1
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Liu R, Rong J, Wu Z, Taniguchi M, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Panchromatic Absorbers Tethered for Bioconjugation or Surface Attachment. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196501. [PMID: 36235037 PMCID: PMC9573448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of two triads are reported. Each triad is composed of two perylene-monoimides linked to a porphyrin via an ethyne unit, which bridges the perylene 9-position and a porphyrin 5- or 15-position. Each triad also contains a single tether composed of an alkynoic acid or an isophthalate unit. Each triad provides panchromatic absorption (350–700 nm) with fluorescence emission in the near-infrared region (733 or 743 nm; fluorescence quantum yield ~0.2). The syntheses rely on the preparation of trans-AB-porphyrins bearing one site for tether attachment (A), an aryl group (B), and two open meso-positions. The AB-porphyrins were prepared by the condensation of a 1,9-diformyldipyrromethane and a dipyrromethane. The installation of the two perylene-monoimide groups was achieved upon the 5,15-dibromination of the porphyrin and the subsequent copper-free Sonogashira coupling, which was accomplished before or after the attachment of the tether. The syntheses provide relatively straightforward access to a panchromatic absorber for use in bioconjugation or surface-attachment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jie Rong
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
- Correspondence: (D.F.B.); (D.H.); (J.S.L.); Tel.: +1-919-515-6406 (J.S.L.)
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2
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Bulbul AS, Chaudhri N, Shanu M, Acharyya JN, Vijaya Prakash G, Sankar M. Unsymmetrically β-Functionalized π-Extended Porphyrins: Synthesis, Spectral, Electrochemical Redox Properties, and Their Utilization as Efficient Two-Photon Absorbers. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:9968-9982. [PMID: 35729686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Two new series of unsymmetrically β-functionalized porphyrins, MTPP(NO2)MA (1M), (MA = methyl acrylate) and MTPP(NO2)MB (2M) (MB = mono-benzo) (where M = 2H, Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)), were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The saddle shape conformation of ZnTPP(NO2)MAPy and ZnTPP(NO2)MB was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that NiTPP(NO2)MB has a severe nonplanar geometry possessing a high magnitude of ΔCβ = ±0.727 Å and Δ24 = ±0.422 Å values among all other porphyrins. Synthesized β-substituted porphyrins exhibited red-shifted B- and Q-bands corresponding to their parent molecule due to the electron-withdrawing peripheral substituents. Notable redshift (Δλmax = 50-60 nm) in electronic spectral features and with weak-intensity emission spectral features were observed for the free-base porphyrins and Zn(II) complexes compared to H2TPP and ZnTPP, respectively. The first-ring reduction potential of MTPP(NO2)MA (1M) exhibited 0.21-0.5 V anodic shift, whereas 0.18-0.23 V anodic shift was observed in the first-ring oxidation potential compared to the corresponding MTPPs due to the presence of electron-withdrawing β-substituents at the periphery of the macrocycle. Interestingly, NiTPP(NO2)MA (1Ni) has shown an additional NiII/NiIII oxidation potential observed at 2.05 V along with two ring-centered oxidations. The first-ring reduction and oxidation potentials of MTPP(NO2)MB (2M) have shown 0.39-0.46 and 0.19-0.27 V anodic shifts with respect to their corresponding MTPPs. The nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of all of the porphyrins were investigated, and the extracted nonlinear optical parameters revealed intense reverse-saturable absorption (RSA) behavior and the self-focusing behavior with positive nonlinear refractive index in the range of (0.19-1.75) × 10-17 m2/W. Zn(II) complexes exhibited the highest two-photon absorption coefficient (β) and cross section (σTPA) of ∼95 × 10-12 m/W and 19.66 × 104 GM, respectively, among all of the metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Sohel Bulbul
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Mohd Shanu
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jitendra Nath Acharyya
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - G Vijaya Prakash
- Nanophotonics Lab, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Muniappan Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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3
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Roy P, Kundu S, Valdiviezo J, Bullard G, Fletcher JT, Liu R, Yang SJ, Zhang P, Beratan DN, Therien MJ, Makri N, Fleming GR. Synthetic Control of Exciton Dynamics in Bioinspired Cofacial Porphyrin Dimers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6298-6310. [PMID: 35353523 PMCID: PMC9011348 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how the complex interplay among excitonic interactions, vibronic couplings, and reorganization energy determines coherence-enabled transport mechanisms is a grand challenge with both foundational implications and potential payoffs for energy science. We use a combined experimental and theoretical approach to show how a modest change in structure may be used to modify the exciton delocalization, tune electronic and vibrational coherences, and alter the mechanism of exciton transfer in covalently linked cofacial Zn-porphyrin dimers (meso-beta linked ABm-β and meso-meso linked AAm-m). While both ABm-β and AAm-m feature zinc porphyrins linked by a 1,2-phenylene bridge, differences in the interporphyrin connectivity set the lateral shift between macrocycles, reducing electronic coupling in ABm-β and resulting in a localized exciton. Pump-probe experiments show that the exciton dynamics is faster by almost an order of magnitude in the strongly coupled AAm-m dimer, and two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) identifies a vibronic coherence that is absent in ABm-β. Theoretical studies indicate how the interchromophore interactions in these structures, and their system-bath couplings, influence excitonic delocalization and vibronic coherence-enabled rapid exciton transport dynamics. Real-time path integral calculations reproduce the exciton transfer kinetics observed experimentally and find that the linking-modulated exciton delocalization strongly enhances the contribution of vibronic coherences to the exciton transfer mechanism, and that this coherence accelerates the exciton transfer dynamics. These benchmark molecular design, 2DES, and theoretical studies provide a foundation for directed explorations of nonclassical effects on exciton dynamics in multiporphyrin assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha
Pratim Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sohang Kundu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jesús Valdiviezo
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - George Bullard
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - James T. Fletcher
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rui Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Shiun-Jr Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David N. Beratan
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department
of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nancy Makri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Illinois
Quantum Information Science & Technology Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli
Energy Nanoscience Institute at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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4
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Twisted molecular wires polarize spin currents at room temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116180119. [PMID: 35115404 PMCID: PMC8833206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116180119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to conventional electronics, spintronics devices exploit the electron spin as an additional degree of freedom. The chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, in which chiral molecules act as spin filters in electron transport, provides a pathway to control spins in molecules. We describe an approach that integrates both spin-polarizing and spin-propagating functionality into organic structures that feature low charge transport resistances. Binding chiral ligands to molecular wires controls polarized spin handedness, regulates spin currents, generates large NIR rotational strengths, and provides a mechanism to flip the favored spin orientation for spin transmission through chiral organic molecules. This work points the way to materials that provide both high spin selectivity and large-magnitude spin currents via the CISS mechanism. A critical spintronics challenge is to develop molecular wires that render efficiently spin-polarized currents. Interplanar torsional twisting, driven by chiral binucleating ligands in highly conjugated molecular wires, gives rise to large near-infrared rotational strengths. The large scalar product of the electric and magnetic dipole transition moments (μ→ij⋅m→ij), which are evident in the low-energy absorptive manifolds of these wires, makes possible enhanced chirality-induced spin selectivity–derived spin polarization. Magnetic-conductive atomic force microscopy experiments and spin-Hall devices demonstrate that these designs point the way to achieve high spin selectivity and large-magnitude spin currents in chiral materials.
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5
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Brugh A, Wang R, Therien MJ, Forbes MDE. Spinning Molecules, Spinning Spins: Modulation of an Electron Spin Exchange Interaction in a Highly Anisotropic Hyperfine Field. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27865-27873. [PMID: 34722986 PMCID: PMC8552362 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An investigation of spin and conformational dynamics in a series of symmetric Cu-Cu porphyrin dimer solutions is presented using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Previous spectral simulations focused on the isotropic exchange interaction (J avg) between the Cu centers. In this work, an additional line broadening parameter (J mod) is explored in detail via variable temperature X-band EPR in liquid solution for several different structures. The J mod phenomenon is due to fluctuations in the spin exchange interaction caused by conformational motion of the porphyrin planes. The J mod parameter scales with the inverse of the rotational barriers that determine the Boltzmann-weighted torsional angle distribution between neighboring porphyrin planes. Arrhenius plots allow for extraction of the activation energies for rotation, which are 5.77, 2.84, and 5.31 kJ/mol for ethyne-bridged (porphinato)copper(II)-(porphinato)copper(II), butadiyne-bridged (porphinato)copper(II)-(porphinato)copper(II), and ethyne-bridged (porphinato)copper(II)-(porphinato)zinc(II)-(porphinato)copper(II) complexes, respectively. DFT calculations of these torsional barriers match well with the experimental results. This is the first report of a J mod analysis within a highly anisotropic hyperfine field and demonstrates the utility of the theory for extraction of dynamic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
M. Brugh
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Ruobing Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Malcolm D. E. Forbes
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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6
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Morisue M, Kawanishi M, Kusukawa T. Charge‐Transfer‐Adaptable Double‐Strand Formation of a Porphyrin‐BODIPY‐Porphyrin Triad. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Morisue
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8585 Japan
| | - Miho Kawanishi
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8585 Japan
| | - Takahiro Kusukawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606–8585 Japan
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7
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Vyšniauskas A, Kuimova MK. Microviscosity and temperature sensors: The twists and turns of the photophysics of conjugated porphyrin dimers — a SPP/JPP Young Investigator Award paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated porphyrin dimers have captured the imagination of scientists due to a set of unique spectroscopic features such as remarkable nonlinear-optical properties, high yields of singlet oxygen sensitization and the absorption and emission in the far-red region of the visible spectrum. Here we review a range of newly emerged applications of porphyrin dimers as sensors of their microenvironment such as viscosity and temperature. We discuss the sensing mechanism based on the known conformational flexibility of the dimer structure and describe possible applications of these unique sensors, from detecting viscosity increase during photoinduced cell death to structural responses of polymers and artificial lipid membranes, to temperature changes, and to mechanical deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurimas Vyšniauskas
- Center of Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio av. 3, Vilnius, LT-10257, Lithuania
- Chemistry Department, Vilnius University, Naugarduko st. 24, Vilnius, LT-03225, Lithuania
| | - Marina K. Kuimova
- Chemistry Department, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, W12 0BZ, UK
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8
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Viere EJ, Qi W, Stanton IN, Zhang P, Therien MJ. Driving high quantum yield NIR emission through proquinoidal linkage motifs in conjugated supermolecular arrays. Chem Sci 2020; 11:8095-8104. [PMID: 34123083 PMCID: PMC8163388 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03446k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High quantum yield NIR fluorophores are rare. Factors that drive low emission quantum yields at long wavelength include the facts that radiative rate constants increase proportional to the cube of the emission energy, while nonradiative rate constants increase in an approximately exponentially with decreasing S0-S1 energy gaps (in accordance with the energy gap law). This work demonstrates how the proquinoidal BTD building blocks can be utilized to minimize the extent of excited-state structural relaxation relative to the ground-state conformation in highly conjugated porphyrin oligomers, and shows that 4-ethynylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (E-BTD) units that terminate meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc (PZnn) arrays, and 4,7-diethynylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (E-BTD-E) spacers that are integrated into the backbone of these compositions, elucidate new classes of impressive NIR fluorophores. We report the syntheses, electronic structural properties, and emissive characteristics of neoteric PZn-(BTD-PZn)n, PZn2-(BTD-PZn2)n, and BTD-PZnn-BTD fluorophores. Absolute fluorescence quantum yield (ϕ f) measurements, acquired using a calibrated integrating-sphere-based measurement system, demonstrate that these supermolecules display extraordinary ϕ f values that range from 10-25% in THF solvent, and between 28-36% in toluene solvent over the 700-900 nm window of the NIR. These studies underscore how the regulation of proquinoidal conjugation motifs can be exploited to drive excited-state dynamical properties important for high quantum yield long-wavelength fluorescence emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Viere
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
| | - Wei Qi
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
| | - Ian N Stanton
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University 124 Science Drive Durham North Carolina 27708-0346 USA
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9
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Zieleniewska A, Guldi DM. Investigating Electronic Communications in meso-meso Ethene-Bridged Unsymmetrical Diporphyrins. Chemistry 2019; 25:9602-9607. [PMID: 31112327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
At the focal point of this work is the photophysical characterization of three meso-meso ethene-bridged diporphyrins featuring a diverse metallation pattern. Detailed investigations by means of cyclic voltammetry, absorption, fluorescence, and femto-/nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy revealed the impact of open-shell nickel(II) on the electronic communication in ethene-bridged heterobimetallic diporphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zieleniewska
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Engineering opposite electronic polarization of singlet and triplet states increases the yield of high-energy photoproducts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14465-14470. [PMID: 31182609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901752116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient photosynthetic energy conversion requires quantitative, light-driven formation of high-energy, charge-separated states. However, energies of high-lying excited states are rarely extracted, in part because the congested density of states in the excited-state manifold leads to rapid deactivation. Conventional photosystem designs promote electron transfer (ET) by polarizing excited donor electron density toward the acceptor ("one-way" ET), a form of positive design. Curiously, negative design strategies that explicitly avoid unwanted side reactions have been underexplored. We report here that electronic polarization of a molecular chromophore can be used as both a positive and negative design element in a light-driven reaction. Intriguingly, prudent engineering of polarized excited states can steer a "U-turn" ET-where the excited electron density of the donor is initially pushed away from the acceptor-to outcompete a conventional one-way ET scheme. We directly compare one-way vs. U-turn ET strategies via a linked donor-acceptor (DA) assembly in which selective optical excitation produces donor excited states polarized either toward or away from the acceptor. Ultrafast spectroscopy of DA pinpoints the importance of realizing donor singlet and triplet excited states that have opposite electronic polarizations to shut down intersystem crossing. These results demonstrate that oppositely polarized electronically excited states can be employed to steer photoexcited states toward useful, high-energy products by routing these excited states away from states that are photosynthetic dead ends.
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11
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Abstract
A family of push-pull quinoidal porphyrin monomers has been prepared from a meso-formyl porphyrin by bromination, thioacetal formation, palladium-catalyzed coupling with malononitrile and oxidation with DDQ. Attempts at extending this synthesis to a push-pull quinoidal/cumulenic porphyrin dimer were not successful. The crystal structures of the quinoidal porphyrins indicate that there is no significant contribution from singlet biradical or zwitterionic resonance forms. The crystal structure of an ethyne-linked porphyrin dimer shows that the torsion angle between the porphyrin units is only about 3°, in keeping with crystallographic results on related compounds, but contrasting with the torsion angle of about 35° predicted by computational studies. The free-base quinoidal porphyrin monomers form tightly π-stacked layer structures, despite their curved geometries and bulky aryl substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Haver
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA
| | - Harry L. Anderson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA
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13
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Zieleniewska A, Harper SR, Arnold DP, Guldi DM. Ground State versus Excited State: Discrepancy in Electronic Communication in a Series of meso
-meso
Two-Atom-Bridged Diporphyrins. Chemistry 2018; 24:3058-3067. [PMID: 29314420 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zieleniewska
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Shannon R. Harper
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology; GPO Box 2434 Brisbane 4001 Australia
| | - Dennis P. Arnold
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Queensland University of Technology; GPO Box 2434 Brisbane 4001 Australia
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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14
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Bai Y, Olivier JH, Yoo H, Polizzi NF, Park J, Rawson J, Therien MJ. Molecular Road Map to Tuning Ground State Absorption and Excited State Dynamics of Long-Wavelength Absorbers. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:16946-16958. [PMID: 29043788 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Realizing chromophores that simultaneously possess substantial near-infrared (NIR) absorptivity and long-lived, high-yield triplet excited states is vital for many optoelectronic applications, such as optical power limiting and triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC). However, the energy gap law ensures such chromophores are rare, and molecular engineering of absorbers having such properties has proven challenging. Here, we present a versatile methodology to tackle this design issue by exploiting the ethyne-bridged (polypyridyl)metal(II) (M; M = Ru, Os)-(porphinato)metal(II) (PM'; M' = Zn, Pt, Pd) molecular architecture (M-(PM')n-M), wherein high-oscillator-strength NIR absorptivity up to 850 nm, near-unity intersystem crossing (ISC) quantum yields (ΦISC), and triplet excited-state (T1) lifetimes on the microseconds time scale are simultaneously realized. By varying the extent to which the atomic coefficients of heavy metal d orbitals contribute to the one-electron excitation configurations describing the initially prepared singlet and triplet excited-state wave functions, we (i) show that the relative magnitudes of fluorescence (k0F), S1 → S0 nonradiative decay (knr), S1 → T1 ISC (kISC), and T1 → S0 relaxation (kT1→S0) rate constants can be finely tuned in M-(PM')n-M compounds and (ii) demonstrate designs in which the kISC magnitude dominates singlet manifold relaxation dynamics but does not give rise to T1 → S0 conversion dynamics that short-circuit a microseconds time scale triplet lifetime. Notably, the NIR spectral domain absorptivities of M-(PM')n-M chromophores far exceed those of classic coordination complexes and organic materials possessing similarly high yields of triplet-state formation: in contrast to these benchmark materials, this work demonstrates that these M-(PM')n-M systems realize near unit ΦISC at extraordinarily modest S1-T1 energy gaps (∼0.25 eV). This study underscores the photophysical diversity of the M-(PM')n-M platform and presents a new library of long-wavelength absorbers that efficiently populate long-lived T1 states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Bai
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Hyejin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Nicholas F Polizzi
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Jaehong Park
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University , 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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15
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Polizzi NF, Wu Y, Lemmin T, Maxwell AM, Zhang SQ, Rawson J, Beratan DN, Therien MJ, DeGrado WF. De novo design of a hyperstable non-natural protein-ligand complex with sub-Å accuracy. Nat Chem 2017; 9:1157-1164. [PMID: 29168496 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein catalysis requires the atomic-level orchestration of side chains, substrates and cofactors, and yet the ability to design a small-molecule-binding protein entirely from first principles with a precisely predetermined structure has not been demonstrated. Here we report the design of a novel protein, PS1, that binds a highly electron-deficient non-natural porphyrin at temperatures up to 100 °C. The high-resolution structure of holo-PS1 is in sub-Å agreement with the design. The structure of apo-PS1 retains the remote core packing of the holoprotein, with a flexible binding region that is predisposed to ligand binding with the desired geometry. Our results illustrate the unification of core packing and binding-site definition as a central principle of ligand-binding protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Polizzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yibing Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Thomas Lemmin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Alison M Maxwell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Shao-Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - David N Beratan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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16
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Asif HM, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Shaheen N, Yang D, Li J, Long Y, Iqbal A, Li Y. Covalent Synthesis of Two Hybrids Composed of Dawson-Type Polyoxometalate and Porphyrin with Remarkable Third-Order Optical Nonlinearities Reflecting the Effect of Polyoxometalates. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:9436-9447. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Asif
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yunshan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Nusrat Shaheen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Di Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yi Long
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Arshad Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yanqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource
Engineering, Institute of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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17
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Wang R, Brugh AM, Rawson J, Therien MJ, Forbes MDE. Alkyne-Bridged Multi[Copper(II) Porphyrin] Structures: Nuances of Orbital Symmetry in Long-Range, Through-Bond Mediated, Isotropic Spin Exchange Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:9759-9762. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Alexander M. Brugh
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Malcolm D. E. Forbes
- Center
for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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18
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Bai Y, Rawson J, Roget SA, Olivier JH, Lin J, Zhang P, Beratan DN, Therien MJ. Controlling the excited-state dynamics of low band gap, near-infrared absorbers via proquinoidal unit electronic structural modulation. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5889-5901. [PMID: 28989620 PMCID: PMC5619129 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc02150j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulating the extent of configuration interaction steers the excited-state relaxation pathways and dynamics of high oscillator strength NIR absorbers that exploit proquinoidal conjugation.
While the influence of proquinoidal character upon the linear absorption spectrum of low optical bandgap π-conjugated polymers and molecules is well understood, its impact upon excited-state relaxation pathways and dynamics remains obscure. We report the syntheses, electronic structural properties, and excited-state dynamics of a series of model highly conjugated near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing chromophores based on a (porphinato)metal(ii)-proquinoidal spacer-(porphinato)metal(ii) (PM-Sp-PM) structural motif. A combination of excited-state dynamical studies and time-dependent density functional theory calculations: (i) points to the cardinal role that excited-state configuration interaction (CI) plays in determining the magnitudes of S1 → S0 radiative (kr), S1 → T1 intersystem crossing (kISC), and S1 → S0 internal conversion (kIC) rate constants in these PM-Sp-PM chromophores, and (ii) suggests that a primary determinant of CI magnitude derives from the energetic alignment of the PM and Sp fragment LUMOs (ΔEL). These insights not only enable steering of excited-state relaxation dynamics of high oscillator strength NIR absorbers to realize either substantial fluorescence or long-lived triplets (τT1 > μs) generated at unit quantum yield (ΦISC = 100%), but also crafting of those having counter-intuitive properties: for example, while (porphinato)platinum compounds are well known to generate non-emissive triplet states (ΦISC = 100%) upon optical excitation at ambient temperature, diminishing the extent of excited-state CI in these systems realizes long-wavelength absorbing heavy-metal fluorophores. This work highlights approaches to: (i) modulate low-lying singlet excited-state lifetime over the picosecond-to-nanosecond time domain, (ii) achieve NIR fluorescence with quantum yields up to 25%, (iii) tune the magnitude of S1–T1 ISC rate constant from 109 to 1012 s–1 and (iv) realize T1-state lifetimes that range from ∼0.1 to several μs, for these model PM-Sp-PM chromophores, and renders new insights to evolve bespoke photophysical properties for low optical bandgap π-conjugated polymers and molecules based on proquinoidal conjugation motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusong Bai
- Department of Chemistry , French Family Science Center , Duke University , 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0346 , USA .
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry , French Family Science Center , Duke University , 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0346 , USA .
| | - Sean A Roget
- Department of Chemistry , French Family Science Center , Duke University , 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0346 , USA .
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry , French Family Science Center , Duke University , 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0346 , USA .
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Department of Chemistry , French Family Science Center , Duke University , 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0346 , USA .
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , French Family Science Center , Duke University , 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0346 , USA .
| | - David N Beratan
- Department of Chemistry , French Family Science Center , Duke University , 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0346 , USA .
| | - Michael J Therien
- Department of Chemistry , French Family Science Center , Duke University , 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708-0346 , USA .
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19
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Nayak A, Park J, De Mey K, Hu X, Duncan TV, Beratan DN, Clays K, Therien MJ. Large Hyperpolarizabilities at Telecommunication-Relevant Wavelengths in Donor-Acceptor-Donor Nonlinear Optical Chromophores. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:954-966. [PMID: 28058285 PMCID: PMC5200929 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.6b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Octopolar D2-symmetric chromophores, based on the MPZnM supermolecular motif in which (porphinato)zinc(II) (PZn) and ruthenium(II) polypyridyl (M) structural units are connected via ethyne linkages, were synthesized. These structures take advantage of electron-rich meso-arylporphyrin or electron-poor meso-(perfluoroalkyl)porphyrin macrocycles, unsubstituted terpyridyl and 4'-pyrrolidinyl-2,2';6',2″-terpyridyl ligands, and modulation of metal(II) polypyridyl-to-(porphinato)zinc connectivity, to probe how electronic and geometric factors impact the measured hyperpolarizability. Transient absorption spectra obtained at early time delays (tdelay < 400 fs) demonstrate fast excited-state relaxation, and formation of a highly polarized T1 excited state; the T1 states of these chromophores display expansive, intense T1 → T n absorption manifolds that dominate the 800-1200 nm region of the NIR, long (μs) triplet-state lifetimes, and unusually large NIR excited absorptive extinction coefficients [ε(T1 → T n ) ∼ 105 M-1 cm-1]. Dynamic hyperpolarizability (βλ) values were determined from hyper-Rayleigh light scattering (HRS) measurements, carried out at multiple incident irradiation wavelengths spanning the 800-1500 nm spectral domain. The measured βHRS value (4600 ± 1200 × 10-30 esu) for one of these complexes, RuPZnRu, is the largest yet reported for any chromophore at a 1500 nm irradiation wavelength, highlighting that appropriate engineering of strong electronic coupling between multiple charge-transfer oscillators provides a critical design strategy to realize octopolar NLO chromophores exhibiting large βHRS values at telecom-relevant wavelengths. Generalized Thomas-Kuhn sum (TKS) rules were utilized to compute the effective excited-state-to-excited-state transition dipole moments from experimental linear-absorption spectra; these data were then utilized to compute hyperpolarizabilities as a function of frequency, that include two- and three-state contributions for both β zzz and β xzx tensor components to the RuPZnRu hyperpolarizability spectrum. This analysis predicts that the β zzz and β xzx tensor contributions to the RuPZnRu hyperpolarizability spectrum maximize near 1550 nm, in agreement with experimental data. The TKS analysis suggests that relative to analogous dipolar chromophores, octopolar supermolecules will be likely characterized by more intricate dependences of the measured hyperpolarizability upon irradiation wavelength due to the interactions among multiple different β tensor components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Nayak
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Jaehong Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Kurt De Mey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiangqian Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Timothy V. Duncan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - David N. Beratan
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department
of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Koen Clays
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, French Family Science Center, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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20
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Dini D, Calvete MJF, Hanack M. Nonlinear Optical Materials for the Smart Filtering of Optical Radiation. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13043-13233. [PMID: 27933768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The control of luminous radiation has extremely important implications for modern and future technologies as well as in medicine. In this Review, we detail chemical structures and their relevant photophysical features for various groups of materials, including organic dyes such as metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines (and derivatives), other common organic materials, mixed metal complexes and clusters, fullerenes, dendrimeric nanocomposites, polymeric materials (organic and/or inorganic), inorganic semiconductors, and other nanoscopic materials, utilized or potentially useful for the realization of devices able to filter in a smart way an external radiation. The concept of smart is referred to the characteristic of those materials that are capable to filter the radiation in a dynamic way without the need of an ancillary system for the activation of the required transmission change. In particular, this Review gives emphasis to the nonlinear optical properties of photoactive materials for the function of optical power limiting. All known mechanisms of optical limiting have been analyzed and discussed for the different types of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Dini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mário J F Calvete
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra , Rua Larga, P 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Michael Hanack
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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21
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Morisue M, Hoshino Y, Nakamura M, Yumura T, Machida S, Ooyama Y, Shimizu M, Ohshita J. Group 14 Dithienometallole-Linked Ethynylene-Conjugated Porphyrin Dimers. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7432-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Masashi Nakamura
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | | | | | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | | | - Joji Ohshita
- Department of Applied
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan
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22
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Cekli S, Winkel RW, Alarousu E, Mohammed OF, Schanze KS. Triplet excited state properties in variable gap π-conjugated donor-acceptor-donor chromophores. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3621-3631. [PMID: 29997854 PMCID: PMC6008705 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of variable band-gap donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) chromophores capped with platinum(ii) acetylide units has been synthesized and fully characterized by electrochemical and photophysical methods, with particular emphasis placed on probing triplet excited state properties. A counter-intuitive trend of increasing fluorescence quantum efficiency and lifetime with decreasing excited state energy (optical gap) is observed across the series of DAD chromophores. Careful study of the excited state dynamics, including triplet yields (as inferred from singlet oxygen sensitization), reveals that the underlying origin of the unusual trend in the fluorescence parameters is that the singlet-triplet intersystem crossing rate and yield decrease with decreasing optical gap. It is concluded that the rate of intersystem crossing decreases as the LUMO is increasingly localized on the acceptor unit in the DAD chromophore, and this result is interpreted as arising because the extent of spin-orbit coupling induced by the platinum heavy metal centers decreases as the LUMO is more localized on the acceptor. In addition to the trend in intersystem crossing, the results show that the triplet decay rates follow the Energy Gap Law correlation over a 1.8 eV range of triplet energy and 1000-fold range of triplet decay rates. Finally, femtosecond transient absorption studies for the DAD chromophores reveals a strong absorption in the near-infrared region which is attributed to the singlet excited state. This spectral band appears to be general for DAD chromophores, and may be a signature of the charge transfer (CT) singlet excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seda Cekli
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , USA .
| | - Russell W Winkel
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , USA .
| | - Erkki Alarousu
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center , Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center , Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , USA .
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23
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Xun Z, Zeng Y, Chen J, Yu T, Zhang X, Yang G, Li Y. Pd-Porphyrin Oligomers Sensitized for Green-to-Blue Photon Upconversion: The More the Better? Chemistry 2016; 22:8654-62. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Xun
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Jinping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Tianjun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Photochemistry; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P.R. China
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24
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Camargo FVA, Hall CR, Anderson HL, Meech SR, Heisler IA. Time resolved structural dynamics of butadiyne-linked porphyrin dimers. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2016; 3:023608. [PMID: 26798839 PMCID: PMC4714993 DOI: 10.1063/1.4940222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the timescales and mechanisms associated with the structural dynamics of butadiyne-linked porphyrin dimers are investigated through time resolved narrowband pump/broadband probe transient absorption spectroscopy. Our results confirm previous findings that the broadening is partly due to a distribution of structures with different (dihedral) angular conformations. Comparison of measurements with excitations on the red and blue sides of the Q-band unravel the ground and excited state conformational re-equilibration timescales. Further comparison to a planarized dimer, through the addition of a ligand, provides conclusive evidence for the twisting motion performed by the porphyrin dimer in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher R Hall
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ismael A Heisler
- School of Chemistry, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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25
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Day PN, Nguyen KA, Pachter R. Calculation of One-Photon and Two-Photon Absorption Spectra of Porphyrins Using Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 4:1094-106. [PMID: 26636363 DOI: 10.1021/ct800080w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory has been used to calculate the one-photon and two-photon absorption spectra of free-base porphyrin, a substituted zinc porphyrin, and a zinc porphyrin dimer, in order to assess the validity of the method to reproduce the large increase in the two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-section for the dimer. Three hybrid functionals with varying amounts of exact exchange were tested, and the calculated one-photon absorption spectra for each of the molecular systems were shown to be in qualitative agreement with the measured spectra. All three functionals predict a large enhancement in the TPA cross-section for the dimer relative to the monomer, in agreement with experimental results. However, because of the sensitivity of the resonance enhancement factor to small differences in the relevant state energies, quantitative prediction of the TPA cross-section by this method is still a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Day
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45431, and UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432
| | - Kiet A Nguyen
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45431, and UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, General Dynamics Information Technology, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45431, and UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432
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26
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Guan L, Rizzello L, Battaglia G. Polymersomes and their applications in cancer delivery and therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2757-80. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymersomes have been proposed as a platform for drug delivery systems since late 90s. They are exploited to deliver hydrophilic and/or hydrophobic therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The relatively robust membrane, the colloidal stability, along with a significant biocompatibility and easy ligands conjugation methods make polymersomes primary candidates for therapeutic drugs delivery in cancer clinical treatments. In addition, they represent an optimal choice as imaging tools in noninvasive diagnostic. As a result, polymersomes have been proposed and widely studied for anticancer treatments. However, there are not sufficient clinic translation data of human studies yet. In this critical review, we will discuss such topics, focusing on the self-assembly of membrane-forming copolymers, on their tunable physicochemical properties and on the consequential applications of these biocompatible polymersomes in drug delivery and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Guan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- MRC Center for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- MRC Center for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
- MRC Center for Medical Molecular Virology, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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27
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Susumu K, Therien MJ. Design of diethynyl porphyrin derivatives with high near infrared fluorescence quantum yields. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424614501107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A design strategy for (porphinato)zinc-based fluorophores that possess large near infrared fluorescence quantum yields is described. These fluorophores are based on a (5,15-diethynylporphinato)zinc(II) framework and feature symmetric donor or acceptor units appended at the meso-ethynyl positions via benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole moieties. These (5,15-bis(benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-ylethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (4), (5,15-bis[4′-(N,N-dihexylamino) benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-7′-ylethynyl]-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (5), (5,15-bis([7′-(4″-n-dodecyloxyphenylethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (6), (5,15-bis([7′-([7″-(4″ ′-n-dodecyloxyphenyl)benzo[c][1″,2″,5″]thiadiazol-4″-yl]ethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (7), 5,15-bis ([7′-(4″-N,N-dihexylaminophenylethynyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (8), and (5,15-bis([7′-(4″-N,N-dihexylaminophenylethenyl)benzo[c][1′,2′,5′]thiadiazol-4′-yl]ethynyl)-10,20-bis[2′,6′-bis(3″,3″-dimethyl-1″-butyloxy)phenyl]porphinato)zinc(II) (9) chromophores possess red-shifted absorption and emission bands that range between 650 and 750 nm that bear distinct similarities to those of the chlorophylls and structurally related molecules. Interestingly, the measured radiative decay rate constants for these emitters track with the integrated oscillator strengths of their respective x-polarized Q-band absorptions, and thus define an unusual family of high quantum yield near infrared fluorophores in which emission intensity is governed by a simple Strickler–Berg dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiro Susumu
- Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0346, USA
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Rawson J, Angiolillo PJ, Frail PR, Goodenough I, Therien MJ. Electron Spin Relaxation of Hole and Electron Polarons in π-Conjugated Porphyrin Arrays: Spintronic Implications. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7681-9. [PMID: 25697578 DOI: 10.1021/jp5122728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopic line shape analysis and continuous-wave (CW) progressive microwave power saturation experiments are used to probe the relaxation behavior and the relaxation times of charged excitations (hole and electron polarons) in meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc(II) oligomers (PZnn compounds), which can serve as models for the relevant states generated upon spin injection. The observed ESR line shapes for the PZnn hole polaron ([PZnn](+•)) and electron polaron ([PZnn](-•)) states evolve from Gaussian to more Lorentzian as the oligomer length increases from 1.9 to 7.5 nm, with solution-phase [PZnn](+•) and [PZnn](-•) spin-spin (T2) and spin-lattice (T1) relaxation times at 298 K ranging, respectively, from 40 to 230 ns and 0.2 to 2.3 μs. Notably, these very long relaxation times are preserved in thick films of these species. Because the magnitudes of spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times are vital metrics for spin dephasing in quantum computing or for spin-polarized transport in magnetoresistive structures, these results, coupled with the established wire-like transport behavior across metal-dithiol-PZnn-metal junctions, present meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged multiporphyrin systems as leading candidates for ambient-temperature organic spintronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Rawson
- †Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Paul J Angiolillo
- ‡Department of Physics, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131, United States
| | - Paul R Frail
- §Department of Chemistry, The University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Isabella Goodenough
- ‡Department of Physics, Saint Joseph's University, 5600 City Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19131, United States
| | - Michael J Therien
- †Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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Tanaka T, Osuka A. Conjugated porphyrin arrays: synthesis, properties and applications for functional materials. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:943-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60443h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated porphyrin arrays that possess delocalised electronic networks have, for the most part, been assembled by using alkene or alkyne type bridging units or by directly connecting individual porphyrin chromophores with multiple bonds to form fused porphyrin arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
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30
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Rawson J, Stuart AC, You W, Therien MJ. Tailoring Porphyrin-Based Electron Accepting Materials for Organic Photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17561-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5097418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Rawson
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
| | - Andrew C. Stuart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, 124
Science Drive, Durham, North
Carolina 27708-0346, United States
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31
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Mikhailov KM, Shelaev IV, Gostev FE, Yashchuk YP, Tyurin VS, Beletskaya IP, Nadtochenko VA. Femto-picosecond relaxation of triazole-bridged bis(zinc porphyrin). HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143914040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Rintoul L, Harper SR, Arnold DP. A systematic theoretical study of the electronic structures of porphyrin dimers: DFT and TD-DFT calculations on diporphyrins linked by ethane, ethene, ethyne, imine, and azo bridges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 15:18951-64. [PMID: 24097279 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53396d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical calculations of the geometries, electronic structures and electronic absorption spectra of a series of covalently-linked porphyrin dimers are reported. The diporphyrins comprise 5,10,15-triphenylporphyrinatozinc(II) (ZnTriPP) units linked through the meso carbons by two-atom bridges, namely 1,2-ethanediyl (1), trans-1,2-ethenediyl (2), ethynediyl (3), 1,2-iminomethenediyl (4), and transdiazenediyl (5). The structures were optimised in toluene solvent by Density Functional Theory (DFT), using the integral equation formalism variant of the polarizable continuum model. The calculations were performed using the B3LYP functional and the 6-31G(d,p) basis set. The complete molecules were modelled, with no substitution of smaller groups on the periphery. In parallel, the compounds 2–5 were prepared by known or novel synthetic routes, to enable comparisons of experimental electronic absorption spectra with those calculated using time dependent-DFT at the same level of theory. As the ethane dimer 1 is not yet synthetically accessible, the model monomer meso-2-phenylethylZnTriPP was used for comparisons with the theoretical predictions. The results form a self-consistent set, enabling for the first time legitimate comparisons of the electronic structures of the series, especially regarding the degree to which the porphyrin p-systems interact by conjugation across the bridges. The theoretical calculations of the electronic transitions match the observed spectra in toluene to a remarkable degree, especially with respect to the peak maximum of the Q band, which represents to a large degree the energy of the HOMO–LUMO transition. The imine 4 is intrinsically polar due to the asymmetric bridge, and the HOMO is located almost exclusively on the ZnTriPP unit attached to the nitrogen of the imine, and the LUMO on the C-attached ring. Thus the Q-band transition is mapped as a comprehensive charge-transfer from the former ring to the latter. This may have consequences for the non-linear optical properties of the system. The azoporphyrin 5 exhibits the largest splittings between the interacting MOs via the conjugated bridge, vindicating a prediction by Anderson and co-workers in 2002, and confirmed experimentally by our synthesis of 5. The collected results also indicate that this level of theory is more thanadequate as a model with which to handle these large delocalised molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llew Rintoul
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane, 4001, Australia.
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33
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Yang E, Wang J, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Probing electronic communication for efficient light-harvesting functionality: dyads containing a common perylene and a porphyrin, chlorin, or bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:1630-47. [PMID: 24484243 DOI: 10.1021/jp411629m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of three perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads were investigated to probe the efficacy of the arrays for use as light-harvesting constituents. Each dyad contains a common perylene-monoimide that is linked at the N-imide position via an arylethynyl group to the meso-position of the tetrapyrrole. The tetrapyrroles include a porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin, which have zero, one, and two reduced pyrrole rings, respectively. The increased pyrrole-ring reduction results in a progressive red shift and intensification of the lowest-energy absorption band, as exemplified by benchmark monomers. The arylethyne linkage affords moderate perylene-tetrapyrrole electronic coupling in the dyads as evidenced by the optical, molecular-orbital, and redox properties of the components of the dyads versus the constituent parts. All three dyads in nonpolar solvents exhibit relatively fast (subpicosecond) energy transfer from the perylene to the tetrapyrrole. Competing charge-transfer processes are also absent in nonpolar solvents, but become active for both the chlorin and bacteriochlorin-containing dyads in polar solvents. Calculations of energy-transfer rates via the Förster, through-space mechanism reveal that these rates are, on average, 3-fold slower than the observed rates. Thus, the Dexter through-bond mechanism contributes more substantially than the through-space mechanism to energy transfer in the dyads. The electronic communication between the perylene and tetrapyrrole falls in a regime intermediate between those operative in other classes of perylene-tetrapyrrole dyads that have previously been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri, 63130-4889, United States
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Deria P, Von Bargen CD, Olivier JH, Kumbhar AS, Saven JG, Therien MJ. Single-Handed Helical Wrapping of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Chiral, Ionic, Semiconducting Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:16220-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408430v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravas Deria
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Christopher D. Von Bargen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Amar S. Kumbhar
- Chapel Hill Analytical & Nanofabrication Laboratory, University of North Carolina−Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jeffery G. Saven
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department
of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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35
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Fry HC, Lehmann A, Sinks LE, Asselberghs I, Tronin A, Krishnan V, Blasie JK, Clays K, DeGrado WF, Saven JG, Therien MJ. Computational de novo design and characterization of a protein that selectively binds a highly hyperpolarizable abiological chromophore. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13914-26. [PMID: 23931685 DOI: 10.1021/ja4067404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the first example of a single-chain protein computationally designed to contain four α-helical segments and fold to form a four-helix bundle encapsulating a supramolecular abiological chromophore that possesses exceptional nonlinear optical properties. The 109-residue protein, designated SCRPZ-1, binds and disperses an insoluble hyperpolarizable chromophore, ruthenium(II) [5-(4'-ethynyl-(2,2';6',2″-terpyridinyl))-10,20-bis(phenyl)porphinato]zinc(II)-(2,2';6',2″-terpyridine)(2+) (RuPZn) in aqueous buffer solution at a 1:1 stoichiometry. A 1:1 binding stoichiometry of the holoprotein is supported by electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectra, as well as equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation and size exclusion chromatography. SCRPZ-1 readily dimerizes at micromolar concentrations, and an empirical redesign of the protein exterior produced a stable monomeric protein, SCRPZ-2, that also displayed a 1:1 protein:cofactor stoichiometry. For both proteins in aqueous buffer, the encapsulated cofactor displays photophysical properties resembling those exhibited by the dilute RuPZn cofactor in organic solvent: femtosecond, nanosecond, and microsecond time scale pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopic data evince intensely absorbing holoprotein excited states having large spectral bandwidth that penetrate deep in the near-infrared energy regime; the holoprotein electronically excited triplet state exhibits a microsecond time scale lifetime characteristic of the RuPZn chromophore. Hyper-Rayleigh light scattering measurements carried out at an incident irradiation wavelength of 1340 nm for these holoproteins demonstrate an exceptional dynamic hyperpolarizabilty (β1340 = 3100 × 10(-30) esu). X-ray reflectivity measurements establish that this de novo-designed hyperpolarizable protein can be covalently attached with high surface density to a silicon surface without loss of the cofactor, indicating that these assemblies provide a new approach to bioinspired materials that have unique electro-optic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Christopher Fry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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36
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Wang J, Yang E, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Distinct Photophysical and Electronic Characteristics of Strongly Coupled Dyads Containing a Perylene Accessory Pigment and a Porphyrin, Chlorin, or Bacteriochlorin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:9288-304. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405004d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jieqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - James R. Diers
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0403,
United States
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521-0403,
United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695-8204, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889,
United States
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37
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Mishra B, Shekar KPC, Kumar A, Phukan S, Mitra S, Kumar D. Facile Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescence Studies of Novel Porphyrin Appended Thiazoles. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Mishra
- Chemistry Group; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani; 333 031; India
| | - K. P. Chandra Shekar
- Chemistry Group; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani; 333 031; India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Chemistry Group; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani; 333 031; India
| | - S. Phukan
- Department of Chemistry; North-Eastern Hill University; Permanent Campus, Umshing; Shillong; 793 022; India
| | - S. Mitra
- Department of Chemistry; North-Eastern Hill University; Permanent Campus, Umshing; Shillong; 793 022; India
| | - Dalip Kumar
- Chemistry Group; Birla Institute of Technology and Science; Pilani; 333 031; India
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38
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Li Z, Park TH, Rawson J, Therien MJ, Borguet E. Quasi-ohmic single molecule charge transport through highly conjugated meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged porphyrin wires. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:2722-7. [PMID: 22500812 DOI: 10.1021/nl2043216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and controlling electron transport through functional molecules are of primary importance to the development of molecular scale devices. In this work, the single molecule resistances of meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc(II) structures (PZn(n) compounds), connected to gold electrodes via (4'-thiophenyl)ethynyl termini, are determined using scanning tunneling microscopy-based break junction methods. These experiments show that each α,ω-di[(4'-thiophenyl)ethynyl]-terminated PZn(n) compound (dithiol-PZn(n)) manifests a dual molecular conductance. In both the high and low conductance regimes, the measured resistance across these metal-dithiol-PZn(n)-metal junctions increases in a near linear fashion with molecule length. These results signal that meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged porphyrin wires afford the lowest β value (β = 0.034 Å(-1)) yet determined for thiol-terminated single molecules that manifest a quasi-ohmic resistance dependence across metal-dithiol-PZn(n)-metal junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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Conklin D, Nanayakkara S, Park TH, Lagadec MF, Stecher JT, Therien MJ, Bonnell DA. Electronic transport in porphyrin supermolecule-gold nanoparticle assemblies. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:2414-9. [PMID: 22545580 DOI: 10.1021/nl300400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent transport of hybrid structures consisting of gold nanoparticle arrays functionalized by conjugated organic molecules [(4'-thiophenyl)ethynyl-terminated meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc(II) complexes] that possess exceptional optical and electronic properties was characterized. Differential conductance analysis distinguished the functional forms of the temperature and voltage dependences for a range of sample particles and molecular attachments. Thermally assisted tunneling describes transport for all cases and the associated mechanistic parameters can be used to determine the relative roles of activation energy, work function, and so forth. These results provide the basis on which to examine plasmon-influenced conduction in hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Conklin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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40
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Abstract
In this review, porphyrins bearing quaternary azaaromatic moieties are described as follows: firstly those with useful physicochemical properties, then, species showing biological activities and finally, porphyrins bound with fullerenes and with cyclodextrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Śliwa
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Jan Długosz University of Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej Ave 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Barbara Herman
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Jan Długosz University of Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej Ave 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Girek
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Jan Długosz University of Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej Ave 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
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41
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Liu Y, Lin H, Li J, Dy JT, Tamaki K, Nakazaki J, Nakayama D, Nishiyama C, Uchida S, Kubo T, Segawa H. Ethynyl-linked push–pull porphyrin hetero-dimers for near-IR dye-sensitized solar cells: photovoltaic performances versus excited-state dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:16703-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43165c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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42
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Sharma S, Nath M. An efficient synthetic approach to novel nickel(II) 2-benzazolo-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrins. J Heterocycl Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Kamat NP, Liao Z, Moses LE, Rawson J, Therien MJ, Dmochowski IJ, Hammer DA. Sensing membrane stress with near IR-emissive porphyrins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:13984-9. [PMID: 21844376 PMCID: PMC3161589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1102125108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Probes embedded within a structure can enable prediction of material behavior or failure. Carefully assembled composites that respond intelligently to physical changes within a material could be useful as intrinsic sensors. Molecular rotors are one such tool that can respond optically to physical environmental changes. Here, we propose to use molecular rotors within a polymersome membrane to report membrane stress. Using supermolecular porphyrin-based fluorophores as rotors, we characterize changes in the optical emission of these near-infrared (NIR) emissive probes embedded within the hydrophobic core of the polymersome membrane. The configuration of entrapped fluorophore depends on the available space within the membrane; in response to increased volume, emission is blue shifted. We used this feature to study how shifts in fluorescence correlate to membrane integrity, imparted by membrane stress. We monitored changes in emission of these porphyrin-based fluorophores resulting from membrane stress produced through a range of physical and chemical perturbations, including surfactant-induced lysis, hydrolytic lysis, thermal degradation, and applied stress by micropipette aspiration. This paper comprehensively illustrates the potential for supermolecular porphyrin-based fluorophores to detect intrinsic physical changes in a wide variety of environments, and suggests how molecular rotors may be used in soft materials science and biology as sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha P. Kamat
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zhengzheng Liao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Laurel E. Moses
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jeff Rawson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708; and
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708; and
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Daniel A. Hammer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 220 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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44
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Ishizuka T, Sinks LE, Song K, Hung ST, Nayak A, Clays K, Therien MJ. The roles of molecular structure and effective optical symmetry in evolving dipolar chromophoric building blocks to potent octopolar nonlinear optical chromophores. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2884-96. [PMID: 21322603 DOI: 10.1021/ja105004k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of mono-, bis-, tris-, and tetrakis(porphinato)zinc(II) (PZn)-elaborated ruthenium(II) bis(terpyridine) (Ru) complexes have been synthesized in which an ethyne unit connects the macrocycle meso carbon atom to terpyridyl (tpy) 4-, 4'-, and 4''-positions. These supermolecular chromophores, based on the ruthenium(II) [5-(4'-ethynyl-(2,2';6',2''-terpyridinyl))-10,20-bis(2',6'-bis(3,3-dimethyl-1-butyloxy)phenyl)porphinato]zinc(II)-(2,2';6',2''-terpyridine)(2+) bis-hexafluorophosphate (RuPZn) archetype, evince strong mixing of the PZn-based oscillator strength with ruthenium terpyridyl charge resonance bands. Potentiometric and linear absorption spectroscopic data indicate that for structures in which multiple PZn moieties are linked via ethynes to a [Ru(tpy)(2)](2+) core, little electronic coupling is manifest between PZn units, regardless of whether they are located on the same or opposite tpy ligand. Congruent with these experiments, pump-probe transient absorption studies suggest that the individual RuPZn fragments of these structures exhibit, at best, only modest excited-state electronic interactions that derive from factors other than the dipole-dipole interactions of these strong oscillators; this approximate independent character of the component RuPZn oscillators enables fabrication of nonlinear optical (NLO) multipoles with extraordinary hyperpolarizabilities. Dynamic hyperpolarizability (β(λ)) values and depolarization ratios (ρ) were determined from hyper-Rayleigh light scattering (HRS) measurements carried out at an incident irradiation wavelength (λ(inc)) of 1300 nm. The depolarization ratio data provide an experimental measure of chromophore optical symmetry; appropriate coupling of multiple charge-transfer oscillators produces structures having enormous averaged hyperpolarizabilities (β(HRS) values), while evolving the effective chromophore symmetry from purely dipolar (e.g., Ru(tpy)[4-(Zn-porphyrin)ethynyl-tpy](PF(6))(2), β(HRS) = 1280 × 10(-30) esu, ρ = 3.8; Ru(tpy)[4'-(Zn-porphyrin)ethynyl-tpy](PF(6))(2), β(HRS) = 2100 × 10(-30) esu, ρ = 3.8) to octopolar (e.g., Ru[4,4''-bis(Zn-porphyrin)ethynyl-tpy](2)(PF(6))(2), β(HRS) = 1040 × 10(-30) esu, ρ = 1.46) via structural motifs that possess intermediate values of the depolarization ratio. The chromophore design roadmap provided herein gives rise to octopolar supermolecules that feature by far the largest off-diagonal octopolar first hyperpolarizability tensor components ever reported, with the effectively octopolar Ru[4,4''-bis(Zn-porphyrin)ethynyl-tpy](2)(PF(6))(2) possessing a β(HRS) value at 1300 nm more than a factor of 3 larger than that determined for any chromophore having octopolar symmetry examined to date. Because NLO octopoles possess omnidirectional NLO responses while circumventing the electrostatic interactions that drive bulk-phase centrosymmetry for NLO dipoles at high chromophore concentrations, the advent of octopolar NLO chromophores having vastly superior β(HRS) values at technologically important wavelengths will motivate new experimental approaches to achieve acentric order in both bulk-phase and thin film structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ishizuka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
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Liu Y, Lin H, Dy JT, Tamaki K, Nakazaki J, Nakayama D, Uchida S, Kubo T, Segawa H. N-fused carbazole–zinc porphyrin–free-base porphyrin triad for efficient near-IR dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:4010-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03306e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Singh-Rachford TN, Nayak A, Muro-Small ML, Goeb S, Therien MJ, Castellano FN. Supermolecular-Chromophore-Sensitized Near-Infrared-to-Visible Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14203-11. [DOI: 10.1021/ja105510k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya N. Singh-Rachford
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Maria L. Muro-Small
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Sèbastian Goeb
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Felix N. Castellano
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, Department of Chemistry, 231 South 34th Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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Gonella G, Dai HL, Fry HC, Therien MJ, Krishnan V, Tronin A, Blasie JK. Control of the Orientational Order and Nonlinear Optical Response of the “Push−Pull” Chromophore RuPZn via Specific Incorporation into Densely Packed Monolayer Ensembles of an Amphiphilic 4-Helix Bundle Peptide: Second Harmonic Generation at High Chromophore Densities. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9693-700. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1010724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Gonella
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Hai-Lung Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - H. Christopher Fry
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Venkata Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Andrey Tronin
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - J. Kent Blasie
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, and Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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Duncan TV, Frail PR, Miloradovic IR, Therien MJ. Excitation of Highly Conjugated (Porphinato)palladium(II) and (Porphinato)platinum(II) Oligomers Produces Long-Lived, Triplet States at Unit Quantum Yield That Absorb Strongly over Broad Spectral Domains of the NIR. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14696-702. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102901u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy V. Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354
| | - Paul R. Frail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354
| | - Ivan R. Miloradovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354
| | - Michael J. Therien
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, and Department of Chemistry, French Family Science Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0354
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Yan LK, Pomogaeva A, Gu FL, Aoki Y. Theoretical study on nonlinear optical properties of metalloporphyrin using elongation method. Theor Chem Acc 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-009-0669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fisher JAN, Susumu K, Therien MJ, Yodh AG. One- and two-photon absorption of highly conjugated multiporphyrin systems in the two-photon Soret transition region. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:134506. [PMID: 19355750 DOI: 10.1063/1.3089795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents a detailed investigation of near-infrared one- and two-photon absorption (TPA) in a series of highly conjugated (porphinato)zinc(II) compounds. The chromophores interrogated include meso-to-meso ethyne-bridged (porphinato)zinc(II) oligomers (PZn(n) species), (porphinato)zinc(II)-spacer-(porphinato)zinc(II) (PZn-Sp-PZn) complexes, PZn(n) structures featuring terminal electron-releasing and -withdrawing substituents, related conjugated arrays in which electron-rich and -poor PZn units alternate, and benchmark PZn monomers. Broadband TPA cross-section measurements were performed ratiometrically using fluorescein as a reference. Superficially, the measurements indicate very large TPA cross-sections (up to approximately 10(4) GM; 1 GM = 1x10(-50) cm(4) s photon(-1)) in the two-photon Soret (or B-band) resonance region. However, a more careful analysis of fluorescence as a function of incident photon flux suggests that significant one-photon absorption is present in the same spectral region for all compounds in the series. TPA cross-sections are extracted for the first time for some of these compounds using a model that includes both one-photon absorption and TPA contributions. Resultant TPA cross-sections are approximately 10 GM. The findings suggest that large TPA cross-sections reported in the Soret resonance region of similar compounds might contain significant contributions from one-photon absorption processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A N Fisher
- Laboratory of Sensory Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
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