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He J, Liu X, Li C. Engineering Electron Transfer Pathway of Cytochrome P450s. Molecules 2024; 29:2480. [PMID: 38893355 PMCID: PMC11173547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (P450s), a superfamily of heme-containing enzymes, existed in animals, plants, and microorganisms. P450s can catalyze various regional and stereoselective oxidation reactions, which are widely used in natural product biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and biotechnology. In a typical catalytic cycle, P450s use redox proteins or domains to mediate electron transfer from NAD(P)H to heme iron. Therefore, the main factors determining the catalytic efficiency of P450s include not only the P450s themselves but also their redox-partners and electron transfer pathways. In this review, the electron transfer pathway engineering strategies of the P450s catalytic system are reviewed from four aspects: cofactor regeneration, selection of redox-partners, P450s and redox-partner engineering, and electrochemically or photochemically driven electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingting He
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832003, China;
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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2
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Engineered human CYP2C9 and its main polymorphic variants for bioelectrochemical measurements of catalytic response. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107729. [PMID: 33421896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism is an important aspect in drug metabolism responsible for different individual response to drug dosage, often leading to adverse drug reactions. Here human CYP2C9 as well as its polymorphic variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 present in approximately 35% of the Caucasian population have been engineered by linking their gene to the one of D. vulgaris flavodoxin (FLD) that acts as regulator of the electron flow from the electrode surface to the haem. The redox properties of the immobilised proteins were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrocatalysis was measured in presence of the largely used anticoagulant drug S-warfarin, marker substrate for CYP2C9. Immobilisation of the CYP2C9-FLD, CYP2C9*2-FLD and CYP2C9*3-FLD on DDAB modified glassy carbon electrodes showed well defined redox couples on the oxygen-free cyclic voltammograms and mid-point potentials of all enzymes were calculated. Electrocatalysis in presence of substrate and quantification of the product formed showed lower catalytic activities for the CYP2C9*3-FLD (2.73 ± 1.07 min-1) and CYP2C9*2-FLD (12.42 ± 2.17 min-1) compared to the wild type CYP2C9-FLD (18.23 ± 1.29 min-1). These differences in activity among the CYP2C9 variants are in line with the reported literature data, and this set the basis for the use of the bio-electrode for the measurement of the different catalytic responses towards drugs very relevant in therapy.
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Surface charge-controlled electron transfer and catalytic behavior of immobilized cytochrome P450 BM3 inside dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4703-4712. [PMID: 32483647 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02727-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influencing factors on the reaction kinetics of P450 BM3 within confined spaces is essential for developing efficient P450 BM3 bioreactors. Herein, two dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (OH-DMSNs and NH2-DMSNs) with similar pore size but opposite surface charge have been prepared and served as the vehicle to immobilize P450 BM3. With the help of the film-forming material of chitosan, P450 BM3/OH-DMSN and P450 BM3/NH2-DMSN composites were immobilized on GC electrode and characterized with electrochemical measurements. Compared with P450 BM3/OH-DMSNs/GCE, P450 BM3/NH2-DMSNs/GCE showed higher electron transfer efficiency with higher current charge and lower ks value. Besides, the generated catalytic current towards testosterone on P450 BM3/NH2-DMSNs/GCE was 1.81 times larger than P450 BM3/OH-DMSNs/GCE. Furthermore, P450 BM3 inside NH2-DMSNs displayed higher affinity towards testosterone with the lower Kmapp value of 244.82 μM. These results are attributed to the positively charged internal walls of NH2-DMSNs so that P450 BM3 adapts to an orientation favorable for electron exchange with electrodes and substrate binding with the active sites. The present study provides fundamentals for regulating the surface charge to optimize redox process and catalytic behavior in CYP bioreactors through electrostatic interactions.
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Castrignanò S, Di Nardo G, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Influence of inter-domain dynamics and surrounding environment flexibility on the direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of self-sufficient cytochrome P450 3A4-BMR chimeras. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 188:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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5
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Nerimetla R, Walgama C, Singh V, Hartson SD, Krishnan S. Mechanistic Insights into Voltage-Driven Biocatalysis of a Cytochrome P450 Bactosomal Film on a Self-Assembled Monolayer. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajasekhara Nerimetla
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Charuksha Walgama
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Vini Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Steven D. Hartson
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
| | - Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department
of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, United States
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6
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Expanding the substrate scope and reactivity of cytochrome P450 OleT. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 476:462-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Electrochemistry of mammalian cytochrome P450 2B4 indicates tunable thermodynamic parameters in surfactant films. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 129:30-4. [PMID: 24013063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods continue to present an attractive means for achieving in vitro biocatalysis with cytochromes P450; however understanding fully the nature of electrode-bound P450 remains elusive. Herein we report thermodynamic parameters using electrochemical analysis of full-length mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 2B4 (CYP 2B4) in didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) surfactant films. Electronic absorption spectra of CYP 2B4-DDAB films on silica slides reveal an absorption maximum at 418nm, characteristic of low-spin, six-coordinate, water-ligated Fe(III) heme in P450. The Fe(III/II) and Fe(II/I) redox couples (E1/2) of substrate-free CYP 2B4 measured by cyclic voltammetry are -0.23V and -1.02V (vs. SCE, or 14mV and -776mV vs. NHE) at 21°C. The standard heterogeneous rate constant for electron transfer from the electrode to the heme for the Fe(III/II) couple was estimated at 170s(-1). Experiments indicate that the system is capable of catalytic reduction of dioxygen, however substrate oxidation was not observed. From the variation of E1/2 with temperature (18-40°C), we have measured entropy and enthalpy changes that accompany heme reduction, -151Jmol(-1)K(-1) and -46kJmol(-1), respectfully. The corresponding entropy and enthalpy values are less for the six-coordinate low-spin, imidazole-ligated enzyme (-59Jmol(-1)K(-1) and -18kJmol(-1)), consistent with limited conformational changes upon reduction. These thermodynamic parameters are comparable to those measured for bacterial P450 from Bacillus megaterium (CYP BM3), confirming our prior reports that the surfactant environment exerts a strong influence on the redox properties of the heme.
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Xue Q, Kato D, Kamata T, Guo Q, You T, Niwa O. Human cytochrome P450 3A4 and a carbon nanofiber modified film electrode as a platform for the simple evaluation of drug metabolism and inhibition reactions. Analyst 2013; 138:6463-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01313h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Optimization of the bacterial cytochrome P450 BM3 system for the production of human drug metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:15901-24. [PMID: 23443101 PMCID: PMC3546669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131215901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug metabolism in human liver is a process involving many different enzymes. Among them, a number of cytochromes P450 isoforms catalyze the oxidation of most of the drugs commercially available. Each P450 isoform acts on more than one drug, and one drug may be oxidized by more than one enzyme. As a result, multiple products may be obtained from the same drug, and as the metabolites can be biologically active and may cause adverse drug reactions (ADRs), the metabolic profile of a new drug has to be known before this can be commercialized. Therefore, the metabolites of a certain drug must be identified, synthesized and tested for toxicity. Their synthesis must be in sufficient quantities to be used for metabolic tests. This review focuses on the progresses done in the field of the optimization of a bacterial self-sufficient and efficient cytochrome P450, P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium, used for the production of metabolites of human enzymes. The progress made in the improvement of its catalytic performance towards drugs, the substitution of the costly NADPH cofactor and its immobilization and scale-up of the process for industrial application are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; E-Mail:
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10
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Rua F, Sadeghi SJ, Castrignanò S, Di Nardo G, Gilardi G. Engineering Macaca fascicularis cytochrome P450 2C20 to reduce animal testing for new drugs. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 117:277-84. [PMID: 22819650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop in vitro methods as an alternative to P450 animal testing in the drug discovery process, two main requisites are necessary: 1) gathering of data on animal homologues of the human P450 enzymes, currently very limited, and 2) bypassing the requirement for both the P450 reductase and the expensive cofactor NADPH. In this work, P450 2C20 from Macaca fascicularis, homologue of the human P450 2C8 has been taken as a model system to develop such an alternative in vitro method by two different approaches. In the first approach called "molecular Lego", a soluble self-sufficient chimera was generated by fusing the P450 2C20 domain with the reductase domain of cytochrome P450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium (P450 2C20/BMR). In the second approach, the need for the redox partner and also NADPH were both obviated by the direct immobilization of the P450 2C20 on glassy carbon and gold electrodes. Both systems were then compared to those obtained from the reconstituted P450 2C20 monooxygenase in presence of the human P450 reductase and NADPH using paclitaxel and amodiaquine, two typical drug substrates of the human P450 2C8. The K(M) values calculated for the 2C20 and 2C20/BMR in solution and for 2C20 immobilized on electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles were 1.9 ± 0.2, 5.9 ± 2.3, 3.0 ± 0.5 μM for paclitaxel and 1.2 ± 0.2, 1.6±0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.2 μM for amodiaquine, respectively. The data obtained not only show that the engineering of M. fascicularis did not affect its catalytic properties but also are consistent with K(M) values measured for the microsomal human P450 2C8 and therefore show the feasibility of developing alternative in vitro animal tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Rua
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
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11
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Abstract
P450(BM3) (CYP102A1), a fatty acid hydroxylase from Bacillus megaterium, has been extensively studied over a period of almost forty years. The enzyme has been redesigned to catalyse the oxidation of non-natural substrates as diverse as pharmaceuticals, terpenes and gaseous alkanes using a variety of engineering strategies. Crystal structures have provided a basis for several of the catalytic effects brought about by mutagenesis, while changes to reduction potentials, inter-domain electron transfer rates and catalytic parameters have yielded functional insights. Areas of active research interest include drug metabolite production, the development of process-scale techniques, unravelling general mechanistic aspects of P450 chemistry, methane oxidation, and improving selectivity control to allow the synthesis of fine chemicals. This review draws together the disparate research themes and places them in a historical context with the aim of creating a resource that can be used as a gateway to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J C Whitehouse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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12
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van der Felt C, Hindoyan K, Choi K, Javdan N, Goldman P, Bustos R, Star AG, Hunter BM, Hill MG, Nersissian A, Udit AK. Electron-transfer rates govern product distribution in electrochemically-driven P450-catalyzed dioxygen reduction. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1350-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Nowak C, Laredo T, Gebert J, Lipkowski J, Gennis RB, Ferguson-Miller S, Knoll W, Naumann RLC. 2D-SEIRA spectroscopy to highlight conformational changes of the cytochrome c oxidase induced by direct electron transfer. Metallomics 2011; 3:619-27. [PMID: 21541411 DOI: 10.1039/c0mt00083c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Potentiometric titrations of the cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) immobilized in a biomimetic membrane system were followed by two-dimensional surface-enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy (2D SEIRAS) in the ATR-mode. Direct electron transfer was employed to vary the redox state of the enzyme. The CcO was shown to undergo a conformational transition from a non-activated to an activated state after it was allowed to turnover in the presence of oxygen. Differences between the non-activated and activated state were revealed by 2D SEIRA spectra recorded as a function of potential. The activated state was characterized by a higher number of correlated transitions as well as a higher number of amino acids associated with electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Nowak
- Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, AIT, Donau-City Str. 1, 1220 Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Gulaboski R, Mirčeski V, Bogeski I, Hoth M. Protein film voltammetry: electrochemical enzymatic spectroscopy. A review on recent progress. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1397-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Sadeghi SJ, Fantuzzi A, Gilardi G. Breakthrough in P450 bioelectrochemistry and future perspectives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:237-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Rajbongshi J, Das DK, Mazumdar S. Direct electrochemistry of dinuclear CuA fragment from cytochrome c oxidase of Thermus thermophilus at surfactant modified glassy carbon electrode. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Udit AK, Hollingsworth W, Choi K. Metal- and Metallocycle-Binding Sites Engineered into Polyvalent Virus-Like Scaffolds. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:399-404. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K. Udit
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, California 90041
| | - William Hollingsworth
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, California 90041
| | - Kang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, California 90041
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Krishnan S, Abeykoon A, Schenkman JB, Rusling JF. Control of electrochemical and ferryloxy formation kinetics of cyt P450s in polyion films by heme iron spin state and secondary structure. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 131:16215-24. [PMID: 19886700 DOI: 10.1021/ja9065317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Voltammetry of cytochrome P450 (cyt P450) enzymes in ultrathin films with polyions was related for the first time to electronic and secondary structure. Heterogeneous electron transfer (hET) rate constants for reduction of the cyt P450s depended on heme iron spin state, with low spin cyt P450cam giving a value 40-fold larger than high spin human cyt P450 1A2, with mixed spin human P450 cyt 2E1 at an intermediate value. Asymmetric reduction-oxidation peak separations with increasing scan rates were explained by simulations featuring faster oxidation than reduction. Results are consistent with a square scheme in which oxidized and reduced forms of cyt P450s each participate in rapid conformational equilibria. Rate constants for oxidation of ferric cyt P450s in films by t-butyl hydroperoxide to active ferryloxy cyt P450s from rotating disk voltammetry suggested a weaker dependence on spin state, but in the reverse order of the observed hET reduction rates. Oxidation and reduction rates of cyt P450s in the films are also likely to depend on protein secondary structure around the heme iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadagopan Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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19
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Sadeghi SJ, Meirinhos R, Catucci G, Dodhia VR, Nardo GD, Gilardi G. Direct Electrochemistry of Drug Metabolizing Human Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase: Electrochemical Turnover of Benzydamine and Tamoxifen. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 132:458-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909261p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila J. Sadeghi
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Rita Meirinhos
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Vikash R. Dodhia
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Giovanna Di Nardo
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Human and Animal Biology, University of Turin, Italy, and Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, U.K
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Whitehouse CJC, Bell SG, Yang W, Yorke JA, Blanford CF, Strong AJF, Morse EJ, Bartlam M, Rao Z, Wong LL. A Highly Active Single-Mutation Variant of P450BM3(CYP102A1). Chembiochem 2009; 10:1654-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200900279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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21
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ZHANG HN, GUO ZY, GAI PP. Research Progress in Protein Film Voltammetry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Hlavica P. Assembly of non-natural electron transfer conduits in the cytochrome P450 system: A critical assessment and update of artificial redox constructs amenable to exploitation in biotechnological areas. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:103-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Entrapment of cytochrome P450 BM-3 in polypyrrole for electrochemically-driven biocatalysis. Biotechnol Lett 2009; 31:765-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-009-9925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Modulating the coupling efficiency of human cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 at electrode surfaces through protein engineering. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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25
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Léger C, Bertrand P. Direct Electrochemistry of Redox Enzymes as a Tool for Mechanistic Studies. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2379-438. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0680742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 594] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Srikanth S, Marsili E, Flickinger MC, Bond DR. Electrochemical characterization of Geobacter sulfurreducens cells immobilized on graphite paper electrodes. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:1065-73. [PMID: 17929324 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria able to transfer electrons to conductive surfaces are of interest as catalysts in microbial fuel cells, as well as in bioprocessing, bioremediation, and corrosion. New procedures for immobilization of Geobacter sulfurreducens on graphite electrodes are described that allow routine, repeatable electrochemical analysis of cell-electrode interactions. Immediately after immobilizing G. sulfurreducens on electrodes, electrical current was obtained without addition of exogenous electron shuttles or electroactive polymers. Voltammetry and impedance analysis of pectin-immobilized bacteria transferring electrons to electrode surfaces could also be performed. Cyclic voltammetry of immobilized cells revealed voltage-dependent catalytic current similar to what is commonly observed with adsorbed enzymes, with catalytic waves centered at -0.15 V (vs. SHE). Electrodes maintained at +0.25 V (vs. SHE) initially produced 0.52 A/m(2) in the presence of acetate as the electron donor. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy of coatings was also consistent with a catalytic mechanism, controlled by charge transfer rate. When electrodes were maintained at an oxidizing potential for 24 h, electron transfer to electrodes increased to 1.75 A/m(2). These observations of electron transfer by pectin-entrapped G. sulfurreducens appear to reflect native mechanisms used for respiration. The ability of washed G. sulfurreducens cells to immediately produce electrical current was consistent with the external surface of this bacterium possessing a pathway linking oxidative metabolism to extracellular electron transfer. This electrochemical activity of pectin-immobilized bacteria illustrates a strategy for preparation of catalytic electrodes and study of Geobacter under defined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Srikanth
- Department of Microbiology, BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner, 1479 Gortner Ave, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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Shewanella secretes flavins that mediate extracellular electron transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:3968-73. [PMID: 18316736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710525105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1106] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria able to transfer electrons to metals are key agents in biogeochemical metal cycling, subsurface bioremediation, and corrosion processes. More recently, these bacteria have gained attention as the transfer of electrons from the cell surface to conductive materials can be used in multiple applications. In this work, we adapted electrochemical techniques to probe intact biofilms of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Shewanella sp. MR-4 grown by using a poised electrode as an electron acceptor. This approach detected redox-active molecules within biofilms, which were involved in electron transfer to the electrode. A combination of methods identified a mixture of riboflavin and riboflavin-5'-phosphate in supernatants from biofilm reactors, with riboflavin representing the dominant component during sustained incubations (>72 h). Removal of riboflavin from biofilms reduced the rate of electron transfer to electrodes by >70%, consistent with a role as a soluble redox shuttle carrying electrons from the cell surface to external acceptors. Differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry revealed a layer of flavins adsorbed to electrodes, even after soluble components were removed, especially in older biofilms. Riboflavin adsorbed quickly to other surfaces of geochemical interest, such as Fe(III) and Mn(IV) oxy(hydr)oxides. This in situ demonstration of flavin production, and sequestration at surfaces, requires the paradigm of soluble redox shuttles in geochemistry to be adjusted to include binding and modification of surfaces. Moreover, the known ability of isoalloxazine rings to act as metal chelators, along with their electron shuttling capacity, suggests that extracellular respiration of minerals by Shewanella is more complex than originally conceived.
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Protein electrodes with direct electrochemical communication. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 109:19-64. [PMID: 17928972 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry using direct electron transfer between an electrode and a protein or an enzyme has developed into a means for studying biological redox reactions and for bioanalytics, biosynthesis and bioenergetics. This review summarizes recent work on direct protein electrochemistry with special emphasis on our results in bioelectrocatalysis using isolated enzymes and enzyme-protein couples.
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Fleming BD, Bell SG, Wong LL, Bond AM. The electrochemistry of a heme-containing enzyme, CYP199A2, adsorbed directly onto a pyrolytic graphite electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shumyantseva VV, Bulko TV, Rudakov YO, Kuznetsova GP, Samenkova NF, Lisitsa AV, Karuzina II, Archakov AI. Electrochemical properties of cytochroms P450 using nanostructured electrodes: Direct electron transfer and electro catalysis. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:859-65. [PMID: 17376532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates direct electron transfer between cytochromes P450 2B4 (CYP2B4), P450 1A2 (CYP1A2), sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51b1) on the one hand and screen-printed graphite electrodes, modified with gold nanoparticles and didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) on the other. Electro detection of heme proteins was possible when 2-200 pmol P450/electrode were adsorbed on the surface of nanostructured electrochemical interfaces. Electron transfer, direct electrochemical reduction and interaction with P450 substrates (oxygen, benzphetamine, and lanosterol) and with P450 inhibitor (ketoconazole) were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV) differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and amperometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Moscow 119121, Russia.
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Wiwatchaiwong S, Matsumura H, Nakamura N, Yohda M, Ohno H. Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Characterization of Cytochrome P450st-DDAB Films on a Plastic-Formed Carbon Electrode. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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The electrochemical properties of thermophilic cytochrome P450 CYP119A2 at extremely high temperatures in poly(ethylene oxide). Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2006.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Cordas CM, Pereira AS, Martins CE, Timóteo CG, Moura I, Moura JJG, Tavares P. Nitric Oxide Reductase: Direct Electrochemistry and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chembiochem 2006; 7:1878-81. [PMID: 17031883 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Cordas
- Requimte, Centro de Química Fina e Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Fleming BD, Johnson DL, Bond AM, Martin LL. Recent progress in cytochrome P450 enzyme electrochemistry. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:581-9. [PMID: 16859406 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.4.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes perform crucial functions in humans, including the metabolism of drugs and hormone synthesis. The catalytic reactions performed by these enzymes (typically monoxygenation) require the transfer of electrons. Thermodynamic and mechanistic detail of the electron transfer component of these catalytic processes has been obtained traditionally from potentiometric titrations. More recently, voltammetric approaches (that are inherently simpler and require less sample) have been used. This has been made possible by the creation of biocompatible electrode surfaces at which the P450 enzyme is confined and able to undergo physiologically relevant electron transfer processes. The continuing challenge has been to obtain an in vivo-like enzyme response, and to provide the basis for the creation of an artificial bioprocess in vitro. A powerful instrumental electrochemical method, employing Fourier-transformed large-amplitude ac voltammetry, offers the potential for greater insight and new opportunities to understand the nuances of the electron transfer process. This review highlights several recent advances in the electrochemistry of P450 enzymes rather than providing a comprehensive review of P450 electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D Fleming
- Monash University, School of Chemistry, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Oxidoreductase enzymes catalyze single- or multi-electron reduction/oxidation reactions of small molecule inorganic or organic substrates, and they are integral to a wide variety of biological processes including respiration, energy production, biosynthesis, metabolism, and detoxification. All redox enzymes require a natural redox partner such as an electron-transfer protein (e.g. cytochrome, ferredoxin, flavoprotein) or a small molecule cosubstrate (e.g. NAD(P)H, dioxygen) to sustain catalysis, in effect to balance the substrate/product redox half-reaction. In principle, the natural electron-transfer partner may be replaced by an electrochemical working electrode. One of the great strengths of this approach is that the rate of catalysis (equivalent to the observed electrochemical current) may be probed as a function of applied potential through linear sweep and cyclic voltammetry, and insight to the overall catalytic mechanism may be gained by a systematic electrochemical study coupled with theoretical analysis. In this review, the various approaches to enzyme electrochemistry will be discussed, including direct and indirect (mediated) experiments, and a brief coverage of the theory relevant to these techniques will be presented. The importance of immobilizing enzymes on the electrode surface will be presented and the variety of ways that this may be done will be reviewed. The importance of chemical modification of the electrode surface in ensuring an environment conducive to a stable and active enzyme capable of functioning natively will be illustrated. Fundamental research into electrochemically driven enzyme catalysis has led to some remarkable practical applications. The glucose oxidase enzyme electrode is a spectacularly successful application of enzyme electrochemistry. Biosensors based on this technology are used worldwide by sufferers of diabetes to provide rapid and accurate analysis of blood glucose concentrations. Other applications of enzyme electrochemistry are in the sensing of macromolecular complexation events such as antigen–antibody binding and DNA hybridization. The review will include a selection of enzymes that have been successfully investigated by electrochemistry and, where appropriate, discuss their development towards practical biotechnological applications.
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Fantuzzi A, Meharenna YT, Briscoe PB, Sassone C, Borgia B, Gilardi G. Improving catalytic properties of P450 BM3 haem domain electrodes by molecular Lego. Chem Commun (Camb) 2006:1289-91. [PMID: 16538250 DOI: 10.1039/b517472d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work the catalytic properties of a cytochrome P450 immobilised onto an electrode surface are improved by means of the molecular Lego approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fantuzzi
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, London, UK SW7 2AY
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Abstract
Heme-thiolate proteins (HTPs) play critical biological roles by catalyzing challenging chemical reactions. The ability of HTPs to selectively oxidize inert substrates under mild conditions has led to much research aimed at the development of useful in vitro oxidation technology. Very complex electron transfer machinery is required to support HTP chemistry, and electrochemical methods provide many of the needed components. The challenge is to find a system that has good electrode-enzyme electronic coupling that, in turn, would drive catalytic turnover at relatively high rates. Several systems reviewed herein have shown promise in experimental work on components that could be part of a molecular machine for the selective oxidation of organic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Udit
- Department of Chemistry, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041, USA
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