1
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Karim H, Castel C, Lélias A, Magnaldo A, Sarrat P. Kinetic study of uranium (VI) extraction with Tributyl-phosphate in a stratified flow microchannel. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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2
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Lan Z, Lu Y. Micromixing Intensification within a Combination of T-Type Micromixer and Micropacked Bed. MICROMACHINES 2022; 14:45. [PMID: 36677105 PMCID: PMC9866573 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The combination of microstructural units is an effective strategy to improve the micromixing of liquid phase systems, especially viscous systems. However, how the microstructural combination influences micromixing is still not systematically investigated. In this work, the Villermaux/Dushman reaction is used to study the micromixing performance of the viscous system of the glycerol-water in the combination of a T-type micromixer and a micropacked bed. Micromixing performances under various structural parameters and fluid characteristics are determined and summarized, and the micromixing laws are revealed by dimensionless analysis considering the specific spatial characteristics and temporal sequence in the combined microstructures. It achieves good agreement with experimental results and enables guidance for the design and scaling-up of the combined T-type micromixer and micropacked bed towards micromixing intensification in viscous reaction systems.
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3
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Chaouche FZ, Bensebia B, Moustefaï SK. Computational Fluid Dynamics for Microreactors Used in Nitration of Phenol. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0040579522330028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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4
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Residence time distribution and heat/mass transfer performance of a millimeter scale butterfly-shaped reactor. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Production of performic acid through a capillary microreactor by heterogeneous catalyst. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Microreactors are small in size with significant heat and mass transfer. Performic acid (PFA) is an important organic compound. It has broad applications in food, oil and chemical industries because of its oxidizing properties. In the present work PFA is produced in a continuous flow Teflon spiral capillary microreactor. The PFA is produced with and without a heterogeneous catalyst. The formic acid (FA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) are the reactants to produce the PFA. It is a reversible reaction. The aim of the present work to monitor the consequence of hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature and heterogeneous catalyst (Amberlite) for conversion of the FA. The experimental results showed that the formation of the PFA is effected with increase in hydrogen peroxide concentration, percentage of catalyst and temperature. The PFA formed within short residence time by the use of solid catalyst. The heterogeneous catalysts are better in decreasing corrosion and segregation of the catalyst compared to homogeneous catalysts. The best conditions for the PFA synthesis reaction were noted that 10 min residence time, 30 w/v% of HP, 6 wt% of catalyst concentration based on formic acid and 30 °C. Hence, the maximum concentration of the PFA was recorded 2.8 mol/L (XFA = 39.4%)
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6
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Parvulescu VI, Epron F, Garcia H, Granger P. Recent Progress and Prospects in Catalytic Water Treatment. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2981-3121. [PMID: 34874709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Presently, conventional technologies in water treatment are not efficient enough to completely mineralize refractory water contaminants. In this context, the implementation of catalytic processes could be an alternative. Despite the advantages provided in terms of kinetics of transformation, selectivity, and energy saving, numerous attempts have not yet led to implementation at an industrial scale. This review examines investigations at different scales for which controversies and limitations must be solved to bridge the gap between fundamentals and practical developments. Particular attention has been paid to the development of solar-driven catalytic technologies and some other emerging processes, such as microwave assisted catalysis, plasma-catalytic processes, or biocatalytic remediation, taking into account their specific advantages and the drawbacks. Challenges for which a better understanding related to the complexity of the systems and the coexistence of various solid-liquid-gas interfaces have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasile I Parvulescu
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, University of Bucharest, B-dul Regina Elisabeta 4-12, Bucharest 030016, Romania
| | - Florence Epron
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS UMR 7285, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politecnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politencia de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pascal Granger
- CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Artois, UMR 8181 - UCCS - Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, Univ. Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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Azarpour A, Rezaei N, Zendehboudi S. Performance analysis and modeling of catalytic trickle-bed reactors: a comprehensive review. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Mega H, Takahashi S, Aihara T, Yoshida S, Iwamura S, Ogino I, Mukai SR. Enhancing the efficiency of gas-liquid-solid reactions using a monolithic microhoneycomb catalyst. Catal Today 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Abstract
AbstractThe local gas-liquid mass transfer was characterized during bubble generation in T-contactors and in an adjacent micronozzle. A colorimetric technique with the oxygen sensitive dye resazurin was investigated to visualize gas-liquid mass transfer during slug flow, bubble deformation, as well as laminar and turbulent bubble breakup in the wake of a micronozzle. Two optimized nozzle geometries from previous studies were evaluated concerning volumetric mass transfer coefficients for low pressure loss, narrow residence time distribution, or high dispersion rates. Highest values in kla up to 60 s−1 were found for turbulent bubble breakup and an optimized micronozzle design in respect to pressure drop and dispersion rate. The achieved mass transfer coefficients were correlated with the energy dissipation rate within the micronozzles and with the inverse Kolmogorov time scale in vortex dissipation in good agreement for laminar and turbulent breakup regimes.
Graphical abstract
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Madana VST, Basheer AA. Computational investigation of flow field, mixing and reaction in a T-shaped microchannel. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2020.1865936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venkata Sai Teja Madana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashraf Ali Basheer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Karnataka, India
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11
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Chao X, Xu F, Yao C, Liu T, Chen G. CFD Simulation of Internal Flow and Mixing within Droplets in a T-Junction Microchannel. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Chao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feishi Xu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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12
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Woo M, Tischer S, Deutschmann O, Wörner M. A step toward the numerical simulation of catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene in Taylor flow at practical conditions. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Lan Z, Lu Y. An intensified chlorination process of 4-nitroaniline in a liquid–liquid microflow system. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A strategy of dissolving chlorine gas in 1,2-dichloroethane for a liquid–liquid two-phase chlorination reaction was proposed to resolve the problems of low efficiency, strong corrosivity, and poor controllability of gas–liquid chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Biocatalysis in Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Reactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 179:211-246. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Boffito DC, Fernandez Rivas D. Process intensification connects scales and disciplines towards sustainability. CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daria C. Boffito
- Chemical Engineering Department Canada Research Chair in Intensified Mechano‐Chemical Processes for Sustainable Biomass Conversion, Polytechnique Montréal Montréal Québec Canada
| | - David Fernandez Rivas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
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16
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CHEN YAO, CHEN XUEYE. MONOPHASIC REACTION WITH A PACKED BED MICROREACTOR: CHARACTERIZATION OF MASS TRANSFER AND REACTION. J MECH MED BIOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519420500335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the monophasic catalytic reaction in the microreactor is studied. Several factors that may affect the catalytic reaction are discussed, including the pressure drop, the size of catalyst particles, and the channel structure. Finally, some important conclusions can be reached. The change of pressure drop has an effect on the reaction. For example, the C3H6 conversion rate is 62.88% when the pressure drop is 8[Formula: see text]atm, and the C3H6 conversion rate is 61.78% when the pressure drop is 11[Formula: see text]atm. The effect of the change particle radius is not obvious on the reaction. Enhancing the mixing of substances before entering the reaction domain is helpful to the catalytic reaction. There are different substances concentration in catalyst particles at different positions in microreactors. But from the surface to the inside of catalyst particles, the substances concentration has a clear change rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- YAO CHEN
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
| | - XUEYE CHEN
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Liaoning University of Technology, Jinzhou 121001, P. R. China
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17
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Abstract
Abstract
Exploration of confined swirled flows in the former USSR and present-day Russia has a long history and is presented by numerous publications, mostly written in Russian. The obtained results have been put to practical use in different areas of chemical, energy, and processing industries. In view of the process intensification concept, such characteristics of confined swirled flows may be considered unique: high centrifugal gravity, elongation of trajectories, the presence of internal separation zones, energy separation phenomena, and efficient mass/heat transfer in the absence of any moving parts. For instance, high gravity provides an excellent opportunity for multiphase flow stabilization, preventing the appearance of nonuniformities and stability loss, while enhancement of various driving forces acting on the reaction medium takes place. This review is devoted to outlining the main research trends and to discuss the most essential practical implementations in the subject matter done up until now. It is not foreseen to embrace the whole area of swirled flow investigations in the world, but only covers most of the significant ideas and applications contributed in by former Soviet and Russian scientists and engineers. Shortcomings and difficulties of using swirled flows are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey O. Kuzmin
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS , 630090 Novosibirsk, pr. Lavrentieva 5 , Russia
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18
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Rassou S, Vercouter T, Mariet C. Sustainable Solvent Extraction Process for Fe Analysis in Radioactive Samples Based on Microfluidic Tools. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2020.1712096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somasoudrame Rassou
- Den—Service d’Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Vercouter
- Den—Service d’Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Clarisse Mariet
- Den—Service d’Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
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19
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Mohammed AA, Lokhat D. Mass transfer in falling film microreactors: measurement techniques and effect of operational parameters. REV CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2018-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Falling film microreactors have contributed to the pursuit of process intensification strategies and have, over the years, been recognized for their potential in performing demanding reactions. In the last few decades, modifications in the measurement techniques and operational parameters of these microstructured devices have been the focus of many research studies with a common target on process improvement. In this work, we present a review dedicated to falling film microreactors, focusing on the recent advances in their design and operation, with particular emphasis on mass transfer enhancement. Analysis of the recent techniques for the measurement of mass transfer as well as the operational parameters used and their effect on the target objective, particularly in the liquid phase (being the limiting phase reactant), are included in the review. The relationship between the hydrodynamics of falling thin liquid films and the microreactor design, the discrepancies between measured and model results, the major challenges, and the future outlook for these promising microreactors are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alhafiz Mohammed
- Reactor Technology Research Group, Discipline of Chemical Engineering , University of KwaZulu-Natal , 238 Mazisi Kunene Road , ZA-Durban 4041 , Republic of South Africa
| | - David Lokhat
- Reactor Technology Research Group, Discipline of Chemical Engineering , University of KwaZulu-Natal , 238 Mazisi Kunene Road , ZA-Durban 4041 , Republic of South Africa
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20
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Mariet C, Vansteene A, Losno M, Pellé J, Jasmin JP, Bruchet A, Hellé G. Microfluidics devices applied to radionuclides separation in acidic media for the nuclear fuel cycle. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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21
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Abstract
This minireview offers an up-to-date overview of enabling tools for biphasic liquid–liquid reactions in flow.
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22
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Márquez N, Moulijn JA, Makkee M, Kreutzer MT, Castaño P. Tailoring the multiphase flow pattern of gas and liquid through micro-packed bed of pillars. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the co-current flow pattern of gas and liquid through micro-fabricated beds of solid and pillars under variable (i) capillary number, (ii) contact angle or wettability and (iii) pillar arrangement, i.e. modifying the distance between pillars or their size and comparing regular with more chaotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Márquez
- Avans University of Applied Sciences
- School of Life Sciences and Environmental Technology
- 4800 RA Breda
- The Netherlands
| | - Jacob A. Moulijn
- Catalysis Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty Applied Sciences
- Technical University of Delft
- 2629 HZ Delft
| | - Michiel Makkee
- Catalysis Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty Applied Sciences
- Technical University of Delft
- 2629 HZ Delft
| | - Michiel T. Kreutzer
- Product and Process Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Faculty Applied Sciences
- Technical University of Delft
- 2629 HZ Delft
| | - Pedro Castaño
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
- Bilbao
- Spain
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23
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Albani D, Karajovic K, Tata B, Li Q, Mitchell S, López N, Pérez‐Ramírez J. Ensemble Design in Nickel Phosphide Catalysts for Alkyne Semi‐Hydrogenation. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Albani
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesInstitute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Karajovic
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Bharath Tata
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesInstitute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Qiang Li
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Sharon Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesInstitute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Núria López
- The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Javier Pérez‐Ramírez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesInstitute for Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
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24
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Li G, Pu X, Shang M, Zha L, Su Y. Intensification of liquid-liquid two-phase mass transfer in a capillary microreactor system. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxiao Li
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Xin Pu
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Minjing Shang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Li Zha
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education); Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai 200240 P.R. China
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25
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Zhao S, Yao C, Dong Z, Liu Y, Chen G, Yuan Q. Intensification of liquid-liquid two-phase mass transfer by oscillating bubbles in ultrasonic microreactor. Chem Eng Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Lipase-catalyzed solvent-free synthesis of erythorbyl laurate in a gas-solid-liquid multiphase system. Food Chem 2018; 271:445-449. [PMID: 30236700 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Erythorbyl laurate is a potential food additive as a multi-functional emulsifier having antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. In this study, a gas-solid-liquid multiphase system (GSL-MPS) was established to enhance the production yield of erythorbyl laurate in a lipase-catalyzed solvent-free synthesis. The significant reaction variables were optimized as follows: substrate molar ratio of 2:1 (lauric acid:erythorbic acid) and enzyme concentration of 120 mg/mL (840 PLU/mL). Under these conditions, the maximum production yield in GSL-MPS was 13.974 mg/mL, which is 8.60- and 4.26-fold higher than the yields obtained in an organic solvent monophase system (OS-MPS) and a solid-liquid biphase system (SL-BPS), respectively. Moreover, the operational stability of the immobilized lipase was significantly improved in GSL-MPS compared with OS-MPS. These results indicate that GSL-MPS can be an enzymatic reaction system facilitating efficient production of ester compounds as a means of increasing production yields and the reusability of the immobilized lipase.
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27
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Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of the Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Methane in Microchannel Reactors for Synthesis Gas Production. Processes (Basel) 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/pr6070083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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28
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Qin N, Wen JZ, Ren CL. Hydrodynamic shrinkage of liquid CO 2 Taylor drops in a straight microchannel. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2018; 30:094002. [PMID: 29431151 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaa81c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic shrinkage of liquid CO2 drops in water under a Taylor flow regime is studied using a straight microchannel (length/width ~100). A general form of a mathematical model of the solvent-side mass transfer coefficient (k s) is developed first. Based on formulations of the surface area (A) and the volume (V) of a general Taylor drop in a rectangular microchannel, a specific form of k s is derived. Drop length and speed are experimentally measured at three specified positions of the straight channel, namely, immediately after drop generation (position 1), the midpoint of the channel (position 2) and the end of the channel (position 3). The reductions of drop length (L x , x = 1, 2, 3) from position 1 to 2 and down to 3 are used to quantify the drop shrinkage. Using the specific model, k s is calculated mainly based on L x and drop flowing time (t). Results show that smaller CO2 drops produced by lower flow rate ratios ([Formula: see text]) are generally characterized by higher (nearly three times) k s and Sherwood numbers than those produced by higher [Formula: see text], which is essentially attributed to the larger effective portion of the smaller drop contributing in the mass transfer under same levels of the flowing time and the surface-to-volume ratio (~104 m-1) of all drops. Based on calculated pressure drops of the segmented flow in microchannel, the Peng-Robinson equation of state and initial pressures of drops at the T-junction in experiments, overall pressure drop (ΔP t) in the straight channel as well as the resulted drop volume change are quantified. ΔP t from position 1-3 is by average 3.175 kPa with a ~1.6% standard error, which only leads to relative drop volume changes of 0.3‰ to 0.52‰.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
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30
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Abstract
Abstract
Process intensification (PI) is a rapidly growing field of research and industrial development that has already created many innovations in chemical process industry. PI is directed toward substantially smaller, cleaner, more energy-efficient technology. Furthermore, PI aims at safer and sustainable technological developments. Its tools are reduction of the number of devices (integration of several functionalities in one apparatus), improving heat and mass transfer by advanced mixing technologies and shorter diffusion pathways, miniaturization, novel energy techniques, new separation approaches, integrated optimization and control strategies. This review discusses many of the recent developments in PI. Starting from fundamental definitions, microfluidic technology, mixing, modern distillation techniques, membrane separation, continuous chromatography, and application of gravitational, electric, and magnetic fields will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frerich J. Keil
- Institute of Chemical Reaction Engineering , Hamburg University of Technology , 21073 Hamburg , Germany
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Jolhe PD, Bhanvase BA, Patil VS, Sonawane SH, Potoroko I. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of performic acid in a continuous flow microstructured reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 39:153-159. [PMID: 28732932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work establishes in depth study of ultrasound assisted preparation of performic acid (PFA) in a continuous flow microstructured reactor. The influence of various parameters viz. formic acid: hydrogen peroxide molar ratio, flow rate, temperature and catalyst loading on the PFA formation were studied in a continuous flow microstructured reactor. In a continuous microstructured reactor in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation, the formation of PFA was found to be dependent on the molar ratio of formic acid: hydrogen peroxide, flow rate of reactants, temperature and catalyst loading (Amberlite IR-120H). The optimized parameter values are 1:1M ratio, 50mL/h, 40°C and 471mg/cm3 respectively. Further, the performance of Amberlite IR-120H catalyst was evaluated for three successive cycles in continuous microstructured reactor. The performance of catalyst was found to be decreased with the usage of the catalyst and is attributed to neutralization of the sulfonic acid groups, catalyst shrinkage, or loss in pore sites. The experimental results revealed that, for an ultrasound assisted synthesis of PFA in continuous microstructured reactor the observed reaction time was even less than 10min. The observed intensification in the PFA synthesis process can be attributed to the intense collapse of the cavities formed at low temperature during ultrasonic irradiations, which further improved the heat and mass transfer rates with the formation of H2O2 during the reaction. The combined use of ultrasound and a continuous flow microstructured reactor has proved beneficial process of performic acid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Jolhe
- University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, MS, India
| | - B A Bhanvase
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laxminarayan Institute of Technology, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MS, India
| | - V S Patil
- University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon 425001, MS, India
| | - S H Sonawane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal 506004, Telangana State, India.
| | - I Potoroko
- Graduate School of Medical and Biological Head, The Department of Food and Biotechnology FGAOU VO "South Ural State University" (NIU), Russia
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33
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Zhao S, Dong Z, Yao C, Wen Z, Chen G, Yuan Q. Liquid-liquid two-phase flow in ultrasonic microreactors: Cavitation, emulsification, and mass transfer enhancement. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuainan Zhao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zhengya Dong
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Zhenghui Wen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Guangwen Chen
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Dalian 116023 China
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34
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Energy Optimization of Gas–Liquid Dispersion in Micronozzles Assisted by Design of Experiment. Processes (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/pr5040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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35
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Kurt SK, Akhtar M, Nigam KDP, Kockmann N. Continuous Reactive Precipitation in a Coiled Flow Inverter: Inert Particle Tracking, Modular Design, and Production of Uniform CaCO3 Particles. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Safa Kutup Kurt
- Biochemical
and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Equipment Design, Emil-Figge-Straße
68, Dortmund, D-44227, Germany
| | - Mohd Akhtar
- Biochemical
and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Equipment Design, Emil-Figge-Straße
68, Dortmund, D-44227, Germany
| | - Krishna D. P. Nigam
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Norbert Kockmann
- Biochemical
and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Equipment Design, Emil-Figge-Straße
68, Dortmund, D-44227, Germany
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36
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Kurt SK, Warnebold F, Nigam KD, Kockmann N. Gas-liquid reaction and mass transfer in microstructured coiled flow inverter. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 147.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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38
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Shin SB, Lee DW, Chadwick D. Epoxidation of propene in a confined Taylor flow (CTF) reactor at atmospheric pressure. Chem Eng Res Des 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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39
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Moreno-Marrodan C, Liguori F, Barbaro P. Continuous-flow processes for the catalytic partial hydrogenation reaction of alkynes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:734-754. [PMID: 28503209 PMCID: PMC5405685 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic partial hydrogenation of substituted alkynes to alkenes is a process of high importance in the manufacture of several market chemicals. The present paper shortly reviews the heterogeneous catalytic systems engineered for this reaction under continuous flow and in the liquid phase. The main contributions appeared in the literature from 1997 up to August 2016 are discussed in terms of reactor design. A comparison with batch and industrial processes is provided whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Moreno-Marrodan
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Liguori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Barbaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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40
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Costa MF, Fonte CM, Dias MM, Lopes JCB. Heat transfer performance of NETmix—A novel micro‐meso structured mixer and reactor. AIChE J 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo F. Costa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE‐LCM)Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200‐465Porto Portugal
| | - Carlos M. Fonte
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE‐LCM)Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200‐465Porto Portugal
| | - Madalena M. Dias
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE‐LCM)Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200‐465Porto Portugal
| | - José C. B. Lopes
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE‐LCM)Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200‐465Porto Portugal
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41
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Jasmin JP, Vansteene A, Vercouter T, Mariet C. A Simple and Adaptive Methodology to Use a Commercial Solvent Extraction Microsystem as Screening Tool: Validation with the U-TBP Chemical System. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2017.1308151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Jasmin
- Den—Service d’Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Axel Vansteene
- Den—Service d’Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Thomas Vercouter
- Den—Service d’Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Clarisse Mariet
- Den—Service d’Etudes Analytiques et de Réactivité des Surfaces (SEARS), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
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42
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Zhu S, Lu Y, Faust R. Micromixing enhanced synthesis of HRPIBs catalyzed by EADC/bis(2-chloroethyl)ether complex. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05246d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Better mixing could produce more active centers to accelerate the polymerization by promoting the consumption of carbonium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yangcheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Rudolf Faust
- Polymer Science Program
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Massachusetts Lowell
- Lowell
- USA
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43
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Mielke E, Plouffe P, Koushik N, Eyholzer M, Gottsponer M, Kockmann N, Macchi A, Roberge DM. Local and overall heat transfer of exothermic reactions in microreactor systems. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heat transfer performance of plate-type metallic microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mielke
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Patrick Plouffe
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Nikhil Koushik
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Markus Eyholzer
- Chemical Manufacturing Technologies
- Lonza AG
- CH-3930 Visp
- Switzerland
| | | | - Norbert Kockmann
- University of Technology Dortmund
- Biochemical and Chemical Engineering
- Equipment Design
- D-44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Arturo Macchi
- Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- University of Ottawa
- K1N 6N5 Ottawa
- Canada
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44
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Brunet Espinosa R, Rafieian D, Lammertink RG, Lefferts L. Carbon nano-fiber based membrane reactor for selective nitrite hydrogenation. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2016.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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A robust multistage mesoflow reactor for liquid–liquid extraction for the separation of Co/Ni with cyanex 272. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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46
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Zhu S, Lu Y, Wang K, Luo G. Flow synthesis of medium molecular weight polyisobutylene coinitiated by AlCl 3. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Bolivar JM, Tribulato MA, Petrasek Z, Nidetzky B. Let the substrate flow, not the enzyme: Practical immobilization of d
-amino acid oxidase in a glass microreactor for effective biocatalytic conversions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2342-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology; NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 Graz A-8010 Austria
| | - Marco A. Tribulato
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology; NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 Graz A-8010 Austria
| | - Zdenek Petrasek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology; NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 Graz A-8010 Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology; NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 Graz A-8010 Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB); Graz Austria
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48
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49
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Wang P, Zhang J, Wang K, Luo G, Xie P. Kinetic Study of Reactions of Aniline and Benzoyl Chloride Using NH3 as Acid Absorbent in a Microstructured Chemical System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Wang
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pei Xie
- The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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50
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Bolivar JM, Krämer CEM, Ungerböck B, Mayr T, Nidetzky B. Development of a fully integrated falling film microreactor for gas-liquid-solid biotransformation with surface immobilized O2-dependent enzyme. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:1862-72. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 Graz A-8010 Austria
| | - Christina E. M. Krämer
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 Graz A-8010 Austria
| | - Birgit Ungerböck
- Institute of Analytical and Food Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
| | - Torsten Mayr
- Institute of Analytical and Food Chemistry; Graz University of Technology; Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering; Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz; Petersgasse 12 Graz A-8010 Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology; Petersgasse 14 Graz A-8010 Austria
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