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Sreedharan R, Gandhi T. Masters of Mediation: MN(SiMe 3) 2 in Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Latent Nucleophiles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400435. [PMID: 38497321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Organoalkali compounds have undergone a far-reaching transformation being a coupling partner to a mediator in unusual organic conversions which finds its spot in the field of sustainable synthesis. Transition-metal catalysis has always been the priority in C(sp3)-H bond functionalization, however alternatively, in recent times this has been seriously challenged by earth-abundant alkali metals and their complexes arriving at new sustainable organometallic reagents. In this line, the importance of MN(SiMe3)2 (M=Li, Na, K & Cs) reagent revived in C(sp3)-H bond functionalization over recent years in organic synthesis is showcased in this minireview. MN(SiMe3)2 reagent with higher reactivity, enhanced stability, and bespoke cation-π interaction have shown eye-opening mediated processes such as C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling, radical-radical cross-coupling, aminobenzylation, annulation, aroylation, and other transformations to utilize readily available petrochemical feedstocks. This article also emphasizes the unusual reactivity of MN(SiMe3)2 reagent in unreactive and robust C-X (X=O, N, F, C) bond cleavage reactions that occurred alongside the C(sp3)-H bond functionalization. Overall, this review encourages the community to exploit the untapped potential of MN(SiMe3)2 reagent and also inspires them to take up this subject to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramdas Sreedharan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thirumanavelan Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rinke P, Görls H, Kretschmer R. Calcium and Magnesium Bis(β-diketiminate) Complexes: Impact of the Alkylene Bridge on Schlenk-Type Rearrangements. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5310-5321. [PMID: 33667337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dinuclear heteroleptic alkaline-earth-metal complexes are interesting synthetic targets because the close proximity of two metals allows for cooperative effects. However, these complexes are also prone to undergoing Schlenk-type rearrangements, affording less-active homoleptic complexes. Here we present the metalation of bis(β-diketimine) ligands possessing flexible bridging groups, i.e., 1,2-ethylene, 1,3-propylene, and trans-1,2-cyclohexylene, using calcium and magnesium precursors. Four mononuclear homoleptic calcium complexes were obtained, highlighting the pronounced tendency of calcium to undergo Schlenk-like redistributions. In the case of magnesium, however, the bridging group plays a crucial role, yielding seven dinuclear heteroleptic complexes but also one mononuclear and one dinuclear homoleptic complexes. In addition, a trinuclear mixed heteroleptic-homoleptic magnesium complex, which is a rare example of an intermediate of the Schlenk equilibrium, was isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rinke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Kretschmer R. Ligands with Two Monoanionic N,N-Binding Sites: Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:2099-2119. [PMID: 31755598 PMCID: PMC7064907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polytopic ligands have become ubiquitous in coordination chemistry because they grant access to a variety of mono- and polynuclear complexes of transition metals as well as rare-earth and main-group elements. Nitrogen-based ditopic ligands, in which two monoanionic N,N-binding sites are framed within one molecule, are of particular importance and are therefore the primary focus of this review. In detail, bis(amidine)s, bis(guanidine)s, bis(β-diimine)s, bis(aminotroponimine)s, bis(pyrrolimine)s, and miscellaneous bis(N,N-chelating) ligands are reviewed. In addition to the general synthetic protocols, the application of these ligands is discussed along with their coordination chemistry, the multifarious binding modes, and the ability of these ligands to bridge two (or more) metal(loids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kretschmer
- Junior Professorship Inorganic Chemistry of Catalysis, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstrasse 807743JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
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Desat ME, Kretschmer R. Synthesis and Structures of Dinuclear Aluminum Complexes Based on Bis(β‐diketiminate) Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella E. Desat
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Robert Kretschmer
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 8 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
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Banerjee S, Ankur, Andrews AP, Varghese B, Venugopal A. Amidomagnesium cations. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7313-7319. [PMID: 30806382 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt05095c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, structure and reactivity of molecular amidomagnesium cations bearing tris{2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl}amine (Me6TREN). Me6TREN binds to the cationic magnesium centre exhibiting κ4 and κ3 coordination modes in [Me6TREN-Mg-N(SiHMe2)2]+ and [Me6TREN-Mg-N(SiMe3)2]+ respectively. [Me6TREN-Mg-N(SiHMe2)2]+ reacts with benzophenone resulting in the insertion of the carbonyl group across β-SiH bond. The reaction between [Me6TREN-Mg-N(SiMe3)2]+ and CO2 leads to [Me6TREN-Mg-OSiMe3]+, while the reaction with H2O results in [Me6TREN-Mg-OH]22+. Attempts to prepare hydridomagnesium cations from [Me6TREN-Mg-N(SiMe3)2]+ using KH resulted in the precipitation of MgH2 and the isolation of [(Me6TREN)K(THF)3]+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Banerjee
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Ankur
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Alex P Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
| | - Babu Varghese
- Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Ajay Venugopal
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram 695551, India.
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Boyle TJ, Neville ML, Sears JM, Cramer R. Alkali Metal Yttrium neo-Pentoxide Double Alkoxide Precursors to Alkali Metal Yttrium Oxide Nanomaterials. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Boyle
- Sandia National Laboratories; Advanced Materials Laboratory; 1001 University Boulevard SE Albuquerque New Mexico 87106
| | - Michael L. Neville
- Sandia National Laboratories; Advanced Materials Laboratory; 1001 University Boulevard SE Albuquerque New Mexico 87106
| | - Jeremiah M. Sears
- Sandia National Laboratories; Advanced Materials Laboratory; 1001 University Boulevard SE Albuquerque New Mexico 87106
| | - Roger Cramer
- University of Hawaii - Manoa; Department of Chemistry; 2545 McCarthy Mall Honolulu, HI 96822-2275
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Romain C, Bennington MS, White AJP, Williams CK, Brooker S. Macrocyclic Dizinc(II) Alkyl and Alkoxide Complexes: Reversible CO2 Uptake and Polymerization Catalysis Testing. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11842-51. [PMID: 26624788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of three new dizinc(II) complexes bearing a macrocyclic [2 + 2] Schiff base ligand is reported. The bis(anilido)tetraimine macrocycle reacts with diethylzinc to form a bis(ethyl)dizinc(II) complex, [L(Et)Zn2Et2] (1). The reaction of complex 1 with isopropyl alcohol is reported, forming a bis(isopropyl alkoxide)dizinc complex, [L(Et)Zn2((i)PrO)2] (2). Furthermore, complex 1, with 2 equiv of alcohol, is applied as an initiator for racemic lactide ring-opening polymerization. It shows moderately high activity, resulting in a pseudo-first-order rate coefficient of 9.8 × 10(-3) min(-1), with [LA] = 1 M and [initiator] = 5 mM at 25 °C and in a tetrahydrofuran solvent. Polymerization occurs with good control, as evidenced by the linear fit to a plot of molecular weight versus conversion, the narrow dispersities, and the limited transesterification. The same initiating system is inactive for the ring-opening copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2) and cyclohexene oxide at 80 °C and 1 bar of CO2 pressure. However, stoichiometric reactions between complex 2 and CO2, at 1 bar pressure, result in the reversible formation of new dizinc carbonate species, [L(Et)Zn2((i)PrO)((i)PrOCO2)] (3a) and [L(Et)Zn2((i)PrOCO2)2] (3b), and the reaction was studied using density functional theory calculations. All of the new complexes, 1-3b, are fully characterized, including NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Romain
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Bennington
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J P White
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte K Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Brooker
- Department of Chemistry and MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Reger DL, Leitner A, Smith MD. Cesium complexes of naphthalimide substituted carboxylate ligands: Unusual geometries and extensive cation-π interactions. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bheemaraju A, Beattie JW, Danylyuk Y, Rochford J, Groysman S. Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivity of Copper(I) Complexes Supported by a Rigid Dinucleating Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mulvey RE, Robertson SD. Synthetically important alkali-metal utility amides: lithium, sodium, and potassium hexamethyldisilazides, diisopropylamides, and tetramethylpiperidides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11470-87. [PMID: 24133015 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201301837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most synthetic chemists will have at some point utilized a sterically demanding secondary amide (R2 N(-) ). The three most important examples, lithium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS), lithium diisopropylamide (LiDA), and lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LiTMP)-the "utility amides"-have long been indispensible particularly for lithiation (Li-H exchange) reactions. Like organolithium compounds, they exhibit aggregation phenomena and strong Lewis acidity, and thus appear in distinct forms depending on the solvents employed. The structural chemistry of these compounds as well as their sodium and potassium congeners are described in the absence or in the presence of the most synthetically significant donor solvents tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) or closely related solvents. Examples of hetero-alkali-metal amides, an increasingly important composition because of the recent escalation of interest in mixed-metal synergic effects, are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL (UK).
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Mulvey RE, Robertson SD. Nützliche Alkalimetallamide für die Synthese: Lithium-, Natrium- und Kaliumhexamethyldisilazide, -diisopropylamide und -tetramethylpiperidide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201301837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jo J, Olasz A, Chen CH, Lee D. Interdigitated Hydrogen Bonds: Electrophile Activation for Covalent Capture and Fluorescence Turn-On Detection of Cyanide. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3620-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junyong Jo
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - András Olasz
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Chun-Hsing Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Dongwhan Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East
Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Falkenhagen JP, Haack P, Limberg C, Braun B. Organoelement Complexes of a Dinucleating Double β-Diiminato Ligand - Precedent Cases from Groups 1, 2, and 13. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Haack P, Limberg C, Ray K, Braun B, Kuhlmann U, Hildebrandt P, Herwig C. Dinuclear Copper Complexes Based on Parallel β-Diiminato Binding Sites and their Reactions with O2: Evidence for a Cu−O−Cu Entity. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:2133-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ic101249k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haack
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Limberg
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kallol Ray
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatrice Braun
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kuhlmann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Sekr. PC14, Strasse des 17 Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Herwig
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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Vitanova DV, Hampel F, Hultzsch KC. Linked bis(β-diketiminato) yttrium and lanthanum complexes as catalysts in asymmetric hydroamination/cyclization of aminoalkenes (AHA). J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Haack P, Limberg C, Tietz T, Metzinger R. Unprecedented binding and activation of CS2 in a dinuclear copper(i) complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:6374-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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