1
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Mazej Z. Fluoride ion donor ability of binary fluorides towards the Lewis acids AsF5 and SbF5. J Fluor Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2022.110073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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2
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Feng Z, Tang S, Su Y, Wang X. Recent advances in stable main group element radicals: preparation and characterization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5930-5973. [PMID: 35770612 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00288d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical species are significant in modern chemistry. Their unique chemical bonding and novel physicochemical properties play significant roles not only in fundamental chemistry, but also in materials science. Main group element radicals are usually transient due to their high reactivity. Highly stable radicals are often stabilized by π-delocalization, sterically demanding ligands, carbenes and weakly coordinating anions in recent years. This review presents the recent advances in the synthesis, characterization, reactivity and physical properties of isolable main group element radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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3
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Vaddamanu M, Prabusankar G. Chalcogen Bonding Induced Tetraselenides from Twisted Diselenides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moulali Vaddamanu
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi 502 285 Sangareddy Telangana India
| | - Ganesan Prabusankar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi 502 285 Sangareddy Telangana India
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4
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Jenne C, Nierstenhöfer MC. Homopolyatomic Chalcogen Radical Cations of Selenium and Tellurium. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201901179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Marc C. Nierstenhöfer
- Anorganische Chemie Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften Bergische Universität Wuppertal Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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5
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Exploring the origin and magnitude of tetrasulfur tetranitrogen interaction with π-ring systems using first principle calculations. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Greb L. Lewis Superacids: Classifications, Candidates, and Applications. Chemistry 2018; 24:17881-17896. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Germany
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7
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Jupp AR, Johnstone TC, Stephan DW. The global electrophilicity index as a metric for Lewis acidity. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:7029-7035. [PMID: 29737357 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01699b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The global electrophilicity index, GEI, is used as a general, quantitative and base-independent metric of Lewis acidity. This parameter has been benchmarked against the established fluoride ion affinity, FIA, for a range of 22 neutral and cationic Lewis acids from across the p-block, including boranes, trityl derivatives, phosphonium cations and sulfoxonium cations. As a demonstration of utility, the GEI is used to catalogue a library of fluoroaryl boranes as it provides a rapid tool for the comparison of a series of Lewis acids featuring peripheral substituent variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jupp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3H6.
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8
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Derendorf J, Jenne C, Keßler M. The First Step of the Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur: Crystal Structure of the Homopolyatomic Sulfur Radical Cation [S8
].+. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8281-8284. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201703083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Derendorf
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Mathias Keßler
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Germany
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9
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Derendorf J, Jenne C, Keßler M. Der erste Schritt der Oxidation elementaren Schwefels - die Struktur des Schwefelradikalkations [S8
].+
im Kristall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201703083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Derendorf
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Deutschland
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Deutschland
| | - Mathias Keßler
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Gaußstraße 20 42119 Wuppertal Deutschland
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10
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Schröder H, Hühnert J, Schwabe T. Evaluation of DFT-D3 dispersion corrections for various structural benchmark sets. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:044115. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4974840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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11
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Housecroft CE, Brooke Jenkins HD. Absolute ion hydration enthalpies and the role of volume within hydration thermodynamics. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25804b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports that various thermodynamic properties in aqueous media for certain individual ions and for compounds are linear functions of the inverse cube root of the solid respective ionic and compound solid state volumes, Vm−1/3.
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12
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Engesser TA, Lichtenthaler MR, Schleep M, Krossing I. Reactive p-block cations stabilized by weakly coordinating anions. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:789-899. [PMID: 26612538 PMCID: PMC4758321 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00672d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of the p-block elements is a huge playground for fundamental and applied work. With their bonding from electron deficient to hypercoordinate and formally hypervalent, the p-block elements represent an area to find terra incognita. Often, the formation of cations that contain p-block elements as central ingredient is desired, for example to make a compound more Lewis acidic for an application or simply to prove an idea. This review has collected the reactive p-block cations (rPBC) with a comprehensive focus on those that have been published since the year 2000, but including the milestones and key citations of earlier work. We include an overview on the weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) used to stabilize the rPBC and give an overview to WCA selection, ionization strategies for rPBC-formation and finally list the rPBC ordered in their respective group from 13 to 18. However, typical, often more organic ion classes that constitute for example ionic liquids (imidazolium, ammonium, etc.) were omitted, as were those that do not fulfill the - naturally subjective -"reactive"-criterion of the rPBC. As a rule, we only included rPBC with crystal structure and only rarely refer to important cations published without crystal structure. This collection is intended for those who are simply interested what has been done or what is possible, as well as those who seek advice on preparative issues, up to people having a certain application in mind, where the knowledge on the existence of a rPBC that might play a role as an intermediate or active center may be useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias A. Engesser
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Martin R. Lichtenthaler
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Mario Schleep
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany .
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13
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Glasser L, Jenkins HDB. Predictive thermodynamics for ionic solids and liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21226-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00235h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thermodynamic properties of ionic solids and liquids may reliably be predicted using volume-based thermodynamics (VBT) and thermodynamic difference rules (TDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Glasser
- Nanochemistry Research Institute
- Department of Chemistry
- Curtin University
- Perth 6845
- Australia
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14
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Grimme S, Brandenburg JG, Bannwarth C, Hansen A. Consistent structures and interactions by density functional theory with small atomic orbital basis sets. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:054107. [PMID: 26254642 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A density functional theory (DFT) based composite electronic structure approach is proposed to efficiently compute structures and interaction energies in large chemical systems. It is based on the well-known and numerically robust Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhoff (PBE) generalized-gradient-approximation in a modified global hybrid functional with a relatively large amount of non-local Fock-exchange. The orbitals are expanded in Ahlrichs-type valence-double zeta atomic orbital (AO) Gaussian basis sets, which are available for many elements. In order to correct for the basis set superposition error (BSSE) and to account for the important long-range London dispersion effects, our well-established atom-pairwise potentials are used. In the design of the new method, particular attention has been paid to an accurate description of structural parameters in various covalent and non-covalent bonding situations as well as in periodic systems. Together with the recently proposed three-fold corrected (3c) Hartree-Fock method, the new composite scheme (termed PBEh-3c) represents the next member in a hierarchy of "low-cost" electronic structure approaches. They are mainly free of BSSE and account for most interactions in a physically sound and asymptotically correct manner. PBEh-3c yields good results for thermochemical properties in the huge GMTKN30 energy database. Furthermore, the method shows excellent performance for non-covalent interaction energies in small and large complexes. For evaluating its performance on equilibrium structures, a new compilation of standard test sets is suggested. These consist of small (light) molecules, partially flexible, medium-sized organic molecules, molecules comprising heavy main group elements, larger systems with long bonds, 3d-transition metal systems, non-covalently bound complexes (S22 and S66×8 sets), and peptide conformations. For these sets, overall deviations from accurate reference data are smaller than for various other tested DFT methods and reach that of triple-zeta AO basis set second-order perturbation theory (MP2/TZ) level at a tiny fraction of computational effort. Periodic calculations conducted for molecular crystals to test structures (including cell volumes) and sublimation enthalpies indicate very good accuracy competitive to computationally more involved plane-wave based calculations. PBEh-3c can be applied routinely to several hundreds of atoms on a single processor and it is suggested as a robust "high-speed" computational tool in theoretical chemistry and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Gerit Brandenburg
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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15
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Grimme S, Hansen A. A Practicable Real-Space Measure and Visualization of Static Electron-Correlation Effects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:12308-13. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201501887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Grimme S, Hansen A. Ein praktikables räumliches Maß für Effekte statischer Elektronenkorrelation und deren Visualisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201501887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Gamrad W, Dreier A, Goddard R, Pörschke KR. Cation-Cation Pairing by NCH⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:4482-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Gamrad W, Dreier A, Goddard R, Pörschke KR. Selbstassoziation organischer Kationen über NCH⋅⋅⋅O-Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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19
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Böhrer H, Trapp N, Himmel D, Schleep M, Krossing I. From unsuccessful H2-activation with FLPs containing B(Ohfip)3 to a systematic evaluation of the Lewis acidity of 33 Lewis acids based on fluoride, chloride, hydride and methyl ion affinities. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:7489-99. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02822h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From hard to soft: The ion affinities of a large set of 33 Lewis acids towards hard and soft bases were examined with a unified isodesmic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Böhrer
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Nils Trapp
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Daniel Himmel
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Mario Schleep
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF)
- 79104 Freiburg
- Germany
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20
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Isolation and reversible dimerization of a selenium-selenium three-electron σ-bond. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4127. [PMID: 24916712 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-electron σ-bonding that was proposed by Linus Pauling in 1931 has been recognized as important in intermediates encountered in many areas. A number of three-electron bonding systems have been spectroscopically investigated in the gas phase, solution and solid matrix. However, X-ray diffraction studies have only been possible on simple noble gas dimer Xe∴Xe and cyclic framework-constrained N∴N radical cations. Here, we show that a diselena species modified with a naphthalene scaffold can undergo one-electron oxidation using a large and weakly coordinating anion, to afford a room-temperature-stable radical cation containing a Se∴Se three-electron σ-bond. When a small anion is used, a reversible dimerization with phase and marked colour changes is observed: radical cation in solution (blue) but diamagnetic dimer in the solid state (brown). These findings suggest that more examples of three-electron σ-bonds may be stabilized and isolated by using naphthalene scaffolds together with large and weakly coordinating anions.
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21
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Brémond É, Golubev N, Steinmann SN, Corminboeuf C. How important is self-consistency for the dDsC density dependent dispersion correction? J Chem Phys 2014; 140:18A516. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4867195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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22
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Engesser TA, Krossing I. Recent advances in the syntheses of homopolyatomic cations of the non metallic elements C, N, P, S, Cl, Br, I and Xe. Coord Chem Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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24
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Hujo W, Grimme S. Performance of Non-Local and Atom-Pairwise Dispersion Corrections to DFT for Structural Parameters of Molecules with Noncovalent Interactions. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 9:308-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300813c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Hujo
- Theoretische Organische Chemie,
Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster,
Corrensstr. 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical
Chemistry, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie
der Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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25
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Moilanen J, Karttunen AJ, Tuononen HM, Chivers T. The Nature of Transannular Interactions in E4N4 and E82+ (E = S, Se). J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:4249-58. [DOI: 10.1021/ct300627p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jani Moilanen
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.
Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.
Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department of Chemistry, P.O.
Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tristram Chivers
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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26
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Steinmann SN, Corminboeuf C. Comprehensive Benchmarking of a Density-Dependent Dispersion Correction. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:3567-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200602x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan N. Steinmann
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Clemence Corminboeuf
- Laboratory for Computational Molecular Design, Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Grimme S, Ehrlich S, Goerigk L. Effect of the damping function in dispersion corrected density functional theory. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:1456-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11491] [Impact Index Per Article: 883.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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28
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Evans DH, Gruhn NE, Jin J, Li B, Lorance E, Okumura N, Macías-Ruvalcaba NA, Zakai UI, Zhang SZ, Block E, Glass RS. Electrochemical and Chemical Oxidation of Dithia-, Diselena-, Ditellura-, Selenathia-, and Tellurathiamesocycles and Stability of the Oxidized Species. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1997-2009. [DOI: 10.1021/jo9026484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis H. Evans
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
| | - Nadine E. Gruhn
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Edward Lorance
- Department of Chemistry, Vanguard University, Costa Mesa, California 92626
| | - Noriko Okumura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
| | | | - Uzma I. Zakai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
| | - Shao-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Eric Block
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222
| | - Richard S. Glass
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721,
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29
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Zhang Q, Yue S, Lu X, Chen Z, Huang R, Zheng L, Schleyer PVR. Homoconjugation/Homoaromaticity in Main Group Inorganic Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:9789-99. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9029285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Shiping Yue
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Zhongfang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Rongbin Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Lansun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Paul von Ragué Schleyer
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Decken A, Knapp C, Nikiforov G, Passmore J, Rautiainen J, Wang X, Zeng X. Silver(I) Complexes of the Weakly Coordinating Solvents SO2and CH2Cl2: Crystal Structures, Bonding, and Energetics of [Ag(OSO)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4], [Ag(OSO)2/2][SbF6], and [Ag(CH2Cl2)2][SbF6]. Chemistry 2009; 15:6504-17. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Ponikvar-Svet M, Keating LR, Dodson BJ, Liebman JF. Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry, the journal (volume 19, 2008) and the discipline. Struct Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-009-9474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Block E, Glass RS, Gruhn N, Jin J, Lorance E, Zakai UI, Zhang SZ. Chemistry of Mixed Sulfur-, Selenium-, or Tellurium- and Silicon-, or Tin-Containing Heterocycles. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500801898168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Block
- a Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , Albany, New York, USA
| | - Richard S. Glass
- b Department of Chemistry , The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nadine Gruhn
- b Department of Chemistry , The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jin Jin
- a Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , Albany, New York, USA
| | - Edward Lorance
- c Department of Chemistry , Vanguard University , Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Uzma I. Zakai
- b Department of Chemistry , The University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Shao-Zhong Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry , University at Albany, SUNY , Albany, New York, USA
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Roy D, Patel C, Liebman JF, Sunoj RB. Probing intramolecular interactions in arylselenides using a property descriptor based approach. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:8797-803. [PMID: 18729343 DOI: 10.1021/jp8041395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although a large volume of experimental evidence is available on the existence of intramolecular nonbonding interactions between chalcogen atoms in main group organometallic compounds, the primary focus has been on the contact distances involving the chalcogen atoms. The important class of intramolecular Se...X (where X is O, S, N) nonbonding interaction in a series of organoselenium compounds is quantified using a new scheme based on a molecular property descriptor. In the present study, we have employed the nucleus-independent chemical shift [NICS(0)] values, as a property descriptor to evaluate the strength of exocyclic nonbonding interactions in a series of aryl selenides. The ab initio MP2 as well as density functional theory methods have been used in conjunction with Dunning's cc-pVDZ basis set. The quantified values of Se...X nonbonding interactions are compared with other schemes based on thermochemical equations such as homodesmic and ortho-para methods. The changes in NICS(0) values at the aryl ring center are found to be sensitive to the strength of exocyclic Se...X interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Mealli C, Ienco A, Poduska A, Hoffmann R. S42− Rings, Disulfides, and Sulfides in Transition-Metal Complexes: The Subtle Interplay of Oxidation and Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:2864-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200705296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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Mealli C, Ienco A, Poduska A, Hoffmann R. S42− Rings, Disulfides, and Sulfides in Transition-Metal Complexes: The Subtle Interplay of Oxidation and Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200705296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Decken A, Ebdah M, Kowalczyk RM, Landee CP, McInnes EJL, Passmore J, Shuvaev KV, Thompson LK. Tuning Intermolecular Magnetic Exchange Interactions in the Solids CxF2x(CNSSS)2(AsF6)2: Structural, EPR, and Magnetic Characterization of Dimeric (x = 2, 4) Diradicals. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:7756-66. [PMID: 17718477 DOI: 10.1021/ic062475i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of diradical containing salts CxF2x(CNSSS)2(**2+0(AsF6-)2 {x = 2, 1[AsF6]2; x = 3, 3[AsF6]2; x = 4, 2[AsF6]2} have been prepared. 1[AsF6]2 and 2[AsF6]2 were fully characterized by X-ray, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility, and solid-state EPR measurements, further allowing us to extend the number of examples of the family of rare 7pi RCNSSS(*+) radical cations. 1[AsF6]2: a = 6.5314(7) A, b = 7.5658(9) A, c = 9.6048(11) A, alpha = 100.962(2) degrees , beta = 96.885(2) degrees , gamma = 107.436(2) degrees , triclinic, space group P, Z = 1, T = 173 K. 2[AsF6]2: a = 10.6398(16) A, b = 7.9680(11) A, c = 12.7468(19) A, beta = 99.758(2) degrees , monoclinic, space group P21/c, Z = 2, T = 173 K. In the solid-state, CxF2x(CNSSS)2(**2+) (x = 2, 4) formed one-dimensional polymeric chains of dications containing discrete centrosymmetric radical pairs in which radicals were linked by four centered two-electron pi*-pi* bonds [12+, d(S...S) = 3.455(1) A; 22+, d(S...S) = 3.306(2) A]. The exchange interactions in these bonds were determined to be -500 +/- 30 and -900 +/- 90 cm-1, by variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements, respectively, providing rare experimental data on the singlet-triplet gaps in the field of thiazyl radicals. For 2[AsF6]2, the thermally excited triplet state was unambiguously characterized by EPR techniques [/D/ = 0.0254(8) cm(-1), /E/ = 0.0013(8) cm(-1)]. These experimental data implied a weakly associated nature of the radical moieties contained in the solids 1[AsF6]2 and 2[AsF6]2. Computational analysis of the dimerization process is presented, and we show that the 2c 4 electron pi*-pi* bonds in 1[AsF6]2 and 2[AsF6]2 have ca. 50% and 40% diradical character, respectively. In contrast, 3[AsF6]2.SO2, containing diradical C3F6(CNSSS)2(**2+) with an odd number of CF2 spacers, showed magnetic behavior that was consistent with the presence of monomeric radical centers in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Decken
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton E3B 6E2, Canada
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37
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Gonsior M, Krossing I, Matern E. A spirocyclic P-S cage cation: synthesis and formation of P7S6I2+. Chemistry 2007; 12:1986-96. [PMID: 16402394 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Upon ionization of the P4S3I2 molecule with Ag[Al(OR)4], a highly reactive sulfonium cation P4S3I+ is generated (NMR simulated and assigned). At -80 degrees C this cation reacts with additional P4S3I2 to give either an iodophosphonium P4S3I3+ cation (NMR simulated and assigned) and P4S3 or to give several isomers of a metastable compound that is probably P8S3I3+. This mixture decomposes at 0 degrees C to give only three isomers of the spirocyclic P7S6I2+ cage cation (31P NMR simulated and assigned, X-ray of one isomer, IR assigned). The oxidation of the [Ag(P4S3)2]+ complex by I2 also resulted in the formation of P7S6I2+, but with more by-products. The spirocyclic 15-atom cage of P7S6I2+ has no precedent and contains the first phosphonium center bonded only to P and S atoms. This structural element gives the first experimental clue as to how formal charge-bearing elements in the still unknown class of binary P-Ch (Ch = chalcogen) or homopolyatomic P cations may be constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gonsior
- Universität Karlsruhe TH, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Engesserstrasse Geb. 30.45, 76128 Karlsruhe (Germany)
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38
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Abstract
The first condensed-phase preparation of ternary P-Ch-X cations (Ch=O-Te, X=F-I) is reported: [P5S3X2]+, [P5S2X2]+, and [P4S4X]+ (X=Br, I). [P5S3X2]+ is formed from the reaction of the Ag+/PX3 reagent with P4S3. The [P5S3X2]+ ions have a structure that is related to P4S5 by replacing P=S by P+--X and S in the four-membered ring by P(X). We provide evidence that the active ingredient of the Ag+/PX3 reagent is the (H2CCl2)Ag-X-PX2+ cation. The latter likely reacts with the HOMO of P4S3 in a concerted HOMO-LUMO addition to give the P5S3X2+ ion as the first species visible in situ in the low-temperature 31P NMR spectrum. The [P5S3X2]+ ions are metastable at -78 degrees C and disproportionate at slightly higher temperatures to give [P5S2X2]+ and [P4S4X]+, probably with the extrusion of 1/n (PX)n (X=Br, I). All six new cage compounds have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and, in part, by IR or Raman spectroscopy. The [P5S2X2]+ salts have a nortricyclane skeleton and were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structure of the [P4S4X]+ ion is related to that of P4S5 in that the exo-cage P=S bond is replaced by an isoelectronic P+--X moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gonsior
- Universität Karlsruhe TH, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Engesserstrasse Geb. 30.45, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Zhang Q, Lu X, Huang RB, Zheng LS. Pericyclic Transition-State-Like Aromaticity in the Inorganic Ions Se2I42+ and S2O42-. Inorg Chem 2006; 45:2457-60. [PMID: 16529465 DOI: 10.1021/ic051420y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We show, by means of quantum chemical calculations, that the inorganic ions Se2I4(2+) and S2O4(2-), whose structures have been long-known and well-characterized, have aromaticity resulting from through-space conjugation, analogous to the aromaticity in the transition states of some pericyclic reactions, such as Cope rearrangements and Diels-Alder reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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40
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Gonsior M, Antonijevic S, Krossing I. Silver Complexes of Cyclic Hexachlorotriphosphazene. Chemistry 2006; 12:1997-2008. [PMID: 16374887 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The first solid-state structures of complexed P3N3X6 (X = halogen) are reported for X = Cl. The compounds were obtained from P3N3Cl6 and Ag[Al(OR)4] salts in CH2Cl2/CS2 solution. The very weakly coordinating anion with R = C(CF3)3 led to the salt Ag(P3N3Cl6)2+[Al(OR)4]- (1), but the more strongly coordinating anion with R' = C(CH3)(CF3)2 gave the molecular adduct (P3N3Cl6)AgAl(OR')4 (3). Crystals of [Ag(CH2Cl2)(P3N3Cl6)2]+[Al(OR)4]- (2), in which Ag+ is coordinated by two phosphazene and one CH2Cl2 ligands, were isolated from CH2Cl2 solution. The three compounds were characterized by their X-ray structures, and 1 and 3 also by NMR and vibrational spectroscopy. Solution and solid-state 31P NMR investigations in combination with quantum chemically calculated chemical shifts show that the 31P NMR shifts of free and silver-coordinated P3N3Cl6 differ by less than 3 ppm and indicate a very weakly bound P3N3Cl6 ligand in 1. The experimental silver ion affinity (SIA) of the phosphazene ligand was derived from the solid-state structure of 3. The SIA shows that (PNCl2)3 is only a slightly stronger Lewis base than P4 and CH2Cl2, while other ligands such as S8, P4S3, toluene, and 1,2-Cl2C2H4 are far stronger ligands towards the silver cation. The energetics of the complexes were assessed with inclusion of entropic, thermal, and solvation contributions (MP2/TZVPP, COSMO). The formation of the cations in 1, 2, and 3 was calculated to be exergonic by delta(r)G(degrees)(CH2Cl2) = -97, -107, and -27 kJ mol(-1), respectively. All prepared complexes are thermally stable; formation of P3N3Cl5+ and AgCl was not observed, even at 60 degrees C in an ultrasonic bath. Therefore, the formation of P3N3Cl5+ was investigated by quantum chemical calculations. Other possible reaction pathways that could lead to the successful preparation of P3N3X5+ salts were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Gonsior
- Universität Karlsruhe TH, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Engesserstrasse Geb. 30.45, 76128 Karlsruhe (Germany)
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Abstract
Formula unit volume, Vm, has recently been identified as the key link to a number of thermodynamic functions and has given rise to an alternative approach to thermodynamics for modern inorganic materials (volume-based thermodynamics, VBT). In an earlier publication, we reported over 400 ion volumes for commonly encountered cations and anions derived from crystal structure data which can, in turn, be used to generate formula unit volumes for those ionic salts, for which crystal structure data, which is the preferred source of such volume data, is not available. The purpose of the present paper is to report a further 147 supplementary ion volumes. These are compared to ion volumes obtained from the summation of Hofmann's elemental volumes, a convenient and alternative approach for the estimation of Vm. It is shown that many elusive ion volumes can be estimated using these databases in tandem by adopting the newly proposed isomegethic rule and other volume additivity rules. Generation of volume data for new, hypothetical, and counterintuitive ions, as well as for traditional ions, is now a reality, as is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Donald Brooke Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
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Rautiainen JM, Way T, Schatte G, Passmore J, Laitinen RS, Suontamo RJ, Valkonen J. A Computational and Experimental Study of the Structures and Raman and 77Se NMR Spectra of SeX3+ and SeX2 (X = Cl, Br, I): FT-Raman Spectrum of (SeI3)[AsF6]. Inorg Chem 2005; 44:1904-13. [PMID: 15762716 DOI: 10.1021/ic048310w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability of MP2, B3PW91 and PBE0 methods to produce reliable predictions in structural and spectroscopic properties of small selenium-halogen molecules and cations has been demonstrated by using 6-311G(d) and cc-pVTZ basis sets. Optimized structures and vibrational frequencies agree closely with the experimental information, where available. Raman intensities are also well reproduced at all levels of theory. Calculated GIAO isotropic shielding tensors yield a reasonable linear correlation with the experimental chemical shift data at each level of theory. The largest deviations between calculated and experimental chemical shifts are found for selenium-iodine species. The agreement between observed and calculated chemical shifts for selenium-iodine species can be improved by inclusion of relativistic effects using the ZORA method. The best results are achieved by adding spin-orbit correction terms from ZORA calculations to nonrelativistic GIAO isotropic shielding tensors. The calculated isotropic shielding tensors can be utilized in the spectroscopic assignment of the 77Se chemical shifts of novel selenium-halogen molecules and cations. The experimental FT-Raman spectra of (SeI3)[AsF6] in the solid state and in SO2(l) solution are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mikko Rautiainen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014, Finland
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Decken A, Ilyin EG, Brooke Jenkins HD, Nikiforov GB, Passmore J. Hexafluoroantimony(v) salts of the cationic Ti(iv) fluoride non metallocene complexes [TiF3(MeCN)3]+ and [TiF2L]2+ (L = 15-Crown-5 and 18-Crown-6). Preparation, characterization and thermodynamic stability. Dalton Trans 2005:3039-50. [PMID: 16127498 DOI: 10.1039/b500993f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cationic titanium fluoride containing complexes [fac-TiF3(MeCN)3][SbF6].MeCN (1), [trans-TiF2(15-Crown-5)][SbF6]2(2) and [trans-TiF2(18-Crown-6)][SbF6]2(2), were prepared by the reaction of TiF4, the molecular ligand and SbF5 in MeCN. Complexes 1-3 were characterized by X-ray single crystal analysis, elemental analysis, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy. Titanium tetrafluoride reacts with the SbF5 in SO2 with the formation of fac-[TiF3(SO2)3]+, detected by 19F NMR. Application of the volume-based approach to thermodynamics (VBT) offers a means, for the first time, of exploring the energetics surrounding these materials and in the thermodynamic section a discussion of this new approach is provided. It emerges that the basis of the thermodynamic driving force of formation of [TiF3L3][SbF6](s) salts, that enforces the unfavourable [DeltaH degrees =+ 237 (+/-20) kJ mol(-1)] fluoride ion transfer from the Lewis acid TiF4(s) to SbF5(l) to give the hypothetical [TiF3]+[SbF6]-(s), is the higher Ti-L (L = ligand) bond energy in the cationic complexes [TiF3L3]+ as compared to that in the molecular adducts TiF4L2(s) and SbF5L(s) so giving rise to larger enthalpies of complexation of [TiF3]+(g) by 3L(g) compared to those for complexation of TiF4(g) by 2L(g) and SbF5(g) by 1L(g). Formation of the trans-[TiF2(15-Crown-5)]2+ and trans-[TiF2(18-Crown-6)]2+ is accounted for the stabilization of [TiF2]2+ cation by the five donor acceptor Ti-O contacts and the accompanying positive charge delocalization. Cationic titanium(IV) complexes fac-[TiF3MeCN)3-nLn]+(n= 0-3) and cis-[TiF318-Crown-6)]+, trans-[TiF2(Crown)]2+(Crown = 15-Crown-5 and 18-Crown-6) were obtained in MeCN solution by the reaction of fac-[TiF3(MeCN)3]+ and L = Et2, THF, H2 or crown ethers. Complexes fac-[TiF3(MeCN)3-nLn][SbF6] L = Et2, THF, H2O, crown ethers are unstable in MeCN solution and slowly decompose giving molecular complexes cis-TiF4L2, cis-TiF4(Crown), SbF5L, titanium oxofluoride and alkoxide complexes. The structure of the fac-[TiF3(MeCN)3]+ is similar to the fac-[TiCl3(MeCN)3]+ and the complexes trans-[TiF2L]2+ L = 15-Crown-5, 18-Crown-6 have very similar geometries to that of trans-[TiCl2(15-Crown-5)]+ showing that the essential features of coordination are the same for the cationic titanium chloride and fluoride complexes with MeCN and 15-Crown-5, 18-Crown-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Decken
- Chemistry Department, University of New Brunswick, E3B 6E2, Fredericton, N.B., Canada
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Krossing I, Raabe I. Water Adducts of BX3 and CX3+: Implications for Structure, Bonding, and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:7571-7. [PMID: 15198604 DOI: 10.1021/ja030274x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Good quality ab initio calculations (MP2) show that the water adducts of BX(3) and CX(3)(+) have totally different structures (X = F-I). While all H(2)O-BX(3) complexes have classical C(s) symmetric structures with strong B-O bonds and additional H-bonding, the heavier CX(3)(+) cations (X = Cl-I) form weakly bonded "non-classical" water adducts that maximize C-X pi-bonding rather than C-O sigma-bonding. The delocalization of the positive charge as the driving force for pi-bond formation is absent in BX(3), and therefore, pi-bonding is only weak and not structure determining in H(2)O-BX(3). Since the PES of all H(2)O --> EX(3)(0/+1) particles (E = B, C) is very flat, flexible basis sets (like TZVPP) are required to rigorously characterize the adducts. In earlier calculations (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 6648), classical structures were reported for all H(2)O --> EX(3)(0/+1) (E = B, C) complexes, likely resulting from the insufficient quality of the basis sets employed. By introducing a positive charge to three coordinate boron-halogen cations Do --> BX(2)(+) (Do = NH(3), OH(2), X-H), also the B-X bonds shrink due to the stronger pi-bonding induced by the positive charge delocalization and if compared to the respective neutral compounds like H(2)N-BX(2) or BX(3). The "non-classical" water adducts also suggest that the mechanism of organic reactions involving carbenium ion intermediates with alpha-bromine or -iodine substituents and a nucleophile may proceed through halogen- rather than carbon coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Krossing
- Universität Karlsruhe, Engesserstrasse Geb. 30.45, D-76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Krossing I, Passmore J. Evidence for the Blue 10π S62+ Dication in Solutions of S8(AsF6)2: A Computational Study Including Solvation Energies. Inorg Chem 2004; 43:1000-11. [PMID: 14753822 DOI: 10.1021/ic0207303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of dissociation reactions of S(8)(2+) into stoichiometric mixtures of S(n)(+), n = 2-7, and S(m)(2+), m = 3, 4, 6, 10, were investigated by the B3PW91 method [6-311+G(3df)//6-311+G] in the gas phase and in solution, with solvation energies calculated using the SCIPCM model and in some cases also the COSMO model [B3PW91/6-311+G*, dielectric constants 2-30, 83, 110]. UV-vis spectra of all species were calculated at the CIS/6-311G(2df) level and for S(4)(2+) and S(6)(2+) also at the TD-DFT level (BP86/SV(P)). Standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K were derived for S(3)(2+) (2538 kJ/mol), S(6)(2+) (2238 kJ/mol), and S(10)(2+) (2146 kJ/mol). A comparison of the observed and calculated UV-vis spectra based on our calculated thermochemical data in solution suggests that, in the absence of traces of facilitating agent (such as dibromine Br(2)), S(8)(2+) dissociates in dilute SO(2) solution giving an equilibrium mixture of ca. 0.5S(6)(2+) and S(5)(+) (K approximately 8.0) while in the more polar HSO(3)F some S(8)(2+) remains (K approximately 0.4). According to our calculations, the blue color of this solution is likely due to the pi-pi transition of the previously unknown 10 pi S(6)(2+) dication, and the previously assigned S(5)(+) is a less important contributor. Although not strictly planar, S(6)(2+) may be viewed as a 10 pi electron Hückel-aromatic ring containing a thermodynamically stable 3p(pi)-3p(pi) bond [d(S-S) = 2.028 A; tau(S-S-S-S) = 47.6 degrees ]. The computations imply that the new radical cation S(4)(+) may be present in sulfur dioxide solutions given on reaction of sulfur oxidized by AsF(5) in the presence of a facilitating agent. The standard enthalpy of formation of S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) was estimated as -3103 kJ/mol, and the disproportionation enthalpy of 2S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) to S(8)(AsF(6))(2)(s) and S(4)(AsF(6))(2)(s) as exothermic by 6-17 kJ/mol. The final preference of the observed disproportionation products is due to the inclusion of solvent molecules, e.g., AsF(3), that additionally favors the disproportionation of 2S(6)(AsF(6))(2)(s) into S(8)(AsF(6))(2)(s) and S(4)(AsF(6))(2)(AsF(3))(s) by 144 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Engesserstr. Geb. 30.45, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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47
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Jenkins HDB, Glasser L. Standard Absolute Entropy, , Values from Volume or Density. 1. Inorganic Materials. Inorg Chem 2003; 42:8702-8. [PMID: 14686847 DOI: 10.1021/ic030219p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Standard absolute entropies of many inorganic materials are unknown; this precludes a full understanding of their thermodynamic stabilities. It is shown here that formula unit volume, V(m)(), can be employed for the general estimation of standard entropy, S degrees 298 values for inorganic materials of varying stoichiometry (including minerals), through a simple linear correlation between entropy and molar volume. V(m)() can be obtained from a number of possible sources, or alternatively density, rho, may be used as the source of data. The approach can also be extended to estimate entropies for hypothesized materials. The regression lines pass close to the origin, with the following formulas: For inorganic ionic salts, S degrees 298 /J K(-)(1) mol(-)(1) = 1360 (V(m)()/nm(3) formula unit(-)(1)) + 15 or = 2.258 [M/(rho/g cm(-)(3))] + 15. For ionic hydrates, S degrees 298 /J K(-)(1) mol(-)(1) = 1579 (V(m)()/nm(3) formula unit(-)(1)) + 6 or = 2.621 [M/(rho/g cm(-)(3))] + 6. For minerals, S degrees 298 /J K(-)(1) mol(-)(1) = 1262 (V(m)()/nm(3) formula unit(-)(1)) + 13 or = 2.095 [M/(rho/g cm(-)(3))] + 13. Coupled with our published procedures, which relate volume to other thermodynamic properties via lattice energy, the correlation reported here complements our development of a predictive approach to thermodynamics and ultimately permits the estimation of Gibbs energy data. Our procedures are simple, robust, and reliable and can be used by specialists and nonspecialists alike.
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Jenkins HDB, Roobottom HK, Passmore J. Estimation of enthalpy data for reactions involving gas phase ions utilizing lattice potential energies: fluoride ion affinities (FIA) and pF- values of mSbF5(l) and mSbF5(g) (m = 1, 2, 3), AsF5(g), AsF5.SO2(c). Standard enthalpies of formation: Delta(f)H degrees (SbmF5m+1)(-),g) (m = 1, 2, 3), Delta(f)H degrees (AsF6(-),g), and Delta(f)H degrees (NF4+,g). Inorg Chem 2003; 42:2886-93. [PMID: 12716180 DOI: 10.1021/ic0206544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride ion affinity (FIA) values (and the associated pF(-) values) are difficult to establish experimentally for pentafluorides of arsenic and antimony. Our approach, utilizing estimated lattice potential energies, provides a further opportunity to establish this data for liquid (and gaseous) SbF(5) and gaseous AsF(5) which compliments values obtained using ab initio routes for monomeric gas phase molecules and adds to results based on rigorous methods. A strategy is developed whereby construction of (multiple) Born-Fajans-Haber cycles centered around the (target) FIA reaction of interest yield a plethora of estimates for the enthalpy change of interest. This general approach is illustrated here by specific estimation of some experimentally based FIA values of SbF(5) and AsF(5). FIA values/kJ mol(-1) and pF- values estimated in this paper are FIA(SbF(5),l) approximately equal to -475 (+/-63), pF-(SbF(5),l) = 11.4 (+/-1.5); FIA(SbF(5),g) approximately equal to -506 (+/-63), pF-(SbF(5),g) = 12.4 (+/-1.5); FIA(2SbF(5),l) approximately equal to -609 (+/-63), pF- (2SbF(5),l) = 14.6 (+/-1.5); FIA (2SbF(5),g) approximately equal to -671 (+/-63), pF- (2SbF(5),g) = 16.0 (+/-1.5); FIA (3SbF(5),l) approximately -635 (+/-39), pF(-) (3SbF(5),l) = 15.2 (+/-0.9); FIA(3SbF(5),g) approximately -728 (+/-39), pF(-) (3SbF(5),g) = 17.4 (+/-0.9); FIA(AsF(5),g) approximately equal to -421 (+/-22), pF(-) (AsF(5),g) = 10.1 (+/- 0.5); and FIA (AsF(5).SO(2),s) approximately equal to -390 (+/-22), pF(-) (AsF(5).SO(2),s) = 9.3 (+/-0.5). Related standard enthalpies of formation (in kJ mol(-1)) are also assigned: Delta(f)H degrees (SbF(6)(-),g) approximately equal to -2075 (+/-52); Delta(f)H degrees (Sb(2)F(11)(-),g) approximately equal to -3520 (+/-63); Delta(f)H degrees (Sb(3)F(16)(-),g) approximately equal to -4874 (+/-39); Delta(f)H degrees (NF(4)(+),g) approximately equal to 903 (+/-32); Delta(f)H degrees (AsF(6)(-),g) approximately equal to -1907 (+/-22).
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Antorrena G, Brownridge S, Cameron TS, Palacio F, Parsons S, Passmore J, Thompson LK, Zarlaida F. The neutral diradical 5,5'-bis(1,3,2,4-dithiadiazolyl) [-], the first main group radical to exhibit a dramatic increase in paramagnetism on mechanical grinding. CAN J CHEM 2002. [DOI: 10.1139/v02-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of [([Formula: see text])2][As6]2 with triphenylantimony and tetrabutylammonium chloride produced the diradical 5,5'-bis(1,3,2,4-dithiadiazolyl) [[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]] in high yield as a black solid with widely ranging magnetic susceptibilities (e.g., 0.6 to 2.6 μB), which on oxidation with AsF5 regenerated [([Formula: see text])2][AsF6]2. The identity of [[Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]] was established from EPR, vibrational, and mass spectra. Ab initio molecular orbital [MPW1PW91/6-311G(2df)] calculations show the lowest energy structure to consist of two coplanar rings separated by a CC single bond (1.444 Å), reflected in the comparison of the vibrational spectra of the diradical with that of [([Formula: see text])2][AsF6]2 and the calculated spectra. Confidence in the calculated [MPW1PW91/6-311G(2df)] structure of the diradical is supported by the excellent agreement between the calculated and X-ray single crystal structure geometries of [[Formula: see text]]2 and [([Formula: see text])2]2+ in [([Formula: see text])2][AsF6]2. The molecular orbitals indicate the diradical is essentially disjoint, confirmed by a very small (0.07 kJ mol1) GVB-PP(TC-SCF)/6-311G* calculated singlettriplet energy gap. Accordingly, the EPR spectrum of the diradical (in tetrahydrofuran, 293 K) shows a simple 3-line pattern (g = 2.0043, a(14N) = 1.11 mT) with no observable exchange coupling between the two radical centers. Mechanical grinding of the diradical results in a large increase in paramagnetism (e.g., from 1.03 to 2.55 μB) that is unprecedented in main group chemistry. The X-ray diffraction data of the ground and unground powder are consistent with a second order phase change on grinding. Attempts to obtain crystals of the diradical by sublimation led instead to numerous decomposition and rearrangement products, including 4-cyano-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl [NC-[Formula: see text]], monoclinic space group C2/c, a = 9.46(2) Å, b = 7.625(5) Å, c = 13.17(2) Å, β = 107.94(4)°, Z = 8. The structure consists of axially symmetric, co-facial, cis dimers linked to form strands through two sets of C[Formula: see text]Nδ···Sδ+ contacts. More efficient and larger scale preparations of [SNS][AsF6] and [([Formula: see text])2][AsF6]2 are reported. Key words: 5,5'-bis(1,3,2,4-dithiadiazolyl), diradical, paramagnetism, mechanical grinding, second order phase change, 4-cyano-1,2,3,5-dithiadiazolyl.
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Jenkins HDB, Glasser L. Ionic hydrates, M(p)X(q).nH(2)O: lattice energy and standard enthalpy of formation estimation. Inorg Chem 2002; 41:4378-88. [PMID: 12184754 DOI: 10.1021/ic020222t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper is one of a series (see: Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 3609; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 632; Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 2364) exploring simple approaches for the estimation of lattice energies of ionic materials, avoiding elaborate computation. Knowledge of lattice energy can lead, via thermochemical cycles, to the evaluation of the underlying thermodynamics involving the preparation and subsequent reactions of inorganic materials. A simple and easy to use equation for the estimation of the lattice energy of hydrate salts, U(POT)(M(p)X(q).nH(2)O) (and therefore for solvated salts, M(p)X(q).nS, in general), using either the density or volume of the hydrate, or of another hydrate, or of the parent anhydrous salt or the volumes of the individual ions, is derived from first principles. The equation effectively determines the hydrate lattice energy, U(POT)(M(p)X(q).nH(2)O), from a knowledge of the (estimated) lattice energy, U(POT)(M(p)X(q)), of the parent salt by the addition of ntheta(U) where theta(U)(H(2)O)/kJ mol(-1) = 54.3 and n is the number of water molecules. The average volume of the water molecule of hydration, V(m)(H(2)O)/nm(3) = 0.0245, has been determined from data on a large series of hydrates by plotting hydrate/parent salt volume differences against n. The enthalpy of incorporation of a gaseous water molecule into the structure of an ionic hydrate, [Delta(f)H degrees (M(p)X(q).nH(2)O,s) - Delta(f)H degrees (M(p)X(q),s) - nDelta(f)H degrees (H(2)O,g)], is shown to be a constant, -56.8 kJ (mol of H(2)O)(-1). The physical implications with regard to incorporation of the water into various types of solid-state structures are considered. Examples are given of the use of the derived hydrate lattice energy equation. Standard enthalpies of formation of a number of hydrates are thereby predicted.
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