1040457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of phages as antibacterials is becoming more and more common in Western countries. However, a successful phage-derived antibacterial treatment needs to account for additional features such as the loss of infective virions and the multiplication of the hosts. The parameters critical inoculation size (V F ) and failure threshold time (T F ) have been introduced to assure that the viral dose (V ϕ) and administration time (T ϕ) would lead to the extinction of the targeted bacteria. The problem with the definition of V F and T F is that they are non-linear equations with two unknowns; thus, obtaining their explicit values is cumbersome and not unique. The current study used machine learning to determine V F and T F for an effective antibacterial treatment. Within these ranges, a Pareto optimal solution of a multi-criterial optimization problem (MCOP) provided a pair of V ϕ and T ϕ to facilitate the user's work. The algorithm was tested on a series of in silico microbial consortia that described the outgrowth of a species at high cell density by another species initially present at low concentration. The results demonstrated that the MCOP-derived pairs of V ϕ and T ϕ could effectively wipe out the bacterial target within the context of the simulation. The present study also introduced the concept of mediated phage therapy, where targeting booster bacteria might decrease the virulence of a pathogen immune to phagial infection and highlighted the importance of microbial competition in attaining a successful antibacterial treatment. In summary, the present work developed a novel method for investigating phage/bacteria interactions that can help increase the effectiveness of the application of phages as antibacterials and ease the work of microbiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Plunder
- Department of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Burkard
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Nutritional Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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The symbiosis among, and the storage stabilities of, starter lactic acid bacterial strains in biofilms. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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5
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Ramstedt M, Burmølle M. Can multi-species biofilms defeat antimicrobial surfaces on medical devices? CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Rhizobacteria Impact Colonization of Listeria monocytogenes on Arabidopsis thaliana Roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0141121. [PMID: 34550783 PMCID: PMC8579980 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01411-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of its relevance as a foodborne pathogen, we have limited knowledge about Listeria monocytogenes in the environment. L. monocytogenes outbreaks have been linked to fruits and vegetables; thus, a better understanding of the factors influencing its ability to colonize plants is important. We tested how environmental factors and other soil- and plant-associated bacteria influenced L. monocytogenes' ability to colonize plant roots using Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in a hydroponic growth system. We determined that the successful root colonization of L. monocytogenes 10403S was modestly but significantly enhanced by the bacterium being pregrown at higher temperatures, and this effect was independent of the biofilm and virulence regulator PrfA. We tested 14 rhizosphere-derived bacteria for their impact on L. monocytogenes 10403S, identifying one that enhanced and 10 that inhibited the association of 10403S with plant roots. We also characterized the outcomes of these interactions under both coinoculation and invasion conditions. We characterized the physical requirements of five of these rhizobacteria to impact the association of L. monocytogenes 10403S with roots, visualizing one of these interactions by microscopy. Furthermore, we determined that two rhizobacteria (one an inhibitor, the other an enhancer of 10403S root association) were able to similarly impact 10 different L. monocytogenes strains, indicating that the effects of these rhizobacteria on L. monocytogenes are not strain specific. Taken together, our results advance our understanding of the parameters that affect L. monocytogenes plant root colonization, knowledge that may enable us to deter its association with and, thus, downstream contamination of, food crops. IMPORTANCE Listeria monocytogenes is ubiquitous in the environment, being found in or on soil, water, plants, and wildlife. However, little is known about the requirements for L. monocytogenes' existence in these settings. Recent L. monocytogenes outbreaks have been associated with contaminated produce; thus, we used a plant colonization model to investigate factors that alter L. monocytogenes' ability to colonize plant roots. We show that L. monocytogenes colonization of roots was enhanced when grown at higher temperatures prior to inoculation but did not require a known regulator of virulence and biofilm formation. Additionally, we identified several rhizobacteria that altered the ability of 11 different strains of L. monocytogenes to colonize plant roots. Understanding the factors that impact L. monocytogenes physiology and growth will be crucial for finding mechanisms (whether chemical or microbial) that enable its removal from plant surfaces to reduce L. monocytogenes contamination of produce and eliminate foodborne illness.
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Drawing inspiration from nature to develop anti-fouling coatings: the development of biomimetic polymer surfaces and their effect on bacterial fouling. PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of self-cleaning biomimetic surfaces has the potential to be of great benefit to human health, in addition to reducing the economic burden on industries worldwide. Consequently, this study developed a biomimetic wax surface using a moulding technique which emulated the topography of the self-cleaning Gladiolus hybridus (Gladioli) leaf. A comparison of topographies was performed for unmodified wax surfaces (control), biomimetic wax surfaces, and Gladioli leaves using optical profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The results demonstrated that the biomimetic wax surface and Gladioli leaf had extremely similar surface roughness parameters, but the water contact angle of the Gladioli leaf was significantly higher than the replicated biomimetic surface. The self-cleaning properties of the biomimetic and control surfaces were compared by measuring their propensity to repel Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes attachment, adhesion, and retention in mono- and co-culture conditions. When the bacterial assays were carried out in monoculture, the biomimetic surfaces retained fewer bacteria than the control surfaces. However, when using co-cultures of the bacterial species, only following the retention assays were the bacterial numbers reduced on the biomimetic surfaces. The results demonstrate that such surfaces may be effective in reducing biofouling if used in the appropriate medical, marine, and industrial scenarios. This study provides valuable insight into the anti-fouling physical and chemical control mechanisms found in plants, which are particularly appealing for engineering purposes.
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8
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Lin Z, Yuan T, Zhou L, Cheng S, Qu X, Lu P, Feng Q. Impact factors of the accumulation, migration and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:1741-1758. [PMID: 33123928 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a great concern, which leads to global public health risks and ecological and environmental risks. The presence of antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment exacerbates the risk of spreading antibiotic resistance. Among them, horizontal gene transfer is an important mode in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes, and it is one of the reasons that the antibiotic resistance pollution has become increasingly serious. At the same time, free antibiotic resistance genes and resistance gene host bacterial also exist in the natural environment. They can not only affect horizontal gene transfer, but can also migrate and aggregate among environmental media in many ways and then continue to affect the proliferate and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes. All this shows the seriousness of antibiotic resistance pollution. Therefore, in this review, we reveal the sensitive factors affecting the distribution and spread of antibiotic resistance through three aspects: the influencing factors of horizontal gene transfer, the host bacteria of resistance genes and the migration of antibiotic resistance between environmental media. This review reveals the huge role of environmental migration in the spread of antibiotic resistance, and the environmental behavior of antibiotic resistance deserves wider attention. Meanwhile, extracellular antibiotic resistance genes and intracellular antibiotic resistance genes play different roles, so they should be studied separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Construction Equipment and Municipal Engineering, Jiangsu Vocational Institute of Architectural Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Building Energy Saving and Construct Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, China
| | - Lai Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
| | - Sen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
| | - Xu Qu
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
| | - Ping Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China.
| | - Qiyan Feng
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coal-based Greenhouse Gas Control and Utilization, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221008, China
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9
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Curli fimbriae confer shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli a competitive trait in mixed biofilms. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:482-488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Olsen NMC, Røder HL, Russel J, Madsen JS, Sørensen SJ, Burmølle M. Priority of Early Colonizers but No Effect on Cohabitants in a Synergistic Biofilm Community. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1949. [PMID: 31507562 PMCID: PMC6716445 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrival order of different species to a habitat can strongly impact community assembly and succession dynamics, thus influencing functionality. In this study, we asked how prior colonization of one community member would influence the assembly of a synergistic multispecies biofilm community grown in vitro. We expected that the prior arrival would confer an advantage, in particular for good biofilm formers. Yet, we did not know if the cohabitants would be impaired or benefit from the pre-colonization of one member, depending on its ability to form biofilm. We used a consortium consisting of four soil bacteria; Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Xanthomonas retroflexus, Microbacterium oxydans and Paenibacillus amylolyticus. This consortium has been shown to act synergistically when grown together, thus increasing biofilm production. The results showed that the two good biofilm formers gained a fitness advantage (increase in abundance) when allowed prior colonization on an abiotic surface before the arrival of their cohabitants. Interestingly, the significantly higher number of the pre-colonized biofilm formers did not affect the resulting composition in the subsequent biofilm after 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Stump SM, Johnson EC, Klausmeier CA. Local interactions and self-organized spatial patterns stabilize microbial cross-feeding against cheaters. J R Soc Interface 2019; 15:rsif.2017.0822. [PMID: 29563243 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualisms are ubiquitous, but models predict they should be susceptible to cheating. Resolving this paradox has become relevant to synthetic ecology: cooperative cross-feeding, a nutrient-exchange mutualism, has been proposed to stabilize microbial consortia. Previous attempts to understand how cross-feeders remain robust to non-producing cheaters have relied on complex behaviour (e.g. cheater punishment) or group selection. Using a stochastic spatial model, we demonstrate two novel mechanisms that can allow cross-feeders to outcompete cheaters, rather than just escape from them. Both mechanisms work through the spatial segregation of the resources, which prevents individual cheaters from acquiring the resources they need to reproduce. First, if microbe dispersal is low but resources are shared widely, then the cross-feeders self-organize into stable spatial patterns. Here the cross-feeders can build up where the resource they need is abundant, and send their resource to where their partner is, separating resources at regular intervals in space. Second, if dispersal is high but resource sharing is local, then random variation in population density creates small-scale variation in resource density, separating the resources from each other by chance. These results suggest that cross-feeding may be more robust than previously expected and offer strategies to engineer stable consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Maccracken Stump
- W. K. Kellogg Biological StationBehavior, Michigan State University, 3700 East Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA .,School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Evan Curtis Johnson
- W. K. Kellogg Biological StationBehavior, Michigan State University, 3700 East Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA.,Population Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis 2320 Storer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Christopher A Klausmeier
- W. K. Kellogg Biological StationBehavior, Michigan State University, 3700 East Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA.,Department of Plant BiologyBehavior, Michigan State University, 3700 East Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, Michigan State University, 3700 East Gull Lake Drive, Hickory Corners, MI 49060, USA
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12
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Lapointe C, Deschênes L, Ells TC, Bisaillon Y, Savard T. Interactions between spoilage bacteria in tri-species biofilms developed under simulated meat processing conditions. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:515-522. [PMID: 31027813 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The formation of biofilms in the food industry is a major issue, as they are a frequent source of contamination of products, which can result in significant economic losses for processors through spoilage of foods or pose serious health concerns for consumers when foodborne pathogens are present. In this study, experiments were carried out using CDC Biofilm Reactors to produce biofilms on two test surfaces (polystyrene and stainless steel coupons) under a regimen for simulated meat processing conditions (SMPC). This entailed a 12 day regimen of daily cycles of filling the reactors with a meat slurry and letting stand for 16 h, followed by draining and refilling with water for an 8 h period in order to mimic a possible scenario of fluctuating periods of nutrient availability and starvation in a meat processing facility. Strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides were used for mono and mixed cultures biofilms as they are relevant spoilage bacteria in the meat processing industry. In monoculture, the viable cell densities (CFU/cm2) of the two lactic acid bacteria species tested were higher for biofilms grown on polystyrene as compared to those obtained on stainless steel, whereas viable cell numbers in P. fluorescens monoculture were surface-independent. Synergistic interactions were demonstrated during growth of multi-species biofilms. Results from experiments where one of the 3 strains was inoculated 24 h before introduction of the other two strains showed increased levels of L. plantarum within biofilms grown on both test surfaces. The model developed here serves as a baseline to study the interactions between potential spoilage bacteria during biofilm development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lapointe
- St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600, Casavant W., Saint-Hyacinthe, Qc, Canada
| | - Louise Deschênes
- St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600, Casavant W., Saint-Hyacinthe, Qc, Canada
| | - Timothy C Ells
- Kentville Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-food Canada, 32 Main St., Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Yanick Bisaillon
- St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600, Casavant W., Saint-Hyacinthe, Qc, Canada
| | - Tony Savard
- St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600, Casavant W., Saint-Hyacinthe, Qc, Canada.
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Ansari FA, Ahmad I. Fluorescent Pseudomonas -FAP2 and Bacillus licheniformis interact positively in biofilm mode enhancing plant growth and photosynthetic attributes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4547. [PMID: 30872708 PMCID: PMC6418123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Compatible interaction between commonly used plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in biofilm mode in vitro and in the rhizosphere is expected to provide better understanding for the development of effective consortium. With the above hypothesis, the present study evaluated two characterized PGPR (Pseudomonas fluorescens FAP2 and Bacillus licheniformis B642) for their biofilm-related functions using standard protocols. The interaction between the FAP2 and B642 in planktonic mode was studied by plate spot/overlay method and competitive growth assessment. Biofilm development on a microtitre plate and a glass surface was studied by standard methods. Biofilm formation was characterized by SEM. Rhizosphere and rhizoplane colonization of wheat seedlings by both isolates individually and by co-inoculation was studied by determining CFU/g of soil/root samples. Biofilm development on the root surface was further analyzed by SEM. Both isolates demonstrated multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) traits (production of IAA, siderophore, and ammonia; phosphate solubilization) and biofilm-related functions such as production of EPS, alginate, cell surface hydrophobicity and swarming motility. Both strains formed strong biofilms on a glass cover slip in vitro. Interaction between the two strains under the planktonic mode revealed no antagonism in terms of growth inhibition and competitive growth kinetics. Similarly, FAP2 and B642 strains formed a mixed biofilm on a glass cover slip as well as on seedling roots. Wheat rhizosphere and rhizoplane were colonized by both isolates as evidenced from their viable counts in single and co-inoculation. The effect of single and co inoculation revealed the significant enhancement of vegetative growth and photosynthetic parameters such as chlorophyll content, transpiration rate (E), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (gs), and net photosynthetic rate (PN) and leaf water potential (LWP) as compared to uninoculated control. Indigenous Pseudomonas fluorescens FAP2 strain and Bacillus licheniformis B642 are compatible PGPR in both planktonic and biofilm modes of growth and threfore could be developed effective consortium of PGPR. Further indepth investigation is required to understand molecular mechanism of the interaction in biofilm mode of growth under natural condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmad Ansari
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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14
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Puga CH, Dahdouh E, SanJose C, Orgaz B. Listeria monocytogenes Colonizes Pseudomonas fluorescens Biofilms and Induces Matrix Over-Production. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1706. [PMID: 30108564 PMCID: PMC6080071 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In food facilities, biofilms or their debris might act as helpers for attracting free floating microorganisms. In this sense, Pseudomonas fluorescens, a dense biofilm producer frequently isolated from food contact surfaces, could be a good candidate for sheltering other microorganisms, such as Listeria monocytogenes. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of L. monocytogenes to colonize pre-established Pseudomonas biofilms. For this, the movement throughout mature Pseudomonas biofilms of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) - tagged strain of L. monocytogenes was tracked for 24 h by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Moreover, in order to check the effect of the incorporation of Listeria on the overall matrix production, attached populations of both microorganisms and total biomass (cells + matrix) of the resulting biofilms were measured over time. Planktonic cells of L. monocytogenes efficiently migrated to preformed P. fluorescens biofilms. Moreover, they moved preferentially toward the bottom layers of these structures, suggesting some kind of tropism. When preformed P. fluorescens biofilms were conditioning the surfaces, the L. monocytogenes attached population was on average, 1-2 Log higher than when this organism grew on bare coupons. Furthermore, the arrival of L. monocytogenes to the already established P. fluorescens biofilms led to a matrix over-production. Indeed, biomass values [optical density (OD595nm)] of the resulting biofilms were double those of the ordinary L. monocytogenes-P. fluorescens mixed biofilms (1.40 vs. 0.6). The fact that L. monocytogenes cells accumulate in the bottom layers of preformed biofilms provides this microorganism an extra protection toward physical-chemical damages. This might partly explain why this microorganism can persist in food industry environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen H. Puga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elias Dahdouh
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen SanJose
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belen Orgaz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Gomes LC, Deschamps J, Briandet R, Mergulhão FJ. Impact of modified diamond-like carbon coatings on the spatial organization and disinfection of mixed-biofilms composed of Escherichia coli and Pantoea agglomerans industrial isolates. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 277:74-82. [PMID: 29689455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work investigated the effects of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings on the architecture and biocide reactivity of dual-species biofilms mimicking food processing contaminants. Biofilms were grown using industrial isolates of Escherichia coli and Pantoea agglomerans on bare stainless steel (SST) and on two DLC surface coatings (a-C:H:Si:O designated by SICON® and a-C:H:Si designated by SICAN) in order to evaluate their antifouling activities. Quantification and spatial organization in single- and dual-species biofilms were examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) using a strain specific labelling procedure. Those assays revealed that the E. coli isolate exhibited a higher adhesion to the modified surfaces and a decreased susceptibility to disinfectant in presence of P. agglomerans than alone in axenic culture. While SICON® reduced the short-term growth of E. coli in axenic conditions, both DLC surfaces increased the E. coli colonization in presence of P. agglomerans. However, both modified surfaces triggered a significantly higher log reduction of E. coli cells within mixed-species biofilms, thus the use of SICON® and SICAN surfaces may be a good approach to facilitate the disinfection process in critical areas of food processing plants. This study presents a new illustration of the importance of interspecies interactions in surface-associated community functions, and of the need to evaluate the effectiveness of hygienic strategies with relevant multi-species consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Gomes
- LEPABE - Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Deschamps
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - R Briandet
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - F J Mergulhão
- LEPABE - Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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16
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Hüwe C, Schmeichel J, Brodkorb F, Dohlen S, Kalbfleisch K, Kreyenschmidt M, Lorenz R, Kreyenschmidt J. Potential of antimicrobial treatment of linear low-density polyethylene with poly((tert-butyl-amino)-methyl-styrene) to reduce biofilm formation in the food industry. BIOFOULING 2018; 34:378-387. [PMID: 29663827 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1453926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial surfaces are one approach to prevent biofilms in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of poly((tert-butyl-amino)-methyl-styrene) (poly(TBAMS)) incorporated into linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) on the formation of mono- and mixed-species biofilms. The biofilm on untreated and treated LLDPE was determined after 48 and 168 h. The comparison of the results indicated that the ability of Listeria monocytogenes to form biofilms was completely suppressed by poly(TBAMS) (Δ168 h 3.2 log10 cfu cm-2) and colonization of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was significantly delayed, but no effect on Pseudomonas fluorescens was observed. The results of dual-species biofilms showed complex interactions between the microorganisms, but comparable effects on the individual bacteria by poly(TBAMS) were identified. Antimicrobial treatment with poly(TBAMS) shows great potential to prevent biofilms on polymeric surfaces. However, a further development of the material is necessary to reduce the colonization of strong biofilm formers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hüwe
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Processing Engineering , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Jennifer Schmeichel
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Processing Engineering , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Florian Brodkorb
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Münster , Steinfurt , Germany
| | - Sophia Dohlen
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Processing Engineering , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Katrin Kalbfleisch
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Münster , Steinfurt , Germany
| | - Martin Kreyenschmidt
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Münster , Steinfurt , Germany
| | - Reinhard Lorenz
- b Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Applied Sciences Münster , Steinfurt , Germany
| | - Judith Kreyenschmidt
- a Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, Food Processing Engineering , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
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17
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Zupančič J, Raghupathi PK, Houf K, Burmølle M, Sørensen SJ, Gunde-Cimerman N. Synergistic Interactions in Microbial Biofilms Facilitate the Establishment of Opportunistic Pathogenic Fungi in Household Dishwashers. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:21. [PMID: 29441043 PMCID: PMC5797641 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed on rubber seals in dishwashers harbor diverse microbiota. In this study, we focussed on the microbial composition of bacteria and fungi, isolated from a defined area of one square centimeter of rubber from four domestic dishwashers and assessed their abilities to in vitro multispecies biofilm formation. A total of 80 isolates (64 bacterial and 16 fungal) were analyzed. Multiple combinations of bacterial isolates from each dishwasher were screened for synergistic interactions. 32 out of 140 tested (23%) four-species bacterial combinations displayed consistent synergism leading to an overall increase in biomass, in all experimental trails. Bacterial isolates from two of the four dishwashers generated a high number of synergistically interacting four-species consortia. Network based correlation analyses also showed higher co-occurrence patterns observed between bacterial members in the same two dishwasher samples, indicating cooperative effects. Furthermore, two synergistic four-species bacterial consortia were tested for their abilities to incorporate an opportunistic fungal pathogen, Exophiala dermatitidis and their establishment as biofilms on sterile ethylene propylene diene monomer M-class (EPDM) rubber and polypropylene (PP) surfaces. When the bacterial consortia included E. dermatitidis, the overall cell numbers of both bacteria and fungi increased and a substantial increase in biofilm biomass was observed. These results indicate a novel phenomenon of cross kingdom synergy in biofilm formation and these observations could have potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Zupančič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Prem K Raghupathi
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Hygiene and Technology, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Houf
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Technology, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Molecular Microbial Ecology Group, Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Gunde-Cimerman
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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18
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Herschend J, Damholt ZBV, Marquard AM, Svensson B, Sørensen SJ, Hägglund P, Burmølle M. A meta-proteomics approach to study the interspecies interactions affecting microbial biofilm development in a model community. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16483. [PMID: 29184101 PMCID: PMC5705676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are omnipresent in nature and relevant to a broad spectrum of industries ranging from bioremediation and food production to biomedical applications. To date little is understood about how multi-species biofilm communities develop and function on a molecular level, due to the complexity of these biological systems. Here we apply a meta-proteomics approach to investigate the mechanisms influencing biofilm formation in a model consortium of four bacterial soil isolates; Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Xanthomonas retroflexus, Microbacterium oxydans and Paenibacillus amylolyticus. Protein abundances in community and single species biofilms were compared to describe occurring inter-species interactions and the resulting changes in active metabolic pathways. To obtain full taxonomic resolution between closely related species and empower correct protein quantification, we developed a novel pipeline for generating reduced reference proteomes for spectral database searches. Meta-proteomics profiling indicated that community development is dependent on cooperative interactions between community members facilitating cross-feeding on specific amino acids. Opposite regulation patterns of fermentation and nitrogen pathways in Paenibacillus amylolyticus and Xanthomonas retroflexus may, however, indicate that competition for limited resources also affects community development. Overall our results demonstrate the multitude of pathways involved in biofilm formation in mixed communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Herschend
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zacharias B V Damholt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrea M Marquard
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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19
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Dai D, Raskin L, Xi C. The effect of interactions between a bacterial strain isolated from drinking water and a pathogen surrogate on biofilms formation diverged under static vs flow conditions. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1614-1627. [PMID: 28960713 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interactions with water bacteria affect the incorporation of pathogens into biofilms and thus pathogen control in drinking water systems. This study was to examine the impact of static vs flow conditions on interactions between a pathogen and a water bacterium on pathogen biofilm formation under laboratory settings. METHODS AND RESULTS A pathogen surrogate Escherichia coli and a drinking water isolate Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was selected for this study. Biofilm growth was examined under two distinct conditions, in flow cells with continuous medium supply vs in static microtitre plates with batch culture. E. coli biofilm was greatly stimulated (c. 2-1000 times faster) with the presence of S. maltophilia in flow cells, but surprisingly inhibited (c. 65-95% less biomass) in microtitre plates. These divergent effects were explained through various aspects including surface attachment, cellular growth, extracellular signals and autoaggregation. CONCLUSIONS Interactions with the same water bacterium resulted in different effects on E. coli biofilm formation when culture conditions changed from static to flow. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This study highlights the complexity of species interactions on biofilm formation and suggests that environmental conditions such as the flow regime can be taken into consideration for the management of microbial contamination in drinking water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dai
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - L Raskin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Xi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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20
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Gomes L, Piard JC, Briandet R, Mergulhão F. Pseudomonas grimontii biofilm protects food contact surfaces from Escherichia coli colonization. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Hassard F, Gwyther CL, Farkas K, Andrews A, Jones V, Cox B, Brett H, Jones DL, McDonald JE, Malham SK. Abundance and Distribution of Enteric Bacteria and Viruses in Coastal and Estuarine Sediments-a Review. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1692. [PMID: 27847499 PMCID: PMC5088438 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The long term survival of fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and human pathogenic microorganisms in sediments is important from a water quality, human health and ecological perspective. Typically, both bacteria and viruses strongly associate with particulate matter present in freshwater, estuarine and marine environments. This association tends to be stronger in finer textured sediments and is strongly influenced by the type and quantity of clay minerals and organic matter present. Binding to particle surfaces promotes the persistence of bacteria in the environment by offering physical and chemical protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. How bacterial and viral viability and pathogenicity is influenced by surface attachment requires further study. Typically, long-term association with surfaces including sediments induces bacteria to enter a viable-but-non-culturable (VBNC) state. Inherent methodological challenges of quantifying VBNC bacteria may lead to the frequent under-reporting of their abundance in sediments. The implications of this in a quantitative risk assessment context remain unclear. Similarly, sediments can harbor significant amounts of enteric viruses, however, the factors regulating their persistence remains poorly understood. Quantification of viruses in sediment remains problematic due to our poor ability to recover intact viral particles from sediment surfaces (typically <10%), our inability to distinguish between infective and damaged (non-infective) viral particles, aggregation of viral particles, and inhibition during qPCR. This suggests that the true viral titre in sediments may be being vastly underestimated. In turn, this is limiting our ability to understand the fate and transport of viruses in sediments. Model systems (e.g., human cell culture) are also lacking for some key viruses, preventing our ability to evaluate the infectivity of viruses recovered from sediments (e.g., norovirus). The release of particle-bound bacteria and viruses into the water column during sediment resuspension also represents a risk to water quality. In conclusion, our poor process level understanding of viral/bacterial-sediment interactions combined with methodological challenges is limiting the accurate source apportionment and quantitative microbial risk assessment for pathogenic organisms associated with sediments in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ceri L. Gwyther
- Department of Engineering and Innovation, Open UniversityMilton Keynes, UK
| | - Kata Farkas
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Davey L. Jones
- School of Environment, Natural Resources and Geography, Bangor UniversityBangor, UK
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22
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Desvaux M, Hébraud M, Møretrø T, Langsrud S, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ, Kačániová M, Czaczyk K, Ölmez H, Simões M. Intra- and inter-species interactions within biofilms of important foodborne bacterial pathogens. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:841. [PMID: 26347727 PMCID: PMC4542319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and ultimately lead to the establishment of dense, complex and highly structured biofilm populations encapsulated in a self-produced extracellular matrix and capable of coordinated and collective behavior. Remarkably, in food processing environments, a variety of different bacteria may attach to surfaces, survive, grow, and form biofilms. Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus are important bacterial pathogens commonly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne diseases, while all are known to be able to create biofilms on both abiotic and biotic surfaces. Particularly challenging is the attempt to understand the complexity of inter-bacterial interactions that can be encountered in such unwanted consortia, such as competitive and cooperative ones, together with their impact on the final outcome of these communities (e.g., maturation, physiology, antimicrobial resistance, virulence, dispersal). In this review, up-to-date data on both the intra- and inter-species interactions encountered in biofilms of these pathogens are presented. A better understanding of these interactions, both at molecular and biophysical levels, could lead to novel intervention strategies for controlling pathogenic biofilm formation in food processing environments and thus improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of the Environment, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos Island, Greece
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Mickaël Desvaux
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Michel Hébraud
- INRA, UR454 Microbiologie, Centre Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, France
| | - Trond Møretrø
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Solveig Langsrud
- Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Foods, Biotechnology and Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Miroslava Kačániová
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Katarzyna Czaczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hülya Ölmez
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Food Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Manuel Simões
- Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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23
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Black Queen evolution: the role of leakiness in structuring microbial communities. Trends Genet 2015; 31:475-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Jagmann N, Henke SF, Philipp B. Cells of Escherichia coli are protected against severe chemical stress by co-habiting cell aggregates formed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8285-94. [PMID: 26066844 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6726-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cells within biofilms and cell aggregates show increased resistance against chemical stress compared with suspended cells. It is not known whether bacteria that co-habit biofilms formed by other bacteria also acquire such resistance. This scenario was investigated in a proof-of-principle experiment with Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1 as cell aggregate-forming bacterium and Escherichia coli strain MG1655 as potential co-habiting bacterium equipped with an inducible bioluminescence system. Cell aggregation of strain PAO1 can be induced by the toxic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In single cultures of strain MG1655, bioluminescence was inhibited by the protonophor carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) but the cells were still viable. By applying CCCP and SDS together, cells of strain MG1655 lost their bioluminescence and viability indicating the importance of energy-dependent resistance mechanisms against SDS. In co-suspensions with strain PAO1, bioluminescence of strain MG1655 was sustained in the presence of SDS and CCCP. Image analysis showed that bioluminescent cells were located in cell aggregates formed by strain PAO1. Thus, cells of strain MG1655 that co-habited cell aggregates formed by strain PAO1 were protected against a severe chemical stress that was lethal to them in single cultures. Co-habiting could lead to increased survival of pathogens in clinical settings and could be employed in biotechnological applications involving toxic milieus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jagmann
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) Münster, Corrensstr. 3, 48149, Münster, Germany
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25
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Røder HL, Raghupathi PK, Herschend J, Brejnrod A, Knøchel S, Sørensen SJ, Burmølle M. Interspecies interactions result in enhanced biofilm formation by co-cultures of bacteria isolated from a food processing environment. Food Microbiol 2015; 51:18-24. [PMID: 26187823 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial attachment and biofilm formation can lead to poor hygienic conditions in food processing environments. Furthermore, interactions between different bacteria may induce or promote biofilm formation. In this study, we isolated and identified a total of 687 bacterial strains from seven different locations in a meat processing environment and evaluated their biofilm formation capability. A diverse group of bacteria was isolated and most were classified as poor biofilm producers in a Calgary biofilm device assay. Isolates from two sampling sites, the wall and the meat chopper, were further examined for multispecies biofilm formation. Eight strains from each sampling site were chosen and all possible combinations of four member co-cultures were tested for enhanced biofilm formation at 15 °C and 24 °C. In approximately 20% of the multispecies consortia grown at 15 °C, the biofilm formation was enhanced when comparing to monospecies biofilms. Two specific isolates (one from each location) were found to be present in synergistic combinations with higher frequencies than the remaining isolates tested. This data provides insights into the ability of co-localized isolates to influence co-culture biofilm production with high relevance for food safety and food production facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette L Røder
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Prem K Raghupathi
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob Herschend
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asker Brejnrod
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Knøchel
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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26
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Liu NT, Nou X, Bauchan GR, Murphy C, Lefcourt AM, Shelton DR, Lo YM. Effects of environmental parameters on the dual-species biofilms formed by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Ralstonia insidiosa, a strong biofilm producer isolated from a fresh-cut produce processing plant. J Food Prot 2015; 78:121-7. [PMID: 25581186 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-forming bacteria resident to food processing facilities are a food safety concern due to the potential of biofilms to harbor foodborne bacterial pathogens. When cultured together, Ralstonia insidiosa, a strong biofilm former frequently isolated from produce processing environments, has been shown to promote the incorporation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 into dual-species biofilms. In this study, interactions between E. coli O157:H7 and R. insidiosa were examined under different incubating conditions. Under static culture conditions, the incorporation of E. coli O157:H7 into biofilms with R. insidiosa was not significantly affected by either low incubating temperature (10°C) or by limited nutrient availability. Greater enhancement of E. coli O157:H7 incorporation in dual-species biofilms was observed by using a continuous culture system with limited nutrient availability. Under the continuous culture conditions used in this study, E coli O157:H7 cells showed a strong tendency of colocalizing with R. insidiosa on a glass surface at the early stage of biofilm formation. As the biofilms matured, E coli O157:H7 cells were mostly found at the bottom layer of the dual-species biofilms, suggesting an effective protection by R. insidiosa in the mature biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy T Liu
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Xiangwu Nou
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
| | - Gary R Bauchan
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Charles Murphy
- Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Alan M Lefcourt
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Daniel R Shelton
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Y Martin Lo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
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27
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Song L, Sjollema J, Sharma PK, Kaper HJ, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ. Nanoscopic vibrations of bacteria with different cell-wall properties adhering to surfaces under flow and static conditions. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8457-67. [PMID: 25025495 DOI: 10.1021/nn5030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria adhering to surfaces demonstrate random, nanoscopic vibrations around their equilibrium positions. This paper compares vibrational amplitudes of bacteria adhering to glass. Spring constants of the bond are derived from vibrational amplitudes and related to the electrophoretic softness of the cell surfaces and dissipation shifts measured upon bacterial adhesion in a quartz-crystal-microbalance (QCM-D). Experiments were conducted with six bacterial strains with pairwise differences in cell surface characteristics. Vibrational amplitudes were highest in low ionic strength suspensions. Under fluid flow, vibrational amplitudes were lower in the direction of flow than perpendicular to it because stretching of cell surface polymers in the direction of flow causes stiffening of the polyelectrolyte network surrounding a bacterium. Under static conditions (0.57 mM), vibrational amplitudes of fibrillated Streptococcus salivarius HB7 (145 nm) were higher than that of a bald mutant HB-C12 (76 nm). Amplitudes of moderately extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) producing Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC35983 (47 nm) were more than twice the amplitudes of strongly EPS producing S. epidermidis ATCC35984 (21 nm). No differences were found between Staphylococcus aureus strains differing in membrane cross-linking. High vibrational amplitudes corresponded with low dissipation shifts in QCM-D. In streptococci, the polyelectrolyte network surrounding a bacterium is formed by fibrillar surface appendages and spring constants derived from vibrational amplitudes decreased with increasing fibrillar density. In staphylococci, EPS constitutes the main network component, and larger amounts of EPS yielded higher spring constants. Spring constants increased with increasing ionic strength and strains with smaller electrophoretically derived bacterial cell surface softnesses possessed the highest spring constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Jahid IK, Ha SD. The Paradox of Mixed-Species Biofilms in the Context of Food Safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iqbal Kabir Jahid
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daedeok-Myun Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
- Dept. of Microbiology; Jessore Univ. of Science and Technology; Jessore-7408 Bangladesh
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- School of Food Science and Technology; Chung-Ang Univ; 72-1 Nae-Ri, Daedeok-Myun Anseong-Si Gyeonggi-do 456-756 South Korea
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Vogeleer P, Tremblay YDN, Mafu AA, Jacques M, Harel J. Life on the outside: role of biofilms in environmental persistence of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:317. [PMID: 25071733 PMCID: PMC4076661 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a heterogeneous species that can be part of the normal flora of humans but also include strains of medical importance. Among pathogenic members, Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC) are some of the more prominent pathogenic E. coli within the public sphere. STEC disease outbreaks are typically associated with contaminated beef, contaminated drinking water, and contaminated fresh produce. These water- and food-borne pathogens usually colonize cattle asymptomatically; cows will shed STEC in their feces and the subsequent fecal contamination of the environment and processing plants is a major concern for food and public safety. This is especially important because STEC can survive for prolonged periods of time outside its host in environments such as water, produce, and farm soil. Biofilms are hypothesized to be important for survival in the environment especially on produce, in rivers, and in processing plants. Several factors involved in biofilm formation such as curli, cellulose, poly-N-acetyl glucosamine, and colanic acid are involved in plant colonization and adherence to different surfaces often found in meat processing plants. In food processing plants, contamination of beef carcasses occurs at different stages of processing and this is often caused by the formation of STEC biofilms on the surface of several pieces of equipment associated with slaughtering and processing. Biofilms protect bacteria against several challenges, including biocides used in industrial processes. STEC biofilms are less sensitive than planktonic cells to several chemical sanitizers such as quaternary ammonium compounds, peroxyacetic acid, and chlorine compounds. Increased resistance to sanitizers by STEC growing in a biofilm is likely to be a source of contamination in the processing plant. This review focuses on the role of biofilm formation by STEC as a means of persistence outside their animal host and factors associated with biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Vogeleer
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Yannick D N Tremblay
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Akier A Mafu
- Food Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Mario Jacques
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Josée Harel
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Centre de Recherche d'Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole, Université de Montréal St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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30
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Ren D, Madsen JS, Sørensen SJ, Burmølle M. High prevalence of biofilm synergy among bacterial soil isolates in cocultures indicates bacterial interspecific cooperation. ISME JOURNAL 2014; 9:81-9. [PMID: 24936766 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms that form on roots, litter and soil particles typically contain multiple bacterial species. Currently, little is known about multispecies biofilm interactions and few studies have been based on environmental isolates. Here, the prevalence of synergistic effects in biofilm formation among seven different soil isolates, cocultured in combinations of four species, was investigated. We observed greater biofilm biomass production in 63% of the four-species culture combinations tested than in biofilm formed by single-species cultures, demonstrating a high prevalence of synergism in multispecies biofilm formation. One four-species consortium, composed of Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, Xanthomonas retroflexus, Microbacterium oxydans and Paenibacillus amylolyticus, exhibited strong synergy in biofilm formation and was selected for further study. Of the four strains, X. retroflexus was the only one capable of forming abundant biofilm in isolation, under the in vitro conditions investigated. In accordance, strain-specific quantitative PCR revealed that X. retroflexus was predominant within the four-species consortium (>97% of total biofilm cell number). Despite low relative abundance of all the remaining strains, all were indispensable for the strong synergistic effect to occur within the four-species biofilm. Moreover, absolute individual strain cell numbers were significantly enhanced when compared with those of single-species biofilms, indicating that all the individual strains benefit from inclusion in the multispecies community. Our results show a high prevalence of synergy in biofilm formation in multispecies consortia isolated from a natural bacterial habitat and suggest that interspecific cooperation occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ren
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas S Madsen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Burmølle M, Ren D, Bjarnsholt T, Sørensen SJ. Interactions in multispecies biofilms: do they actually matter? Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:84-91. [PMID: 24440178 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The recent focus on complex bacterial communities has led to the recognition of interactions across species boundaries. This is particularly pronounced in multispecies biofilms, where synergistic interactions impact the bacterial distribution and overall biomass produced. Importantly, in a number of settings, the interactions in a multispecies biofilm affect its overall function, physiology, or surroundings, by resulting in enhanced resistance, virulence, or degradation of pollutants, which is of significant importance to human health and activities. The underlying mechanisms causing these synergistic effects are to some extent characterized at the molecular and evolutionary levels, and further exploration is now possible due to the enhanced resolution and higher throughput of available techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Burmølle
- Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Dawei Ren
- Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of International Health, Immunology, and Microbiology, Costerton Biofilm Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Juliane Mariesvej 22, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Søren J Sørensen
- Section of Microbiology, Universitetsparken 15, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Giaouris E, Chorianopoulos N, Doulgeraki A, Nychas GJ. Co-culture with Listeria monocytogenes within a dual-species biofilm community strongly increases resistance of Pseudomonas putida to benzalkonium chloride. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77276. [PMID: 24130873 PMCID: PMC3795059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a phenomenon occurring almost wherever microorganisms and surfaces exist in close proximity. This study aimed to evaluate the possible influence of bacterial interactions on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes and Pseudomonas putida to develop a dual-species biofilm community on stainless steel (SS), as well as on the subsequent resistance of their sessile cells to benzalkonium chloride (BC) used in inadequate (sub-lethal) concentration (50 ppm). The possible progressive adaptability of mixed-culture biofilms to BC was also investigated. To accomplish these, 3 strains per species were left to develop mixed-culture biofilms on SS coupons, incubated in daily renewable growth medium for a total period of 10 days, under either mono- or dual-species conditions. Each day, biofilm cells were exposed to disinfection treatment. Results revealed that the simultaneous presence of L. monocytogenes strongly increased the resistance of P. putida biofilm cells to BC, while culture conditions (mono-/dual-species) did not seem to significantly influence the resistance of L. monocytogenes biofilm cells. BC mainly killed L. monocytogenes cells when this was applied against the dual-species sessile community during the whole incubation period, despite the fact that from the 2nd day this community was mainly composed (>90%) of P. putida cells. No obvious adaptation to BC was observed in either L. monocytogenes or P. putida biofilm cells. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed that the different strains behaved differently with regard to biofilm formation and antimicrobial resistance. Such knowledge on the physiological behavior of mixed-culture biofilms could provide the information necessary to control their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos island, Greece
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute of Athens, Greek Agricultural Organization “Demeter”, Aghia Paraskeui, Greece
| | - Agapi Doulgeraki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos island, Greece
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Athens, Greece
| | - George-John Nychas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Agricultural University of Athens (AUA), Athens, Greece
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Schwering M, Song J, Louie M, Turner RJ, Ceri H. Multi-species biofilms defined from drinking water microorganisms provide increased protection against chlorine disinfection. BIOFOULING 2013; 29:917-28. [PMID: 23879183 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2013.816298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A model biofilm, formed of multiple species from environmental drinking water, including opportunistic pathogens, was created to explore the tolerance of multi-species biofilms to chlorine levels typical of water-distribution systems. All species, when grown planktonically, were killed by concentrations of chlorine within the World Health Organization guidelines (0.2-5.0 mg l(-1)). Higher concentrations (1.6-40-fold) of chlorine were required to eradicate biofilm populations of these strains, ~70% of biofilms tested were not eradicated by 5.0 mg l(-1) chlorine. Pathogenic bacteria within the model multi-species biofilms had an even more substantial increase in chlorine tolerance; on average ~700-1100 mg l(-1) chlorine was required to eliminate pathogens from the biofilm, 50-300-fold higher than for biofilms comprising single species. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of biofilms showed distinct 3D structures and multiple cell morphologies and arrangements. Overall, this study showed a substantial increase in the chlorine tolerance of individual species with co-colonization in a multi-species biofilm that was far beyond that expected as a result of biofilm growth on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schwering
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biofilm Research Group, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Giaouris E, Heir E, Hébraud M, Chorianopoulos N, Langsrud S, Møretrø T, Habimana O, Desvaux M, Renier S, Nychas GJ. Attachment and biofilm formation by foodborne bacteria in meat processing environments: causes, implications, role of bacterial interactions and control by alternative novel methods. Meat Sci 2013; 97:298-309. [PMID: 23747091 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Attachment of potential spoilage and pathogenic bacteria to food contact surfaces and the subsequent biofilm formation represent serious challenges to the meat industry, since these may lead to cross-contamination of the products, resulting in lowered-shelf life and transmission of diseases. In meat processing environments, microorganisms are sometimes associated to surfaces in complex multispecies communities, while bacterial interactions have been shown to play a key role in cell attachment and detachment from biofilms, as well as in the resistance of biofilm community members against antimicrobial treatments. Disinfection of food contact surfaces in such environments is a challenging task, aggravated by the great antimicrobial resistance of biofilm associated bacteria. In recent years, several alternative novel methods, such as essential oils and bacteriophages, have been successfully tested as an alternative means for the disinfection of microbial-contaminated food contact surfaces. In this review, all these aspects of biofilm formation in meat processing environments are discussed from a microbial meat-quality and safety perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathios Giaouris
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of the Aegean, Myrina, Lemnos 81400, Greece.
| | - Even Heir
- Nofima Mat AS, Osloveien 1, N-1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Michel Hébraud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Nikos Chorianopoulos
- Veterinary Research Institute of Athens, Greek Agricultural Organization "Demeter", Aghia Paraskeui15310, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Mickaël Desvaux
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - Sandra Renier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, site de Theix, UR454 Microbiologie, F-63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
| | - George-John Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, Athens 11855, Greece
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Carter MQ, Xue K, Brandl MT, Liu F, Wu L, Louie JW, Mandrell RE, Zhou J. Functional metagenomics of Escherichia coli O157:H7 interactions with spinach indigenous microorganisms during biofilm formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44186. [PMID: 22957052 PMCID: PMC3434221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in foodborne outbreaks worldwide attributed to fresh fruit and vegetables suggests that produce may serve as an ecological niche for enteric pathogens. Here we examined the interaction of E. coli O157:H7 (EcO157) with spinach leaf indigenous microorganisms during co-colonization and establishment of a mixed biofilm on a stainless steel surface. Stainless steel surface was selected to mimic the surface of produce-processing equipment, where retention of foodborne pathogens such as EcO157 could serve as a potential source for transmission. We observed a positive effect of spinach-associated microbes on the initial attachment of EcO157, but an antagonistic effect on the EcO157 population at the later stage of biofilm formation. Metagenomic analyses of the biofilm community with the GeoChip revealed an extremely diverse community (gene richness, 23409; Shannon-Weiner index H, 9.55). Presence of EcO157 in the mixed biofilm resulted in a significant decrease in the community α-diversity (t test, P<0.05), indicating a putative competition between the pathogen and indigenous spinach microbes. The decrease in the β-diversity of the EcO157-inoculated biofilm at 48 h (ANOVA, P<0.05) suggested a convergent shift in functional composition in response to EcO157 invasion. The success of EcO157 in the mixed biofilm is likely associated with its metabolic potential in utilizing spinach nutrients: the generation time of EcO157 in spinach lysates at 28°C is ∼ 38 min, which is comparable to that in rich broth. The significant decrease in the abundance of many genes involved in carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling in the EcO157-inoculated biofilms (t test, P<0.05) further support our conclusion that competition for essential macronutrients is likely the primary interaction between the EcO157 and indigenous spinach-biofilm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Q Carter
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America.
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Released products of pathogenic bacteria stimulate biofilm formation by Escherichia coli K-12 strains. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2012; 102:105-19. [PMID: 22419503 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-012-9718-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that pathogens with a limited capacity for sessile growth (like some Escherichia coli O157 strains) can benefit from the presence of other bacteria and form mixed biofilms with companion strains. This study addresses the question whether pathogens may influence attached growth of E. coli non-pathogenic strains via secreted factors. We compared the biofilm-modulating effects of sterile stationary-phase culture media of a biofilm non-producing strain of E. coli O157:H, a laboratory biofilm-producing E. coli K-12 strain and a biofilm-forming strain of the pathogen Yersina enterocolitica O:3. Sessile growth was monitored as biomass (crystal violet assay), exopolysaccharide (ELLA) and morphology (scanning electron and confocal laser microscopy). With two of the E. coli K-12 strains stimulation of biofilm formation by all supernatants was achieved, but only the pathogens' secreted products induced biomass increase in some 'biofilm-deficient' K-12 strains. Lectin-peroxidase labeling indicated changes in colanic acid and poly-N-acetylglucosamine amounts in extracellular matrices. The contribution of indole, protein and polysaccharide to the biofilm-modulating activities of the supernatants was compared. Indole, in concentrations equal to those established in the supernatants, suppressed sessile growth in one K-12 strain. Proteinase K significantly reduced the stimulatory effects of all supernatants, indicating a prominent role of protein/peptide factor(s) in biofilm promotion. The amount of released polysaccharides (rPS) in the supernatants was quantitated then comparable quantities of isolated rPS were applied during biofilm growth. The three rPS had notable strain-specific effects with regard to both the strain-source of the rPS and the E. coli K-12 target strain.
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Wu MY, Sendamangalam V, Xue Z, Seo Y. The influence of biofilm structure and total interaction energy on Escherichia coli retention by Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:1119-1128. [PMID: 23075008 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.732070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The retention of a surrogate pathogenic bacterium, Escherichia coli(T) , in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms (with various EPS excreting capacities) was investigated using a laboratory flow cell system. The structural characteristics of the biofilm, as well as the quantity of E. coli(T) retained in the biofilm, were assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy coupled with image analysis. In addition, the total interaction energy between E. coli(T) and the P. aeruginosa biofilm was computed with the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, which provided an additional context to explain the pathogen interaction in aquatic biofilms. The correlations between the quantity of detained E. coli(T) cells and the structural characteristics of the biofilm were analysed and the results indicated that the heterogeneity of the biofilm could create a quiescent zone leading to temporary retention of E. coli(T) within the biofilm. Overall, this study provided insights toward understanding the retention of pathogenic bacteria in environmental biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mau-Yi Wu
- Department of Civil and Engineering , University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
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Dourou D, Beauchamp CS, Yoon Y, Geornaras I, Belk KE, Smith GC, Nychas GJE, Sofos JN. Attachment and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7 at different temperatures, on various food-contact surfaces encountered in beef processing. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 149:262-8. [PMID: 21802758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 attached to beef-contact surfaces found in beef fabrication facilities may serve as a source of cross-contamination. This study evaluated E. coli O157:H7 attachment, survival and growth on food-contact surfaces under simulated beef processing conditions. Stainless steel and high-density polyethylene surfaces (2×5cm) were individually suspended into each of three substrates inoculated (6log CFU/ml or g) with E. coli O157:H7 (rifampicin-resistant, six-strain composite) and then incubated (168h) statically at 4 or 15°C. The three tested soiling substrates included sterile tryptic soy broth (TSB), unsterilized beef fat-lean tissue (1:1 [wt/wt]) homogenate (10% [wt/wt] with sterile distilled water) and unsterilized ground beef. Initial adherence/attachment of E. coli O157:H7 (0.9 to 2.9log CFU/cm(2)) on stainless steel and high-density polyethylene was not affected by the type of food-contact surface but was greater (p<0.05) through ground beef. Adherent and suspended E. coli O157:H7 counts increased during storage at 15°C (168h) by 2.2 to 5.4log CFU/cm(2) and 1.0 to 2.8log CFU/ml or g, respectively. At 4°C (168h), although pathogen levels decreased slightly in the substrates, numbers of adherent cells remained constant on coupons in ground beef (2.4 to 2.5log CFU/cm(2)) and increased on coupons in TSB and fat-lean tissue homogenate by 0.9 to 1.0and 1.7 to 2.0log CFU/cm(2), respectively, suggesting further cell attachment. The results of this study indicate that E. coli O157:H7 attachment to beef-contact surfaces was influenced by the type of soiling substrate and temperature. Notably, attachment occurred not only at a temperature representative of beef fabrication areas during non-production hours (15°C), but also during cold storage (4°C) temperatures, thus, rendering the design of more effective sanitation programs necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Dourou
- Center for Meat Safety & Quality, Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, 1171 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Uhlich GA, Rogers DP, Mosier DA. Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 retention on solid surfaces and peroxide resistance is enhanced by dual-strain biofilm formation. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:935-43. [PMID: 20367070 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we showed that an Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain that was unable to form biofilm was retained in large numbers in dual-strain biofilms formed with an E. coli O-:H4 companion strain. In this study we tested additional companion strains for their ability to retain E. coli O157:H7 strain 0475s. Companion strains producing biofilm that withstood aggressive washes were able to significantly increase serotype O157:H7 retention. Dual-strain biofilms with certain companion strains retained higher percentages of strain 0475s, and that ability was independent of biofilm total cell numbers. Tests with additional non-biofilm-forming E. coli O157:H7 strains showed that enhancement by companion strains was not unique to strain 0475s. Experiments using an E. coli companion strain with deletions of various curli and cellulose genes indicated that dual-strain biofilm formation was dependent on companion strain properties. Strain 0475s was not able to generate biofilm or persist on plastic when grown in broth with a biofilm-forming companion and separated by a 0.2 microm porous membrane, indicating a requirement for intimate contact with the companion strain. When dual-strain biofilms and planktonic cells were challenged with 5% H(2)O(2), strain 0475 showed greater survival in biofilms with certain companion strains compared to the corresponding planktonic cells. The results of this study indicate that non-biofilm-forming E. coli O157:H7 strains are retained on solid surfaces associated with biofilms generated by companion strains. However, properties other than biofilm mass enable certain companion strains to retain greater numbers of E. coli O157:H7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaylen A Uhlich
- Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania 19038, USA.
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Agarose stabilization of fragile biofilms for quantitative structure analysis. J Microbiol Methods 2010; 81:101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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