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Saeed AMM, Sharma S, Hassan SZ, Ghaleb AM, Cao GP. Intensification and Optimization of FAME Synthesis via Acid-Catalyzed Esterification Using Central Composite Design (CCD). ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26206-26217. [PMID: 37521596 PMCID: PMC10373212 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The acid-catalyzed pre-treatment esterification process is required for low-cost feedstock with high free fatty acids (FFAs) to avoid the saponification that occurs during alkali-catalyzed transesterification for the production of fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE). Reverse hydrolysis in acid-catalyzed esterification causes a decrease in fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. Therefore, the esterification process must be intensified. This study aims to develop and optimize a low-temperature intensification process to enhance biodiesel yield and reduce energy consumption. Three intensification systems were studied: co-solvent technique, co-solvent coupled with adsorption of water using molecular sieves, and entrainer-based continuous removal of water. The process variables of esterification reaction in co-solvents without the adsorption system were optimized by using central composite design (CCD). The study showed that the co-solvent without the adsorption system was effective in intensifying the FFA conversion (XFFA) at low temperatures, compared to the other two systems, due to the dilution effect at high co-solvent/entrainer amount required for sufficient vapors in the adsorption system. Optimized process variables have achieved 95% XFFA within 75 min at 55 °C, 20 mL/100 g of oil DEE, 9 MR, 3 wt % H2SO4, and 320-350 RPM in a co-solvent without the adsorption system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaaddin M. M. Saeed
- UNILAB,
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Department
of Petroleum Studies, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Shivika Sharma
- Department
of Petroleum Studies, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Saeikh Zaffar Hassan
- Department
of Petroleum Studies, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Atef M. Ghaleb
- Department
of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Alfaisal University, 11533 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gui-Ping Cao
- UNILAB,
State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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2
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Ramasamy SVM, Booramurthy V, Pandian S, Albaqami MD, Alotabi RG. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic bifunctional nano-catalyst for the production of biodiesel from Madhuca indica oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66912-66922. [PMID: 37186187 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The reusable magnetic multimetal nano-catalyst (Fe3O4.Cs2O) was synthesized using co-precipitation and incipient wetness impregnation methods. It was used to esterify and transesterify Madhuca indica (M. indica) oil to produce biodiesel with methanol. The prepared catalyst, caesium oxide doped on the nano-magnetite core, was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further, the activity of the catalyst was investigated by subjecting it to a biodiesel reaction. To maximize biodiesel conversion, studies were carried out by varying the process variables like catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time. A maximum conversion of 97.4% was obtained at the holding conditions of 18:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 7 wt% catalyst loading, 65 °C reaction temperature, and 300 min reaction time. Moreover, the catalyst recyclability study showed that it could be recycled up to 12 cycles with a conversion of 90% and above. The biodiesel's fuel properties were analysed and found to be within the limits of ASTM D6751 standard.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijayakumar Booramurthy
- Department of Petrochemical Engineering, RVS College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641402, India
| | - Sivakumar Pandian
- School of Energy Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, 382426, India.
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 21999, Republic of Korea.
| | - Munirah Dukhi Albaqami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham Ghazi Alotabi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Zhang G, Zhao J, Jin X, Qian Y, Zhou M, Jia X, Sun F, Jiang J, Xu W, Sun B. Combined dehydrogenation of glycerol with catalytic transfer hydrogenation of H2 acceptors to chemicals: Opportunities and challenges. Front Chem 2022; 10:962579. [PMID: 36072704 PMCID: PMC9442352 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.962579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalytic transformation of low-cost glycerol to value-added lactic acid (LA) is considered as one of the most promising technologies for the upgradation of glycerol into renewable products. Currently, research studies reveal that anaerobic transformation of glycerol to LA could also obtain green H2 with the same yield of LA. However, the combined value-added utilization of released H2 with high selectivity of LA during glycerol conversion under mild conditions still remains a grand challenge. In this perspective, for the first time, we conducted a comprehensive and critical discussion on current strategies for combined one-pot/tandem dehydrogenation of glycerol to LA with catalytic transfer hydrogenation of H2 acceptors (such as CO2) to other chemicals. The aim of this overview was to provide a general guidance on the atomic economic reaction pathway for upgrading low-cost glycerol and CO2 to LA as well as other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Guangyu Zhang,
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mingchuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuewu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Safety and Control for Chemicals, SINOPEC Research Institute of Safety Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
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4
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Synthesis, Characterizations and Catalysis of Sulfated Silica and Nickel Modified Silica Catalysts for Diethyl Ether (DEE) Production from Ethanol towards Renewable Energy Applications. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated silica (SO4/SiO2) and nickel impregnated sulfated silica (Ni-SO4/SiO2) catalysts have been successfully carried out for the conversion of ethanol into diethyl ether (DEE) as a biofuel. The aims of this research were to study the effects of acidity on the SO4/SiO2 and Ni-SO4/SiO2 catalysts in the conversion of ethanol into diethyl ether. This study focuses on the increases in activity and selectivity of SiO2 with the impregnation of sulfate and Ni metal, which had good activity and acidity and were less expensive. The SO4/SiO2 catalysts were prepared using TEOS (Tetraethyl Orthosilicate) as a precursor and sulfuric acid with various concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4 M). The results showed that SO4/SiO2 acid catalyst treated with 2 M H2SO4 and calcined at 400 °C (SS-2-400) was the catalyst with highest total acidity (2.87 g/mmol), while the impregnation of Ni metal showed the highest acidity value at 3%/Ni-SS-2 catalyst (4.89 g/mmol). The SS-2-400 and 3%/Ni-SS-2 catalysts were selected and applied in the ethanol dehydration process into diethyl ether at temperatures 175, 200, and 225 °C. The activity and selectivity of SS-2-400 and 3%/Ni-SS-2 catalysts shown the conversion of ethanol reached up to 9.54% with good selectivity towards diethyl ether liquid product formation.
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Aderibigbe FA, Shiru S, Saka HB, Amosa MK, Mustapha SI, Alhassan MI, Adejumo AL, Abdulraheem M, Owolabi RU. Heterogeneous Catalysis of Second Generation Oil for Biodiesel Production: A Review. CHEMBIOENG REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cben.202000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Suleiman Shiru
- University of Ilorin Department of Chemical Engineering Ilorin Nigeria
| | - H. B. Saka
- University of Ilorin Department of Chemical Engineering Ilorin Nigeria
| | - M. K. Amosa
- Ton Duc Thang University Department for Management of Science and Technology Development Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Ton Duc Thang University Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | | | - Ayoade L. Adejumo
- Osun State University Department of Chemical Sciences Osogbo Nigeria
| | | | - R. U. Owolabi
- University of Lagos Department of Chemical Engineering Lagos Nigeria
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Aboelazayem O, Gadalla M, Alhajri I, Saha B. Advanced process integration for supercritical production of biodiesel: Residual waste heat recovery via organic Rankine cycle (ORC). RENEWABLE ENERGY 2021; 164:433-443. [PMID: 32963424 PMCID: PMC7498418 DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2020.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production using supercritical methanolysis has received immense interest over the last few years. It has the ability to convert high acid value feedstock into biodiesel using a single-pot reaction. However, the energy intensive process is the main disadvantage of supercritical biodiesel process. Herein, a conceptual design for the integration of supercritical biodiesel process with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is presented to recover residual hot streams and to generate electric power. This article provides energy and techno-economic comparative study for three developed scenarios as follows: original process with no energy integration (Scenario 1), energy integrated process (Scenario 2) and advanced energy integrated process with ORC (Scenario 3). The developed integrated biodiesel process with ORC resulted in electric power generation that has not only satisfied the process electric requirement but also provided excess power of 257 kW for 8,000 tonnes/annum biodiesel plant. The techno-economic comparative analysis resulted in favouring the third scenario with 36% increase in the process profitability than the second scenario. Sensitivity analysis has shown that biodiesel price variation has significant effect on the process profitability. In summary, integrating supercritical biodiesel production process with ORC appears to be a promising approach for enhancing the process techno-economic profitability and viability.
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Key Words
- AP, annual profit
- APC, annual utilities cost
- ATR, annual total revenues
- BORC, basic organic Rankine cycle
- Biodiesel
- CO, carbon monoxide
- DME, Dimethyl ether
- FFA, free fatty acids
- FPSO, floating production storage and offloading
- GHG, greenhouse gases
- HEN, heat exchanger network
- MMUSD, million US dollars
- NOx, nitrogen oxides
- NPV, net present value
- ORC, organic Rankine cycle
- Organic rankine cycle
- PBP, payback period
- PI, profitability index
- PRSV, Peng-Robinson Stryjek-Vera
- Process simulation integration
- RORC, regenerative organic Rankine cycle
- RSM, response surface methodology
- Supercritical methanolysis
- TCI, total capital investment
- Techno-economic study
- WCO, waste cooking oil
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Aboelazayem
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Mamdouh Gadalla
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The British University in Egypt, Misr-Ismalia Road, El-Shorouk City, 11837, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Port Said University, Port Fouad, 42526, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Alhajri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Technological Studies, PAAET, Shuwaikh, 70654, Kuwait
| | - Basudeb Saha
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, 103 Borough Road, London SE1 0AA, UK
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7
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Bhatt C, Nielsen PM, Rancke-Madsen A, Woodley JM. Combining technology with liquid-formulated lipases for in-spec biodiesel production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 69:7-19. [PMID: 33179313 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic biodiesel production has been at the forefront of biofuels research in recent decades because of the significant environmental advantages it offers, while having the potential to be as effective as conventional chemically catalyzed biodiesel production. However, the higher capital cost, longer reaction time, and sensitivity of enzyme processes have restricted their widespread industrial adoption so far. It is also posited that the lack of research to bring the biodiesel product into final specification has scuppered industrial confidence in the viability of the enzymatic process. Furthermore, the vast majority of literature has focused on the development of immobilized enzyme processes, which seem too costly (and risky) to be used industrially. There has been little focus on liquid lipase formulations such as the Eversa Transform 2.0, which is in fact already used commercially for triglyceride transesterification. It is the objective of this review to highlight new research that focuses on bringing enzymatically produced biodiesel into specification via a liquid lipase polishing process, and the process considerations that come with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmayi Bhatt
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | - John M Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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8
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Osazuwa OU, Abidin SZ. The Functionality of Ion Exchange Resins for Esterification, Transesterification and Hydrogenation Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osarieme Uyi Osazuwa
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology College of Engineering Technology University Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Benin PMB 1154 Benin City Edo State Nigeria
| | - Sumaiya Zainal Abidin
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology College of Engineering Technology University Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow (CARIFF) University Malaysia Pahang Lebuhraya Tun Razak 26300 Gambang Kuantan Pahang Malaysia
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Parangi
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Manish Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
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10
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Srivastava M, Mukhopadhyay P, Chakraborty R. Efficient monooleoyl glycerol synthesis employing hybrid ultrasonic‐infrared‐wave promoted reactor: Concurrent catalytic and noncatalytic esterification kinetics. INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Megha Srivastava
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentJadavpur University Kolkata India
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11
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Jalilnejad Falizi N, Güngören Madenoğlu T, Kabay N, Yüksel M. 110th Anniversary: Transesterification of Corn Oil to Biodiesel by Ion Exchange Resins with Macroporous Structure. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kamaruzaman MR, Chin SY, Pui ECL, Prasetiawan H, Azizan N. Synthesis of Biobased Polyester Polyol through Esterification of Sorbitol with Azelaic Acid Catalyzed by Tin(II) Oxide: A Kinetic Modeling Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Kamaruzaman
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, LebuhrayaTunRazak, Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
| | - S. Y. Chin
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, LebuhrayaTunRazak, Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Research in Fluid Flow, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, LebuhrayaTunRazak,
Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
| | - E. C. L. Pui
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, LebuhrayaTunRazak, Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
| | - H. Prasetiawan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gd. E1 Kampus
Sekaran Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia
| | - Nurwadiah Azizan
- Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, LebuhrayaTunRazak, Pahang, Kuantan 26300, Malaysia
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Škrbić B, Predojević Z, Đurišić-Mladenović N. Esterification of sludge palm oil as a pretreatment step for biodiesel production. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2015; 33:723-729. [PMID: 26060194 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x15587546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acid esterification of sludge palm oil, having 50 mas.% free fatty acids, i.e., 50 g of dominant free fatty acid per 100 g of oil, was investigated with the objective of determining conditions for the efficient reduction of free fatty acids. The influences of sulphuric acid dosage and molar ratio of methanol to oil were studied, with the final intention to obtain feedstock with a free fatty acids content acceptable for biodiesel production by alkali-transesterification. Esterification was performed using different molar ratios of methanol to oil (3:1, 6:1 and 9:1) and varying the amount of H2SO4 catalyst (0.92 mas.%, 1.84 mas.% and 4.60 mas.%). Under the applied conditions, the sulphuric acid dosage of 4.60 mas.% resulted in the satisfactory decrease of the feedstock's free fatty acids for 6:1 and 9:1 molar ratios of methanol to oil. Thus, taking into account the economic reasoning, it can be concluded that approximately 5 mas.% of H2SO4 with 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oily feedstock, might be regarded as the dosage necessary for satisfactory pretreatment of the feedstock to be further subjected to the alkaline transesterification. Finally, the effort to consolidate the information on acid esterification available in literature was made, contributing to knowledge on sustainable biodiesel production using the low-grade and low-cost sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Novi Sad, Serbia
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14
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Pirez C, Lee AF, Jones C, Wilson K. Can surface energy measurements predict the impact of catalyst hydrophobicity upon fatty acid esterification over sulfonic acid functionalised periodic mesoporous organosilicas? Catal Today 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Subbiah V, van Zwol P, Dimian AC, Gitis V, Rothenberg G. Glycerol Esters from Real Waste Cooking Oil Using a Robust Solid Acid Catalyst. Top Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-014-0337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Haigh KF, Vladisavljević GT, Reynolds JC, Nagy Z, Saha B. Kinetics of the pre-treatment of used cooking oil using Novozyme 435 for biodiesel production. Chem Eng Res Des 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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18
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Buluklu AD, Sert E, Karakuş S, Atalay FS. Development of Kinetic Mechanism for the Esterification of Acrylic Acid with Hexanol Catalyzed by Ion-Exchange Resin. INT J CHEM KINET 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emine Sert
- Ege University; Chemical Engineering Department; Bornova Izmir Turkey
| | - Simge Karakuş
- Ege University; Chemical Engineering Department; Bornova Izmir Turkey
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