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El Mously DA, Mahmoud AM, Khallaf MA, Mandour HS, Batakoushy HA. Facile synthesis of copper nitroprusside chitosan nanocomposite and its catalytic reduction of environmentally hazardous azodyes. BMC Chem 2024; 18:124. [PMID: 38956730 PMCID: PMC11218208 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-024-01224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest issues affecting the entire world currently is water contamination caused by textile industries' incapacity to properly dispose their wastewater. The presence of toxic textile dyes in the aquatic environment has attracted significant research interest due to their high environmental stability and their negative effects on human health and ecosystems. Therefore, it is crucial to convert the hazardous dyes such as methyl orange (MO) azo dye into environmentally safe products. In this context, we describe the use of Copper Nitroprusside Chitosan (Cu/SNP/Cts) nanocomposite as a nanocatalyst for the chemical reduction of azodyes by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The Cu/SNP/Cts was readily obtained by chemical coprecipitation in a stoichiometric manner. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy were applied to investigate chemical, phase, composition, and molecular interactions. Additionally, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to examine the nanomaterial's microstructure. UV-vis spectroscopy was utilized for studying the Cu Nitroprusside Chitosan's catalytic activity for the reduction of azodye. The Cu/SNP/Cts nanocomposite demonstrated outstanding performance with total reduction time 160 s and pseudo-first order constant of 0.0188 s-1. Additionally, the stability and reusability study demonstrated exceptional reusability up to 5 cycles with minimal activity loss. The developed Cu/SNP/Cts nanocomposite act as efficient nanocatalysts for the reduction of harmful Methyl orange azodye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A El Mously
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Amr M Mahmoud
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University (NGU), New Giza, Km 22 Cairo-Alex Road, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moustafa Ali Khallaf
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Howida S Mandour
- Physical Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hany A Batakoushy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
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2
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Yang Y, Lan Y, Liu Q, Zhu L, Hao X, Zhou J, Yang S, Tian G. A computational study on the coordination modes and electron absorption spectra of the complexes U(iv) with N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl-diglycolamide and anions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23947-23954. [PMID: 37577087 PMCID: PMC10413335 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04206e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipophilic N,N,N',N'-tetraalkyl-diglycolamides (TRDGAs) are promising extractants for actinides separation in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing. Usually, in the extracted complexes of actinide and lanthanide ions of various oxidation states, the metal ions are completely surrounded by 2 or 3 TRDGA molecules, and the counter anions do not directly coordinate with them. In contrast, the extracted complexes of U(iv) from different media presenting different absorption spectra indicate that the anions (Cl- and NO3-) are directly involved in the coordination with U(iv) in the first inner sphere. Based on this exceptional observation in solvent extraction, taking the coordination of U(iv) with N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-diglycolamide (TMDGA, the smallest analogue of TRDGA) as the research object, we mimic the behaviours of counterions (Cl- and NO3-) and the water molecule during coordination of TMDGA with U(iv), especially combining with the simulation of the absorption spectra. We demonstrate that during the complexing of TMDGA to U(iv), the counterion Cl- will occupy one coordination number in the inner coordination sphere, and NO3- will occupy two by bidentate type; however, the ubiquitous water cannot squeeze in the inner coordination sphere. In addition, the coordination of Cl- and NO3- is proved to favour the extraction with the lower binding energy. Moreover, the simulation of absorption spectra is in good agreement with the observation from experiments, further verifying the aforementioned conclusion. This work in some way will provide guidance to improve the computation methods in research of actinides by mimicking the absorption spectra of actinide ions in different complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China
| | - Youshi Lan
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China
| | - Liyang Zhu
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China
| | - Xuan Hao
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China
| | - Suliang Yang
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China
| | - Guoxin Tian
- Department of Radiochemistry, China Institute of Atomic Energy Beijing 102413 China
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3
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El Mously DA, Mahmoud AM, Abdel-Raoof AM, Elgazzar E. Synthesis of Prussian Blue Analogue and Its Catalytic Activity toward Reduction of Environmentally Toxic Nitroaromatic Pollutants. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:43139-43146. [PMID: 36467928 PMCID: PMC9713870 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitroanilines are environmentally toxic pollutants which are released into aquatic systems due to uncontrolled industrialization. Therefore, it is crucial to convert these hazardous nitroanilines into a harmless or beneficial counterpart. In this context, we present the chemical reduction of 4-nitroaniline (4-NA) by NaBH4 utilizing Prussian blue analogue (PBA) as nanocatalyst. PBAs can serve as inexpensive, eco-friendly, and easily fabricated nanocatalysts. PBA cobalt tetracyanonickelate hexacyanochromate (CoTCNi/HCCr) was stoichiometrically prepared by a facile chemical coprecipitation. Chemical, phase, composition, and molecular interactions were investigated by XRD, EDX, XPS, and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, SEM and TEM micrographs were utilized to visualize the microstructure of the nanomaterial. The findings revealed the synthesized PBA of the cubic phase and their particles in nanosheets. The band gap was estimated from the optical absorption within the UV-vis region to be 3.70 and 4.05 eV. The catalytic performance of PBA for the reduction of 4-NA was monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy. The total reduction time of 4-NA by PBA was achieved within 270 s, and the computed rate constant (k) was 0.0103 s-1. The synthesized PBA nanoparticles have the potential to be used as efficient nanocatalysts for the reduction of different hazardous nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina A. El Mously
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Aini, 11562Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr M. Mahmoud
- Analytical
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El-Aini, 11562Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Abdel-Raoof
- Pharmaceutical
Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, 11751Nasr City, CairoEgypt
| | - Elsayed Elgazzar
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal
University, 41522Ismailia, Egypt
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4
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U(VI) Coordination Modes in Complex Uranium Silicates: Cs[(UO6)2(UO2)9(Si2O7)F] and Rb2[(PtO4)(UO2)5(Si2O7)]. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals of two new inorganic uranyl silicates, Cs[(UO6)2(UO2)9(Si2O7)F] (1) and Rb2[(PtO4)(UO2)5(Si2O7)] (2), were produced from melts in evacuated silica tubes. Their structures have been solved by direct methods: 1 is trigonal, P-31c, a = 10.2040(3), c = 17.1278(5) Å, V = 1544.45(10) Å3, R1 = 0.042; 2 is tetragonal, P4/mbm, a = 16.0400(24), c = 3.9231(6) Å, V = 1009.34(10) Å3, R1 = 0.045. 1 is the first example of cation–cation interactions between the uranyl polyhedra in uranyl silicates. Therein, UVI adopts three coordination modes, UO6 octahedra, UO6F, and UO7 pentagonal bipyramids, with the latter sharing common edges to form U2O12 dimers. Three dimers associate into six-membered rings via cation–cation interactions. The structure of 1 can be described as a complex uranyl fluoride silicate framework with channels filled by the U1 atoms and disordered Cs+ cations. 2 represents a new type of topology never observed before among the structures of uranyl compounds; it is also a first complex uranium platinum oxide. Therein, the UO6 tetragonal bipyramids share edges to form chains. Five such chains are stitched into a complex ribbon via the silicon polyhedra. The ribbons are connected into a framework by the PtO4 squares; rubidium atoms are located in the channels of the framework.
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Sergeenko AS, Paripovic D, Dab C, Blanc PF, Reber C, Leznoff DB. Highly emissive polymorphs of anhydrous cadmium tetracyanoplatinate and their solvated coordination networks. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9531-9540. [PMID: 35695223 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00918h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two anhydrous polymorphs of cadmium cyanoplatinate Cd[Pt(CN)4] coordination polymers have been synthesized and thermally, spectroscopically, and structurally characterized. α-Cd[Pt(CN)4] and β-Cd[Pt(CN)4] are densely packed, highly emissive 3-D solids, with quantum yields of 0.85 (λem = 520 nm) and 0.79 (λem = 448 nm) respectively. Their mutual hydrate, Cd(H2O)[Pt(CN)4]·2H2O, forms a complex 3-D coordination polymer with Cd-O-Cd bridges and Pt-Pt interactions. Additionally, exposure of solid α-Cd[Pt(CN)4] and β-Cd[Pt(CN)4] to several solvent vapours results in the formation of 2-D cyanometallate sheets of the adduct compounds CdL2[Pt(CN)4] (L = DMSO, DMF, and pyridine). Cd(pyridine)2[Pt(CN)4] shows a significantly lower quantum yield (0.32) in comparison to the parent Cd[Pt(CN)4] coordination polymers. Upon heating CdL2[Pt(CN)4] preferentially forms the kinetic product α-Cd[Pt(CN)4].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania S Sergeenko
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Damir Paripovic
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Chahinez Dab
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Pierre-François Blanc
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Christian Reber
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Daniel B Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
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6
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Group 10 metal-cyanide scaffolds in complexes and extended frameworks: Properties and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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7
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Brown ML, Leznoff DB. Expanding uranyl dicyanoaurate coordination polymers into the second and third dimensions. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The solvothermal synthesis and characterization of a three-dimensional, interpenetrated uranyl dicyanoaurate coordination polymer, K2(UO2)2(UO2)2(Au(CN)2)2(O)2(NO3)4, from UO2(NO3)2·6H2O and KAu(CN)2 is described. The structure contains a three-dimensional (3D) lattice of planar tetranuclear uranyl–oxo–nitrate clusters connected by dicyanoaurate linkers, with the rotation of the clusters providing the increased dimensionality. The material undergoes a reversible single-crystal to single-crystal transformation on exposure to water vapour, which is taken up in the channels of the 3D system. A second uranyl dicyanoaurate coordination polymer of the form [UO2(DMSO)3(H2O)(Au(CN)2)][Au(CN)2] was structurally characterized as a linear chain of dicyanoaurate units connected by gold–gold bonds with pendant uranyl–water–DMSO adducts that are hydrogen bonded into a two-dimensional sheet. Both materials exhibit emission arising from both the uranyl moiety and the gold(I) centre and represent the first multidimensional uranyl–dicyanoaurate coordination polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Daniel B. Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Deubner HL, Kraus F. A spatially separated [KBr6]5− anion in the cyanido-bridged uranium(IV) compound [U2(CN)3(NH3)14]5+[KBr6]5−·NH3. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2019-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The reaction of uranium tetrabromide with potassium cyanide in anhydrous liquid ammonia at room temperature leads to the formation of brown crystals of [U2(CN)3(NH3)14]5+ [KBr6]5− · NH3. We determined the crystal structure of the compound by single crystal X-ray diffraction. To the best of our knowledge it contains the unprecedented spatially separated [KBr6]5− anion and presents the first uranium(IV) cyanide compound which forms a layer structure. The compound crystallizes in the trigonal space group P3̅m1 (No. 164) with a = 10.3246(13), c = 8.4255(17) Å, V = 777.8(3) Å3, Z = 1 at T = 100 K and is well described with the Niggli formula
[
U
(
CN
)
3
2
(
NH
3
)
7
1
]
∞
2
2
[
KBr
6
1
]
.
$\mathop {} \limits_{\infty}^{2}{\left[ {{\rm{U}}{{({\rm{CN}})}_{{3 \over 2}}}{{({\rm{N}}{{\rm{H}}_3})}_{{7 \over 1}}}} \right]_2}\left[ {{\rm{KB}}{{\rm{r}}_{{6 \over 1}}}} \right].$
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Lars Deubner
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg , Germany
| | - Florian Kraus
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg , Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032 Marburg , Germany , E-mail:
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Chorazy S, Zakrzewski JJ, Reczyński M, Sieklucka B. Multi-colour uranyl emission efficiently tuned by hexacyanidometallates within hybrid coordination frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:3057-3060. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09757g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hexacyanidometallates of transition metal ions govern the topology and the photoluminescence of bimetallic d–f hybrid coordination networks incorporating uranyl cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Chorazy
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Jagiellonian University
- 30-387 Krakow
- Poland
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Smith PA, Hickam SM, Szymanowski JES, Burns PC. Mixed-Valent Cyanoplatinates Featuring Neptunyl-Neptunyl Cation-Cation Interactions. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9504-9514. [PMID: 30009590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tetracyanoplatinate ligand was employed in synthesizing the first neptunyl cyanoplatinate complexes. Results indicate in situ oxidation of Pt(II) by Np(V/VI) to form mixed-valent Pt-Pt stacked columnar chains linked by cation-cation interaction induced chains of Np(V) polyhedra into a two-dimensional sheet structure. The Pt-Pt stacking distances of 3.04-3.05 Å are the longest reported columnar platinophilic interactions among mixed-valent tetracyanoplatinate structures. These complexes further illustrate the marked chemical differences and structural diversity of solid-state Np(V) coordination complexes with regard to Np(VI) and U(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Smith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Sarah M Hickam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Jennifer E S Szymanowski
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - Peter C Burns
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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Brown ML, Ovens JS, Leznoff DB. Dicyanoaurate-based heterobimetallic uranyl coordination polymers. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:7169-7180. [PMID: 28508898 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The first series of uranyl ([UO2]2+)-dicyanoaurate coordination polymers and molecular complexes has been synthesized. Reactions of [A][Au(CN)2] (A = [nBu4N]+ or [(Ph3P)2N]+ ([PPN])) and uranyl nitrate in alcoholic solvents in ambient light led to [A]2[(UO2)2(μ-η2:η2-O2)(NO3)2(μ-Au(CN)2)2], which incorporates peroxo ligands into a one-dimensional ladder topology with alternating aurophilic and peroxo rungs. Conducting the reaction with non-alcoholic solvents formed two polymorphs of a one-dimensional chain, [PPN][UO2(NO3)2Au(CN)2], from acetone, and a molecular analogue, [PPN]2[UO2(NO3)2(Au(CN)2)2], from acetonitrile, none of which exhibited aurophilic interactions. The addition of 2,2'-bipyridine to the initial reaction resulted in [UO2(bipy)(MeO)(MeOH)]2[(μ-Au(CN)2)(Au(CN)2)], a one-dimensional structure which propagates via a series of linear aurophilic bonds with pendant uranyl complexes; methanol and methoxy ligands provide additional connections through hydrogen bonding. The addition of 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine using solvothermal conditions resulted in the one-dimensional ladder [UO2(Me2bipy)Au(CN)2]2[(μ-OH)2], generated through aurophilic bonds and hydroxide ligands. The incorporation of 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (terpy) using solvothermal conditions resulted in [[UO2(terpy)]2(μ-NO3)(μ-O)][Au(CN)2], a molecular salt with no aurophilic interactions. Emission spectra attributable to aurophilic interactions are observed in [nBu4N]2[(UO2)2(μ-η2:η2-O2)(NO3)2(μ-Au(CN)2)2], while all others only show emission typical of the uranyl cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, B.C., Canada.
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12
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Haiges R, Deokar P, Vasiliu M, Stein TH, Dixon DA, Christe KO. Preparation and Characterization of Group 13 Cyanides. Chemistry 2017; 23:9054-9066. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Haiges
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Piyush Deokar
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
| | - Trent H. Stein
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA
| | - Karl O. Christe
- Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute and Department of Chemistry University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
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14
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Patel D, Wooles AJ, Hashem E, Omorodion H, Baker RJ, Liddle ST. Comments on reactions of oxide derivatives of uranium with hexachloropropene to give UCl4. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj00476d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of U3O8, UO2(NO3)2·6H2O, and UO2Cl2 with hexachloropropene to make UCl4 are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Patel
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham
- UK
| | | | - Emtithal Hashem
- School of Chemistry
- University of Dublin
- Trinity College
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | | | - Robert J. Baker
- School of Chemistry
- University of Dublin
- Trinity College
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
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