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Levín P, Ruiz MC, Romo AIB, Nascimento OR, Di Virgilio AL, Oliver AG, Ayala AP, Diógenes ICN, León IE, Lemus L. Water-mediated reduction of [Cu(dmp) 2(CH 3CN)] 2+: implications of the structure of a classical complex on its activity as an anticancer drug. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
[Cu(dmp)2(CH3CN)]2+ can be reduced in acetonitrile containing water due to steric constraints of the ligands. Hydroxyl radicals are produced from water oxidation. We take advantage of this reaction to evaluate the anticancer activity of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Levín
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales
- Facultad de Química y Biología
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - María C. Ruiz
- Centro de Química Inorgánica CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP)
- La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Adolfo I. B. Romo
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica Universidade Federal do Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | - Otaciro R. Nascimento
- Departamento de Física Interdiciplinar
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos Universidade de São Paulo
- CEP 13560-970 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | | | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Notre Dame
- 46556-5670 Notre Dame
- USA
| | | | - Izaura C. N. Diógenes
- Departamento de Química Orgânica e Inorgânica Universidade Federal do Ceará
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | - Ignacio E. León
- Centro de Química Inorgánica CEQUINOR (CONICET-UNLP)
- La Plata
- Argentina
| | - Luis Lemus
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales
- Facultad de Química y Biología
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
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2
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Corona-Motolinia ND, Martínez-Valencia B, Noriega L, Sánchez-Gaytán BL, Méndez-Rojas MÁ, Melendez FJ, Castro ME, González-Vergara E. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Computational Methods of Vanadium and Copper Compounds as Potential Drugs for Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:E4679. [PMID: 33066356 PMCID: PMC7587343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metal-based compounds have shown promising uses as therapeutic agents. Among their unique characteristics, these compounds are suitable for interaction with specific biological targets, making them important potential drugs to treat various diseases. Copper compounds, of which Casiopeinas® are an excellent example, have shown promising results as alternatives to current cancer therapies, in part because of their intercalative properties with DNA. Vanadium compounds have been extensively studied for their pharmacological properties and application, mostly in diabetes, although recently, there is a growing interest in testing their activity as anti-cancer agents. In the present work, two compounds, [Cu(Metf)(bipy)Cl]Cl·2H2O and [Cu(Impy)(Gly)(H2O)]VO3, were obtained and characterized by visible and FTIR spectroscopies, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and theoretical methods. The structural and electronic properties of the compounds were calculated through the density functional theory (DFT) using the Austin-Frisch-Petersson functional with dispersion APFD, and the 6-311 + G(2d,p) basis set. Non-covalent interactions were analyzed using Hirshfeld surface analysis (HSA) and atom in molecules analysis (AIM). Additionally, docking analysis to test DNA/RNA interactions with the Casiopeina-like complexes were carried out. The compounds provide metals that can interact with critical biological targets. In addition, they show interesting non-covalent interactions that are responsible for their supramolecular arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia D. Corona-Motolinia
- Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C. P. 72570, Mexico; (N.D.C.-M.); (B.M.-V.); (B.L.S.-G.)
| | - Beatriz Martínez-Valencia
- Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C. P. 72570, Mexico; (N.D.C.-M.); (B.M.-V.); (B.L.S.-G.)
| | - Lisset Noriega
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C. P. 72570, Mexico; (L.N.); (F.J.M.)
| | - Brenda L. Sánchez-Gaytán
- Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C. P. 72570, Mexico; (N.D.C.-M.); (B.M.-V.); (B.L.S.-G.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Méndez-Rojas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de las Américas. Puebla, Sta. Catarina Mártir, Cholula Puebla C.P. 72820, Mexico;
| | - Francisco J. Melendez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C. P. 72570, Mexico; (L.N.); (F.J.M.)
| | - María Eugenia Castro
- Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C. P. 72570, Mexico; (N.D.C.-M.); (B.M.-V.); (B.L.S.-G.)
| | - Enrique González-Vergara
- Centro de Química del Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, 18 sur y Av. San Claudio, Col. San Manuel, Puebla C. P. 72570, Mexico; (N.D.C.-M.); (B.M.-V.); (B.L.S.-G.)
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3
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Barrett S, De Franco M, Kellett A, Dempsey E, Marzano C, Erxleben A, Gandin V, Montagner D. Anticancer activity, DNA binding and cell mechanistic studies of estrogen-functionalised Cu(II) complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 25:49-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Yu Z, Cowan JA. Catalytic Metallodrugs: Substrate-Selective Metal Catalysts as Therapeutics. Chemistry 2017; 23:14113-14127. [PMID: 28688119 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - James A. Cowan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Ohio State University; 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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5
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Binding interaction, conformational change, and molecular docking study of N-(pyridin-2-ylmethylene)aniline derivatives and carbazole Ru(II) complexes with human serum albumins. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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6
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Shakir M, Hanif S, Sherwani MA, Mohammad O, Azam M, Al-Resayes SI. Pharmacophore hybrid approach of new modulated bis-diimine Cu(II)/Zn(II) complexes based on 5-chloro Isatin Schiff base derivatives: Synthesis, spectral studies and comparative biological assessment. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 157:39-56. [PMID: 26882291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Novel bioactive 5-chloro isatin based Schiff base ligands, (N,N'E,N,N'Z)-N,N'-(5-chloroindoline-2,3-diylidene)bis(5-nitrobenzo [d]thiazol-2-amine), L(1) and (N,N'E,N,N'Z)-N,N'-(5-chloroindoline-2,3-diylidene)bis(5-nitrothiazol-2-amine), L(2) derived from 2-amino 5-nitrobenzothiazole and 2-amino 5-nitrothiazole and their metal complexes, [Cu(L(1))2]Cl2;1, [Zn(L(1))2(H2O)2]Cl2;2, [Cu(L(2))2]Cl2;3 and [Zn(L(2))2(H2O)2]Cl2;4 have been synthesized. The composition, stoichiometry and geometry of the proposed ligands and their complexes have been envisaged by the results of elemental analyses and spectroscopic data (FT-IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR, Mass and EPR). The molar conductivity values of the metal complexes revealed their ionic nature. The thermal stability of metal complexes was demonstrated by TGA/DTA studies while the crystalline nature of the complexes has been ascertained by XRD. Furthermore, a comparative account of in vitro antibacterial study against different bacterial strains with respect to standard antibiotic and scavenging activity against standard control at different concenterations unfolded pronounced antibacterial and radical scavenging potencies of the metal complexes as compared to free ligands. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity of ligands and its metal complexes was also screened on MCF7 (Human breast adenocarcinoma), HeLa (Human cervical carcinoma) and HepG2 (Human Hepatocellular carcinoma), cell lines and normal cells (PBMC). The antiproliferative outcomes revealed that metal complexes exhibit superior activity in general as compared to free ligands (L(1) and L(2)) where metal complexes (1 and 2) of 5-chloro isatin linked benzothiazole motif (L(1)) are found to have better prospect of acting as chemotherapeutic agents which can be explained in terms of greater biopotency, planarity and conjugation against all the tested cancer cell lines with IC50<2.80 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shakir
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Summaiya Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohd Asif Sherwani
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Owais Mohammad
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Mohammad Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Science College, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud I Al-Resayes
- Department of Chemistry, Science College, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Muralisankar M, Bhuvanesh NSP, Sreekanth A. Synthesis, X-ray crystal structure, DNA/protein binding and DNA cleavage studies of novel copper(ii) complexes of N-substituted isatin thiosemicarbazone ligands. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj02806j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper(ii) complexes containing isatin thiosemicarbozone ligands have been synthesized and evaluated for its biological applications like DNA/protein binding and DNA cleavage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anandaram Sreekanth
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Tiruchirappalli-620 015
- India
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8
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Correia I, Roy S, Matos CP, Borovic S, Butenko N, Cavaco I, Marques F, Lorenzo J, Rodríguez A, Moreno V, Pessoa JC. Vanadium(IV) and copper(II) complexes of salicylaldimines and aromatic heterocycles: Cytotoxicity, DNA binding and DNA cleavage properties. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 147:134-46. [PMID: 25858461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Five copper(II) complexes, [Cu(sal-Gly)(bipy)](1), [Cu(sal-Gly)(phen)] (2), [Cu(sal-l-Ala)(phen)] (3), [Cu(sal-D-Ala)(phen)] (4), [Cu(sal-l-Phe)(phen)] (5) and five oxidovanadium(IV) complexes, [V(IV)O(sal-Gly)(bipy)] (6), [V(IV)O(sal-Gly)(phen)] (7), [V(IV)O(sal-l-Phe)(H2O)] (8), [V(IV)O(sal-l-Phe)(bipy)] (9), [V(IV)O(sal-l-Phe)(phen)] (10) (sal=salicylaldehyde, bipy=2,2'-bipyridine, phen=1,10-phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized, and their interaction with DNA was evaluated by different techniques: gel electrophoresis, fluorescence, UV-visible and circular dichroism spectroscopy. The complexes interact with calf-thymus DNA and efficiently cleave plasmid DNA in the absence (only 2 and 5) and/or presence of additives. The cleavage ability is concentration-dependent as well as metal and ligand-dependent. Moreover, DNA binding experiments show that the phen-containing Cu(II) and V(IV)O compounds display stronger DNA interaction ability than the corresponding bipy analogues. The complexes present cytotoxic activity against human ovarian (A2780) and breast (MCF7) carcinoma cells. Cell-growth inhibition (IC50) of compounds 1, 2 and 5 in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL60) and human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells were also determined. The copper complexes show much higher cytotoxic activity than the corresponding vanadium complexes and the reference drug cisplatin (except for the sal-Gly complexes); namely, the phenanthroline copper complexes 2-5 are ca. 10-fold more cytotoxic than cisplatin and more cytotoxic than their bipyridine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Correia
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Somnath Roy
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sladjana Borovic
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Bioquímica e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Nataliya Butenko
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Bioquímica e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cavaco
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Química, Bioquímica e Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139.7) 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Julia Lorenzo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina, Universidad Autonoma Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universitat Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Virtudes Moreno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universitat Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Costa Pessoa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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9
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Gao CY, Ma ZY, Zhang YP, Li ST, Gu W, Liu X, Tian JL, Xu JY, Zhao JZ, Yan SP. Four related mixed-ligand nickel(ii) complexes: effect of steric encumbrance on the structure, DNA/BSA binding, DNA cleavage and cytotoxicity. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16755d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new interrelated mixed-ligand nickel(ii) complexes have been synthesized and characterized. The activities of DNA binding/cleavage, BSA binding with complexes and the vitro cytotoxicity also have been explored.
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10
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Dash SP, Panda AK, Pasayat S, Dinda R, Biswas A, Tiekink ERT, Patil YP, Nethaji M, Kaminsky W, Mukhopadhyay S, Bhutia SK. Syntheses and structural investigation of some alkali metal ion-mediated LVVO2− (L2− = tridentate ONO ligands) species: DNA binding, photo-induced DNA cleavage and cytotoxic activities. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:10139-56. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt00883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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11
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Alagesan M, Bhuvanesh NSP, Dharmaraj N. Potentially cytotoxic new copper(ii) hydrazone complexes: synthesis, crystal structure and biological properties. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:7210-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50371b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Chowdhury SR, Selim MD, Chatterjee S, Igarashi S, Yukawa Y, Mukherjea KK. Synthesis, structure, DNA-binding, and nuclease activity of a 3d–4f mixed metal nitrosyl complex, [Pr(phen)2(MeOH)(H2O)2][Fe(CN)5(NO)] · (Phen)(DMF)(MeOH)(H2O). J COORD CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2012.718075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - MD. Selim
- a Department of Chemistry , Jadavpur University , Kolkata-700032 , India
| | - Suparna Chatterjee
- a Department of Chemistry , Jadavpur University , Kolkata-700032 , India
| | - Satoshi Igarashi
- b Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University , 8050 Ikarashi-Ninocho, Niigata 950-2181 , Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Yukawa
- b Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University , 8050 Ikarashi-Ninocho, Niigata 950-2181 , Japan
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13
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Buchtík R, Trávníček Z, Vančo J. In vitro cytotoxicity, DNA cleavage and SOD-mimic activity of copper(II) mixed-ligand quinolinonato complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 116:163-71. [PMID: 23022693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Six mixed-ligand copper(II) complexes with the composition [Cu(qui)(L)]BF(4)·xH(2)O (1-6), where Hqui=2-phenyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone, L=2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) (1), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) (2), bis(2-pyridyl)amine (ambpy) (3), 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (mphen) (4), 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (nphen) (5) and bathophenanthroline (bphen) (6), were prepared, fully characterized and studied for their in vitro cytotoxicity on human osteosarcoma (HOS) and human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7) cancer cell lines. The overall promising results of the cytotoxicity were found for all the complexes, while the best results were achieved for complex 6, with IC(50)=2.6 ± 0.8 μM (HOS), and 1.3 ± 0.5 μM (MCF7). The interactions of the Cu(II) complexes 1-6 with calf thymus DNA were investigated by the UV-visible spectral titration. An agarose-gel electrophoretic method of oxidative damage determination to circular plasmid pUC19 was used to assess the ability of the complexes to act as chemical nucleases. A high effectiveness of DNA cleavage was observed for 2, 4 and 5. In vitro antioxidative activity of the complexes was studied by the superoxide dismutase-mimic (SOD-mimic) method. The best result was afforded by complex 1 with IC(50)=4.7 ± 1.0 μM, which corresponds to 10.2% of the native Cu,Zn-SOD enzyme activity. The ability of the tested complexes to interact with sulfur-containing biomolecules (cysteine and reduced glutathione) at physiological levels was proved by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Buchtík
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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14
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Synthesis, characterization, antibacterial activity and DNA interaction studies of drug-based mixed ligand copper(II) complexes with terpyridines. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Jungwirth U, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG, Berger W, Heffeter P. Anticancer activity of metal complexes: involvement of redox processes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1085-127. [PMID: 21275772 PMCID: PMC3371750 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells require tight regulation of the intracellular redox balance and consequently of reactive oxygen species for proper redox signaling and maintenance of metal (e.g., of iron and copper) homeostasis. In several diseases, including cancer, this balance is disturbed. Therefore, anticancer drugs targeting the redox systems, for example, glutathione and thioredoxin, have entered focus of interest. Anticancer metal complexes (platinum, gold, arsenic, ruthenium, rhodium, copper, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, gadolinium, and molybdenum) have been shown to strongly interact with or even disturb cellular redox homeostasis. In this context, especially the hypothesis of "activation by reduction" as well as the "hard and soft acids and bases" theory with respect to coordination of metal ions to cellular ligands represent important concepts to understand the molecular modes of action of anticancer metal drugs. The aim of this review is to highlight specific interactions of metal-based anticancer drugs with the cellular redox homeostasis and to explain this behavior by considering chemical properties of the respective anticancer metal complexes currently either in (pre)clinical development or in daily clinical routine in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Jungwirth
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Buchtík R, Trávníček Z, Vančo J, Herchel R, Dvořák Z. Synthesis, characterization, DNA interaction and cleavage, and in vitro cytotoxicity of copper(ii) mixed-ligand complexes with 2-phenyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinone. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:9404-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Bencini A, Lippolis V. 1,10-Phenanthroline: A versatile building block for the construction of ligands for various purposes. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Pitié M, Pratviel G. Activation of DNA Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds by Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2010; 110:1018-59. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900247m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Pitié
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Pratviel
- CNRS, LCC (Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination), 205 route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France, and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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19
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Abstract
Since the elucidation of the structure of double helical DNA, the construction of small molecules that recognize and react at specific DNA sites has been an area of considerable interest. In particular, the study of transition metal complexes that bind DNA with specificity has been a burgeoning field. This growth has been due in large part to the useful properties of metal complexes, which possess a wide array of photophysical attributes and allow for the modular assembly of an ensemble of recognition elements. Here we review recent experiments in our laboratory aimed at the design and study of octahedral metal complexes that bind DNA non-covalently and target reactions to specific sites. Emphasis is placed both on the variety of methods employed to confer site-specificity and upon the many applications for these complexes. Particular attention is given to the family of complexes recently designed that target single base mismatches in duplex DNA through metallo-insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Zeglis
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA Fax: 626-577-4976; Tel: 626-395-6075; E-mail:
| | - Valerie C. Pierre
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA Fax: 626-577-4976; Tel: 626-395-6075; E-mail:
| | - Jacqueline K. Barton
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125 USA Fax: 626-577-4976; Tel: 626-395-6075; E-mail:
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Macías B, Villa MV, Gómez B, Borrás J, Alzuet G, González-Alvarez M, Castiñeiras A. DNA interaction of new copper(II) complexes with sulfonamides as ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2007; 101:444-51. [PMID: 17222455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 11/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New copper(II) complexes with sulfonamide ligands have been prepared and characterized. Sulfonamide ligands were prepared through a reaction between 8-aminoquinoline and either 2-mesitylene (Hqmesa), 4-tert-butylbenzene (Hqtbsa), or alpha-toluene (Halphaqtsa) sulfonyl chlorides. The structural analysis carried out for complex [Cu(alphaqtsa)(2)] indicated that the local environment of the Cu(II) cation is between a square planar and a tetrahedral geometry, with stacking of the benzene rings of the sulfonyl ligands between neighbor molecules. Powder EPR spectra at room temperature gave rhombic spectra for the [Cu(alphaqtsa)(2)] and [Cu(qmesa)(2)] complexes and an axial spectrum for the [Cu(qtbsa)(2)] complex, probably due to the steric hindrance of the methyl groups. Complexes [Cu(alphaqtsa)(2)] and [Cu(qmesa)(2)] are artificial chemical nucleases that degrade DNA in the presence of sodium ascorbate. A study of the radical scavengers revealed that the ROS (reactive oxygen species) involved in the DNA damage were hydroxyl, singlet oxygen-like species, and superoxide anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno Macías
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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21
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Macías B, Villa MV, Salgado M, Borrás J, González-Álvarez M, Sanz F. Copper(II) complexes with sulfonamides derived from 2-picolylamine and their use as chemical nucleases. Inorganica Chim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2005.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Macías B, Villa MV, Sanz F, Borrás J, González-Alvarez M, Alzuet G. Cu(II) complexes with a sulfonamide derived from benzoguanamine. Oxidative cleavage of DNA in the presence of H2O2 and ascorbate. J Inorg Biochem 2005; 99:1441-8. [PMID: 15894377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Reaction between benzoguanamine (2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine) and 2-mesitylenesulfonyl chloride leads to formation of a sulfonamide able to form two mononuclear Cu(II) complexes with a CuL(2) stoichiometry. The local environment of the metal cation is a distorted octahedron, with two ligands and two solvent molecules; both complexes crystallize in the monoclinic structure, space group P2(1), with Z=2. In the presence of ascorbate/H(2)O(2,) the two complexes significantly cleavage double-strand pUC18 DNA plasmid. Both complexes exhibit more nuclease efficiency that the copper phenantroline complex. From scavenging reactive oxygen studies we conclude that the hydroxyl radical and a singlet oxygen-like entity, such a peroxide copper complex, are the radical species involved in the DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Macías
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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24
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Roginskaya M, Bernhard WA, Marion RT, Razskazovskiy Y. The release of 5-methylene-2-furanone from irradiated DNA catalyzed by cationic polyamines and divalent metal cations. Radiat Res 2005; 163:85-9. [PMID: 15606311 PMCID: PMC1847794 DOI: 10.1667/rr3288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Release of 5-methylene-2-furanone (5-MF), a characteristic marker of DNA deoxyribose oxidative damage at the C1' position, was observed in significant quantities from X-irradiated DNA. This observation, which held for DNA irradiated either in aqueous solution or as a film, requires postirradiation treatment at 90 degrees C in the presence of polyamines and divalent metal cations at biological pH. The 5-MF product was quantified by using reverse-phase HPLC. The radiation chemical yield of 5-MF comprised more than 30% of the yield of total unaltered base release. Polylysine, spermine and Be(II) showed the strongest catalytic effect on 5-MF release, while Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), putrescine and Mg(II) were substantially less efficient. We have hypothesized that the 5-MF release from irradiated DNA occurs through catalytic decomposition of the 2'-deoxyribonolactone (dL) precursor through two consecutive beta- and delta-phosphate elimination reactions. A stepwise character of the process was indicated by the S-shaped time course of 5-MF accumulation. If dL proves to be the precursor to 5-MF formation, it would then follow that dL is a very important lesion generated in DNA by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Roginskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - William A. Bernhard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
- Address for correspondence: University of Rochester, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Box 712, 575 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, NY 14642; e-mail:
| | - Roan T. Marion
- Department of Physics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Yuriy Razskazovskiy
- Department of Physics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
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Gude L, Fernández MJ, Grant KB, Lorente A. Syntheses and copper(ii)-dependent DNA photocleavage by acridine and anthracene 1,10-phenanthroline conjugate systems. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:1856-62. [PMID: 15889168 DOI: 10.1039/b502485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the syntheses and characterization of a series of compounds based on 1,10-phenanthroline covalently tethered, at the 2 and 9 positions, to either two benzene, naphthalene, acridine or anthracene chromophores. The acridine and anthracene derivatives are shown to efficiently cleave pUC19 plasmid DNA upon irradiation with ultraviolet light (pH = 7.0, 22 degrees C, 350 nm). Furthermore, photocleavage levels are markedly increased by the addition of Cu2+ to the DNA photolysis reactions. Interestingly, when the concentrations of the anthracene compounds are lowered from 35 microM to 0.25 microM, the reverse trend is observed. DNA photocleavage is markedly reduced in the presence of copper(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Gude
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Tu C, Shao Y, Gan N, Xu Q, Guo Z. Oxidative DNA Strand Scission Induced by a Trinuclear Copper(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:4761-6. [PMID: 15257606 DOI: 10.1021/ic049731g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel trinuclear copper(II) complex, Cu3-L (L = N,N,N',N',N' ',N' '-hexakis(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-tris(aminomethyl)benzene), exhibited efficient oxidative strand scission of plasmid DNA. The solution behavior of the complex has been studied by potentiometric titration, UV spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The data showed that there are three redox-active copper ions in the complex with three types of bound water. The complex demonstrated a moderate binding ability for DNA. Cu3-L readily cleaves plasmid DNA in the presence of ascorbate to give nicked (form II) and then linear (form III) products, while the cleavage efficiency using H2O2 is less than by ascorbate, suggesting that the cleavage mode of the trinuclear complex is somewhat different from the traditional Fenton-like catalysis. Meanwhile, Cu3-L is far more efficient than its mononuclear analogue Cu-DPA (DPA = 2,2'-dipyridylamine) at the same [Cu2+] concentration, which suggests a possible synergy between the three or at least two Cu(II) centers in Cu3-L that contributes to its relatively high nucleolytic efficiency. Furthermore, the presence of standard radical scavengers does not have clear effect on the cleavage efficiency, suggesting the reactive intermediates leading to DNA cleavage are not freely diffusible radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry Institute, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, P. R. China
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27
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Daniel KG, Gupta P, Harbach RH, Guida WC, Dou QP. Organic copper complexes as a new class of proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers in human cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 67:1139-51. [PMID: 15006550 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2003.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we report that organic copper complexes can potently and selectively inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome in vitro and in vivo. Several copper compounds, such as NCI-109268 and bis-8-hydroxyquinoline copper(II) [Cu(8-OHQ)(2)], can inhibit the chymotrypsin-like activity of purified 20S proteasome. In human leukemia cells, proteasome inhibition occurs within 15min after treatment, followed by apoptosis. Neither proteasome inhibition nor apoptosis occurs in non-transformed, immortalized human natural killer cells under the same treatment. Furthermore, proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction were detected in prostate cancer cells treated with the ligand 8-OHQ alone following pre-treatment with copper(II) chloride. None of these events occurred in cells treated with copper(II) chloride alone, 8-OHQ alone (without growth in copper-enriched media), or nickel(II) chloride pre-treatment followed by 8-OHQ. Furthermore, we found that copper-mediated inhibition of purified 20S proteasome cannot be blocked by a reducing agent and that organic copper compounds do not generate hydrogen peroxide in the cells, suggesting that proteasome inhibition and apoptosis induction are not due to copper-mediated oxidative damage of proteins. Our results suggest that certain types of organic ligands could bind to tumor cellular copper, forming potent proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers at copper concentrations found in tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenyon G Daniel
- Drug Discovery Program, Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Macı́as B, Garcı́a I, Villa MV, Borrás J, González-Álvarez M, Castiñeiras A. Structural characterisation and nuclease activity of mixed copper(II) complexes with sulfonamides and bipyridil. Inorganica Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-1693(03)00236-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Macías B, García I, Villa MV, Borrás J, González-Alvarez M, Castiñeiras A. Oxidative DNA damage of mixed copper(II) complexes with sulfonamides and 1,10-phenanthroline. Crystal structure of [Cu(N-quinolin-8-yl-p-toluenesulfonamidate)2(1,10-phenanthroline)]. J Inorg Biochem 2003; 96:367-74. [PMID: 12888272 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(03)00154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mixed coordination compounds of Cu(II) with sulfonamides and 1,10-phenanthroline as ligands have been prepared and characterised. Single crystal structural determination of the complex [Cu(N-quinolin-8-yl-p-toluenesulfonamidate)(2)(phen)] shows Cu(II) ions are located in a highly distorted octahedral environment, probably as a consequence of the Jahn-Teller effect. The FT-IR and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra are also discussed. The mixed complexes prepared undergo an extensive DNA cleavage in the presence of ascorbate and hydrogen peroxide. Two of the complexes have higher nucleolytic efficiency than the bis(o-phenanthroline)copper(II) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno Macías
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Unamuno, Universidad de Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Demple B, DeMott MS. Dynamics and diversions in base excision DNA repair of oxidized abasic lesions. Oncogene 2002; 21:8926-34. [PMID: 12483509 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Demple
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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31
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Hermann T, Heumann H. Structure and distance determination in RNA with copper phenanthroline probing. Methods Enzymol 2001; 318:33-43. [PMID: 10889978 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)18042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hermann
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Kotera M, Roupioz Y, Defrancq E, Bourdat AG, Garcia J, Coulombeau C, Lhomme J. The 7-nitroindole nucleoside as a photochemical precursor of 2'-deoxyribonolactone: access to DNA fragments containing this oxidative abasic lesion. Chemistry 2000; 6:4163-9. [PMID: 11128280 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20001117)6:22<4163::aid-chem4163>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of molecular modeling studies, the 7-nitroindole nucleoside 1 was selected as a suitable photochemical precursor for photochemical generation of the C1' deoxyribosyl radical under irradiation, which led to 2'-deoxyribonolactone. The nitro-indole nucleoside derivatives 1a and 1b were prepared and their conformation was determined by X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The photoreaction of these nucleosides gave the corresponding deoxyribonolactone derivatives efficiently, with release of 7-nitrosoindole. This reaction was successfully applied to synthesis of oligonucleotides containing the deoxyribonolactone lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kotera
- LEDSS, Chimie Bioorganique, UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
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33
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Milne L, Xu Y, Perrin DM, Sigman DS. An approach to gene-specific transcription inhibition using oligonucleotides complementary to the template strand of the open complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:3136-41. [PMID: 10716709 PMCID: PMC16205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.7.3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-stranded region of DNA within the open complex of transcriptionally active genes provides a unique target for the design of gene-specific transcription inhibitors. Using the Escherichia coli lac UV5 and trp EDCBA promoters as in vitro models of open complex formation, we have identified the sites inside these transcription bubbles that are accessible for hybridization by short, nuclease-resistant, non-extendable oligoribonucleotides (ORNs). Binding of ORNs inside the open complex was determined by linking the chemical nuclease bis(1,10-phenanthroline) cuprous chelate [(OP)(2)Cu(+)] to the ORN and demonstrating template-specific DNA scission. In addition, these experiments were supported by in vitro transcription inhibition. We find that the most effective inhibitors are 5 nt long and have sequences that are complementary to the DNA template strand in the region near the transcription start site. The ORNs bind to the DNA template strand, forming an antiparallel heteroduplex inside the open complex. In this system, RNA polymerase is essential not only to melt the duplex DNA but also to facilitate hybridization of the incoming ORN. This paradigm for gene-specific inactivation relies on the base complementarity of the ORN and the catalytic activity and sequence specificity of RNA polymerase for the site- and sequence-specific recognition and inhibition of transcriptionally active DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Milne
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1570, USA
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34
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An approach to gene-specific transcription inhibition using oligonucleotides complementary to the template strand of the open complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000. [PMID: 10716709 PMCID: PMC16205 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050544597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-stranded region of DNA within the open complex of transcriptionally active genes provides a unique target for the design of gene-specific transcription inhibitors. Using the Escherichia coli lac UV5 and trp EDCBA promoters as in vitro models of open complex formation, we have identified the sites inside these transcription bubbles that are accessible for hybridization by short, nuclease-resistant, non-extendable oligoribonucleotides (ORNs). Binding of ORNs inside the open complex was determined by linking the chemical nuclease bis(1,10-phenanthroline) cuprous chelate [(OP)(2)Cu(+)] to the ORN and demonstrating template-specific DNA scission. In addition, these experiments were supported by in vitro transcription inhibition. We find that the most effective inhibitors are 5 nt long and have sequences that are complementary to the DNA template strand in the region near the transcription start site. The ORNs bind to the DNA template strand, forming an antiparallel heteroduplex inside the open complex. In this system, RNA polymerase is essential not only to melt the duplex DNA but also to facilitate hybridization of the incoming ORN. This paradigm for gene-specific inactivation relies on the base complementarity of the ORN and the catalytic activity and sequence specificity of RNA polymerase for the site- and sequence-specific recognition and inhibition of transcriptionally active DNA.
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35
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Kotera M, Bourdat AG, Defrancq E, Lhomme J. A Highly Efficient Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Containing the 2‘-Deoxyribonolactone Lesion. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja982617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Kotera
- LEDSS, Chimie Bioorganique UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Anne-Gaelle Bourdat
- LEDSS, Chimie Bioorganique UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Eric Defrancq
- LEDSS, Chimie Bioorganique UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Lhomme
- LEDSS, Chimie Bioorganique UMR CNRS 5616, Université Joseph Fourier BP 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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